1
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Fang X, Perfetti CA. Consolidation improves the learning of new meanings for known words but not necessarily their integration into semantic memory. LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 39:351-366. [PMID: 38962374 PMCID: PMC11219009 DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2023.2293853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Consolidation is essential to the integration of novel words into the mental lexicon; however, its role in learning new meanings for known words remains unclear. This old-form-new-meaning learning is very common, as when one learns that "skate" is also a type of fish in addition to its familiar roller- or ice-skating meaning. To address consolidation effects for new meanings, we compared the behavioral and ERP measures on new and original meanings tested 24 hours after learning with words tested immediately after learning. Semantic judgments of both new and original meanings benefitted from the study-test interval. However, N400 amplitudes on studied words-indicators of meaning access from semantic memory-were unaffected by learning or consolidation. These results suggest that while sleep benefits memory for new meanings, the new meanings do not become integrated into the mental lexicon within that period. Instead, episodic retrieval remains functional in accessing new meanings even after 24 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Fang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Language and Culture University
| | - Charles A. Perfetti
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
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2
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Gurunandan K, Cooper E, Tibon R, Henson RN, Greve A. No evidence of fast mapping in healthy adults using an implicit memory measure: failures to replicate the lexical competition results of Coutanche and Thompson-Schill (2014). Memory 2023; 31:1320-1339. [PMID: 37771094 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2262188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Fast mapping (FM) is a hypothetical, incidental learning process that allows rapid acquisition of new words. Using an implicit reaction time measure in a FM paradigm, Coutanche and Thompson-Schill (Coutanche, M. N., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2014). Fast mapping rapidly integrates information into existing memory networks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(6), 2296-2303. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000020) showed evidence of lexical competition within 10 min of non-words being learned as names of unknown items, consistent with same-day lexicalisation. Here, Experiment 1 was a methodological replication (N = 28/group) that found no evidence of this RT competition effect. Instead, a post-hoc analysis suggested evidence of semantic priming. Experiment 2 (N = 60/group, online study, pre-registered on OSF) tested whether semantic priming remained when making the stimulus set fully counterbalanced. No evidence for either lexical competition nor semantic priming was detected. Experiment 3 (n = 64, online study, pre-registered on OSF) tested whether referent (a)typicality boosted lexical competition (Coutanche, M. N., & Koch, G. E. (2017). Variation across individuals and items determine learning outcomes from fast mapping. Neuropsychologia, 106, 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.029), but again no evidence of lexical competition was observed, and Bayes Factors for the data combined across all three experiments supported the hypothesis that there is no effect of lexical competition under FM conditions. These results, together with our previous work, question whether fast mapping exists in healthy adults, at least using this specific FM paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshipra Gurunandan
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elisa Cooper
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roni Tibon
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Richard N Henson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Greve
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Chen S, Wang Y, Yan W. More Stable Memory Retention of Novel Words Learned from Fast Mapping than from Explicit Encoding. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2022:10.1007/s10936-022-09921-4. [PMID: 36427114 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-022-09921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is a heated debate on a learning paradigm known as "fast mapping" for its early neocortical dependence and retained memory over time for amnesic patients with hippocampal system damage. Whether the fast mapping allows hippocampus independent learning and induces rapid integration is poorly understood. The present study aims to investigate the effect of fast mapping on very long-term retention, which to our knowledge has not been previously explored. We tested memory retention ranging from 10 min to 1.5 years, for novel word-object associations learned from fast mapping or explicit encoding procedures. The three-alternative forced choice recognition task was employed to assess memory performance. Besides the slight adjustment of the testing schedule, other settings remained the same in Experiment 2 to replicate and verify the findings of Experiment 1. Results showed that overall memory retrieval performance was higher after explicit encoding as compared to fast mapping. However, retrieval performance after explicit encoding dropped after 1.5 years, but remained stable in the fast mapping condition. Furthermore, matching the semantic category of the known and the novel items during the fast mapping paradigm might affect long-term retention. These results suggest that fast mapping creates more stable long-term memory representations as compared to the explicit encoding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Rd., Wucheng District, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Yuejuan Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Rd., Wucheng District, 321004, Jinhua, China.
