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Chen H, Yang Y, Odisho D, Wu S, Yi C, Oliver BG. Can biomarkers be used to diagnose attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1026616. [PMID: 36970271 PMCID: PMC10030688 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1026616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is solely based on behavioral tests prescribed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5). However, biomarkers can be more objective and accurate for diagnosis and evaluating treatment efficacy. Thus, this review aimed to identify potential biomarkers for ADHD. Search terms “ADHD,” and “biomarker” combined with one of “protein,” “blood/serum,” “gene,” and “neuro” were used to identify human and animal studies in PubMed, Ovid Medline, and Web of Science. Only papers in English were included. Potential biomarkers were categorized into radiographic, molecular, physiologic, or histologic markers. The radiographic analysis can identify specific activity changes in several brain regions in individuals with ADHD. Several molecular biomarkers in peripheral blood cells and some physiologic biomarkers were found in a small number of participants. There were no published histologic biomarkers for ADHD. Overall, most associations between ADHD and potential biomarkers were properly controlled. In conclusion, a series of biomarkers in the literature are promising as objective parameters to more accurately diagnose ADHD, especially in those with comorbidities that prevent the use of DSM-5. However, more research is needed to confirm the reliability of the biomarkers in larger cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Yang Yang
- Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Diana Odisho
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Siqi Wu
- Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chenju Yi
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Active Substance Screening and Translational Research, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Chenju Yi,
| | - Brian G. Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
- Respiratory Cellular and Molecular Biology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Glebe, NSW, Australia
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2
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Arjona A, Angulo-Ruiz BY, Rodríguez-Martínez EI, Cabello-Navarro C, Gómez CM. Time-frequency neural dynamics of ADHD children and adolescents during a Working Memory task. Neurosci Lett 2023; 798:137100. [PMID: 36720344 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The present report analyzed the time-frequency changes in Event-Related Spectral perturbations (ERSP) in a sample of ADHD children and adolescents compared to a normodevelopment (ND) sample. A delayed match-to-sample (DMTS) test of working memory (WM) was presented to a group of ADHD subjects (N = 29) and compared with ND group (N = 34) with ages between 6 and 17 years old. Time-frequency decomposition was computed through wavelets. ADHD subjects presented higher Reaction Time (RT), Standard Deviation of RT (Std of RT), and a reduced percentage of correct responses. The results showed a complex pattern of oscillatory bursts during the encoding, maintenance, and recognition phases with similar dynamics in both groups. ADHD children presented a reduced Event-Related Synchronization (ERS) in the Theta range during the encoding phase, and also a reduced Alpha ERS during the late period of the maintenance phase. S1 Early theta ERS was positively correlated with Std of RT. Behavioral data, early Theta, and late Alpha ERS classified correctly above 70 % of ADHD and ND subjects when a linear discriminant analysis was applied. The reduced encoding and maintenance impaired brain dynamics of ADHD subjects would justify the poorer performance of this group of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Arjona
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, Spain.
| | - Brenda Y Angulo-Ruiz
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, Spain.
| | | | - Celia Cabello-Navarro
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, Spain.
| | - Carlos M Gómez
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Experimental Psychology Department, University of Seville, Spain.
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3
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Ludyga S, Mücke M, Leuenberger R, Bruggisser F, Pühse U, Gerber M, Capone-Mori A, Keutler C, Brotzmann M, Weber P. Behavioral and neurocognitive effects of judo training on working memory capacity in children with ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103156. [PMID: 35988343 PMCID: PMC9402389 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) face deficits in working memory capacity that often persist into adulthood. In healthy peers, exercise targeting motor skill acquisition benefits visuospatial working memory, but its potential to reduce ADHD-related deficits remains unclear. We investigated the effect of a judo training program targeting motor skills on behavioral and neurocognitive indices of working memory capacity in children with ADHD. METHODS Children with ADHD aged 8 to 12 years (N = 57) were randomly allocated to a judo training group and a wait-list control group. The training program encompassed 120 min of judo per week over three months. Before and after the intervention period, participants completed a bilateral Change Detection task with low and high memory load conditions and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2). The contralateral delay activity (CDA) elicited by the cognitive task was recorded using electroencephalography. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the judo training group showed a higher K-score on the Change Detection task and an increased negativity of the CDA on the high load condition following the intervention, when pretest scores (and confounders) were accounted for. In contrast, no group differences were found for MABC-2 score. CONCLUSION In children with ADHD, judo training may complement the pharmacological treatment by increasing the effectiveness of working memory maintenance processes. On a behavioral level, this improvement is accompanied with an increased capacity to store visuospatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel Mücke
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Leuenberger
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Bruggisser
