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Carelli S, Giallongo T, Marfia G, Merli D, Ottobrini L, Degrassi A, Basso MD, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Exogenous adult postmortem neural precursors attenuate secondary degeneration and promote myelin sparing and functional recovery following experimental spinal cord injury. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:703-19. [PMID: 25299753 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x685140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating clinical condition, characterized by a complex of neurological dysfunctions. Neural stem cells from the subventricular zone of the forebrain have been considered a potential tool for cell replacement therapies. We recently isolated a subclass of neural progenitors from the cadaver of mouse donors. These cells, named postmortem neural precursor cells (PM-NPCs), express both erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor. Their EPO-dependent differentiation abilities produce a significantly higher percentage of neurons than regular NSCs. The cholinergic yield is also higher. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential repair properties of PM-NPCs in a mouse model of traumatic SCI. Labeled PM-NPCs were administered intravenously; then the functional recovery and the fate of transplanted cells were studied. Animals transplanted with PM-NPCs showed a remarkable improved recovery of hindlimb function that was evaluated up to 90 days after lesion. This was accompanied by reduced myelin loss, counteraction of the invasion of the lesion site by the inflammatory cells, and an attenuation of secondary degeneration. PM-NPCs migrate mostly at the injury site, where they survive at a significantly higher extent than classical NSCs. These cells accumulate at the edges of the lesion, where a reach neuropile is formed by MAP2- and β-tubulin III-positive transplanted cells that are also mostly labeled by anti-ChAT antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephana Carelli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Zong Z, Li N, Ran X, Su Y, Shen Y, Shi CM, Cheng TM. Isolation and characterization of two kinds of stem cells from the same human skin back sample with therapeutic potential in spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50222. [PMID: 23226248 PMCID: PMC3511430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds and Objective Spinal cord injury remains to be a challenge to clinicians and it is attractive to employ autologous adult stem cell transplantation in its treatment, however, how to harvest cells with therapeutic potential easily and how to get enough number of cells for transplantation are challenging issues. In the present study, we aimed to isolate skin-derived precursors (SKPs) and dermal multipotent stem cells (dMSCs) simultaneously from single human skin samples from patients with paraplegia. Methods Dissociated cells were initially generated from the dermal layer of skin samples from patients with paraplegia and cultured in SKPs proliferation medium. Four hours later, many cells adhered to the base of the flask. The suspended cells were then transferred to another flask for further culture as SKPs, while the adherent cells were cultured in dMSCs proliferation medium. Twenty-four hours later, the adherent cells were harvested and single-cell colonies were generated using serial dilution method. [3H]thymidine incorporation assay, microchemotaxis Transwell chambers assay, RT-PCR and fluorescent immunocytochemistry were employed to examine the characterizations of the isolated cells. Results SKPs and dMSCs were isolated simultaneously from a single skin sample. SKPs and dMSCs differed in several respects, including in terms of intermediate protein expression, proliferation capacities, and differentiation tendencies towards mesodermal and neural progenies. However, both SKPs and dMSCs showed high rates of differentiation into neurons and Schwann cells under appropriate inducing conditions. dMSCs isolated by this method showed no overt differences from dMSCs isolated by routine methods. Conclusions Two kinds of stem cells, namely SKPs and dMSCs, can be isolated simultaneously from individual human skin sample from paraplegia patients. Both of them show ability to differentiate into neural cells under proper inducing conditions, indicating their potential for the treatment of spinal cord injury patients by autologous cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Department of Trauma Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, ChongQing, China.
