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Gurunandan K, Cooper E, Tibon R, Henson RN, Greve A. No evidence of fast mapping in healthy adults using an implicit memory measure: failures to replicate the lexical competition results of Coutanche and Thompson-Schill (2014). Memory 2023; 31:1320-1339. [PMID: 37771094 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2262188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Fast mapping (FM) is a hypothetical, incidental learning process that allows rapid acquisition of new words. Using an implicit reaction time measure in a FM paradigm, Coutanche and Thompson-Schill (Coutanche, M. N., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2014). Fast mapping rapidly integrates information into existing memory networks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(6), 2296-2303. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000020) showed evidence of lexical competition within 10 min of non-words being learned as names of unknown items, consistent with same-day lexicalisation. Here, Experiment 1 was a methodological replication (N = 28/group) that found no evidence of this RT competition effect. Instead, a post-hoc analysis suggested evidence of semantic priming. Experiment 2 (N = 60/group, online study, pre-registered on OSF) tested whether semantic priming remained when making the stimulus set fully counterbalanced. No evidence for either lexical competition nor semantic priming was detected. Experiment 3 (n = 64, online study, pre-registered on OSF) tested whether referent (a)typicality boosted lexical competition (Coutanche, M. N., & Koch, G. E. (2017). Variation across individuals and items determine learning outcomes from fast mapping. Neuropsychologia, 106, 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.029), but again no evidence of lexical competition was observed, and Bayes Factors for the data combined across all three experiments supported the hypothesis that there is no effect of lexical competition under FM conditions. These results, together with our previous work, question whether fast mapping exists in healthy adults, at least using this specific FM paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshipra Gurunandan
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elisa Cooper
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roni Tibon
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard N Henson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Greve
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Janku C, Engel PV, Patel K, Giraldo E. The 100 Most Cited Kluver-Bucy Research Articles: A Bibliometric Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e45382. [PMID: 37854727 PMCID: PMC10579623 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (KBS) is a rare neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by hyperorality, hypersexuality, bulimia, visual agnosia, and amnesia due to lesions affecting bilateral temporal lobes. It is attributed to a multitude of causes, including stroke, herpes simplex encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, and head trauma. Current treatments for KBS include symptomatic management with antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, carbamazepine, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The bibliometric analysis was done to reflect the relevance and understanding of KBS in recent literature. The SCOPUS database was utilized to conduct a search for all articles with the terms "Kluver-Bucy" and "Kluver Bucy" from January 1, 1955 (the first available articles from the search) to February 1, 2023. The parameters included in this analysis were article title, citation numbers, citations per year, authors, institutions, publishing journals, country of origin, Source Normalized Impact per Paper, and Scopus CiteScore. Since 1937, when Kluver-Bucy Syndrome was first defined, the publications on KBS have steadily increased, with up to six publications a year in 2002. The most common institutions were SUNY Upstate Medical University, VA Medical Center, and the State University of New York (SUNY) System. Seven of these papers were published in Neurology. Almost 75% of the articles were published in journals of medicine and neuroscience. This is the first bibliometric analysis to evaluate the most influential publications about Kluver-Bucy Syndrome. A majority of the research is case-based and there is a dearth of clinical trials to identify the exact pathophysiology and physiotherapy management, possibly owing to the rarity of the disease. Our research suggests that there may be a significant overlap between Sanfilippo syndrome and KBS, suggesting that refined guidelines for establishing diagnosis may be required for children. Our study could bring a renewed interest in this field and lead to additional research focused on understanding the pathophysiology of KBS in order to promote the development of novel diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Janku
- Neurology, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA
| | - Priya V Engel
- Neurosurgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA
| | - Kisan Patel
- Neurology, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA
| | - Elias Giraldo
- Neurology, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA
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3