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Capone-Mori
- Kantonsspital Aarau, Clinic for Children and Teenagers, Division of Neuropediatrics, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Keutler
- St. Elisabethen Krankenhaus Lörrach, Clinic of Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Lörrach, Germany
| | - Mark Brotzmann
- University of Basel, University Children's Hospital, Division of Neuropediatrics and Developmental Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Weber
- University of Basel, University Children's Hospital, Division of Neuropediatrics and Developmental Medicine, Basel, Switzerland
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Li Y, Fu W, Zhang Q, Chen X, Li X, Du B, Deng X, Ji F, Dong Q, Jaeggi SM, Chen C, Li J. Effects of forward and backward span trainings on working memory: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Psychophysiology 2022; 60:e14154. [PMID: 35894226 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Both forward and backward working memory span tasks have been used in cognitive training, but no study has been conducted to test whether the two types of trainings are equally effective. Based on data from a randomized controlled trial, this study (N = 60 healthy college students) tested the effects of backward span training, forward span training, and no intervention. Event-related potential (ERP) signals were recorded at the pre-, mid-, and post-tests while the subjects were performing a distractor version of the change detection task, which included three conditions (2 targets and 0 distractor [2T0D]; 4 targets and 0 distractor [4T0D]; and 2 targets and 2 distractors [2T2D]). Behavioral data were collected from two additional tasks: a multi-object version of the change detection task, and a suppress task. Compared to no intervention, both forward and backward span trainings led to significantly greater improvement in working memory maintenance, based on indices from both behavioral (Kmax) and ERP data (CDA_2T0D and CDA_4T0D). Backward span training also improved interference control based on the ERP data (CDA_filtering efficiency) to a greater extent than did forward span training and no intervention, but the three groups did not differ in terms of behavioral indices of interference control. These results have potential implications for optimizing the current cognitive training on working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wenjin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qiumei Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Xiongying Chen
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Anding Hospital, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & The Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Anding Hospital, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Boqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feng Ji
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, P.R. China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Susanne M Jaeggi
- School of Education & Department for Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Gorohovsky N, Magen H. Visuo-spatial working memory for objects and configurations in natural scenes in university students with ADHD. Memory 2022; 30:1046-1056. [PMID: 35620835 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2022.2078841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adults with ADHD typically show reduced performance in visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) tasks. These limitations have been observed mainly in tasks probing VSWM for low-level visual information. The current study investigated whether these limitations extended to memory for real-world objects, and memory for the spatial context in which they were presented. Sixty-four university students with and without ADHD memorised the form of real-world objects embedded in natural scenes. Following a short delay, participants were probed on a single object in the scene that could change in token or orientation, and that could appear within the original scene or in isolation. Consistent with previous studies, memory for the individual objects was impaired in the ADHD group relative to the control group, demonstrating that this deficit extends to complex real-world objects. Nevertheless, participants in the ADHD group benefited from the reinstatement of the scene during retrieval to the same extent as participants in the control group. This finding suggests that participants in the ADHD group formed and maintained a representation of the spatial context of the scene that aided memory retrieval. Overall, the results support an emerging view that VSWM operates on multiple, possibly independent, representations at different hierarchal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Gorohovsky
- School of Occupational Therapy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagit Magen
- School of Occupational Therapy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Tan S, Wang H, Xu X, Zhao L, Zhang J, Dong J, Yao B, Wang H, Hao Y, Zhou H, Gao Y, Peng R. Acute effects of 2.856 GHz and 1.5 GHz microwaves on spatial memory abilities and CREB-related pathways. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12348. [PMID: 34117282 PMCID: PMC8196025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of 2.856 GHz and 1.5 GHz microwaves on spatial memory and cAMP response element binding (CREB)-related pathways. A total of 120 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: a control group (C); 2.856 GHz microwave exposure group (S group); 1.5 GHz microwave exposure group (L group); and 2.856 and 1.5 GHz cumulative exposure group (SL group). Decreases in spatial memory abilities, changes in EEG, structural injuries, and the downregulation of phosphorylated-Ak strain transforming (p-AKT), phosphorylated-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMKII), phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (p-ERK) and p-CREB was observed 6 h after microwave exposure. Significant differences in the expression of p-CaMKII were found between the S and L groups. The power amplitudes of the EEG waves (θ, δ), levels of structural injuries and the expression of p-AKT, p-CaMK II, p-CREB, and p-ERK1/2 were significantly different in the S and L groups compared to the SL group. Interaction effects between the 2.856 and 1.5 GHz microwaves were found in the EEG and p-CREB changes. Our findings indicated that 2.856 GHz and 1.5 GHz microwave exposure induced a decline in spatial memory, which might be related to p-AKT, p-CaMK II, p-CREB and p-ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhi Tan
- PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinping Xu
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Dong
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Binwei Yao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhui Hao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhou
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yabing Gao
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyun Peng
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Ngiam WXQ, Adam KCS, Quirk C, Vogel EK, Awh E. Estimating the statistical power to detect set-size effects in contralateral delay activity. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13791. [PMID: 33569785 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The contralateral delay activity (CDA) is an event-related potential component commonly used to examine the online processes of visual working memory. Here, we provide a robust analysis of the statistical power that is needed to achieve reliable and reproducible results with the CDA. Using two very large EEG datasets that examined the contrast between CDA amplitude with set sizes 2 and 6 items and set sizes 2 and 4 items, we present a subsampling analysis that estimates the statistical power achieved with varying numbers of subjects and trials based on the proportion of significant tests in 10,000 iterations. We also generated simulated data using Bayesian multilevel modeling to estimate power beyond the bounds of the original datasets. The number of trials and subjects required depends critically on the effect size. Detecting the presence of the CDA-a reliable difference between contralateral and ipsilateral electrodes during the memory period-required only 30-50 clean trials with a sample of 25 subjects to achieve approximately 80% statistical power. However, for detecting a difference in CDA amplitude between two set sizes, a substantially larger number of trials and subjects were required; approximately 400 clean trials with 25 subjects to achieve 80% power. Thus, to achieve robust tests of how CDA activity differs across conditions, it is essential to be mindful of the estimated effect size. We recommend researchers designing experiments to detect set-size differences in the CDA collect substantially more trials per subject.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten C S Adam
- Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Colin Quirk
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward K Vogel
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward Awh
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Hilla Y, von Mankowski J, Föcker J, Sauseng P. Faster Visual Information Processing in Video Gamers Is Associated With EEG Alpha Amplitude Modulation. Front Psychol 2020; 11:599788. [PMID: 33363498 PMCID: PMC7753097 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.599788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Video gaming, specifically action video gaming, seems to improve a range of cognitive functions. The basis for these improvements may be attentional control in conjunction with reward-related learning to amplify the execution of goal-relevant actions while suppressing goal-irrelevant actions. Given that EEG alpha power reflects inhibitory processing, a core component of attentional control, it might represent the electrophysiological substrate of cognitive improvement in video gaming. The aim of this study was to test whether non-video gamers (NVGs), non-action video gamers (NAVGs) and action video gamers (AVGs) exhibit differences in EEG alpha power, and whether this might account for differences in visual information processing as operationalized by the theory of visual attention (TVA). Forty male volunteers performed a visual short-term memory paradigm where they memorized shape stimuli depicted on circular stimulus displays at six different exposure durations while their EEGs were recorded. Accuracy data was analyzed using TVA-algorithms. There was a positive correlation between the extent of post-stimulus EEG alpha power attenuation (10–12 Hz) and speed of information processing across all participants. Moreover, both EEG alpha power attenuation and speed of information processing were modulated by an interaction between group affiliation and time on task, indicating that video gamers showed larger EEG alpha power attenuations and faster information processing over time than NVGs – with AVGs displaying the largest increase. An additional regression analysis affirmed this observation. From this we concluded that EEG alpha power might be a promising neural substrate for explaining cognitive improvement in video gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Hilla
- Research Unit of Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg von Mankowski
- Chair of Communication Networks, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Föcker
- School of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Sauseng
- Research Unit of Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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9
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Moghaddari M, Lighvan MZ, Danishvar S. Diagnose ADHD disorder in children using convolutional neural network based on continuous mental task EEG. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 197:105738. [PMID: 32927404 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a chronic behavioral disorder in children. Children with ADHD face many difficulties in maintaining their concentration and controlling their behaviors. Early diagnosis of this disorder is one of the most important challenges in its control and treatment. No definitive expert method has been found to detect this disorder early. Our goal in this study is to develop an assistive tool for physicians to recognize ADHD children from healthy children using electroencephalography (EEG) based on a continuous mental task. METHODS We used EEG signals recorded from 31 ADHD children and 30 healthy children. In this study, we developed a deep learning model using a convolutional neural network that have had significant performance in image processing fields. For this purpose, we first preprocessed EEG signals to eliminate noise and artifacts. Then we segmented preprocessed samples into more samples. We extracted the theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands from each segmented sample and formed a color RGB image with three channels. Eventually, we imported the resulting images into a 13-layer convolutional neural network for feature extraction and classification. RESULTS The proposed model was evaluated by 5-fold cross validation for train, evaluation, and test data and achieved an average accuracy of 99.06%, 97.81%, 97.47% for segmented samples. The average accuracy for subject-based test samples was 98.48%. Also, the performance of the model was evaluated using the confusion matrix with precision, recall, and f1-score metrics. The results of these metrics also confirmed the outstanding performance of the model. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score of our model were better than all previous works for diagnosing ADHD in children. Based on these prominent and reliable results, this technique can be used as an assistive tool for the physicians in the early diagnosis of ADHD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Moghaddari
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Zolfy Lighvan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Sebelan Danishvar
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University, UK
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10
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Feldmann-Wüstefeld T. Neural measures of working memory in a bilateral change detection task. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13683. [PMID: 33215729 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The change detection task is a widely used paradigm to examine visual working memory processes. Participants memorize a set of items and then, try to detect changes in the set after a retention period. The negative slow wave (NSW) and contralateral delay activity (CDA) are event-related potentials in the EEG signal that are commonly used in change detection tasks to track working memory load, as both increase with the number of items maintained in working memory (set size). While the CDA was argued to more purely reflect the memory-specific neural activity than the NSW, it also requires a lateralized design and attention shifts prior to memoranda onset, imposing more restrictions on the task than the NSW. The present study proposes a novel change detection task in which both CDA and NSW can be measured at the same time. Memory items were presented bilaterally, but their distribution in the left and right hemifield varied, inducing a target imbalance or "net load." NSW increased with set size, whereas CDA increased with net load. In addition, a multivariate linear classifier was able to decode the set size and net load from the EEG signal. CDA, NSW, and decoding accuracy predicted an individual's working memory capacity. In line with the notion of a bilateral advantage in working memory, accuracy, and CDA data suggest that participants tended to encode items relatively balanced. In sum, this novel change detection task offers a basis to make use of converging neural measures of working memory in a comprehensive paradigm.
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11
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Ortega R, López V, Carrasco X, Escobar MJ, García AM, Parra MA, Aboitiz F. Neurocognitive mechanisms underlying working memory encoding and retrieval in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7771. [PMID: 32385310 PMCID: PMC7210977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) impairments in ADHD have been consistently reported along with deficits in attentional control. Yet, it is not clear which specific WM processes are affected in this condition. A deficient coupling between attention and WM has been reported. Nevertheless, most studies focus on the capacity to retain information rather than on the attention-dependent stages of encoding and retrieval. The current study uses a visual short-term memory binding task, measuring both behavioral and electrophysiological responses to characterize WM encoding, binding and retrieval comparing ADHD and non-ADHD matched adolescents. ADHD exhibited poorer accuracy and larger reaction times than non-ADHD on all conditions but especially when a change across encoding and test displays occurred. Binding manipulation affected equally both groups. Encoding P3 was larger in the non-ADHD group. Retrieval P3 discriminated change only in the non-ADHD group. Binding-dependent ERP modulations did not reveal group differences. Encoding and retrieval P3 were significantly correlated only in non-ADHD. These results suggest that while binding processes seem to be intact in ADHD, attention-related encoding and retrieval processes are compromised, resulting in a failure in the prioritization of relevant information. This new evidence can also inform recent theories of binding in visual WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ortega
- Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vladimir López
- Escuela de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Carrasco
- Servicio de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Hospital de Niños Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Josefina Escobar
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adolfo M García
- Universidad de San Andrés, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Education, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.,Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura, Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario A Parra
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Facultad de psicología, Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Francisco Aboitiz