| | - Weiwei Yan
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Rd., Wucheng District, 321004, Jinhua, China
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4
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Setton R, Lockrow AW, Turner GR, Spreng RN. Troubled past: A critical psychometric assessment of the self-report Survey of Autobiographical Memory (SAM). Behav Res Methods 2022; 54:261-286. [PMID: 34159511 PMCID: PMC8692492 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01604-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Survey of Autobiographical Memory (SAM) was designed as an easy-to-administer measure of self-perceived autobiographical memory (AM) recollection capacity. We provide a comprehensive psychometric evaluation of the SAM in younger and older adults. First, we evaluated the reliability of the SAM as a measure of self-perceived recollective capacity. Next, we tested whether the SAM was a valid measure of episodic and autobiographical memory performance, as assessed with widely used performance-based measures. Finally, we investigated associations between the SAM, cognitive measures and self-reported assessments of psychological functioning. The SAM demonstrated reliability as a self-report measure of perceived recollective capacity. High internal consistency was observed across subscales, with the exception of SAM-semantic. Evidence for independence among the subscales was mixed: SAM-episodic and SAM-semantic items showed poor correspondence with respective subscales. Good correspondence was observed between the future and spatial items and their SAM subscales. The SAM showed limited associations with AM performance as measured by the Autobiographical Interview (AI), yet was broadly associated with self-reported AI event vividness. SAM scores were weakly associated with performance-based memory measures and were age-invariant, inconsistent with known age effects on declarative memory. Converging evidence indicated that SAM-episodic and SAM-semantic subscales are not independent and should not be interpreted as specific measures of episodic or semantic memory. The SAM was robustly associated with self-efficacy, suggesting an association with confidence in domain general self-report abilities. We urge caution in the use and interpretation of the SAM as a measure of AM, pending revision and further psychometric validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Setton
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Amber W Lockrow
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Gary R Turner
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University St., Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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5
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Picco S, Pedreira ME, Fernández RS. Psychometric validation of the survey of autobiographical memory: confirmatory factor analysis and network analysis. Memory 2020; 28:1037-1050. [PMID: 32870072 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2020.1812662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory (AM) represents the ability to remember personal experiences. There are several laboratory or neuropsychological tasks to assess different aspects of memory function. However, there has been little research on self-reported AM ability. The Survey of Autobiographical Memory (SAM) is a self-report questionnaire, developed to assess individual differences in AM. Evidence for the factor structure and network properties of the SAM is still needed. Here, using an integral approach, we validated the SAM using a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (Study 1) as in the original study, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (Study 2), and a Network Analysis (Study 3) using two large independent samples (total n = 2896). We first replicated the original findings, then confirmed the existence of 4 factors and found that the Episodic and Semantic categories were the most central ones. Finally, we found between "groups" differences for Gender and Anxiety. Overall, three different methods revealed a robust profile of the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Picco
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE)- CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria E Pedreira
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE)- CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo S Fernández
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE)- CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Coutanche MN, Koch GE, Paulus JP. Influences on memory for naturalistic visual episodes: sleep, familiarity, and traits differentially affect forms of recall. Learn Mem 2020; 27:284-291. [PMID: 32540918 PMCID: PMC7301751 DOI: 10.1101/lm.051300.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The memories we form are composed of information that we extract from multifaceted episodes. Static stimuli and paired associations have proven invaluable stimuli for understanding memory, but real-life events feature spatial and temporal dimensions that help form new retrieval paths. We ask how the ability to recall semantic, temporal, and spatial aspects (the "what, when, and where") of naturalistic episodes is affected by three influences-prior familiarity, postencoding sleep, and individual differences-by testing their influence on three forms of recall: cued recall, free recall, and the extent that recalled details are recombined for a novel prompt. Naturalistic videos of events with rare animals were presented to 115 participants, randomly assigned to receive a 12- or 24-h delay with sleep and/or wakefulness. Participants' immediate and delayed recall was tested and coded by its spatial, temporal, and semantic content. We find that prior familiarity with items featured in events improved cued recall, but not free recall, particularly for temporal and spatial details. In contrast, postencoding sleep, relative to wakefulness, improved free recall, but not cued recall, of all forms of content. Finally, individuals with higher trait scores in the Survey of Autobiographical Memory spontaneously incorporated more spatial details during free recall, and more event details (at a trend level) in a novel recombination recall task. These findings show that prior familiarity, postencoding sleep, and memory traits can each enhance a different form of recall. More broadly, this work highlights that recall is heterogeneous in response to different influences on memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Coutanche
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
- Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Griffin E Koch
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - John P Paulus
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
- Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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7
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Rapid acquisition through fast mapping: stable memory over time and role of prior knowledge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:177-189. [PMID: 32295838 PMCID: PMC7164514 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050138.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there have been intensive debates on whether healthy adults acquire new word knowledge through fast mapping (FM) by a different mechanism from explicit encoding (EE). In this study, we focused on this issue and investigated to what extent retention interval, prior knowledge (PK), and lure type modulated memory after FM and EE. Healthy young participants were asked to learn novel word-picture associations through both FM and EE. Half of the pictures were from familiar categories (i.e., high PK) and the other half were from unfamiliar categories (i.e., low PK). After 10 min and 1 wk, the participants were tested by forced-choice (FC) tasks, with lures from different categories (Experiment 1) or from the same categories of the target pictures (Experiment 2). Pseudowords were used to denote names of the novel pictures and baseline performance was controlled for each task. The results showed that in both Experiments 1 and 2, memory performance remained stable after FM, while it declined after EE from 10 min to 1 wk. Moreover, the effect of PK appeared at 10 min after FM while at 1 wk after EE in Experiment 2. PK enhanced memory of word-picture associations when the lures were from the same categories (Experiment 2), rather than from different categories (Experiment 1). These results were largely confirmed in Experiment 3 when encoding condition was manipulated as a between-subjects factor, while lure type as a within-subjects factor. The findings suggest that different from EE, FM facilitates rapid acquisition and consolidation of word-picture knowledge, and highlight that PK plays an important role in this process by enhancing access to detailed information.