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Ryu HH, Kang BJ, Park SS, Kim Y, Sung GJ, Woo HM, Kim WH, Kweon OK. Comparison of mesenchymal stem cells derived from fat, bone marrow, Wharton's jelly, and umbilical cord blood for treating spinal cord injuries in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1617-30. [PMID: 22878503 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous animal studies have shown that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into spinal cord lesions enhances axonal regeneration and promotes functional recovery. We isolated the MSCs derived from fat, bone marrow, Wharton's jelly and umbilical cord blood (UCB) positive for MSC markers and negative for hematopoietic cell markers. Their effects on the regeneration of injured canine spinal cords were compared. Spinal cord injury was induced by balloon catheter compression. Dogs with injured spinal cords were treated with only matrigel or matrigel mixed with each type of MSCs. Olby and modified Tarlov scores, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate the therapeutic effects. The different MSC groups showed significant improvements in locomotion at 8 weeks after transplantation (P<0.05). This recovery was accompanied by increased numbers of surviving neuron and neurofilament-positive fibers in the lesion site. Compared to the control, the lesion sizes were smaller, and fewer microglia and reactive astrocytes were found in the spinal cord epicenter of all MSC groups. Although there were no significant differences in functional recovery among the MSCs groups, UCB-derived MSCs (UCSCs) induced more nerve regeneration and anti-inflammation activity (P<0.05). Transplanted MSCs survived for 8 weeks and reduced IL-6 and COX-2 levels, which may have promoted neuronal regeneration in the spinal cord. Our data suggest that transplantation of MSCs promotes functional recovery after SCI. Furthermore, application of UCSCs led to more nerve regeneration, neuroprotection and less inflammation compared to other MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Hyun Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Güven S, Karagianni M, Schwalbe M, Schreiner S, Farhadi J, Bula S, Bieback K, Martin I, Scherberich A. Validation of an automated procedure to isolate human adipose tissue-derived cells by using the Sepax® technology. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 18:575-82. [PMID: 22372873 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2011.0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue has gained popularity as a source of autologous progenitor cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. The aim of this study was to validate a newly developed, automated procedure to isolate adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (ASCs) from adult human lipoaspirates in a closed and clinical-grade device, based on the Sepax(®) technology. Using a total of 11 donors, this procedure was compared with the standard operator-based manual separation in terms of isolation yield, clonogenic fraction, phenotype, and differentiation potential of ASCs. As compared with the manual process, automation resulted in a 62% higher isolation yield, with 2.6±1.2×10(5) nucleated cells per mL of liposuction, and a 24% higher frequency of clonogenic progenitors. The variability in the isolation yield and clonogenicity across different preparations was reduced by 18% and 50%, respectively. The cytofluorimetric profile and in vitro differentiation capacity into mesenchymal lineages were comparable in the cells isolated using the two procedures. The new Sepax-based process thus allows an efficient isolation of ASCs with higher and more reproducible yields than the standard manual procedure, along with minimal operator intervention. These results are expected to facilitate the use of ASCs for clinical purposes, either within an intraoperative setting or in combination with further in vitro cell expansion/cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Güven
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Piel en el siglo XXI. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0716-8640(11)70483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Park BW, Kang DH, Kang EJ, Byun JH, Lee JS, Maeng GH, Rho GJ. Peripheral nerve regeneration using autologous porcine skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 6:113-24. [PMID: 21337707 DOI: 10.1002/term.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine skin-derived mesenchymal stem cells (pSMSCs) were evaluated on their biological MSC characterizations and differentiation into mesenchymal lineages, along with in vitro and in vivo neural inductions. Isolated pSMSCs showed plate-adherent growth, expression of various MSC-marker proteins and transcriptional factors, and differentiation potential into mesenchymal lineages. Neuron-like cell morphology and various neural markers were highly detected at 6 h and 24 h after in vitro neural induction of pSMSCs, but their neuron-like characteristics disappeared as induction time extended to 48 and 72 h. To evaluate the in vivo peripheral nerve regeneration potential of pSMSCs, a total of 5 × 10(6) autologous pSMSCs labelled with tracking dye, supplemented with fibrin glue scaffold and collagen tubulization, were transplanted into the peripheral nerve defected miniature pigs. At 2 and 4 weeks after cell transplantation, well-preserved