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Cognitivas, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Arjona Valladares A, Gómez CM, Rodríguez-Martínez EI, Barriga-Paulino CI, Gómez-González J, Diaz-Sánchez JA. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: An event-related potential study of working memory. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4356-4369. [PMID: 32367647 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) impairments have been frequently observed as an important feature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Event-related potential (ERP) differences between ADHD and healthy controls (HC) would be expected during WM task performance. Especially, the so-called slow wave (SW), which is related to the retention process, might present amplitude differences in ADHD. In this ERP study participated twenty-nine ADHD children and adolescents and thirty-four HC. WM performance was assessed using the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C), and ERPs were analyzed with a Delayed Match-To-Sample (DMTS) task. ADHD sample showed worse behavioral performance in both WMTB-C and DMTS task, and higher SW amplitude during the retention phase of the DMTS task. Additionally, the principal component analysis indicated that the scores on the component explaining the centro-parietal SW were significantly different between ADHD subjects and HC. The observed impaired neurophysiological activity during the encoding and retention periods in ADHD, which would be the origin of the behavioral deficits in WM task performance, might be reflecting a delayed maturation of the neural processes underlying the centro-parietal SW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Arjona Valladares
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos M Gómez
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Elena I Rodríguez-Martínez
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - José A Diaz-Sánchez
- Human Psychobiology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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13
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Rodríguez-Martínez EI, Arjona Valladares A, Gómez-González J, Diaz-Sanchez JA, Gómez CM. Neurophysiological differences between ADHD and control children and adolescents during the recognition phase of a working memory task. Neurosci Res 2020; 164:46-54. [PMID: 32268186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of executive functions including attention and working memory (WM) have been proposed as an important feature of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). During the recognition phase of a delayed match-to-sample test (DMTS) a reduced N2pc component, related to the attentional selection of the memorized item and a reduced distractor positivity (Pd), related to the processing suppression of distractors are expected in ADHD subjects. For the purpose of the study, twenty-nine ADHD subjects diagnosed with a structured interview and the DuPaul questionnaire, were included in the study. Thirty-four control subjects were recruited from public schools and matched by age (from 6 to 17 years old) and gender with the ADHD group. Reaction times (RTs), errors, and Event Related Potentials (ERPs) were obtained in a DMTS task during the recognition phase in correct trials. RTs and errors were higher in ADHD subjects compared to the control group. Specifically, errors were much higher in ADHD than in controls. The cluster mass permutation statistics showed a significant N2pc component in both groups during the recognition phase, but a significant Pd component was present only in controls. The present results suggest that in correct trials ADHD children use the same neural resources to select the memorized item from WM with similar efficacy than controls, although a lower Pd suggests a difficulty in suppressing distractors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Arjona Valladares
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Jaime Gómez-González
- Unit of Mental Health Hospital Virgen Macarena, Avenida Doctor Fedriani, n 3, 41007 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José A Diaz-Sanchez
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Carlos M Gómez
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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14
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Zhao W, Chen X, Li X, Du B, Deng X, Ji F, Wang C, Xiang YT, Dong Q, Jaeggi SM, Chen C, Song Y, Li J. ERP evidence for the effect of working memory span training on working memory maintenance: A randomized controlled trial. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 167:107129. [PMID: 31783127 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a lot of debate in the literature with regards to whether the effects of working memory span training generalize to working memory tasks that are different from the trained task, however, there is little evidence to date supporting this idea. The present randomized controlled trial included 80 undergraduate students who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (N = 40) or the control group (N = 40) in order to receive a working memory span intervention for 20 sessions over the course of 4 weeks. Brain electrophysiological signals during a dot pattern expectancy (DPX) task and a change detection task were recorded both before and after the intervention. The amplitudes of characteristic event-related potential (ERP) components reflecting working memory maintenance capability during the delay period of both tasks (i.e., the contingent negative variation or CNV, derived from the DPX task, and the contralateral delay activity or CDA, derived from the change detection task) were used as the primary outcome measures. Our data indicated that the intervention resulted in specific changes in both, the CNV and the CDA, suggesting that working memory span training generalized to working memory maintenance processes as observed in working memory tasks that were different from the trained task. We conclude that working memory span training might serve as a useful tool to improve working memory maintenance capability. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (chiCTR-INR-17011728).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China; School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, 45# Jianshe South Road, Jining 272013, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Wan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Xiongying Chen
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Anding Hospital, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Anding Hospital, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Boqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Feng Ji
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, 45# Jianshe South Road, Jining 272013, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Anding Hospital, School of Mental Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa 999078, Macau
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Susanne M Jaeggi
- School of Education & Department for Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Yan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, PR China.
