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Zhu H, Liang K, Zhu D, Sun J, Qiu J. The Complexity of Chinese Cereal Vinegar Flavor: A Compositional and Sensory Perspective. Foods 2024; 13:756. [PMID: 38472868 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With a millennium-long history, traditional Chinese cereal vinegar (CCV) is a significant part of China's cultural heritage. The unique flavor of CCV is derived from the use of cereal and its bran as raw materials and solid-state fermentation as a brewing technique. This paper systemically summarized recent research progress on the aroma compounds in CCV, the biochemical generation of aroma compounds during the brewing process, and the association between sensory perception and the primary aroma compounds. Furthermore, a complete CCV lexicon and sensory wheel prototype were constructed. This study aims to lay a foundation for future CCV aroma research, quality improvement, and industrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kehong Liang
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dazhou Zhu
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junmao Sun
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ju Qiu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
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2
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Frick Semmler BJ, Bean A, Wagner L. Examining core vocabulary with language development for early symbolic communicators. Int J Speech Lang Pathol 2024; 26:28-37. [PMID: 36650985 DOI: 10.1080/17549507.2022.2162126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Core vocabulary lists are frequently used to select vocabulary for early symbolic communicators who require augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The current study extended existing work by investigating how core vocabulary lists overlap and diverge from typical language development. METHOD We investigated when the words on seven core vocabulary lists emerge in typical language development, the composition of the lists based on their parts of speech, and how the composition of the words on the lists compare to the MacArthur Bates Communication Development Inventories (CDI). RESULT On average, the words on the seven core vocabulary lists appear after the second year of life in children with typical spoken language development (25, 27, 37, 45, 47, 50, and 66 months). Verbs were the most prevalent part of speech in all but one of the core vocabulary lists. Core vocabulary words made up only a small percentage of words on the CDI. CONCLUSION The words on the core vocabulary lists do not emerge until later points in typical lexical development. Focussing on core words when working with early symbolic communicators who require AAC may lead to limited and variable lexicons with wide gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison Bean
- The Ohio State University Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Laura Wagner
- The Ohio State University Department of Psychology, Columbus, OH, USA
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3
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Grinstead J, Sorine N. The Lexicon and Morphosyntax of Child Spanish as Predictors of Inhibition. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 14:12. [PMID: 38247665 PMCID: PMC10812907 DOI: 10.3390/bs14010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relationships between lexical development and inhibition, as well as morphosyntax and inhibition, in typically developing monolingual Spanish-speaking children. Recent studies of the relationship between lexical development and inhibition suggest that, as the size of the lexicon increases, so does inhibitory ability. However, the relationship between grammar and inhibition seems more controversial. The work distinguishing the relationships between inhibition and lexicon vs. grammar have been carried out in English, which has relatively impoverished inflectional morphology. Because the relationships considered in the literature are hypothetically not language-particular to English, but rather claims about cognition in general, we would expect to find that they also hold in other languages, including languages with richer morphology, such as Spanish. These considerations led us to ask the following: are expressive and receptive measures of the lexicon and morphosyntax predictive of typically developing monolingual child Spanish-speakers' inhibitory ability? A sample of 82 monolingual, typically developing Spanish-speaking children in Mexico City were tested with 5 lexical measures, 4 morphosyntax measures, and the Flanker Task measure of inhibition. Results showed that all lexical and morphosyntactic variables correlated significantly with Flanker (p < 0.01), except for Number of Different Words (NDW), calculated on the spontaneous production sample. Therefore, inhibition is predicted by lexical development in child Spanish. Additionally, an ever-increasing set of competitor morphological forms requires an ever-increasing inhibitory ability as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Grinstead
- Department of Spanish and Portuguese, The Ohio State University, 1775 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nina Sorine
- Department of Hearing, Speech and Language Sciences, Ohio University, Grover Center W218, Athens, OH 45701, USA;
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4
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Soto G, Clarke MT, Savaldi-Harussi G. Relationship between lexicon and grammar in children and youth who use augmentative and alternative communication. Augment Altern Commun 2023; 39:293-301. [PMID: 37671918 DOI: 10.1080/07434618.2023.2237108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between lexicon and grammar in individuals who use graphic symbol-based aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Data came from 60 transcripts of generalization sessions that were part of two previous intervention studies, aimed at improving the expressive vocabulary and grammar of 12 children and youth who used graphic symbol-based AAC. The specific aims of the current study were to (a) describe vocabulary composition across different levels of expressive vocabulary and (b) analyze the relationship between global measures of expressive vocabulary and the use of grammar in individuals who use aided AAC. A series of multiple linear mixed effect regression analyses showed a positive predictive association between overall vocabulary size and the use of closed-class words, and a positive relationship between the use of verbs and the use of closed-class words. Additionally, the use of verbs had a significant positive association with the use of inflectional morphology, while the use of nouns did not. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Soto
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael T Clarke
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, USA
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5
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Sun Y, Poeppel D. Syllables and their beginnings have a special role in the mental lexicon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215710120. [PMID: 37639606 PMCID: PMC10483639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215710120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The beginnings of words are, in some informal sense, special. This intuition is widely shared, for example, when playing word games. Less apparent is whether the intuition is substantiated empirically and what the underlying organizational principle(s) might be. Here, we answer this seemingly simple question in a quantitatively clear way. Based on arguments about the interplay between lexical storage and speech processing, we examine whether the distribution of information among different speech sounds of words is governed by a critical computational unit for online speech perception and production: syllables. By analyzing lexical databases of twelve languages, we demonstrate that there is a compelling asymmetry between syllable beginnings (onsets) versus ends (codas) in their involvement in distinguishing words stored in the lexicon. In particular, we show that the functional advantage of syllable onset reflects an asymmetrical distribution of lexical informativeness within the syllable unit but not an effect of a global decay of informativeness from the beginning to the end of a word. The converging finding across languages from a range of typological families supports the conjecture that the syllable unit, while being a critical primitive for both speech perception and production, is also a key organizational constraint for lexical storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main60528, Germany
| | - David Poeppel
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main60528, Germany
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY10003
- Max Planck-New York University Center for Language, Music, and Emotion, New York, NY10003
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6
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Lu KJQ, Meaney C, Guo E, Leung FH. Evaluating the Applicability of Existing Lexicon-Based Sentiment Analysis Techniques on Family Medicine Resident Feedback Field Notes: Retrospective Cohort Study. JMIR Med Educ 2023; 9:e41953. [PMID: 37498660 PMCID: PMC10415947 DOI: 10.2196/41953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Field notes, a form for resident-preceptor clinical encounter feedback, are widely adopted across Canadian medical residency training programs for documenting residents' performance. This process generates a sizeable cumulative collection of feedback text, which is difficult for medical education faculty to navigate. As sentiment analysis is a subfield of text mining that can efficiently synthesize the polarity of a text collection, sentiment analysis may serve as an innovative solution. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the feasibility and utility of sentiment analysis using 3 popular sentiment lexicons on medical resident field notes. METHODS We used a retrospective cohort design, curating text data from University of Toronto medical resident field notes gathered over 2 years (from July 2019 to June 2021). Lexicon-based sentiment analysis was applied using 3 standardized dictionaries, modified by removing ambiguous words as determined by a medical subject matter expert. Our modified lexicons assigned words from the text data a sentiment score, and we aggregated the word-level scores to a document-level polarity score. Agreement between dictionaries was assessed, and the document-level polarity was correlated with the overall preceptor rating of the clinical encounter under assessment. RESULTS Across the 3 original dictionaries, approximately a third of labeled words in our field note corpus were deemed ambiguous and were removed to create modified dictionaries. Across the 3 modified dictionaries, the mean sentiment for the "Strengths" section of the field notes was mildly positive, while it was slightly less positive in the "Areas of Improvement" section. We observed reasonable agreement between dictionaries for sentiment scores in both field note sections. Overall, the proportion of positively labeled documents increased with the overall preceptor rating, and the proportion of negatively labeled documents decreased with the overall preceptor rating. CONCLUSIONS Applying sentiment analysis to systematically analyze field notes is feasible. However, the applicability of existing lexicons is limited in the medical setting, even after the removal of ambiguous words. Limited applicability warrants the need to generate new dictionaries specific to the medical education context. Additionally, aspect-based sentiment analysis may be applied to navigate the more nuanced structure of texts when identifying sentiments. Ultimately, this will allow for more robust inferences to discover opportunities for improving resident teaching curriculums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jia Qi Lu
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Meaney
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elaine Guo
- Department of Economics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fok-Han Leung
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Rissman L, Liu Q, Lupyan G. Gaps in the Lexicon Restrict Communication. Open Mind (Camb) 2023; 7:412-434. [PMID: 37637298 PMCID: PMC10449401 DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Across languages, words carve up the world of experience in different ways. For example, English lacks an equivalent to the Chinese superordinate noun tiáowèipǐn, which is loosely translated as "ingredients used to season food while cooking." Do such differences matter? A conventional label may offer a uniquely effective way of communicating. On the other hand, lexical gaps may be easily bridged by the compositional power of language. After all, most of the ideas we want to express do not map onto simple lexical forms. We conducted a referential Director/Matcher communication task with adult speakers of Chinese and English. Directors provided a clue that Matchers used to select words from a word grid. The three target words corresponded to a superordinate term (e.g., beverages) in either Chinese or English but not both. We found that Matchers were more accurate at choosing the target words when their language lexicalized the target category. This advantage was driven entirely by the Directors' use/non-use of the intended superordinate term. The presence of a conventional superordinate had no measurable effect on speakers' within- or between-category similarity ratings. These results show that the ability to rely on a conventional term is surprisingly important despite the flexibility languages offer to communicate about non-lexicalized categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Rissman