transplanted cells and remarkable in vivo nerve regeneration, including histologically complete nerve bundles, were observed in the regenerated nerve tissues. Moreover, S-100 protein and p75 nerve growth factor receptor were more highly detected in regenerated nerve fibres compared to non-cell grafted control fibres. These results suggest that autologous pSMSCs transplanted with fibrin glue scaffold can induce prominent nerve regeneration in porcine peripheral nerve defect sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Wook Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine and Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Sellheyer K, Krahl D. Skin mesenchymal stem cells: Prospects for clinical dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:859-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2009] [Revised: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sellheyer K, Krahl D. [Cutaneous mesenchymal stem cells. Current status of research and potential clinical applications]. Hautarzt 2010; 61:429-34. [PMID: 20221573 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-010-1919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the next decade stem cell-based therapies can be expected to be part of clinical medicine. In regard to the skin, the focus of stem cell research is on the epidermis and the hair follicle. In 2001, mesenchymal stem cells residing within the dermis were first isolated which have the capacity to differentiate into adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, osteocytes, chondrocytes and even neurons and glia as well as hematopoietic cells of myeloid and erythroid lineage. The perifollicular connective tissue sheath and the papilla represent the likely anatomical niche for these multipotent dermal cells. They have the potential to function as an easily accessible, autologous source for future stem cell transplantation. Potential therapeutic applications include the treatment of acute and steroid-refractory graft-versus-host disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and arthritis. The neuronal differentiation potential of cutaneous mesenchymal stem cells may also be exploited in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and traumatic spinal injury. The most immediate impact can be expected in the field of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Huang H, Chen L, Sanberg P. Cell Therapy From Bench to Bedside Translation in CNS Neurorestoratology Era. CELL MEDICINE 2010; 1:15-46. [PMID: 21359168 DOI: 10.3727/215517910x516673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cell biology, neural injury and repair, and the progress towards development of neurorestorative interventions are the basis for increased optimism. Based on the complexity of the processes of demyelination and remyelination, degeneration and regeneration, damage and repair, functional loss and recovery, it would be expected that effective therapeutic approaches will require a combination of strategies encompassing neuroplasticity, immunomodulation, neuroprotection, neurorepair, neuroreplacement, and neuromodulation. Cell-based restorative treatment has become a new trend, and increasing data worldwide have strongly proven that it has a pivotal therapeutic value in CNS disease. Moreover, functional neurorestoration has been achieved to a certain extent in the CNS clinically. Up to now, the cells successfully used in preclinical experiments and/or clinical trial/treatment include fetal/embryonic brain and spinal cord tissue, stem cells (embryonic stem cells, neural stem/progenitor cells, hematopoietic stem cells, adipose-derived adult stem/precursor cells, skin-derived precursor, induced pluripotent stem cells), glial cells (Schwann cells, oligodendrocyte, olfactory ensheathing cells, astrocytes, microglia, tanycytes), neuronal cells (various phenotypic neurons and Purkinje cells), mesenchymal stromal cells originating from bone marrow, umbilical cord, and umbilical cord blood, epithelial cells derived from the layer of retina and amnion, menstrual blood-derived stem cells, Sertoli cells, and active macrophages, etc. Proof-of-concept indicates that we have now entered a new era in neurorestoratology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Huang
- Center for Neurorestoratology, Beijing Rehabilitation Center, Beijing, P.R. China
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Bottai D, Cigognini D, Madaschi L, Adami R, Nicora E, Menarini M, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Embryonic stem cells promote motor recovery and affect inflammatory cell infiltration in spinal cord injured mice. Exp Neurol 2010; 223:452-63. [PMID: 20100476 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the fate and the effects of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in mice after contusive lesion of the spinal cord (SCI). Reproducible traumatic lesion to the cord was performed at T8 level by means of the Infinite Horizon Device, and was followed by intravenous injection of one million of undifferentiated ESCs through the tail vein within 2 h from the lesion. The ESCs-treated animals showed a significant improvement of the recovery of motor function 28 days after lesion, with an average score of 4.61+/-0.13 points of the Basso Mouse Scale (n=14), when compared to the average score of vehicle treated mice, 3.58+/-0.23 (n=10). The number of identified ESCs