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8
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Rapid Cortical Plasticity Supports Long-Term Memory Formation. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:989-1002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Vasilyeva MJ, Knyazeva VM, Aleksandrov AA, Shtyrov Y. Neurophysiological Correlates of Fast Mapping of Novel Words in the Adult Brain. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:304. [PMID: 31607876 PMCID: PMC6761327 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Word acquisition could be mediated by the neurocognitive mechanism known as fast mapping (FM). It refers to a process of incidental exclusion-based learning and is believed to be a critical mechanism for the rapid build-up of lexicon, although its neural mechanisms are still poorly understood. To investigate the neural bases of this key learning skill, we used event-related potentials (ERPs) and employed an audio-visual paradigm that included a counterbalanced set of familiar and novel spoken word forms presented, in a single exposure, in conjunction with novel and familiar images. To define learning-related brain dynamics, passive auditory ERPs, known to index long-term memory trace activation, were recorded before and after the FM task. Following the single FM learning exposure, we found a significant enhancement in neural activation elicited by the newly trained word form, which was expressed at ~200-400 ms after the word onset. No similar amplitude increase was found either for the native familiar word used as a control stimulus in the same learning paradigm or for similar control stimuli which were not subject to training. Topographic analysis suggested a left-lateral shift of the ERP scalp distribution for the novel FM word form, underpinned by fronto-temporal cortical sources, which may indicate the involvement of pre-existing neurolinguistic networks for mastering new word forms with native phonology. Overall, the near-instant changes in neural activity after a single-shot novel word training indicate that FM could promote rapid integration of newly learned items into the brain's neural lexicon, even in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina J. Vasilyeva
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity and Psychophysiology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Veronika M. Knyazeva
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity and Psychophysiology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksander A. Aleksandrov
- Department of Higher Nervous Activity and Psychophysiology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yury Shtyrov
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurodynamics, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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O’Connor RJ, Riggs KJ. Adult Fast-Mapping Memory Research Is Based on a Misinterpretation of Developmental-Word-Learning Data. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721419858426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fast mapping is often used to refer to children’s remarkable ability to learn the meanings of new words with minimal exposure and in ambiguous contexts. It is one thing to claim that children are capable of learning words this way; it is another to claim that this ability relies on a specific fast-mapping neurocognitive mechanism that is critical for early word learning. Yet that claim has recently been made in adult memory research and used as a theoretical justification for research into an adult fast-mapping mechanism. In this review, we explain why the existence of such a mechanism in children is not supported by developmental research and explore the implications for adult fast-mapping data and research.