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Qiawen Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gary Lupyan
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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8
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Lester NA, Katsika A. The Syntactic Pasts of Nouns Shape Their Prosodic Future: Lexico-Syntactic Effects on Position and Duration. Lang Speech 2023:238309231177884. [PMID: 37403367 DOI: 10.1177/00238309231177884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Phrasal prosody is often viewed as a level of linguistic representation at which the phonetic profile of an utterance varies independently of the lexical items it contains. For example, the same word, when produced at the edges of prosodic phrases, will take longer to produce than when it is produced within the edges of a phrase. Lengthening effects have also been found for words when placed in different syntactic or lexical contexts. Recent evidence suggests that lexico-syntactic information-for example, the global syntactic distributions of words-affects phonetic duration in production, irrespective of other factors. The present study asks whether these lexico-syntactic effects on duration interact with prosodic position within the phrase. Specifically, we ask whether (a) the lexico-syntactic information of a word determines its prosodic position, and (b) whether, beyond any categorical effects on positioning, lexico-syntactic factors affect duration within prosodic positions. We address these questions using the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English. We operationalize syntactic information as the diversity and the typicality of the syntactic distributions of nouns based on a dependency parse of the British National Corpus. We find that earlier positions in the prosodic phrase generally prefer words with higher syntactic diversity. In addition, diversity and typicality modulate duration more reliably in nonfinal positions. Together, our results point to an early influence of lexico-syntactic considerations on prosodic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Argyro Katsika
- Department of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
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9
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Proctor H, Cormier K. Sociolinguistic Variation in Mouthings in British Sign Language: A Corpus-Based Study. Lang Speech 2023; 66:412-441. [PMID: 35903821 DOI: 10.1177/00238309221107002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mouth activity forms a key component of all sign languages. This can be divided into mouthings, which originate from words in the ambient spoken language, and mouth gestures, which do not. This study examines the relationship between the distribution of mouthings co-occurring with verb signs in British Sign Language (BSL) and various linguistic and social factors, using the BSL Corpus. We find considerable variation between participants and a lack of homogeneity in mouth actions with particular signs. This accords with previous theories that mouthings constitute code-blending between spoken and signed languages-similar to code-switching or code-mixing in spoken languages-rather than being a phonologically or lexically compulsory part of the sign. We also find a strong association between production of plain verbs (which are body-anchored and cannot be modified spatially) and increased mouthing. In addition, we observe significant effects of region (signers from the south of the United Kingdom mouth more than those from the north), gender (women mouth more than men), and age (signers aged 16-35 years produce fewer mouthings than older participants). We find no significant effect of language background (deaf vs. hearing family). Based on these findings, we argue that the multimodal, multilingual, and simultaneous nature of code-blending in sign languages fits well within the paradigm of translanguaging. We discuss implications of this for concepts of translanguaging, code-switching, code-mixing, and related phenomena, highlighting the need to consider not just modality and linguistic codes but also sequential versus simultaneous patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Proctor
- Deafness Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College London, UK
| | - Kearsy Cormier
- Deafness Cognition and Language Research Centre, University College London, UK
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10
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Davies JR, Field J, Dixon J, Manzanares-Cespedes MC, Vital S, Paganelli C, Akota I, Quinn B, Roger-Leroi V, Murphy D, Gerber G, Tubert-Jeannin S. ARTICULATE: A European glossary of terms used in oral health professional education. Eur J Dent Educ 2023; 27:209-222. [PMID: 35224823 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Erasmus+O-Health-EDU project aims to gain a comprehensive view of oral health professional (OHP) education in Europe, through the development of web-based surveys and online toolkits. A glossary to facilitate a common language through which academic teams could cooperate and communicate more accurately was identified as a key need within the project. The aim of ARTICULATE was thus to create a shared language, with a European focus, for terms and concepts used in the field of OHP education. METHODS The methodology was developed from those published for construction of other glossaries with a circular and iterative process: the creation of content and definitions by a group of experts in OHP education, the testing of "fitness for purpose" of the content, and stakeholder consultation. All creation steps were followed by refinements based on testing results and stakeholder comments. The final glossary was then launched as an online resource including a built-in mechanism for user feedback. RESULTS The scope and structure of the glossary were mapped out at a workshop with 12 dental education experts from 7 European countries. A total of 328 terms were identified, of which 171 were finally included in ARTICULATE. After piloting with a close group of other colleagues, the glossary was opened for external input. Thirty European Deans or Heads of Education assessed the definition of each term as "clear" or "not clear." A total of 86 definitions were described as "clear" by all individuals. Terms deemed unclear by at least one individual were revisited and changes made to 37 of the definitions. In conjunction with the launch of the glossary, a range of stakeholder organisations were informed and asked to participate in an open global consultation by providing feedback online. Since its launch in June 2021, the ARTICULATE website (https://o-health-edu.org/articulate) has had an average of 500 visits/month. To promote community ownership, forms embedded on the ARTICULATE webpage allow users to give feedback and suggest new terms. A standing taskforce will meet regularly to consider amendments and make changes to ensure that the glossary remains a relevant and up-to-date resource over time. CONCLUSION ARTICULATE is a unique, evolving, online glossary of terms relating to OHP education, created as a resource for all interested OHP educators. The glossary is a key output of the O-Health-Edu project, which relies on a comprehensive vision of OHP education to address the future oral health needs of the European population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Barry Quinn
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Association of Dental Education in Europe, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Denis Murphy
- Association of Dental Education in Europe, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Staples TL. Expansion and evolution of the R programming language. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:221550. [PMID: 37063989 PMCID: PMC10090872 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Languages change over time, driven by creation of new words and cultural pressure to optimize communication. Programming languages resemble written language but communicate primarily with computer hardware rather than a human audience. I tested whether there were detectable changes over time in use of R, a mature, open-source programming language used for scientific computing. Across 393 142 GitHub repositories published between 2014 and 2021, I extracted 143 409 288 R functions, programming 'verbs', pairing linguistic and ecological analyses to detect change to diversity and composition of functions used over time. I found the number of R functions in use increased and underwent substantial change, driven primarily by the popularity of the 'tidyverse' collection of community-written extensions. I provide evidence that users can change the nature of programming languages, with patterns that match known processes from natural languages and genetic evolution. In R, there appear to be selective pressures for increased analytic complexity and R functions in decline that are not yet extinct (extinction debts). R's evolution towards the tidyverse may also represent the start of a division into two distinct dialects, which may impact the readability and continuity of analytic and scientific inquiries codified in R, as well as the language's future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L. Staples
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Building 60, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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12
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Phillips CH, Guo Y, Strachowski LM, Jha P, Reinhold C, Andreotti RF. The Ovarian/Adnexal Reporting and Data System for Ultrasound: From Standardized Terminology to Optimal Risk Assessment and Management. Can Assoc Radiol J 2023; 74:44-57. [PMID: 35831958 DOI: 10.1177/08465371221108057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The American College of Radiology (ACR) Ovarian-Adnexal Reporting and Data System (O-RADS) lexicon and risk assessment tool for ultrasound (US) provides a framework for characterization of ovarian and adnexal pathology with the ultimate goal of harmonizing reporting and patient management strategies. Since the first O-RADS US publication in 2018, multiple validation studies have shown O-RADS US to have excellent diagnostic accuracy, with the majority of these studies using O-RADS 4 as the optimal cut-off for detecting ovarian cancer. Most of the existing validation studies include a dedicated training phase and confirm that ORADS US categories and lexicon descriptors are associated with high level inter-read agreement, regardless of radiologist training level or practice experience. O-RADS US has a similar inter-reader agreement when compared to Gynecologic Imaging Reporting and Data System (GIRADS), Assessment of Different Neoplasias in the adnexa (ADNEX), and International Tumor Analysis Group (IOTA) simple rules. System descriptors have been shown to correlate with expected malignancy rates and the O-RADS US risk stratification system has been shown to perform in the expected range of malignancy risk per category. Further directions will focus on clarifying governing concepts and lexicon terminology as well as further refining risk stratification categories based on data from published validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Phillips
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, 612495Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Radiology, 381760Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Loretta M Strachowski
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, 192653University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priyanka Jha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, 192653University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Reinhold
- Department of Radiology, McGill University Health Centre, 54473McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Co-Director, Augmented Intelligence Precision Health Laboratory, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal Imaging Experts Inc., Montreal, Canada
| | - Rochelle F Andreotti
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 612495Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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13
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Eysenbach G, Li S, Huang F, Wen Y, Wang X, Liu X, Li L, Zhu T. Sensing Psychological Well-being Using Social Media Language: Prediction Model Development Study. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e41823. [PMID: 36719723 PMCID: PMC9929724 DOI: 10.2196/41823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive mental health is arguably increasingly important and can be revealed, to some extent, in terms of psychological well-being (PWB). However, PWB is difficult to assess in real time on a large scale. The popularity and proliferation of social media make it possible to sense and monitor online users' PWB in a nonintrusive way, and the objective of this study is to test the effectiveness of using social media language expression as a predictor of PWB. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the predictive power of social media corresponding to ground truth well-being data in a psychological way. METHODS We recruited 1427 participants. Their well-being was evaluated using 6 dimensions of PWB. Their posts on social media were collected, and 6 psychological lexicons were used to extract linguistic features. A multiobjective prediction model was then built with the extracted linguistic features as input and PWB as the output. Further, the validity of the prediction model was confirmed by evaluating the model's discriminant validity, convergent validity, and criterion validity. The reliability of the model was also confirmed by evaluating the split-half reliability. RESULTS The correlation coefficients between the predicted PWB scores of social media users and the actual scores obtained using the linguistic prediction model of this study were between 0.49 and 0.54 (P<.001), which means that the model had good criterion validity. In terms of the model's structural validity, it exhibited excellent convergent validity but less than satisfactory discriminant validity. The results also suggested that our model had good split-half reliability levels for every dimension (ranging from 0.65 to 0.85; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS By confirming the availability and stability of the linguistic prediction model, this study verified the predictability of social media corresponding to ground truth well-being data from the perspective of PWB. Our study has positive implications for the use of social media to predict mental health in nonprofessional settings such as self-testing or a large-scale user study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sijia Li