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Mohan PM, Menon RN, Goswami SP, Thomas SV, Cherian A, Radhakrishnan A. Exploring Novel Word Learning Via Fast Mapping and Explicit Encoding in Persons with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:1080-1086. [PMID: 36911489 PMCID: PMC9996501 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_222_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore novel word learning via fast mapping (FM) and explicit encoding (EE) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods 16 right and 16 left temporal lobe epilepsy (RTLE and LTLE) patients along with 32 normal controls (NC) underwent learning of 24 novel object name pairs through standard FM and EE techniques. Their learning was assessed via a three-choice alternate delayed recognition task on the day of learning and on the following day. Recognition scores were compared using nonparametric statistics across the groups with P value set at <.05. Results RTLE and NC performed similarly, while LTLE and NC differed significantly in novel word learning irrespective of the method of encoding. LTLE and RTLE differed in EE-based novel word learning alone. Further, with respect to encoding techniques, all groups performed better on EE compared to FM. The novel word associations learned via FM showed a lesser decline compared to EE following overnight integration in RTLE and NC. Conclusion Novel word learning via FM did not facilitate learning above EE in TLE patients or NC. But FM-based words could better overcome forgetting following overnight integration in RTLE and NC. Hence, it is possible that FM has the potential to improve retention of novel information following overnight integration in RTLE as in NC. However, its efficacy in improving retention in LTLE needs further evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Manju Mohan
- R Madhavan Nayar Centre for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ramshekhar N. Menon
- R Madhavan Nayar Centre for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Satyapal Puri Goswami
- Department of Speech Language Pathology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Department of Neurology, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjeev V. Thomas
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ajith Cherian
- R Madhavan Nayar Centre for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ashalatha Radhakrishnan
- R Madhavan Nayar Centre for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Zaiser AK, Bader R, Meyer P. High feature overlap reveals the importance of anterior and medial temporal lobe structures for learning by means of fast mapping. Cortex 2021; 146:74-88. [PMID: 34839220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to traditional theories of declarative memory, it has recently been shown that novel, arbitrary associations can rapidly and directly be integrated into cortical memory networks by means of a learning procedure called fast mapping (FM), possibly bypassing time-consuming hippocampal-neocortical consolidation processes. In the typical FM paradigm, a picture of a previously unknown item is presented next to a picture of a previously known item and participants answer a question referring to an unfamiliar label, thereby incidentally creating associations between the unknown item and the label. However, contradictory findings have been reported and factors moderating rapid cortical integration through FM yet need to be identified. Previous behavioral results showed that rapid semantic integration through FM was boosted if the unknown and the known item shared many features. In light of this, we propose that the perirhinal cortex might be especially qualified to support the rapid incorporation of these associations into cortical memory networks within the FM paradigm, due to its computational mechanisms during the processing of complex and particularly highly similar objects. We therefore expected that a high degree of feature overlap between the unknown and the known item would trigger strong engagement of the perirhinal cortex at encoding, which in turn might enhance rapid cortical integration of the novel picture-label associations. Within an fMRI experiment, we observed greater subsequent memory effects (i.e., stronger activation for subsequent hits than misses) during encoding in the perirhinal cortex and an associated anterior temporal network if the items shared many features than if they shared few features. This indicates that the perirhinal cortex indeed contributes to the acquisition of novel associations by means of FM if feature overlap is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Zaiser
- Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Regine Bader
- Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Patric Meyer
- Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University Heidelberg, Germany; Network Aging Research (NAR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Shtyrov Y, Filippova M, Blagovechtchenski E, Kirsanov A, Nikiforova E, Shcherbakova O. Electrophysiological Evidence of Dissociation Between Explicit Encoding and Fast Mapping of Novel Spoken Words. Front Psychol 2021; 12:571673. [PMID: 33746814 PMCID: PMC7969714 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.571673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing behavioral, neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging data suggest that at least two major cognitive strategies are used for new word learning: fast mapping (FM) via context-dependent inference and explicit encoding (EE) via direct instruction. However, these distinctions remain debated at both behavioral and neurophysiological levels, not least due to confounds related to diverging experimental settings. Furthermore, the neural dynamics underpinning these two putative processes remain poorly understood. To tackle this, we designed a paradigm presenting 20 new spoken words in association with pictures in either FM or EE settings, closely matched for auditory and visual features and overall task demands. We tested word acquisition using a range of behavioral measures as well as passive event-related potential (ERP) responses, an established measure of word memory trace activation, and compared brain activity elicited by novel FM and EE words before and after the learning session. Behavioral data obtained in free recall, recognition and semantic word-picture matching tasks indicated successful acquisition of new words after just 10 exposures. Crucially, we found no behavioral evidence of different acquisition outcomes between FM and EE learning. ERP data, which exhibited the main response peaks at ~170, 250, and 520 ms, also indicated successful learning, with statistically different responses between novel and familiar words present only before, but not after the training, suggesting rapid formation of new neural memory circuits matching in activation those for previously known words. Furthermore, already at the earliest peak, we found different topographic distributions for the two learning types, with left-lateralized FM dynamics, suggestive of core language system involvement, and more diffuse activity for EE items, possibly suggesting the role of attention/executive control network. A similar effect also manifested later, at ~520 ms. Our data suggest that while both EE and FM learning can be successful for rapid word acquisition at the behavioral level, the diverging electrophysiological patterns suggest a dissociation between the neural systems underpinning these learning strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Shtyrov