found at the lesion site was 0.6% of the injected cells at 1 week after transplantation, and further reduced to 0.04% at 1 month. It is, thus, apparent that the promoted hind-limb recovery cannot be correlated to a substitution of the lost tissue performed by the exogenous ESC. The extensive evaluation of production of several neuroprotective and inflammatory cytokines did not reveal any effect by ESC-treatment, but unexpectedly the number of invading macrophages and neutrophils was greatly reduced. This may explain the improved preservation of lesion site ventral myelin, at both 1 week (29+/-11%) and 1 month (106+/-14%) after injury. No teratoma formation was observed, although an inappropriate colonization of the sacral cord by differentiated nestin- and beta-tubulin III-positive ESCs was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bottai
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan Via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
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11
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Sellheyer K, Krahl D. Cutaneous mesenchymal stem cells: status of current knowledge, implications for dermatopathology. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 37:624-34. [PMID: 20002239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell biology is currently making its impact on medicine, which will probably increase over the next decades. It not only influences our therapeutic thinking caused by the enormous plasticity of stem cells but also affects diagnostic and conceptual aspects of dermatopathology. Although our knowledge of the keratinocytic stem cells located within the follicular bulge has exploded exponentially since their discovery in 1990, the concept of cutaneous mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is new. Described initially in 2001 in mice, MSCs later were also found in the human dermis. The connective tissue sheath and the papilla of the hair follicle probably represent the anatomical niche for cutaneous MSCs. In line with the cancer stem cell hypothesis, mutations of these cells may be the underlying basis of mesenchymal skin neoplasms, such as dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Furthermore, research on cutaneous MSCs may impact our thinking on the interaction of the epithelial component of skin neoplasms with their surrounding stroma. We are only in the early stages to recognize the importance of the potential contributions of cutaneous MSC research to dermatopathology, but it is not inconceivable to assume that they could be tremendous, paralleling the early discovery of the follicular bulge as a stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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12
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Gago N, Pérez-López V, Sanz-Jaka JP, Cormenzana P, Eizaguirre I, Bernad A, Izeta A. Age-dependent depletion of human skin-derived progenitor cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1164-72. [PMID: 19418448 DOI: 10.1002/stem.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A major unanswered question in autologous cell therapy is the appropriate timing for cell isolation. Many of the putative target diseases arise with old age and previous evidence, mainly from animal models, suggests that the stem/progenitor cell pool decreases steadily with age. Studies with human cells have been generally hampered to date by poor sample availability. In recent years, several laboratories have reported on the existence, both in rodents and humans, of skin-derived precursor (SKP) cells with the capacity to generate neural and mesodermal progenies. This easily obtainable multipotent cell population has raised expectations for their potential use in cell therapy of neurodegeneration. However, we still lack a clear understanding of the spatiotemporal abundance and phenotype of human SKPs. Here we show an analysis of human SKP abundance and in vitro differentiation potential, by using SKPs isolated from four distinct anatomic sites (abdomen, breast, foreskin, and scalp) from 102 healthy subjects aged 8 months to 85 years. Human SKP abundance and differentiation potential decrease sharply with age, being extremely difficult to isolate, expand, and differentiate when obtained from the elderly. Our data suggest preserving human SKP cell banks early in life would be desirable for use in clinical protocols in the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Gago
- Rare Disease Program, Skin Regeneration Laboratory, Fundación Inbiomed, Paseo Mikeletegi 61, San Sebastián, Spain