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The Unversity of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Huang
- Chinese Academy Sciences Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yeye Wen
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Chinese Academy Sciences Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Chinese Academy Sciences Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linyan Li
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Tingshao Zhu
- Chinese Academy Sciences Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Lukic S, Krauska A, Yoshida M, Thompson CK. The role of category ambiguity in normal and impaired lexical processing: can you paint without the paint? Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1028378. [PMID: 37213932 PMCID: PMC10192584 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1028378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many words are categorially ambiguous and can be used as a verb (to paint) or as a noun (the paint) due to the presence of unpronounced morphology or "zero morphology". On this account, the verb "paint" is derived from the noun "paint" through the addition of a silent category-changing morpheme. Past studies have uncovered the syntactic and semantic properties of these categorially ambiguous words, but no research has been conducted on how people process them during normal or impaired lexical processing. Are these two different uses of "paint" processed in the same way? Does this morphosyntactic structure have an effect on online sentence processing? Methods This study presents two experiments that investigate the effect of morphosyntactic complexity in categorially ambiguous words presented in isolation (experiment 1) and in a sentential context (experiment 2). The first experiment tested the ability to process categorially unambiguous and ambiguous nouns and verbs in 30 healthy older adults and 12 individuals with aphasia, using a forced choice phrasal-completion task, in which individuals choose whether the or to is most compatible with target words. Results Healthy controls and individuals with fluent aphasia all showed: (1) a bias toward the base category in selection rates for the and to, where the was selected more frequently for words identified to be base nouns, and to was selected more frequently for base verbs, and (2) longer reaction times for ambiguous (over unambiguous) words. However, individuals with non-fluent agrammatic aphasia showed a base-category effect only for nouns, with chance performance for verbs. The second experiment, using an eye-tracking while reading paradigm with 56 young healthy adults, showed a reading time slowdown for derived forms (to paint) compared to their base-category counterparts (the paint) in sentence contexts. Discussion These findings suggest that categorially ambiguous words likely share a common root, and are related by zero-derivation, and that impaired access to the base-category (i.e., verbs like to visit) precludes associated morphological processes and therefore the retrieval of the derived-category (i.e., nouns like the visit) in non-fluent agrammatic aphasia. This study provides insights into the theory of zero morphology, and the principles that need to be accounted for in models of the lexicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Lukic
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Ruth S. Ammon College of Education and Health Sciences, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Sladjana Lukic,
| | - Alexandra Krauska
- Department of Linguistics, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Masaya Yoshida
- Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Cynthia K. Thompson
- Aphasia and Neurolinguistics Laboratory, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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15
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Knafo D, Oxholm B, Snyder SA. In our own words: key terms and trends in psychoanalytic history. Am J Psychoanal 2022; 82:512-47. [PMID: 36509993 DOI: 10.1057/s11231-022-09376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the work of Fonagy (2008) and Dent and Christian (2019), this study applies a form of quantitative textual analysis to 300 terms of psychoanalytic interest in the PEP archives by tracking their historical prevalence in five-year increments using the aggregate number of articles featuring each term in the field's journals. Our results confirm some of the more well-known inflection points in the history and application of psychoanalytic theory, while also revealing some intriguing surprises. Psychoanalysis remains fundamentally a depth psychology, yet it has increasingly acknowledged the external causes of distress and trauma. Changes in the prevalence of terminology around psychopathology, defense mechanisms, development, gender and sexuality, and psychoanalytic technique are discussed.
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16
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Perez-Cortes S, Giancaspro D. (In)frequently asked questions: On types of frequency and their role(s) in heritage language variability. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1002978. [PMID: 36507032 PMCID: PMC9728047 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1002978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in exploring frequency as a source of variability in heritage speakers' (HSs) knowledge of their heritage language (HL). While many of these studies acknowledge that frequency can affect the shape of HL grammars, there is still no clear consensus about (a) what "frequency" means in the context of HL acquisition and (b) how to operationalize its multiple subtypes. In this paper, we provide a critical overview of frequency effects in HL research and their relevance for understanding patterns of inter/intra-speaker variability. To do so, we outline how prior research has defined, measured, and tested frequency, and present-as well as evaluate-novel methodological approaches and innovations recently implemented in the study of frequency effects, including a new analysis of how self-reported lexical frequency reliably predicts HSs' production of subjunctive mood in Spanish. Our aim is to highlight the immense potential of such work for addressing long-standing questions about HL grammars and to propose new lines of inquiry that will open up additional pathways for understanding HL variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Perez-Cortes
- Department of World Languages and Cultures, Rutgers University–Camden, Camden, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Silvia Perez-Cortes,
| | - David Giancaspro
- Department of Latin American, Latino and Iberian Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
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17
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Zhang L, Nie X, Zhang M, Gu M, Geissen V, Ritsema CJ, Niu D, Zhang H. Lexicon and attention-based named entity recognition for kiwifruit diseases and pests: A Deep learning approach. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:1053449. [PMID: 36466267 PMCID: PMC9714304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1053449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Named Entity Recognition (NER) is a crucial step in mining information from massive agricultural texts, which is required in the construction of many knowledge-based agricultural support systems, such as agricultural technology question answering systems. The vital domain characteristics of Chinese agricultural text cause the Chinese NER (CNER) in kiwifruit diseases and pests to suffer from the insensitivity of common word segmentation tools to kiwifruit-related texts and the feature extraction capability of the sequence encoding layer being challenged. In order to alleviate the above problems, effectively mine information from kiwifruit-related texts to provide support for agricultural support systems such as agricultural question answering systems, this study constructed a novel Chinese agricultural NER (CANER) model KIWINER by statistics-based new word detection and two novel modules, AttSoftlexicon (Criss-cross attention-based Softlexicon) and PCAT (Parallel connection criss-cross attention), proposed in this paper. Specifically, new words were detected to improve the adaptability of word segmentation tools to kiwifruit-related texts, thereby constructing a kiwifruit lexicon. The AttSoftlexicon integrates word information into the model and makes full use of the word information with the help of Criss-cross attention network (CCNet). And the PCAT improves the feature extraction ability of sequence encoding layer through CCNet and parallel connection structure. The performance of KIWINER was evaluated on four datasets, namely KIWID (Self-annotated), Boson, ClueNER, and People's Daily, which achieved optimal F1-scores of 88.94%, 85.13%, 80.52%, and 92.82%, respectively. Experimental results in many aspects illustrated that methods proposed in this paper can effectively improve the recognition effect of kiwifruit diseases and pests named entities, especially for diseases and pests with strong domain characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilin Zhang
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry (A&F) University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaolin Nie
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry (A&F) University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingmei Zhang
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry (A&F) University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingyang Gu
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry (A&F) University, Yangling, China
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Coen J. Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Dangdang Niu
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry (A&F) University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongming Zhang
- College of Information Engineering, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry (A&F) University, Yangling, China
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18
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Schönström K, Holmström I. L2M1 and L2M2 Acquisition of Sign Lexicon: The Impact of Multimodality on the Sign Second Language Acquisition. Front Psychol 2022; 13:896254. [PMID: 35756281 PMCID: PMC9231460 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.896254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In second language research, the concept of cross-linguistic influence or transfer has frequently been used to describe the interaction between the first language (L1) and second language (L2) in the L2 acquisition process. However, less is known about the L2 acquisition of a sign language in general and specifically the differences in the acquisition process of L2M2 learners (learners learning a sign language for the first time) and L2M1 learners (signers learning another sign language) from a multimodal perspective. Our study explores the influence of modality knowledge on learning Swedish Sign Language through a descriptive analysis of the sign lexicon in narratives produced by L2M1 and L2M2 learners, respectively. A descriptive mixed-methods framework was used to analyze narratives of adult L2M1 (n = 9) and L2M2 learners (n = 15), with a focus on sign lexicon, i.e., use and distribution of the sign types such as lexical signs, depicting signs (classifier predicates), fingerspelling, pointing, and gestures. The number and distribution of the signs are later compared between the groups. In addition, a comparison with a control group consisting of L1 signers (n = 9) is provided. The results suggest that L2M2 learners exhibit cross-modal cross-linguistic transfer from Swedish (through higher usage of lexical signs and fingerspelling). L2M1 learners exhibits same-modal cross-linguistic transfer from L1 sign languages (through higher usage of depicting signs and use of signs from L1 sign language and international signs). The study suggests that it is harder for L2M2 learners to acquire the modality-specific lexicon, despite possible underlying gestural knowledge. Furthermore, the study suggests that L2M1 learners’ access to modality-specific knowledge, overlapping access to gestural knowledge and iconicity, facilitates faster L2 lexical acquisition, which is discussed from the perspective of linguistic relativity (including modality) and its role in sign L2 acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingela Holmström
- Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Godard R, Holtzman S. The Multidimensional Lexicon of Emojis: A New Tool to Assess the Emotional Content of Emojis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:921388. [PMID: 35756218 PMCID: PMC9231464 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.921388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies suggest that emojis can make important contributions to the emotional content and meaning of digital messages. Yet researchers currently lack adequate tools to incorporate emojis into their analyses. To address this gap, we used over 3 million Twitter posts from a period of 17 months and emotion ratings provided by 2,230 human raters to develop and validate the Multidimensional Lexicon of Emojis (MLE). This new lexicon consists of 359 common emojis rated on ten emotion and sentiment dimensions. The MLE is an open-access tool that holds promise for those interested in conducting a comprehensive analysis of the emotional content of digital communication that incorporates emojis and goes beyond the dimensions of negativity and positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Godard
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Susan Holtzman
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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20
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Degani T, Prior A, Wodniecka Z. Editorial: Modulators of Cross-Language Influences in Learning and Processing. Front Psychol 2022; 13:898793. [PMID: 35651569 PMCID: PMC9150740 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.898793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Degani
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Prior
- Department of Learning Disabilities and Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zofia Wodniecka
- Psychology of Language and Bilingualism Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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21
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Wang R, Zhang Y, Lu H, Liu J, Song C, Xu Z, Yang H, Shang X, Feng T. Comparative Aroma Profile Analysis and Development of a Sensory Aroma Lexicon of Seven Different Varieties of Flammulina velutipes. Front Nutr 2022; 9:827825. [PMID: 35571949 PMCID: PMC9097501 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.827825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flammulina Velutipes (F. velutipes) is widely planted all over the world and is rich in nutrients, which is of great benefit to the human body. However, the research on the aroma of F. velutipes is relatively rare, which limits the application of F. velutipes in deep processing, resulting in a single product and edible method of F. velutipes. The purpose of this study was to find out the aroma compounds contributing to the sensory properties of F. velutipes to promote the application of different varieties of F. velutipes in deep processing. Aromas of 7 species of F. velutipes were described and evaluated by sensory evaluation experiment. The volatile compounds in seven kinds of F. velutipes were detected by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 74 volatile compounds were found, including 23 alcohols, 5 aldehydes, 2 phenols, 1 acid, 16 esters, 7 ketones, 1 ether, 13 hydrocarbons, 1 sulfide, 1 acyl compound, and 4 heterocyclic compounds. It was also found that the sensory evaluation results of sample F, C, and E had a high correlation with the content of compound, and the correlation between sample B and sample A was also high. A lexicon for describing aroma attributes of F. velutipes was developed and they could be grouped into categories, such as fruity (apple-like, banana-like, cucumber-like, citrus-like and berry-like), alcoholic (whisky-like, fermented fruit-like), milky (creamy-like), floral (hyacinth-like, phoenix-like, iris-like and mint-like), sulfurous (onion-like), and musty (mud-like). This research will provide a theoretical basis for the future study of F. velutipes aroma and the development and application of F. velutipes products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueyan Zhang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Song
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Shang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Edible Fungi Biotechnology and Engineering, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
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22
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Brown SW, Bonn J, Kazeminejad G, Zaenen A, Pustejovsky J, Palmer M. Semantic Representations for NLP Using VerbNet and the Generative Lexicon. Front Artif Intell 2022; 5:821697. [PMID: 35493615 PMCID: PMC9048683 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2022.821697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for deeper semantic processing of human language by our natural language processing systems is evidenced by their still-unreliable performance on inferencing tasks, even using deep learning techniques. These tasks require the detection of subtle interactions between participants in events, of sequencing of subevents that are often not explicitly mentioned, and of changes to various participants across an event. Human beings can perform this detection even when sparse lexical items are involved, suggesting that linguistic insights into these abilities could improve NLP performance. In this article, we describe new, hand-crafted semantic representations for the lexical resource VerbNet that draw heavily on the linguistic theories about subevent semantics in the Generative Lexicon (GL). VerbNet defines classes of verbs based on both their semantic and syntactic similarities, paying particular attention to shared diathesis alternations. For each class of verbs, VerbNet provides common semantic roles and typical syntactic patterns. For each syntactic pattern in a class, VerbNet defines a detailed semantic representation that traces the event participants from their initial states, through any changes and into their resulting states. The Generative Lexicon guided the structure of these representations. In GL, event structure has been integrated with dynamic semantic models in order to represent the attribute modified in the course of the event (the location of the moving entity, the extent of a created or destroyed entity, etc.) as a sequence of states related to time points or intervals. We applied that model to VerbNet semantic representations, using a class's semantic roles and a set of predicates defined across classes as components in each subevent. We will describe in detail the structure of these representations, the underlying theory that guides them, and the definition and use of the predicates. We will also evaluate the effectiveness of this resource for NLP by reviewing efforts to use the semantic representations in NLP tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Windisch Brown
- Department of Linguistics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Julia Bonn
- Department of Linguistics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Ghazaleh Kazeminejad
- Department of Linguistics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Annie Zaenen
- Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - James Pustejovsky
- Department of Computer Science, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Martha Palmer
- Department of Linguistics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
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23
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Chigwedere CM, Wanasundara JPD, Shand PJ. Sensory descriptors for pulses and pulse-derived ingredients: Toward a standardized lexicon and sensory wheel. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:999-1023. [PMID: 35122393 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The organoleptic quality of pulses and their derived ingredients is fundamental in human utilization and evolution of food. However, the widespread use of pulses is hindered by their inherent sensorial aspects, which are regarded as atypical by the consumers who are unfamiliar to them. In most studies involving sensory assessment of pulses and pulse-ingredients using classical descriptive analysis methods, assessors establish their own lexica. This review is a synthesis of descriptive terms by which sensations emanating from pea, chickpea, lentil, faba bean, dry bean, bambara groundnut, lupin, pigeon pea and cowpea, and their derived ingredients have been described in the literature. Studies involving sensory assessment of processed whole seeds, slurries of raw flour, slurries of protein extracted from raw flour, and food products containing components of pulses were considered. The terms are categorized into those denoting basic taste, aroma, flavor, and trigeminal sensations. Bitterness is the most widely perceived basic taste. Beany, which is broad and complex with subcharacter notes, is predominantly used to describe aroma and flavor. The frequency of use of the collated terms in the reviewed studies was used to establish a sensory wheel. Inconsistency in the use of descriptive terms in the literature necessitates establishment of a standard lexicon that can be applied in both classical and increasingly popular rapid descriptive methods (e.g., check-all-that-apply) throughout the pulse value chain. This review is timely considering the dominance of pulses in plant-based foods and their increasing appeal to the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Chigwedere
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Janitha P D Wanasundara
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Phyllis J Shand
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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24
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Broadwell P, Davis N, Yoon S. Using Artificial Intelligence to Develop a Lexicon-Based African American Tweet Detection Algorithm to Inform Culturally Sensitive Twitter-Based Social Support Interventions for African American Dementia Caregivers. Stud Health Technol Inform 2022; 289:1-4. [PMID: 35062077 DOI: 10.3233/shti210844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We extracted 3,291,101 Tweets using hashtags associated with African American-related discourse (#BlackTwitter, #BlackLivesMatter, #StayWoke) and 1,382,441 Tweets from a control set (general or no hashtags) from September 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019 using the Twitter API. We also extracted a literary historical corpus of 14,692 poems and prose writings by African American authors and 66,083 items authored by others as a control, including poems, plays, short stories, novels and essays, using a cloud-based machine learning platform (Amazon SageMaker) via ProQuest TDM Studio. Lastly, we combined statistics from log likelihood and Fisher's exact tests as well as feature analysis of a batch-trained Naive Bayes classifier to select lexicons of terms most strongly associated with the target or control texts. The resulting Tweet-derived African American lexicon contains 1,734 unigrams, while the control contains 2,266 unigrams. This initial version of a lexicon-based African American Tweet detection algorithm developed using Tweet texts will be useful to inform culturally sensitive Twitter-based social support interventions for African American dementia caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Broadwell
- Center for Interdisciplinary Digital Research, Stanford University, USA
| | | | - Sunmoo Yoon
- General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, USA
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25
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Abstract
Pain has been an area of growing interest in the past decade and is known to be associated with mental health issues. Due to the ambiguous nature of how pain is described in text, it presents a unique natural language processing (NLP) challenge. Understanding how pain is described in text and utilizing this knowledge to improve NLP tasks would be of substantial clinical importance. Not much work has previously been done in this space. For this reason, and in order to develop an English lexicon for use in NLP applications, an exploration of pain concepts within free text was conducted. The exploratory text sources included two hospital databases, a social media platform (Twitter), and an online community (Reddit). This exploration helped select appropriate sources and inform the construction of a pain lexicon. The terms within the final lexicon were derived from three sources—literature, ontologies, and word embedding models. This lexicon was validated by two clinicians as well as compared to an existing 26-term pain sub-ontology and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms. The final validated lexicon consists of 382 terms and will be used in downstream NLP tasks by helping select appropriate pain-related documents from electronic health record (EHR) databases, as well as pre-annotating these words to help in development of an NLP application for classification of mentions of pain within the documents. The lexicon and the code used to generate the embedding models have been made publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Chaturvedi
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurelie Mascio
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sumithra U Velupillai
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Angus Roberts