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Laboratory of Behavioural Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Margarita Filippova
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeni Blagovechtchenski
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Kirsanov
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Nikiforova
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Shcherbakova
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Rapid acquisition through fast mapping: stable memory over time and role of prior knowledge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:177-189. [PMID: 32295838 PMCID: PMC7164514 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050138.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been intensive debates on whether healthy adults acquire new word knowledge through fast mapping (FM) by a different mechanism from explicit encoding (EE). In this study, we focused on this issue and investigated to what extent retention interval, prior knowledge (PK), and lure type modulated memory after FM and EE. Healthy young participants were asked to learn novel word-picture associations through both FM and EE. Half of the pictures were from familiar categories (i.e., high PK) and the other half were from unfamiliar categories (i.e., low PK). After 10 min and 1 wk, the participants were tested by forced-choice (FC) tasks, with lures from different categories (Experiment 1) or from the same categories of the target pictures (Experiment 2). Pseudowords were used to denote names of the novel pictures and baseline performance was controlled for each task. The results showed that in both Experiments 1 and 2, memory performance remained stable after FM, while it declined after EE from 10 min to 1 wk. Moreover, the effect of PK appeared at 10 min after FM while at 1 wk after EE in Experiment 2. PK enhanced memory of word-picture associations when the lures were from the same categories (Experiment 2), rather than from different categories (Experiment 1). These results were largely confirmed in Experiment 3 when encoding condition was manipulated as a between-subjects factor, while lure type as a within-subjects factor. The findings suggest that different from EE, FM facilitates rapid acquisition and consolidation of word-picture knowledge, and highlight that PK plays an important role in this process by enhancing access to detailed information.
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7
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Warren DE, Roembke TC, Covington NV, McMurray B, Duff MC. Cross-Situational Statistical Learning of New Words Despite Bilateral Hippocampal Damage and Severe Amnesia. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 13:448. [PMID: 32009916 PMCID: PMC6971191 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Word learning requires learners to bind together arbitrarily-related phonological, visual, and conceptual information. Prior work suggests that this binding can be robustly achieved via incidental cross-situational statistical exposure to words and referents. When cross-situational statistical learning (CSSL) is tested in the laboratory, there is no information on any given trial to identify the referent of a novel word. However, by tracking which objects co-occur with each word across trials, learners may acquire mappings through statistical association. While CSSL behavior is well-characterized, its brain correlates are not. The arbitrary nature of CSSL mappings suggests hippocampal involvement, but the incremental, statistical nature of the learning raises the possibility of neocortical or procedural learning systems. Prior studies have shown that neurological patients with hippocampal pathology have word-learning impairments, but this has not been tested in a statistical learning paradigm. Here, we used a neuropsychological approach to test whether patients with bilateral hippocampal pathology (N = 3) could learn new words in a CSSL paradigm. In the task, patients and healthy comparison participants completed a CSSL word-learning task in which they acquired eight word/object mappings. During each trial of the CSSL task, participants saw two objects on a computer display, heard one novel word, and selected the most likely referent. Across trials, words were 100% likely to co-occur with their referent, but only 14.3% likely with non-referents. Two of three amnesic patients learned the associations between objects and word forms, although performance was impaired relative to healthy comparison participants. Our findings show that the hippocampus is not strictly necessary for CSSL for words, although it may facilitate such learning. This is consistent with a hybrid account of CSSL supported by implicit and explicit memory systems, and may have translational applications for remediation of (word-) learning deficits in neurological populations with hippocampal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Warren
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Tanja C Roembke
- Institute of Psychology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalie V Covington
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Bob McMurray