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11
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Abstract
We thank all the commentators for their thoughts on our review of Fast Mapping (FM) in adults, where we questioned the evidence that FM is a distinct learning mechanism, and urged caution over the excitement generated by the original report of FM in adults with amnesia using the fast mapping paradigm (FMP) . While some commentators remain convinced that there is good evidence to support a FM process in adults, most reported a skepticism similar to ours. Here we respond to the main comments, and clarify some of the terms of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cooper
- a Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , England
| | - Andrea Greve
- a Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , England
| | - Richard N Henson
- a Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , England.,b Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , England
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12
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Abstract
Conventional memory theory proposes that the hippocampus is initially responsible for encoding new information, before this responsibility is gradually transferred to the neocortex. Therefore, a report in 2011 by Sharon et al. of hippocampal-independent learning in humans was notable. These authors reported normal learning of new object-name associations under a Fast Mapping (FM) procedure in adults with hippocampal damage, who were amnesic according to more conventional explicit memorisation procedures. FM is an incidental learning paradigm, inspired by vocabulary acquisition in children, which is hypothesised to allow rapid, cortical-based memory formation. In the years since the original report, there has been, understandably, a growing interest in adult FM, not only because of its theoretical importance, but also because of its potential to help rehabilitate individuals with memory problems. We review the FM literature in individuals with amnesia and in healthy adults, using both explicit and implicit memory measures. Contrary to other recent reviews, we conclude that the evidence for FM in adults is weak, and restraint is needed before assuming the phenomenon exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cooper
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Greve
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard N. Henson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Zaiser AK, Meyer P, Bader R. Evidence for fast mapping in adults - Moderating factors yet need to be identified. Cogn Neurosci 2019; 10:232-233. [PMID: 30973046 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2019.1605986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cooper, Greve, and Henson (this issue) discuss if fast mapping (FM) is dissociable from other learning procedures in adults. We strongly agree that drawing conclusions on cortical integration from recognition accuracy is questionable in healthy young adults. Additionally, we advise against interpreting explicit measures in patient studies if residual hippocampal functioning cannot be excluded or extra-hippocampal structures are also affected. Due to promising fMRI data patterns and confounds in studies reporting no evidence for implicitly measured semantic integration, we suggest that factors moderating FM learning success need to be systematically identified rather than doubting rapid cortical integration through FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Zaiser
- a Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Patric Meyer
- b Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Regine Bader
- a Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany
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14
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Gaskell MG, Lindsay S. Reasons to doubt the generalizability, reliability, and diagnosticity of fast mapping (FM) for rapid lexical integration. Cogn Neurosci 2019; 10:234-236. [PMID: 30966979 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2019.1600487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of fast mapping (FM) promoting rapid lexical integration challenges complementary systems accounts of word learning. Here, we first question the diagnosticity of orthographic lexical competition prior to sleep as an indicator of lexical integration, given emerging evidence that the same pre-sleep effect can be found with explicit learning paradigms. Second, we describe a study that showed no evidence of accelerated lexical integration for spoken-word learning. This study also found no FM advantage when written materials were used . Taken together, the evidence does not convincingly demonstrate that FM can accelerate lexical integration in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane Lindsay
- b Department of Psychology, University of Hull , Hull , UK
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15
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Walker S, Henderson LM, Fletcher FE, Knowland VCP, Cairney SA, Gaskell MG. Learning to live with interfering neighbours: the influence of time of learning and level of encoding on word learning. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181842. [PMID: 31183121 PMCID: PMC6502395 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
New vocabulary is consolidated offline, particularly during sleep; however, the parameters that influence consolidation remain unclear. Two experiments investigated effects of exposure level and delay between learning and sleep on adults' consolidation of novel competitors (e.g. BANARA) to existing words (e.g. BANANA). Participants made speeded semantic decisions (i.e. a forced choice: natural versus man-made) to the existing words, with the expectation that novel word learning would inhibit responses due to lexical competition. This competition was observed, particularly when assessed after sleep, for both standard and high exposure levels (10 and 20 exposures per word; Experiment 1). Using a lower exposure level (five exposures; Experiment 2), no post-sleep enhancement of competition was observed, despite evidence of consolidation when explicit knowledge of novel word memory was tested. Thus, when encoding is relatively weak, consolidation-related lexical integration is particularly compromised. There was no evidence that going to bed soon after learning is advantageous for overnight consolidation; however, there was some preliminary suggestion that longer gaps between learning and bed-onset were associated with better explicit memory of novel words one week later, but only at higher levels of exposure. These findings suggest that while lexical integration can occur overnight, weaker lexical traces may not be able to access overnight integration processes in the sleeping brain. Furthermore, the finding that longer-term explicit memory of stronger (but not weaker) traces benefit from periods of wake following learning deserves examination in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - M. G. Gaskell
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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16