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neurosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Cychosz M, Edwards JR, Bernstein Ratner N, Torrington Eaton C, Newman RS. Acoustic-Lexical Characteristics of Child-Directed Speech Between 7 and 24 Months and Their Impact on Toddlers' Phonological Processing. Front Psychol 2021; 12:712647. [PMID: 34630222 PMCID: PMC8497969 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Speech-language input from adult caregivers is a strong predictor of children's developmental outcomes. But the properties of this child-directed speech are not static over the first months or years of a child's life. This study assesses a large cohort of children and caregivers (n = 84) at 7, 10, 18, and 24 months to document (1) how a battery of phonetic, phonological, and lexical characteristics of child-directed speech changes in the first 2 years of life and (2) how input at these different stages predicts toddlers' phonological processing and vocabulary size at 2 years. Results show that most measures of child-directed speech do change as children age, and certain characteristics, like hyperarticulation, actually peak at 24 months. For language outcomes, children's phonological processing benefited from exposure to longer (in phonemes) words, more diverse word types, and enhanced coarticulation in their input. It is proposed that longer words in the input may stimulate children's phonological working memory development, while heightened coarticulation simultaneously introduces important sublexical cues and exposes them to challenging, naturalistic speech, leading to overall stronger phonological processing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Cychosz
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- Center for Comparative and Evolutionary Biology of Hearing, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jan R. Edwards
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Nan Bernstein Ratner
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Catherine Torrington Eaton
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Rochelle S. Newman
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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27
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Rose Y, Penney N. Language and Learner Specific Influences on the Emergence of Consonantal Place and Manner Features. Front Psychol 2021; 12:646713. [PMID: 34603114 PMCID: PMC8484525 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the emergence of consonantal place and manner feature categories in the speech of first language learners. Starting with an overview of current representational approaches to phonology, we take the position that only models that allow for the emergence of phonological categories at all levels of phonological representation (from sub-segmental properties of speech sounds all the way to word forms represented within the child's lexicon) can account for the data. We begin with a cross-linguistic survey of the acquisition of rhotic consonants. We show that the types of substitutions affecting different rhotics cross-linguistically can be predicted from two main observations: the phonetic characteristics of these rhotics and the larger system of categories displayed by each language. We then turn to a peculiar pattern of labial substitution for coronal continuants in the speech of a German learner. Building on previous literature on the topic, we attribute the emergence of this pattern to distributional properties of the child's developing lexicon. Together, these observations suggest that our understanding of phonological emergence must involve a consideration of multiple, potentially interacting levels of phonetic and phonological representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Rose
- Department of Linguistics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Natalie Penney
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
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28
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Peek CJ, Westfall JM, Stange KC, Liaw W, Ewigman B, DeVoe JE, Green LA, Polverento ME, Bora N, deGruy FV, Harper PG, Baker NJ. Shared Language for Shared Work in Population Health. Ann Fam Med 2021; 19:450-457. [PMID: 34546952 PMCID: PMC8437558 DOI: 10.1370/afm.2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
People working on behalf of population health, community health, or public health often experience confusion or ambiguity in the meaning of these and other common terms-the similarities and differences and how they bear on the tasks and division of labor for care delivery and public health. Shared language must be clear enough to help, not hinder people working together as they ultimately come to mutual understanding of roles, responsibilities, and actions in their joint work. Based on an iterative lexicon development process, the authors developed and propose a definitional framework as an aid to navigating among related population and community health terms. These terms are defined, similarities and differences clarified, and then organized into 3 categories that reflect goals, realities, and ways to get the job done. Goals include (a) health as well-being for persons, (b) population health as that goal expressed in measurable terms for groups, and (c) community health as population health for particular communities of interest, geography, or other defining characteristic-groups with shared identity and particular systemic influences on health. Realities are social determinants as influences, health disparities as effects, and health equity as both a goal and a design principle. Ways to get the job done include health care delivery systems for enrollees and public health in population-based civic activities-with a broad zone of collaboration where streams of effort converge in partnership with served communities. This map of terms can enable people to move forward together in a broad zone of collaboration for health with less confusion, ambiguity, and conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Peek
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Kurt C Stange
- Case Western Reserve University Center for Community Health Integration, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Winston Liaw
- Health Systems and Population Health Sciences, University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Bernard Ewigman
- Department of Family Medicine, North-Shore University Health System & the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer E DeVoe
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Larry A Green
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Molly E Polverento
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Nirali Bora
- Kent County Health Department, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Frank V deGruy
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter G Harper
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nancy J Baker
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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29
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Li B, Lin Q, Mak HY, Tzeng OJL, Huang CM, Huang HW. Category Exemplar Production Norms for Hong Kong Cantonese: Instance Probabilities and Word Familiarity. Front Psychol 2021; 12:657706. [PMID: 34434134 PMCID: PMC8380777 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.657706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lexical system of Hong Kong Cantonese has been heavily shaped by the local trilingual environment. The development of cultural- and language-specific norms for Hong Kong Cantonese is fundamental for understanding how the speaker population organize semantic memory, how they utilize their semantic resources, and what information processing strategies they use for the retrieval of semantic knowledge. This study presents a normative database of 72 lexical categories in Hong Kong Cantonese produced by native speakers in a category exemplar production task. Exemplars are enlisted under a category label, along with the instance probabilities and word familiarity scores. Possible English equivalents are given to the exemplars for the convenience of non-HKC speaker researchers. Statistics on categories were further extracted to capture the heterogeneity of the categories: the total number of valid exemplars, the number of exemplars covering 90% of the occurrence and the probabilities of the most frequent exemplars in each category. The database offers a direct lexical sketch of the vocabulary of modern Hong Kong Cantonese in a categorical structure. The category-exemplar lists and the comparative statistics together lay the foundations for further investigations on the Hong Kong Cantonese speaking population from multiple disciplines, such as the structure of semantic knowledge, the time-course of knowledge access, and the processing strategies of young adults. Results of this norm can be also used as a benchmark for other age groups. The database can serve as a crucial resource for establishing initial screening tests to assess the cognitive and psychological functioning of the Cantonese-speaking Hong Kong population in both educational and clinical settings. In sum, this normative study provides a fundamental resource for future studies on language processing mechanisms of Hong Kong Cantonese speaking population, as well as language studies and other cross-language/culture studies on Hong Kong Cantonese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Qiduo Lin
- Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Yan Mak
- Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ovid J L Tzeng
- Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Mao Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wen Huang
- Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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30
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Salmela R, Lehtonen M, Garusi S, Bertram R. Lexize: A test to quickly assess vocabulary knowledge in Finnish. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:806-819. [PMID: 34423430 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proficiency in a language is strongly related to how well and how many words one knows. Vocabulary knowledge correlates with reading comprehension and general communication ability. Due to the increasing amount of research within the field of psycholinguistics and second language acquisition in Finnish, a standardized test to objectively measure Finnish vocabulary knowledge is called for. Lexize is such a test. It was modeled after LexTALE (Lemhöfer & Broersma, Behaviour Research Methods, 44:325-343, 2012), which was developed to measure vocabulary knowledge of English as a second language using visual lexical decision (VLD). Lexize is a VLD-based online test for Finnish that consists of 102 items. By comparing performance of L1 and L2 speakers of Finnish, Lexize was validated, returning considerable differences between test scores in native and non-native speakers. For non-native speakers there was a large range of test scores, correlating strongly with exposure to Finnish and self-ratings. In native speakers, test scores correlated with self-ratings, Finnish school grades, and age. In this group, higher Lexize scores were associated with a higher education level. We conclude that Lexize is a useful tool to assess Finnish vocabulary knowledge for non-native speakers and to some extent for native speakers. Lexize is available for free use at https://psyk.abo.fi/LexizeWeb/#/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Salmela
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna Lehtonen
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MultiLing Center for Multilingualism in Society across the Lifespan, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefano Garusi
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Raymond Bertram
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Linguistic Anthropology Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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31
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Miyake KK, Kataoka M, Ishimori T, Matsumoto Y, Torii M, Takada M, Satoh Y, Kubota K, Satake H, Yakami M, Isoda H, Ikeda DM, Toi M, Nakamoto Y. A Proposed Dedicated Breast PET Lexicon: Standardization of Description and Reporting of Radiotracer Uptake in the Breast. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071267. [PMID: 34359350 PMCID: PMC8306936 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedicated breast positron emission tomography (dbPET) is a new diagnostic imaging modality recently used in clinical practice for the detection of breast cancer and the assessment of tumor biology. dbPET has higher spatial resolution than that of conventional whole body PET systems, allowing recognition of detailed morphological attributes of radiotracer accumulation within the breast. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) accumulation in the breast may be due to benign or malignant entities, and recent studies suggest that morphology characterization of 18F-FDG uptake could aid in estimating the probability of malignancy. However, across the world, there are many descriptors of breast 18F-FDG uptake, limiting comparisons between studies. In this article, we propose a lexicon for breast radiotracer uptake to standardize description and reporting of image findings on dbPET, consisting of terms for image quality, radiotracer fibroglandular uptake, breast lesion uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae K. Miyake
- Department of Advanced Medical Imaging Research, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-City 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-751-3760; Fax: +81-75-771-9709
| | - Masako Kataoka
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-City 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan; (M.K.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Takayoshi Ishimori
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-City 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan; (M.K.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshiaki Matsumoto
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-City 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan; (Y.M.); (M.T.); (M.T.)