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - Melissa C Duff
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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Riccardi N, Yourganov G, Rorden C, Fridriksson J, Desai RH. Dissociating action and abstract verb comprehension post-stroke. Cortex 2019; 120:131-146. [PMID: 31302507 PMCID: PMC6825884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neural bases of action and abstract concept representations remain a topic of debate. While several lines of research provide evidence for grounding of action-related conceptual content into sensory-motor systems, results of traditional lesion-deficit studies have been somewhat inconsistent. Further, few studies have directly compared the neural substrates of action and relatively abstract verb comprehension post-stroke. Here, we investigated the impact of the disruption of two neural networks on comprehension of action and relatively abstract verbs in 48 unilateral left-hemisphere stroke patients using two methodologies: 1) lesion-deficit association and 2) resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) analyses. Disruption of RSFC between the left inferior frontal gyrus and right hemisphere primary and secondary sensory-motor areas predicted greater relative impairment of action semantics. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping revealed that damage to frontal white matter, extending towards the inferior frontal gyrus, also predicted greater relative impairment of action semantics. On the other hand, damage to the left anterior middle temporal gyrus significantly impaired the more abstract category relative to action. These findings support the view that action and non-action/abstract semantic processing rely on partially dissociable brain networks, with action concepts relying more heavily on sensory-motor areas. The results also have wider implications for lesion-deficit association studies and show how the contralateral hemisphere can play a compensatory role following unilateral stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Riccardi
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Grigori Yourganov
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Chris Rorden
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Julius Fridriksson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rutvik H Desai
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA; Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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9
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Vasilyeva MJ, Knyazeva VM, Aleksandrov AA, Shtyrov Y. Neurophysiological Correlates of Fast Mapping of Novel Words in the Adult Brain. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:304. [PMID: 31607876 PMCID: PMC6761327 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Word acquisition could be mediated by the neurocognitive mechanism known as fast mapping (FM). It refers to a process of incidental exclusion-based learning and is believed to be a critical mechanism for the rapid build-up of lexicon, although its neural mechanisms are still poorly understood. To investigate the neural bases of this key learning skill, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) and employed an audio-visual paradigm that included a counterbalanced set of familiar and novel spoken word forms presented, in a single exposure, in conjunction with novel and familiar images. To define learning-related brain dynamics, passive auditory ERPs, known to index long-term memory trace activation, were recorded before and after the FM task. Following the single FM learning exposure, we found a significant enhancement in neural activation elicited by the newly trained word form, which was expressed at ~200-400 ms after the word onset. No similar amplitude increase was found either for the native familiar word used as a control stimulus in the same learning paradigm or for similar control stimuli which were not subject to training. Topographic analysis suggested a left-lateral shift of the ERP scalp distribution for the novel FM word form, underpinned by fronto-temporal cortical sources, which may indicate the involvement of pre-existing neurolinguistic networks for mastering new word forms with native phonology. Overall, the near-instant changes in neural activity after a single-shot novel word training indicate that FM could promote rapid integration of newly learned items into the brain's neural lexicon, even in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina J. Vasilyeva
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity and Psychophysiology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Veronika M. Knyazeva
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity and Psychophysiology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksander A. Aleksandrov
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity and Psychophysiology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yury Shtyrov
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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O’Connor RJ, Riggs KJ. Adult Fast-Mapping Memory Research Is Based on a Misinterpretation of Developmental-Word-Learning Data. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721419858426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fast mapping is often used to refer to children’s remarkable ability to learn the meanings of new words with minimal exposure and in ambiguous contexts. It is one thing to claim that children are capable of learning words this way; it is another to claim that this ability relies on a specific fast-mapping neurocognitive mechanism that is critical for early word learning. Yet that claim has recently been made in adult memory research and used as a theoretical justification for research into an adult fast-mapping mechanism. In this review, we explain why the existence of such a mechanism in children is not supported by developmental research and explore the implications for adult fast-mapping data and research.