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Bottai D, Madaschi L, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Viability-dependent promoting action of adult neural precursors in spinal cord injury. Mol Med 2008; 14:634-44. [PMID: 18654659 DOI: 10.2119/2008-00077.bottai] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was the assessment of the effects of adult neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation in a mouse model of spinal cord injury (SCI). The contusion injury was performed by means of the Infinite Horizon Device to allow the generation of reproducible traumatic lesion to the cord. We administered green fluorescent-labeled (GFP-)NSCs either by intravenous (i.v.) injection or by direct transplantation into the spinal cord (intraspinal route). We report that NSCs significantly improved recovery of hind limb function and greatly attenuated secondary degeneration. The i.v. route of NSC administration yielded better recovery than the intraspinal route of administration. About 2% of total i.v.-administered NSCs homed to the spinal cord injury site, and survived almost undifferentiated; thus the positive effect of NSC treatment cannot be ascribed to damaged tissue substitution. The NSCs homing to the injury site triggered, within 48 h, a large increase of the expression of neurotrophic factors and chemokines. One wk after transplantation, exogenous GFP-NSCs still retained their proliferation potential and produced neurospheres when recovered from the lesion site and cultured in vitro. At a later time, GFP-NSC were phagocytated by macrophages. We suggest that the process of triggering the recovery of function might be strongly related to the viability of GFP-NSC, still capable ex vivo of producing neurospheres, and their ability to modify the lesion environment in a positive fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bottai
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Grenier G, Scimè A, Le Grand F, Asakura A, Perez-Iratxeta C, Andrade-Navarro MA, Labosky PA, Rudnicki MA. Resident endothelial precursors in muscle, adipose, and dermis contribute to postnatal vasculogenesis. Stem Cells 2007; 25:3101-10. [PMID: 17823241 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel population of tissue-resident endothelial precursors (TEPs) was isolated from small blood vessels in dermal, adipose, and skeletal muscle of mouse based on their ability to be grown as spheres. Cellular and molecular analyses of these cells revealed that they were highly related regardless of the tissue of origin and distinct from embryonic neural stem cells. Notably, TEPs did not express hematopoietic markers, but they expressed numerous characteristics of angiogenic precursors and their differentiated progeny, such as CD34, Flk-1, Tie-1, CD31, and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin). TEPs readily differentiated into endothelial cells in newly formed vascular networks following transplantation into regenerating skeletal muscle. Taken together, these experiments suggest that TEPs represent a novel class of endothelial precursors that are closely associated with small blood vessels in muscle, adipose, and dermal tissue. This finding is of particular interest since it could bring new insight in cancer angiogenesis and collateral blood vessels developed following ischemia. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Grenier
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
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Bareyre FM. Neuronal repair and replacement in spinal cord injury. J Neurol Sci 2007; 265:63-72. [PMID: 17568612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often induces loss of motor and/or sensory function below the level of injury. While deficits persist in complete lesions, partial lesions of the spinal cord can be followed by spontaneous functional recovery. In this review we address the mechanisms underlying spontaneous recovery in the adult CNS. We argue that the adult brain and spinal cord are able to spontaneously respond to SCI, and do so by (i) anatomically reorganizing axonal connections and (ii) generating new precursor cells. Knowledge of the endogenous recovery strategies should also provide the basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury. In this review we describe the processes of endogenous axonal repair and cell replacement in the injured spinal cord and discuss how transplantation of stem/progenitor cells could enhance these endogenous repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence M Bareyre
- Research Unit Therapy Development, Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Marchioninistr, 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Collo G, Goffi F, Merlo Pich E, Baldelli P, Benfenati F, Spano P. Immature neuronal phenotype derived from mouse skin precursor cells differentiated in vitro. Brain Res 2006; 1109:32-6. [PMID: 16859654 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that skin-derived precursor cells (SKPs) of mouse dermis can differentiate in cells with neuronal-like morphology. However, direct evidence supporting the establishment of functional phenotype is missing. In the present study, SKP cells were obtained using published in vitro techniques and studied at 14- to 21-day differentiation, when neuronal-like morphology was observed. The experiment was repeated 39 times. Co-cultures with cortical astrocytes were also used to enhance the process of neural differentiation. Expression of GAP43 and light-chain MAP-2(c) but not markers of dendritic and synaptic terminal differentiation such as heavy-chain MAP-2(ab) and synapsin were observed. Voltage-clamp electrophysiology recordings showed potassium currents, but neither action potentials generation nor electrotonic response to exogenous administration of nicotine or kainic acid. These observations suggest that mouse SKPs do not differentiate into mature functional neurons, at least using the published methodologies for in vitro differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginetta Collo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Division of Pharmacology, Brescia University Medical School, Viale Europa 11, 25100 Brescia, Italy.