- Preemptive Medicine and Lifestyle Related Disease Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-City 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan; (M.Y.); (H.I.)
| | - Masae Torii
- Department of Breast Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, 4-20 Komatsubara-dori, Wakayama-City 640-8558, Wakayama, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Takada
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-City 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan; (Y.M.); (M.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Yoko Satoh
- Yamanashi PET Imaging Clinic, 3046-2 Shimokato, Chuo-City 409-3821, Yamanashi, Japan;
| | - Kazunori Kubota
- Department of Radiology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, 2-1-50 Minamikoshigaya, Koshigaya-City 343-8555, Saitama, Japan;
| | - Hiroko Satake
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya-City 466-8550, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Masahiro Yakami
- Preemptive Medicine and Lifestyle Related Disease Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-City 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan; (M.Y.); (H.I.)
| | - Hiroyoshi Isoda
- Preemptive Medicine and Lifestyle Related Disease Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-City 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan; (M.Y.); (H.I.)
| | - Debra M. Ikeda
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Breast Imaging, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5826, USA;
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-City 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan; (Y.M.); (M.T.); (M.T.)
| | - Yuji Nakamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-City 606-8507, Kyoto, Japan; (M.K.); (T.I.); (Y.N.)
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32
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Darıcı M, Özcan K, Beypınar D, Cabaroglu T. Sensory Lexicon and Major Volatiles of Rakı Using Descriptive Analysis and GC-FID/MS. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071494. [PMID: 34203171 PMCID: PMC8306921 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rakı is a traditional and Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) alcoholic beverage that is distilled from grape distillate with Pimpinella anisum L. in copper pot stills in Turkey. This study focused on the development of a sensory lexicon, a sensory wheel, using a consensus approach and the determination of major volatiles by GC-FID/MS for Rakı. A total of 37 Rakı samples representing all producers were used for volatile and sensory evaluation. The experts identified 78 attributes and references for the lexicon. The main attributes were spicy, anise, sweet, resinous, fruity, dry fruit, floral, head&tail aroma and white colour. The Rakı sensory wheel was created to provide a graphical display of its sensory attributes. For validation of the lexicon, 18 samples were evaluated using descriptive analysis. The results were subjected to PCA to examine the relationship of the samples with the defined sensory attributes. The PCA results show that there is a significant relationship between the Rakı categories and sensory terms and flavour intensities. The GC-MS analyses depicted the following major volatile compounds n-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2 and 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl-acetate, acetal, acetaldehyde, trans-anethol and estragole. The characterization of the product using its most distinctive sensory descriptors are important tool and can be used for the industry, marketing, consumer education and scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Darıcı
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Çukurova, Sarıçam, 01330 Adana, Turkey; (M.D.); (K.Ö.)
| | - Koray Özcan
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Çukurova, Sarıçam, 01330 Adana, Turkey; (M.D.); (K.Ö.)
- Mey Alkollü İçkiler San.ve Tic. A.Ş., Büyükdere Cad. Bahar Sok. No:13 River Plaza Kat:25, Şişli, 34394 İstanbul, Turkey;
| | - Duygu Beypınar
- Mey Alkollü İçkiler San.ve Tic. A.Ş., Büyükdere Cad. Bahar Sok. No:13 River Plaza Kat:25, Şişli, 34394 İstanbul, Turkey;
| | - Turgut Cabaroglu
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Çukurova, Sarıçam, 01330 Adana, Turkey; (M.D.); (K.Ö.)
- Correspondence:
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33
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Ortega-Llebaria M, Wu Z. Chinese-English Speakers' Perception of Pitch in Their Non-Tonal Language: Reinterpreting English as a Tonal-Like Language. Lang Speech 2021; 64:467-487. [PMID: 31898931 DOI: 10.1177/0023830919894606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Changing the F0-contour of English words does not change their lexical meaning. However, it changes the meaning in tonal languages such as Mandarin. Given this important difference and knowing that words in the two languages of a bilingual lexicon interact, the question arises as to how Mandarin-English speakers process pitch in their bilingual lexicon. The few studies that addressed this question showed that Mandarin-English speakers did not perceive pitch in English words as native English speakers did. These studies, however, used English words as stimuli failing to examine nonwords and Mandarin words. Consequently, possible pre-lexical effects and L1 transfer were not ruled out. The present study fills this gap by examining pitch perception in Mandarin and English words and nonwords by Mandarin-English speakers and a group of native English controls. Results showed the tonal experience of Chinese-English speakers modulated their perception of pitch in their non-tonal language at both pre-lexical and lexical levels. In comparison to native English controls, tonal speakers were more sensitive to the acoustic salience of F0-contours in the pre-lexical processing due to top-down feedback. At the lexical level, Mandarin-English speakers organized words in their two languages according to similarity criteria based on both F0 and segmental information, whereas only the segmental information was relevant to the control group. These results in perception together with consistently reported production patterns in previous literature suggest that Mandarin-English speakers process pitch in English as if it was a one-tone language.
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Abstract
As they develop into mature speakers of their native language, infants must not only learn words but also the sounds that make up those words. To do so, they must strike a balance between accepting speaker-dependent variation (e.g., mood, voice, accent) but appropriately rejecting variation when it (potentially) changes a word's meaning (e.g., cat vs. hat). This meta-analysis focuses on studies investigating infants' ability to detect mispronunciations in familiar words, or mispronunciation sensitivity. Our goal was to evaluate the development of infants' phonological representations for familiar words as well as explore the role of experimental manipulations related to theoretical questions and of analysis choices. The results show that although infants are sensitive to mispronunciations, they still accept these altered forms as labels for target objects. Interestingly, this ability is not modulated by age or vocabulary size, suggesting that a mature understanding of native language phonology may be present in infants from an early age, possibly before the vocabulary explosion. These results support several theoretical assumptions made in the literature, such as sensitivity to mispronunciation size and position of the mispronunciation. We also shed light on the impact of data analysis choices that may lead to different conclusions regarding the development of infants' mispronunciation sensitivity. Our article concludes with recommendations for improved practice in testing infants' word and sentence processing online. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Von Holzen
- Lehrstuhl Linguistik des Deutschen, Schwerpunkt Deutsch als Fremdsprache/Deutsch als Zweitsprache, Technische Universität Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, USA
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christina Bergmann
- CNRS (Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, UMR 8002), Paris, France
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et de Psycholinguistique, Département d’études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL University
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35
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Abstract
Relational morphology (RM) is a novel approach to word structure that bears a close relation to construction grammar (CxG). Based on the parallel architecture framework, its basic question is: what linguistic entities are stored in long-term memory, and in what form? Like CxG, RM situates the “rules of grammar” in an extended lexicon, right along with words, multiword expressions such as idioms and collocations, and meaningful syntactic constructions. However, its notion of schema enriches CxG’s notion of construction in a number of respects, including (a) the possibility of purely formal schemas that lack meaning, (b) a more precise way of specifying relations among lexical items than standard inheritance, (c) the possibility of “horizontal” relations between individual words and between schemas, (d) a clearer characterization of the distinction between productive and nonproductive phenomena, and (e) more explicit integration with theories of language processing and of other domains of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Jackendoff
- Center for Cognitive Studies, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Gibson/Fedorenko Lab, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jenny Audring
- Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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36
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Abstract
Dyslexia is often assessed using categorical diagnoses, and subtypes of dyslexia are also recognized in a categorical fashion. Children may meet the criteria for dyslexia, and they may more specifically meet the criteria for a subtype of it, and thus get a diagnosis. This approach to diagnosis clashes with the actual distribution of reading performance in children (which is normal and continuous), and it has received criticism. This article offers a conceptual framework for conciliating these two positions. In short, the proposal is to use a set of multicomponent continuous assessments of reading, rather than thresholds. The proposal is explained using original data obtained from a sample of 30 children (age 7 to 11), tested in the United Kingdom. Using an assessment based on categorical-thresholds, only five children in our sample qualify for extra assistance, and only one may get a diagnosis of dyslexia, while with the mixed system proposed, a few additional children in the gray area would receive attention. This approach would not discard previous categorical approaches such as those distinguishing between surface and phonological dyslexia, but it would rather see these subtypes of dyslexia as the instance of a lower score on the continuum obtained on a single component of the multicomponent assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Cilibrasi
- Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ianthi Tsimpli
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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37
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Chun S, Chambers E 4th, Han I. Development of a Sensory Flavor Lexicon for Mushrooms and Subsequent Characterization of Fresh and Dried Mushrooms. Foods 2020; 9:E980. [PMID: 32718026 DOI: 10.3390/foods9080980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are a nutritious versatile ingredient in many food products. They are low in calories and have various potential medicinal properties as well. Surprisingly, little research on their descriptive sensory properties has been conducted. The objectives of this study were to a) establish a descriptive sensory flavor lexicon for the evaluation of fresh, dried, and powdered mushrooms and 2) use that lexicon to compare a selection of different mushrooms of various species and in fresh dried and powdered forms. A lexicon for describing mushroom was developed using a consensus profile method. A highly trained, descriptive sensory panel identified, defined, and referenced 27 flavor attributes for commercially available mushroom samples prepared as “meat” and broth. Attributes could be grouped in categories such as musty (dusty/papery, earthy/humus, earthy/damp, earthy/potato, fermented, leather (new), leather (old), mold/cheesy, moldy/damp, mushroomy), and other attributes such as fishy, shell fish, woody, nutty, brown, green, cardboard, burnt/ashy, potato, umami, protein (vegetable), yeasty, bitter, salty, sweet aromatics, sour, and astringent. Samples were then tested in three replications and mean values were compared statistically. In addition, principal component analysis was used to understand the characteristics of mushrooms evaluated. Dried mushrooms showed bitter, burnt, musty/dusty, astringent, old leather, and fresh mushroom characteristics and fresh mushroom showed umami, sweet, earthy/potato, earthy/damp, yeasty, and fermented. Mushrooms were grouped and differentiated in similar ways regardless of whether they were tested as broth or “meat”. Mushroom growers, product developers, chefs and other culinary professionals, sensory scientists, researchers, the food industry, and ultimately consumers will benefit from this lexicon describing a wide variety of mushroom flavor properties.