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11
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Vlach HA. Learning to Remember Words: Memory Constraints as Double‐Edged Sword Mechanisms of Language Development. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Conventional memory theory proposes that the hippocampus is initially responsible for encoding new information, before this responsibility is gradually transferred to the neocortex. Therefore, a report in 2011 by Sharon et al. of hippocampal-independent learning in humans was notable. These authors reported normal learning of new object-name associations under a Fast Mapping (FM) procedure in adults with hippocampal damage, who were amnesic according to more conventional explicit memorisation procedures. FM is an incidental learning paradigm, inspired by vocabulary acquisition in children, which is hypothesised to allow rapid, cortical-based memory formation. In the years since the original report, there has been, understandably, a growing interest in adult FM, not only because of its theoretical importance, but also because of its potential to help rehabilitate individuals with memory problems. We review the FM literature in individuals with amnesia and in healthy adults, using both explicit and implicit memory measures. Contrary to other recent reviews, we conclude that the evidence for FM in adults is weak, and restraint is needed before assuming the phenomenon exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cooper
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Greve
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard N. Henson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Warren DE, Duff MC. Fast mappers, slow learners: Word learning without hippocampus is slow and sparse irrespective of methodology. Cogn Neurosci 2019; 10:210-212. [PMID: 30898013 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2019.1593120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Rapid word learning without the hippocampus is an alluring prospect - it holds the promise of remediating a common learning deficit associated with aging (healthy or pathological) and certain neurological conditions. Despite recent reports indicating rapid, non-hippocampal word learning by amnesic adults after contrastive 'fast-mapping' exposure, several replications have failed. These failures stand in contrast to successful but slow learning by amnesic patients under other conditions, and this pattern suggests that rapid word learning in adulthood is hippocampus-dependent and relational irrespective of learning format. However, much remains to be studied, and important methodological and theoretical considerations are highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Warren
- a Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Melissa C Duff
- b Department of Hearing & Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
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Abstract
Studies of fast mapping (FM) in adults have included both positive results and failures to replicate. I argue that although conflicting studies warrant caution, FM findings are nonetheless promising and intriguing. I separate the issue into distinct questions: whether FM has hippocampal independence, and whether it has unique cognitive consequences. I clarify some misunderstandings and identify limitations that may contribute to failures to find learning from FM in some amnesic patients. Finally, I argue that the array of behavioral findings in healthy adults is consistent with computational and neural models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Coutanche
- a Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , United States.,b Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh.,c Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh
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15
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Cooper E, Greve A, Henson RN. Investigating Fast Mapping Task Components: No Evidence for the Role of Semantic Referent nor Semantic Inference in Healthy Adults. Front Psychol 2019; 10:394. [PMID: 30941067 PMCID: PMC6434773 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast mapping (FM) is an incidental learning process that is hypothesized to allow rapid, cortical-based memory formation, independent of the normal, hippocampally dependent episodic memory system. It is believed to underlie the rapid vocabulary learning in infants that occurs separately from intentional memorisation strategies. Interest in adult FM learning was stimulated by a report in which adults with amnesia following hippocampal damage showed a normal ability to learn new object-name associations after an incidental FM task, despite their impaired memory under a conventional intentional memorization task. This remarkable finding has important implications for memory rehabilitation, and has led to a number of neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies in other patients and controls. Given this growing interest in adult FM, we conducted four behavioural experiments with healthy adults (N = 24 young or older adults in Experiments 1–3 using within-participant designs; N = 195 young adults in Experiment 4 using a between-participant design) that attempted to dissect which component(s) of the FM task are important for memory. Two key components of the FM task have been claimed to support FM learning: (1) provision of a known semantic referent and (2) requirement that the new association be inferred. Experiment 1 provided no evidence that removing the semantic referent impaired memory performance, while Experiment 2 provided no evidence that removing the semantic inference impaired performance. Experiment 3 was a replication of Experiment 2 with older participants, based on the hypothesis (from studies of amnesic individuals) that FM would be more effective following the hippocampal atrophy typical of increasing age, but again found no evidence that semantic inference is beneficial. Given potential concerns about contamination between tasks when each participant performed multiple variants of the FM task, we ran a final between-participant design in which each participant only ever did one condition. Despite 80% power and despite being able to detect better memory following intentional memorization in the explicit encoding (EE) control condition than in each of the FM conditions, we again found no evidence of differences between any FM conditions. We conclude that there is no evidence that the components hypothesized to be critical for FM are relevant to healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cooper