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15
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Low AM, Vangkilde S, le Sommer J, Fagerlund B, Glenthøj B, Jepsen JRM, Bundesen C, Petersen A, Habekost T. Visual attention in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder before and after stimulant treatment. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2617-2625. [PMID: 30560740 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718003628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which frequently persists into adulthood. The primary goal of the current study was to (a) investigate attentional functions of stimulant medication-naïve adults with ADHD, and (b) investigate the effects of 6 weeks of methylphenidate treatment on these functions. METHODS The study was a prospective, non-randomized, non-blinded, 6-week follow-up design with 42 stimulant medication-naïve adult patients with ADHD, and 42 age and parental education-matched healthy controls. Assessments included measures of visual attention, based on Bundesen's Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), which yields five precise measures of aspects of visual attention; general psychopathology; ADHD symptoms; dyslexia screening; and estimates of IQ. RESULTS At baseline, significant differences were found between patients and controls on three attentional parameters: visual short-term memory capacity, threshold of conscious perception, and to a lesser extent visual processing speed. Secondary analyses revealed no significant correlations between TVA parameter estimates and severity of ADHD symptomatology. At follow-up, significant improvements were found specifically for visual processing speed; this improvement had a large effect size, and remained when controlling for re-test effects, IQ, and dyslexia screen performance. There were no significant correlations between changes in visual processing speed and changes in ADHD symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS ADHD in adults may be associated with deficits in three distinct aspects of visual attention. Improvements after 6 weeks of medication are seen specifically in visual processing speed, which could represent an improvement in alertness. Clinical symptoms and visual attentional deficits may represent separate aspects of ADHD in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Low
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Vangkilde
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julijana le Sommer
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Fagerlund
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Glenthøj
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Bundesen
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Petersen
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Habekost
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Luo X, Guo J, Liu L, Zhao X, Li D, Li H, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Qian Q, Wang Y, Song Y, Sun L. The neural correlations of spatial attention and working memory deficits in adults with ADHD. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 22:101728. [PMID: 30822718 PMCID: PMC6396015 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Working memory impairment is a typical cognitive abnormality in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is closely related to attention. Exploring the interaction between working memory and attention in patients with ADHD is of great significance for studying the pathological mechanism of this disease. In this study, electrophysiological markers of attention, posterior contralateral N2 (N2pc), and working memory, contralateral delay activity (CDA), were used to explore the relationship between these two cognitive abilities in patients with ADHD. EEG data were collected from adults with ADHD and age-, sex-, and IQ-matched normal controls while performing a classical visuospatial working memory task that consisted of low-load and high-load memory conditions. In different memory load conditions, the memory array elicited a smaller N2pc (220–260 ms) and a smaller CDA (400–800 ms) in adults with ADHD than in normal controls. Further analysis revealed that the reduced CDA amplitude could be significantly predicted by the earlier and reduced N2pc amplitude in adults with ADHD. Moreover, when the number of memory items increased, the increase in N2pc highly predicted the increases in CDA. Our findings illustrate the relationship between spatial working memory and attention ability in ADHD adults from the neurophysiological aspect that reduced working memory is closely related to insufficient attention ability and provide a potential physiological basis for the pathological mechanism of ADHD. We investigate the relationship between attention and working memory in ADHD adults. Both the N2pc and CDA are reduced in ADHD adults compared with normal controls. The reduced N2pc is correlated with the reduced CDA in ADHD adults. Working memory deficits in adults with ADHD may be related to attention deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Luo
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xixi Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qihua Zhao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning &IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Collaboration and Innovation in Brain and Learning Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China.
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17
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Gu C, Liu ZX, Tannock R, Woltering S. Neural processing of working memory in adults with ADHD in a visuospatial change detection task with distractors. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5601. [PMID: 30245935 PMCID: PMC6149497 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are often characterized by deficits in working memory (WM), which manifest in academic, professional, and mental health difficulties. To better understand the underlying mechanisms of these presumed WM deficits, we compared adults with ADHD to their peers on behavioral and neural indices of WM. We used a visuospatial change detection task with distractors which was designed to assess the brain’s ability to effectively filter out distractors from WM, in addition to testing for effects of WM load. Twenty-seven unmedicated adults with ADHD were compared to 27 matched peers on event-related potential (ERP) measures of WM, i.e., the contralateral delay activity (CDA). Despite severe impairments in everyday life functioning, findings showed no difference in deficits in behavioral tests of working memory for adults with ADHD compared to their peers. Interestingly, there were differences in neural activity between individuals with ADHD and their peers showing that the CDA of individuals with ADHD did not distinguish between high, distractor, and low memory load conditions. These data suggest, in the face of comparable behavioral performance, a difference in neural processing efficiency, wherein the brains of individuals with ADHD may not be as selective in the allocation of neural resources to perform a WM task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gu
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Zhong-Xu Liu
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rosemary Tannock
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Program, Sickkids Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven Woltering
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America.,Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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18
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Marquardt L, Eichele H, Lundervold AJ, Haavik J, Eichele T. Event-Related-Potential (ERP) Correlates of Performance Monitoring in Adults With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Front Psychol 2018; 9:485. [PMID: 29706908 PMCID: PMC5907771 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders in children and tends to persist into adulthood. Evidence from neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological studies indicates that alterations of error processing are core symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD. To test whether adults with ADHD show persisting deficits and compensatory processes, we investigated performance monitoring during stimulus-evaluation and response-selection, with a focus on errors, as well as within-group correlations with symptom scores. Methods: Fifty-five participants (27 ADHD and 28 controls) aged 19-55 years performed a modified flanker task during EEG recording with 64 electrodes, and the ADHD and control groups were compared on measures of behavioral task performance, event-related potentials of performance monitoring (N2, P3), and error processing (ERN, Pe). Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) was used to assess ADHD symptom load. Results: Adults with ADHD showed higher error rates in incompatible trials, and these error rates correlated positively with the ASRS scores. Also, we observed lower P3 amplitudes in incompatible trials, which were inversely correlated with symptom load in the ADHD group. Adults with ADHD also displayed reduced error-related ERN and Pe amplitudes. There were no significant differences in reaction time (RT) and RT variability between the two groups. Conclusion: Our findings show deviations of electrophysiological measures, suggesting reduced effortful engagement of attentional and error-monitoring processes in adults with ADHD. Associations between ADHD symptom scores, event-related potential amplitudes, and poorer task performance in the ADHD group further support this notion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Marquardt