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Lu CJ, Payne A, Mork JG. The Unified Medical Language System SPECIALIST Lexicon and Lexical Tools: Development and applications. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2020; 27:ocaa056. [PMID: 32472120 PMCID: PMC7580801 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural language processing (NLP) plays a vital role in modern medical informatics. It converts narrative text or unstructured data into knowledge by analyzing and extracting concepts. A comprehensive lexical system is the foundation to the success of NLP applications and an essential component at the beginning of the NLP pipeline. The SPECIALIST Lexicon and Lexical Tools, distributed by the National Library of Medicine as one of the Unified Medical Language System Knowledge Sources, provides an underlying resource for many NLP applications. This article reports recent developments of 3 key components in the Lexicon. The core NLP operation of Unified Medical Language System concept mapping is used to illustrate the importance of these developments. Our objective is to provide generic, broad coverage and a robust lexical system for NLP applications. A novel multiword approach and other planned developments are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Lu
- Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Ghonchepour M, Pakzad Moghaddam M. The role of semantic transparency in processing compound nouns: evidence from people with Broca's Aphasia. Clin Linguist Phon 2020; 34:493-515. [PMID: 31441333 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2019.1656780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This article investigated the role of semantic transparency in processing root compound nouns in Persian individuals with Broca's aphasia through picture confrontation naming and repetition tasks. The relationship between semantic transparency and affected constituents of nouns showed that semantic transparency had no role in processing compound nouns. The results showed that transparent, opaque and partially transparent compound nouns were processed by dual-routes (holistic and decomposing). Frequency of errors also revealed dissociation of naming and repetition processes as well as simple and compound nouns. The comparison of errors and their types in confrontation naming and repetition tasks indicated that naming was relatively more complex than repetition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Ghonchepour
- Department of Language and Literature, Farhangiyan University, Tehran, Iran
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40
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Abstract
This study examined early Hebrew verb acquisition, highlighting CDS-CS relations across inflectional and derivational verb learning. It was carried out on a corpus of longitudinal dense dyadic interactions of two Hebrew-speaking toddlers aged 1;8-2;2 and their parents. Findings revealed correlated patterns within and between CDS and CS corpora in terms of verbs, structural root categories, and their components (roots, binyan conjugations, and derivational verb families), and clear relations between lexical-derivational development and inflectional growth in input-output relations, measured by MSP. It also showed that both corpora had few, yet highly semantically coherent, derivational families. Lexical learning in Hebrew was shown to be morphologically oriented, with both inflectional and derivational learning supporting and being supported by the development of the verb lexicon. These findings support findings in the general literature regarding the close relationship between parental input and child speech, and the affinity between lexical and grammatical growth.
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Ishkhanyan B, Michel Lange V, Boye K, Mogensen J, Karabanov A, Hartwigsen G, Siebner HR. Anterior and Posterior Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus Contribute to the Implementation of Grammatical Determiners During Language Production. Front Psychol 2020; 11:685. [PMID: 32395113 PMCID: PMC7197372 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is a key region for language comprehension and production. Previous studies point to a preferential involvement of left anterior IFG (aIFG) in lexical and semantic processes, while the posterior IFG (pIFG) has been implicated in supporting syntactic and phonological processes. Here we used focal neuronavigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to probe the functional involvement of left IFG in lexical and grammatical processing at the sentence level. We applied 10 Hz TMS effective or sham bursts to left aIFG and pIFG, while healthy volunteers performed an adjective-noun production task contrasting grammatical and lexical determiners. For each trial, we measured the time from the stimulus onset to the moment of articulation (response time) and the time from articulation onset to the end of articulation (duration). Focal TMS of IFG generally delayed response times. The TMS-induced delay in response times was relatively stronger for the grammatical condition compared to the lexical condition, when TMS targeted aIFG. Articulation of the determiner was generally shorter in trials presenting grammatical determiners relative to lexical determiners. The shorter articulation time for grammar determiners was facilitated by effective TMS to pIFG. Together, the effects of TMS on task performance provide novel evidence for a joint involvement of anterior and posterior parts of left IFG in implementing grammatical determiners during language production, suggesting an involvement of aIFG in the initiation and pIFG in the production of grammatically appropriate verbal responses at the sentence level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byurakn Ishkhanyan
- Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science and Semiotics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Violaine Michel Lange
- Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Kasper Boye
- Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Mogensen
- The Unit for Cognitive Neuroscience (UCN), Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anke Karabanov
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Gesa Hartwigsen
- Lise Meitner Research Group Cognition and Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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42
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Tran T, Chambers E 4th. Development of a Model System for Tasting Grain Varieties. Foods 2020; 9:E510. [PMID: 32316672 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated suitable approaches and effective applications for the evaluation of grain flavor differences among cultivars. A model system that helps to facilitate the characterization of flavors in grain varieties was developed using sorghum grain as a tool. Five different applications were initially used, including cooked grain, porridge, cookies, muffins, and extruded puffed snacks. Six highly trained sensory panelists participated in the project. The effectiveness of each application was determined based on the results of the attribute generation process and from panelist feedback. The results indicate that the combination of a cooked whole grain procedure and the use of flour made into cookies provides an effective and potent model for flavor characterization in both their grain form and as finished products. Both the recipes for the cooked grain and cookie applications effectively brought out the flavor characteristics of the grains as well as differentiated the flavor differences between grain cultivars. The developed model can be applied for the flavor evaluation of multiple grain types and can help researchers understand the flavor differences among grain cultivars. As a result, such knowledge will help to facilitate the selection of suitable products with favorable characteristics for specific applications as well as for selective breeding purposes.
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Walker S, Gaskell MG, Knowland VCP, Fletcher FE, Cairney SA, Henderson LM. Growing up with interfering neighbours: the influence of time of learning and vocabulary knowledge on written word learning in children. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:191597. [PMID: 32269794 PMCID: PMC7137956 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that new vocabulary undergoes a period of strengthening and integration offline, particularly during sleep. Practical questions remain, however, including whether learning closer to bedtime can optimize consolidation, and whether such an effect varies with vocabulary ability. To examine this, children aged 8-12-years-old (n 59) were trained on written novel forms (e.g. BANARA) in either the morning (long delay) or the evening (short delay). Immediately after training and the next day, lexical competition (a marker of integration) was assessed via speeded semantic decisions to neighbouring existing words (e.g. BANANA); explicit memory was measured via recognition and recall tasks. There were no main effects indicating performance changes across sleep for any task, counter to studies of spoken word learning. However, a significant interaction was found, such that children with poorer vocabulary showed stronger lexical competition on the day after learning if there was a short delay between learning and sleep. Furthermore, while poorer vocabulary was associated with slower novel word recognition speed before and after sleep for the long delay group, this association was only present before sleep for the short delay group. Thus, weak vocabulary knowledge compromises novel word acquisition, and when there is a longer period of post-learning wake, this disadvantage remains after a consolidation opportunity. However, when sleep occurs soon after learning, consolidation processes can compensate for weaker encoding and permit lexical integration. These data provide preliminary suggestion that children with poorer vocabulary may benefit from learning new words closer to bedtime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - L. M. Henderson
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Bettoni R, Riva V, Cantiani C, Molteni M, Macchi Cassia V, Bulf H. Infants' Learning of Rule-Based Visual Sequences Predicts Language Outcome at 2 Years. Front Psychol 2020; 11:281. [PMID: 32158415 PMCID: PMC7052175 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to learn and generalize abstract rules from sensory input - i.e., Rule Learning (RL) - is seen as pivotal to language development, and specifically to the acquisition of the grammatical structure of language. Although many studies have shown that RL in infancy is operating across different perceptual domains, including vision, no studies have directly investigated the link between infants' visual RL and later language acquisition. Here, we conducted a longitudinal study to investigate whether 7-month-olds' ability to detect visual structural regularities predicts linguistic outcome at 2 years of age. At 7 months, infants were tested for their ability to extract and generalize ABB and ABA structures from sequences of visual shapes, and at 24 months their lexical and grammatical skills were assessed using the MacArthur-Bates CDI. Regression analyses showed that infants' visual RL abilities selectively predicted early grammatical abilities, but not lexical abilities. These results may provide the first evidence that RL mechanisms are involved in language acquisition, and suggest that RL abilities may act as an early neurocognitive marker for language impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bettoni
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Riva
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Chiara Cantiani
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Viola Macchi Cassia
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Hermann Bulf
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- NeuroMI, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
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Kalashnikova M, Goswami U, Burnham D. Novel word learning deficits in infants at family risk for dyslexia. Dyslexia 2020; 26:3-17. [PMID: 31994263 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Children of reading age diagnosed with dyslexia show deficits in reading and spelling skills, but early markers of later dyslexia are already present in infancy in auditory processing and phonological domains. Deficits in lexical development are not typically associated with dyslexia. Nevertheless, it is possible that early auditory/phonological deficits would have detrimental effects on the encoding and storage of novel lexical items. Word-learning difficulties have been demonstrated in school-aged dyslexic children using paired associate learning tasks, but earlier manifestations in infants who are at family risk for dyslexia have not been investigated. This study assessed novel word learning in 19-month-old infants at risk for dyslexia (by virtue of having one dyslexic parent) and infants not at risk for any developmental disorder. Infants completed a word-learning task that required them to map two novel words to their corresponding novel referents. Not at-risk infants showed increased looking time to the novel referents at test compared with at-risk infants. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that at-risk infants show differences in novel word-learning (fast-mapping) tasks compared with not at-risk infants. Our findings have implications for the development and consolidation of early lexical and phonological skills in infants at family risk of later dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kalashnikova