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Mak MHC. Why and how the co-occurring familiar object matters in Fast Mapping (FM)? Insights from computational models. Cogn Neurosci 2019; 10:229-231. [PMID: 30894067 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2019.1593121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article uses insights from computational semantic networks to explain why the co-occurring familiar objects are critical to the Fast Mapping (FM) procedure. I first propose that the co-occurring familiar objects provide the novel targets with a 'mimicry opportunity', which may facilitate the establishment of targets in long-term cortical memory networks. I then argue that the occurrence of rapid cortical learning may depend on how 'well-connected' the co-occurring familiar object is in long-term memory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H C Mak
- a Department of Experimental Psychology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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17
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Abstract
Studies of fast mapping (FM) in adults have included both positive results and failures to replicate. I argue that although conflicting studies warrant caution, FM findings are nonetheless promising and intriguing. I separate the issue into distinct questions: whether FM has hippocampal independence, and whether it has unique cognitive consequences. I clarify some misunderstandings and identify limitations that may contribute to failures to find learning from FM in some amnesic patients. Finally, I argue that the array of behavioral findings in healthy adults is consistent with computational and neural models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Coutanche
- a Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , United States.,b Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh.,c Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh
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18
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Cooper E, Greve A, Henson RN. Investigating Fast Mapping Task Components: No Evidence for the Role of Semantic Referent nor Semantic Inference in Healthy Adults. Front Psychol 2019; 10:394. [PMID: 30941067 PMCID: PMC6434773 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast mapping (FM) is an incidental learning process that is hypothesized to allow rapid, cortical-based memory formation, independent of the normal, hippocampally dependent episodic memory system. It is believed to underlie the rapid vocabulary learning in infants that occurs separately from intentional memorisation strategies. Interest in adult FM learning was stimulated by a report in which adults with amnesia following hippocampal damage showed a normal ability to learn new object-name associations after an incidental FM task, despite their impaired memory under a conventional intentional memorization task. This remarkable finding has important implications for memory rehabilitation, and has led to a number of neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies in other patients and controls. Given this growing interest in adult FM, we conducted four behavioural experiments with healthy adults (N = 24 young or older adults in Experiments 1–3 using within-participant designs; N = 195 young adults in Experiment 4 using a between-participant design) that attempted to dissect which component(s) of the FM task are important for memory. Two key components of the FM task have been claimed to support FM learning: (1) provision of a known semantic referent and (2) requirement that the new association be inferred. Experiment 1 provided no evidence that removing the semantic referent impaired memory performance, while Experiment 2 provided no evidence that removing the semantic inference impaired performance. Experiment 3 was a replication of Experiment 2 with older participants, based on the hypothesis (from studies of amnesic individuals) that FM would be more effective following the hippocampal atrophy typical of increasing age, but again found no evidence that semantic inference is beneficial. Given potential concerns about contamination between tasks when each participant performed multiple variants of the FM task, we ran a final between-participant design in which each participant only ever did one condition. Despite 80% power and despite being able to detect better memory following intentional memorization in the explicit encoding (EE) control condition than in each of the FM conditions, we again found no evidence of differences between any FM conditions. We conclude that there is no evidence that the components hypothesized to be critical for FM are relevant to healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Cooper
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Greve
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard N Henson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Bruett H, Fang X, Kamaraj DC, Haley E, Coutanche MN. Expertise Moderates Incidentally Learned Associations Between Words and Images. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2085. [PMID: 30420825 PMCID: PMC6215838 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with expertise in a domain of knowledge demonstrate superior learning for information in their area of expertise, relative to non-experts. In this study, we investigated whether expertise benefits extend to learning associations between words and images that are encountered incidentally. Sport-knowledge-experts and non-sports-experts encountered previously unknown faces through a basic perceptual task. The faces were incidentally presented as candidates for a position in a sports team (a focus of knowledge for only the sports-experts) or for a job in a business (a focus of knowledge for both the sports-experts and non-sports-experts). Participants later received a series of surprise memory tests that tested: ability to recognize each face as being old, the amount of information recalled about each face, and ability to select a correct face from equally familiar alternatives. Relative to non-sports-experts, participants with superior sports expertise were able to better recall the information associated with each face and could better select associated faces from similarly familiar options for the hypothetical prospective athletes. Hypothetical job candidates were recalled and selected at similar levels of performance in both groups. The groups were similarly familiar with the images (in a yes/no recognition memory test) when the faces were prospective athletes or job candidates. These findings suggest a specific effect of expertise on associative memory between words and images, but not for individual items, supporting a dissociation in how expertise modulates the human memory system for word–image pairings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Bruett
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xiaoping Fang
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Deepan C Kamaraj
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Haley
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Marc N Coutanche
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Palombo DJ, Sheldon S, Levine B. Individual Differences in Autobiographical Memory. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:583-597. [PMID: 29807853 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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