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heike Eichele
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom Eichele
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Section for Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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19
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Wiegand I, Napiórkowski N, Töllner T, Petersen A, Habekost T, Müller HJ, Finke K. Event-related Electroencephalographic Lateralizations Mark Individual Differences in Spatial and Nonspatial Visual Selection. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 30:482-497. [PMID: 29244636 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Selective attention controls the distribution of our visual system's limited processing resources to stimuli in the visual field. Two independent parameters of visual selection can be quantified by modeling an individual's performance in a partial-report task based on the computational theory of visual attention (TVA): (i) top-down control α, the relative attentional weighting of relevant over irrelevant stimuli, and (ii) spatial bias wλ, the relative attentional weighting of stimuli in the left versus right hemifield. In this study, we found that visual event-related electroencephalographic lateralizations marked interindividual differences in these two functions. First, individuals with better top-down control showed higher amplitudes of the posterior contralateral negativity than individuals with poorer top-down control. Second, differences in spatial bias were reflected in asymmetries in earlier visual event-related lateralizations depending on the hemifield position of targets; specifically, individuals showed a positivity contralateral to targets presented in their prioritized hemifield and a negativity contralateral to targets presented in their nonprioritized hemifield. Thus, our findings demonstrate that two functionally different aspects of attentional weighting quantified in the respective TVA parameters are reflected in two different neurophysiological measures: The observer-dependent spatial bias influences selection by a bottom-up processing advantage of stimuli appearing in the prioritized hemifield. By contrast, task-related target selection governed by top-down control involves active enhancement of target, and/or suppression of distractor, processing. These results confirm basic assumptions of the TVA framework, complement the functional interpretation of event-related lateralization components in selective attention studies, and are of relevance for the development of neurocognitive attentional assessment procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Wiegand
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research.,Max Planck Institute for Human Development.,Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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20
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21
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Wiegand I, Lauritzen MJ, Osler M, Mortensen EL, Rostrup E, Rask L, Richard N, Horwitz A, Benedek K, Vangkilde S, Petersen A. EEG correlates of visual short-term memory in older age vary with adult lifespan cognitive development. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 62:210-220. [PMID: 29175710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Visual short-term memory (vSTM) is a cognitive resource that declines with age. This study investigated whether electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of vSTM vary with cognitive development over individuals' lifespan. We measured vSTM performance and EEG in a lateralized whole-report task in a healthy birth cohort, whose cognitive function (intelligence quotient) was assessed in youth and late-middle age. Higher vSTM capacity (K; measured by Bundesen's theory of visual attention) was associated with higher amplitudes of the contralateral delay activity (CDA) and the central positivity (CP). In addition, rightward hemifield asymmetry of vSTM (Kλ) was associated with lower CDA amplitudes. Furthermore, more severe cognitive decline from young adulthood to late-middle age predicted higher CDA amplitudes, and the relationship between K and the CDA was less reliable in individuals who show higher levels of cognitive decline compared to individuals with preserved abilities. By contrast, there was no significant effect of lifespan cognitive changes on the CP or the relationship between behavioral measures of vSTM and the CP. Neither the CDA, nor the CP, nor the relationships between K or Kλ and the event-related potentials were predicted by individuals' current cognitive status. Together, our findings indicate complex age-related changes in processes underlying behavioral and EEG measures of vSTM and suggest that the K-CDA relationship might be a marker of cognitive lifespan trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Wiegand
- Center for Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany; Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin J Lauritzen
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet - Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Merete Osler
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Center for Prevention and Health, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Lykke Mortensen
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Egill Rostrup
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Functional Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet - Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lene Rask
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet - Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nelly Richard
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet - Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Horwitz
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet - Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Krisztina Benedek
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet - Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Signe Vangkilde
- Center for Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Petersen
- Center for Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Attending to multiple objects relies on both feature- and dimension-based control mechanisms: Evidence from human electrophysiology. Atten Percept Psychophys 2017; 78:2079-89. [PMID: 27299342 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-016-1152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Numerous everyday search tasks require humans to attentionally select and temporally store more than one object present in the visual environment. Recently, several enumeration studies sought to isolate the mechanisms underlying multiple object processing by means of electrophysiological measures, which led to a more fine-grained picture as to which processing stages are modulated by object numerosity. One critical limitation that most of these studies share is that they used stimulus designs in which multiple targets were exclusively defined by the same feature value. Accordingly, it remains an open issue whether these findings generalize to search scenarios in which multiple targets are physically not identical. To systematically address this issue, we introduced three target context conditions in which multiple targets were defined randomly by (1) the same feature (sF), (2) different features within the same dimension (dFsD), or (3) different features across dimensions (dD). Our findings revealed that participants' ability to enumerate multiple targets was remarkably influenced by inter-target relationships, with fastest responses for sF trials, slowest responses for dD trials, and responses of intermediate speed for dFsD trials. Our electrophysiological analyses disclosed that one source of this response slowing was feature-based and originated from the stage of attentional selection (as indexed by PCN waves), whereas another source was dimension-based and associated with working memory processes (as indexed by P3b waves). Overall, our results point to a significant role of physical inter-target relationships in multiple object processing-a factor that has been largely neglected in most studies on enumeration.