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Greve
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard N Henson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Sakhon S, Edwards K, Luongo A, Murphy M, Edgin J. Small Sets of Novel Words Are Fully Retained After 1-Week in Typically Developing Children and Down Syndrome: A Fast Mapping Study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2018; 24:955-965. [PMID: 30375315 PMCID: PMC6211816 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617718000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Down syndrome (DS) is a population with known hippocampal impairment, with studies showing that individuals with DS display difficulties in spatial navigation and remembering arbitrary bindings. Recent research has also demonstrated the importance of the hippocampus for novel word-learning. Based on these data, we aimed to determine whether individuals with DS show deficits in learning new labels and if they may benefit from encoding conditions thought to be less reliant on hippocampal function (i.e., through fast mapping). METHODS In the current study, we examined immediate, 5-min, and 1-week delayed word-learning across two learning conditions (e.g., explicit encoding vs. fast mapping). These conditions were examined across groups (twenty-six 3- to 5-year-old typically developing children and twenty-six 11- to 28-year-old individuals with DS with comparable verbal and nonverbal scores on the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test - second edition) and in reference to sleep quality. RESULTS Both individuals with and without DS showed retention after a 1-week delay, and the current study found no benefit of the fast mapping condition in either group contrary to our expectations. Eye tracking data showed that preferential eye movements to target words were not present immediately but emerged after 1-week in both groups. Furthermore, sleep measures collected via actigraphy did not relate to retention in either group. CONCLUSIONS This study presents novel data on long-term knowledge retention in reference to sleep patterns in DS and adds to a body of knowledge helping us to understand the processes of word-learning in typical and atypically developing populations. (JINS, 2018, 24, 955-965).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Sakhon
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson,
Arizona
| | - Kelly Edwards
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson,
Arizona
| | - Alison Luongo
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson,
Arizona
| | - Melanie Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson,
Arizona
| | - Jamie Edgin
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson,
Arizona
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Strength of Temporal White Matter Pathways Predicts Semantic Learning. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11101-11113. [PMID: 29025925 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1720-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning the associations between words and meanings is a fundamental human ability. Although the language network is cortically well defined, the role of the white matter pathways supporting novel word-to-meaning mappings remains unclear. Here, by using contextual and cross-situational word learning, we tested whether learning the meaning of a new word is related to the integrity of the language-related white matter pathways in 40 adults (18 women). The arcuate, uncinate, inferior-fronto-occipital and inferior-longitudinal fasciculi were virtually dissected using manual and automatic deterministic fiber tracking. Critically, the automatic method allowed assessing the white matter microstructure along the tract. Results demonstrate that the microstructural properties of the left inferior-longitudinal fasciculus predict contextual learning, whereas the left uncinate was associated with cross-situational learning. In addition, we identified regions of special importance within these pathways: the posterior middle temporal gyrus, thought to serve as a lexical interface and specifically related to contextual learning; the anterior temporal lobe, known to be an amodal hub for semantic processing and related to cross-situational learning; and the white matter near the hippocampus, a structure fundamental for the initial stages of new-word learning and, remarkably, related to both types of word learning. No significant associations were found for the inferior-fronto-occipital fasciculus or the arcuate. While previous results suggest that learning new phonological word forms is mediated by the arcuate fasciculus, these findings show that the temporal pathways are the crucial neural substrate supporting one of the most striking human abilities: our capacity to identify correct associations between words and meanings under referential indeterminacy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The language-processing network is cortically (i.e., gray matter) well defined. However, the role of the white matter pathways that support novel word learning within this network remains unclear. In this work, we dissected language-related (arcuate, uncinate, inferior-fronto-occipital, and inferior-longitudinal) fasciculi using manual and automatic tracking. We found the left inferior-longitudinal fasciculus to be predictive of word-learning success in two word-to-meaning tasks: contextual and cross-situational learning paradigms. The left uncinate was predictive of cross-situational word learning. No significant correlations were found for the arcuate or the inferior-fronto-occipital fasciculus. While previous results showed that learning new phonological word forms is supported by the arcuate fasciculus, these findings demonstrate that learning new word-to-meaning associations is mainly dependent on temporal white matter pathways.
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Himmer L, Müller E, Gais S, Schönauer M. Sleep-mediated memory consolidation depends on the level of integration at encoding. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 137:101-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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