- BCBL Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Usha Goswami
- Centre for Neuroscience in Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Denis Burnham
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Isella V, Rosazza C, Gazzotti M, Sala J, Morzenti S, Crivellaro C, Appollonio IM, Ferrarese C, Luzzatti C. A Metabolic Imaging Study of Lexical and Phonological Naming Errors in Alzheimer Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2020; 35:1533317520922390. [PMID: 32356456 PMCID: PMC10624092 DOI: 10.1177/1533317520922390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) produce a variety of errors on confrontation naming that indicate multiple loci of impairment along the naming process in this disease. We correlated brain hypometabolism, measured with 18fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography, with semantic and formal errors, as well as nonwords deriving from phonological errors produced in a picture-naming test by 63 patients with AD. Findings suggest that neurodegeneration leads to: (1) phonemic errors, by interfering with phonological short-term memory, or with control over retrieval of phonological or prearticulatory representations, within the left supramarginal gyrus; (2) semantic errors, by disrupting general semantic or visual-semantic representations at the level of the left posterior middle and inferior occipitotemporal cortex, respectively; (3) formal errors, by damaging the lexical-phonological output interface in the left mid-anterior segment of middle and superior temporal gyri. This topography of semantic-lexical-phonological steps of naming is in substantial agreement with dual-stream neurocognitive models of word generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Isella
- Neurology Department, S. Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano–Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maria Gazzotti
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano–Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Jessica Sala
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano–Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Sabrina Morzenti
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
- Medical Physics, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Cinzia Crivellaro
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, University of Milano–Bicocca, Italy
| | - Ildebrando Marco Appollonio
- Neurology Department, S. Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano–Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Neurology Department, S. Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano–Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Luzzatti
- Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMI), Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano–Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Kumar R, Chambers E. Understanding the Terminology for Snack Foods and Their Texture by Consumers in Four Languages: A Qualitative Study. Foods 2019; 8:foods8100484. [PMID: 31614755 PMCID: PMC6835815 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The choice of food products is affected by the combination of food properties, consumer motives, emotions, and context, especially in cross-cultural studies. The designs of cross-cultural studies involve several limitations such as conceptual perception and linguistic and cultural differences in response style. These factors confine the validity and generalizability of such study models. In this study, we have combined linguistic and contextual perception together to generate consumer texture terminologies. Four focus groups discussions were conducted with consumers from nine different countries in English, Hindi, Mandarin, and Spanish. Vocabularies for sixteen texture terms were generated. Consumers provided a single consensus term that they typically use to describe contextual sensory perception. The results show that consumers use several terms to describe texture, and terms are very specific to product and related perception. The English translation of words like “snack”, “texture”, and other sensory texture terms are meaningless for non-English speaking cultures. Researchers are encouraged to validate (test) the structure of cross-cultural study models before application. Practical application: The findings of this study present a model which can be utilized to conduct cross-cultural research studies. The results can contribute to generate accurate consumer responses, acceptance, preference, and addressing consumers concerns. Food industries could leverage these by using our methodology in product development, finding consumer insights, effective communication, and products testing in international settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Center for Sensory Analysis and Consumer Behavior, Kansas State University, 1310 Research Park Dr., Ice Hall, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Edgar Chambers
- Center for Sensory Analysis and Consumer Behavior, Kansas State University, 1310 Research Park Dr., Ice Hall, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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Johari K, Walenski M, Reifegerste J, Ashrafi F, Behroozmand R, Daemi M, Ullman MT. A dissociation between syntactic and lexical processing in Parkinson's disease. J Neurolinguistics 2019; 51:221-235. [PMID: 31777416 PMCID: PMC6880793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), which involves the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia, has long been associated with motor deficits. Increasing evidence suggests that language can also be impaired, including aspects of syntactic and lexical processing. However, the exact pattern of these impairments remains somewhat unclear, for several reasons. Few studies have examined and compared syntactic and lexical processing within subjects, so their relative deficits remain to be elucidated. Studies have focused on earlier stages of PD, so syntactic and lexical processing in later stages are less well understood. Research has largely probed English and a handful of other European languages, and it is unclear whether findings generalize more broadly. Finally, few studies have examined links between syntactic/lexical impairments and their neurocognitive substrates, such as measures of basal ganglia degeneration or dopaminergic processes. We addressed these gaps by investigating multiple aspects of Farsi syntactic and lexical processing in 40 Farsi native-speaking moderate-to-severe non-demented PD patients, and 40 healthy controls. Analyses revealed equivalent impairments of syntactic comprehension and syntactic judgment, across different syntactic structures. Lexical processing was impaired only for motor function-related objects (e.g., naming 'hammer', but not 'mountain'), in line with findings of PD deficits at naming action verbs as compared to objects, without the verb/noun confound. In direct comparisons between lexical and syntactic tasks, patients were better at naming words like 'mountain' (but not words like 'hammer') than at syntactic comprehension and syntactic judgment. Performance at syntactic comprehension correlated with the last levodopa equivalent dose. No other correlations were found between syntactic/lexical processing measures and either levodopa equivalent dose or hypokinesia, which reflects degeneration of basal ganglia motor-related circuits. All critical significant main effects, interactions, and correlations yielded large effect sizes. The findings elucidate the nature of syntactic and lexical processing impairments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Johari
- Speech Neuroscience Lab, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, USA
- Department of Speech and Language Pathology, School of Rehabilitation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Washington DC, USA
| | - Matthew Walenski
- Aphasia and Neurolinguistics Research Laboratory, School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jana Reifegerste
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Washington DC, USA
- Department of Psychology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Farzad Ashrafi
- Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roozbeh Behroozmand
- Speech Neuroscience Lab, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Mostafa Daemi
- Department of Speech Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael T. Ullman
- Brain and Language Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Washington DC, USA
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Gleberzon BJ, Pohlman KA, Russell E. Comparison of chiropractic student lexicon at two educational institutions: a cross-sectional survey. J Can Chiropr Assoc 2019; 63:36-43. [PMID: 31057176 PMCID: PMC6493211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate student perceptions of chiropractic cultural authority, role in healthcare and use of terms at two chiropractic institutions, the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College (CMCC) and Parker University (Parker). METHODS A unique survey was developed and administered electronically to Year 2-3 students (n=387) at CMCC and as a paper-based surveys to trimester 4-5 (comparison with Year 2) and 6-7 (comparison with Year 3) (n=277) students at Parker. Responses were anonymous. The survey assessed the likelihood that students at both chiropractic programs would use eight different chiropractic terms. The survey also assessed their preference toward different options with respect to chiropractic's cultural authority. RESULTS Response rates were 36.2% and 78.1% at CMCC and Parker, respectively. Students at both institutions reported that chiropractic cultural authority was 'neuromusculoskeletal' (NMSK); however, CMCC students was more favorable toward 'musculoskeletal' (MSK) care compared to Parker students, whereas students at Parker favored 'wellness' (59.7%) compared to CMCC students (46.4%). Students at CMCC were more likely to use 'impingement' and 'joint dysfunction' whereas Parker students were more likely to use 'innate intelligence' and 'vertebral subluxation'. Both institutions were equally likely to use 'spinal lesion'. CONCLUSION This survey found significant cultural authority differences between institutions. While this adds to the emerging need in the literature to evaluate the impact of curriculum and co-curriculum within chiropractic training programs on professional identity, explanations were not evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Gleberzon
- Department of Chiropractic Therapeutics, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College
- Parker University
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50
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Walker S, Henderson LM, Fletcher FE, Knowland VCP, Cairney SA, Gaskell MG. Learning to live with interfering neighbours: the influence of time of learning and level of encoding on word learning. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:181842. [PMID: 31183121 PMCID: PMC6502395 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
New vocabulary is consolidated offline, particularly during sleep; however, the parameters that influence consolidation remain unclear. Two experiments investigated effects of exposure level and delay between learning and sleep on adults' consolidation of novel competitors (e.g. BANARA) to existing words (e.g. BANANA). Participants made speeded semantic decisions (i.e. a forced choice: natural versus man-made) to the existing words, with the expectation that novel word learning would inhibit responses due to lexical competition. This competition was observed, particularly when assessed after sleep, for both standard and high exposure levels (10 and 20 exposures per word; Experiment 1). Using a lower exposure level (five exposures; Experiment 2), no post-sleep enhancement of competition was observed, despite evidence of consolidation when explicit knowledge of novel word memory was tested. Thus, when encoding is relatively weak, consolidation-related lexical integration is particularly compromised. There was no evidence that going to bed soon after learning is advantageous for overnight consolidation; however, there was some preliminary suggestion that longer gaps between learning and bed-onset were associated with better explicit memory of novel words one week later, but only at higher levels of exposure. These findings suggest that while lexical integration can occur overnight, weaker lexical traces may not be able to access overnight integration processes in the sleeping brain. Furthermore, the finding that longer-term explicit memory of stronger (but not weaker) traces benefit from periods of wake following learning deserves examination in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - M. G. Gaskell
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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