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Wiegand I, Petersen A, Bundesen C, Habekost T. Phasic alerting increases visual attention capacity in younger but not in older individuals. VISUAL COGNITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2017.1330791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Wiegand
- Center for Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Max-Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Lifespan Development, Max-Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anders Petersen
- Center for Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Bundesen
- Center for Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Habekost
- Center for Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Li CH, He X, Wang YJ, Hu Z, Guo CY. Visual Working Memory Capacity Can Be Increased by Training on Distractor Filtering Efficiency. Front Psychol 2017; 8:196. [PMID: 28261131 PMCID: PMC5313481 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally considered that working memory (WM) capacity is limited and that WM capacity affects cognitive processes. Distractor filtering efficiency has been suggested to be an important factor in determining the visual working memory (VWM) capacity of individuals. In the present study, we investigated whether training in visual filtering efficiency (FE) could improve VWM capacity, as measured by performance on the change detection task (CDT) and changes of contralateral delay activity (CDA) (contralateral delay activity) of different conditions, and evaluated the transfer effect of visual FE training on verbal WM and fluid intelligence, as indexed by performance on the verbal WM span task and Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) test, respectively. Participants were divided into high- and low-capacity groups based on their performance in a CDT designed to test VWM capacity, and then the low-capacity individuals received 20 days of FE training. The training significantly improved the group’s performance in the CDT, and their CDA models of different conditions became more similar with high capacity group, and the effect generalized to improve verbal WM span. These gains were maintained at a 3-month follow-up test. Participants’ RSPM scores were not changed by the training. These findings support the notion that WM capacity is determined, at least in part, by distractor FE and can be enhanced through training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Hong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Xu He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Juan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- College of Teacher Education, Hefei Normal University Hefei, China
| | - Chun-Yan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Technology, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
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Weyandt LL, Oster DR, Gudmundsdottir BG, DuPaul GJ, Anastopoulos AD. Neuropsychological functioning in college students with and without ADHD. Neuropsychology 2017; 31:160-172. [PMID: 27831696 PMCID: PMC5280458 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing numbers of students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are attending college; however, little empirical information is available concerning the functional impairment experienced by these students. Although preliminary studies suggest that college students with ADHD are more likely to experience a variety of psychosocial and academic difficulties compared to their peers without the disorder, findings regarding neuropsychological functioning have been inconsistent with some studies reporting that college students with ADHD perform more poorly on various cognitive and neuropsychological tasks while others report no differences compared to their peers without ADHD. METHOD The purposes of the present study, the Trajectories Related to ADHD in College project, a longitudinal study following the 4-year outcomes of college students with and without ADHD, were to (a) examine the performance of 436 first-year college students with and without ADHD (51.6% female) on measures of executive function (EF) and intelligence and (b) investigate the association of self-reported use of stimulant medication and neuropsychological performance in students with ADHD. Participant data from their first year of involvement in the study were analyzed. RESULTS Participants with ADHD performed more poorly on task-based and self-report EF measures relative to the comparison group. In contrast, no significant group differences were found with respect to intellectual performance. Within the ADHD group, use of prescription stimulant medication was associated with improved performance on some, but not all, neuropsychological tasks. Additional analyses also revealed significant group differences in EF based on clinical diagnostic status. CONCLUSION College students with ADHD demonstrated poorer EF than their peers without ADHD and psychostimulant medication was associated with improved EF performance. No group differences were found with respect to intellectual functioning, Lastly, having one or more comorbid psychiatric diagnoses in addition to ADHD was associated with poorer EF outcomes. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - George J DuPaul
- Department of Education and Human Services, Lehigh University
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