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Enzmann GU, Benton RL, Talbott JF, Cao Q, Whittemore SR. Functional considerations of stem cell transplantation therapy for spinal cord repair. J Neurotrauma 2006; 23:479-95. [PMID: 16629631 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.23.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for therapeutic repair after spinal cord injury (SCI). This review compares the current experimental approaches taken towards a stem cell-based therapy for SCI. It critically evaluates stem cell sources, injury paradigms, and functional measurements applied to detect behavioral changes after transplantation into the spinal cord. Many of the documented improvements do not exclusively depend on lineage-specific cellular differentiation. In most of the studies, the functional tests used cannot unequivocally demonstrate how differentiation of the transplanted cells contributes to the observed effects. Standardized cell isolation and transplantation protocols could facilitate the assessment of the true contribution of various experimental parameters on recovery. We conclude that at present embryonic stem (ES)-derived cells hold the most promise for therapeutic utility, but that non-neural cells may ultimately be optimal if the mechanism of possible transdifferentiation can be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby U Enzmann
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Kimura H, Yoshikawa M, Matsuda R, Toriumi H, Nishimura F, Hirabayashi H, Nakase H, Kawaguchi S, Ishizaka S, Sakaki T. Transplantation of embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells for spinal cord injury in adult mice. Neurol Res 2006; 27:812-9. [PMID: 16354541 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x63629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the efficacy of embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) for spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice and whether a combination treatment with thyroid hormone provides a more effective ES cell-based therapy. METHODS Nestin-positive NSCs were induced from undifferentiated mouse ES cells by a step-by-step culture and used as grafts. Thirty-six mice were subjected to an SCI at Th10 and divided into three groups of 12. Graft cells were transplanted into the injury site 10 days after injury. Group 1 mice were left under observation without receiving graft cells, while mice in Group 2 received 2 x 104 graft cells, and those in Group 3 received 2 x 104 graft cells and were treated with a continuous intraperitoneal injection of thyroxin using osmotic mini-pumps. Behavioral improvement was assessed by a scoring system throughout the experimental period until post-transplantation day (PD) 28. RESULTS Mice in Groups 2 and 3 demonstrated an improved behavioral function, as compared to those in Group 1 after PD 14. There was no significant difference in behavioral recovery between Groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of ES-NSCs into the injury site was effective for SCI, while thyroxine did not deliver additional effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
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Shi C, Zhu Y, Su Y, Cheng T. Stem cells and their applications in skin-cell therapy. Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24:48-52. [PMID: 16298447 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin stem cell biology is a rapidly advancing field in the life sciences. There is increasing evidence that skin represents a larger reservoir for adult stem cells (including mesenchymal, hematopoietic and neural stem cells) than the epidermis. Given that skin is easily accessible and immune privileged, skin stem cells will not only provide hope for the functional repair of the skin itself but will also offer a potential source of adult stem cells for the cell-based therapy of injuries and diseases throughout the body. This article reviews the current status of research in this area and discusses the occurrence, plasticity and potential uses of skin stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmeng Shi
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038 China.
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Rochkind S, Shahar A, Fliss D, El-Ani D, Astachov L, Hayon T, Alon M, Zamostiano R, Ayalon O, Biton IE, Cohen Y, Halperin R, Schneider D, Oron A, Nevo Z. Development of a tissue-engineered composite implant for treating traumatic paraplegia in rats. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2005; 15:234-45. [PMID: 16292587 PMCID: PMC3489403 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-005-0981-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 04/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/06/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess a new composite implant to induce regeneration of injured spinal cord in paraplegic rats following complete cord transection. Neuronal xenogeneic cells from biopsies of adult nasal olfactory mucosa (NOM) of human origin, or spinal cords of human embryos, were cultured in two consecutive stages: stationary cultures in a viscous semi-solid gel (NVR-N-Gel) and in suspension on positively charged microcarriers (MCs). A tissue-engineered tubular scaffold, containing bundles of parallel nanofibers, was developed. Both the tube and the nanofibers were made of a biodegradable dextran sulphate-gelatin co-precipitate. The suturable scaffold anchored the implant at the site of injury and provided guidance for the regenerating axons. Implants of adult human NOM cells were implanted into eight rats, from which a 4 mm segment of the spinal cord had been completely removed. Another four rats whose spinal cords had also been transected were implanted with a composite implant of cultured human embryonic spinal cord cells. Eight other cord-transected rats served as a control group. Physiological and behavioral analysis, performed 3 months after implantation, revealed partial recovery of function in one or two limbs in three out of eight animals of the NOM implanted group and in all the four rats that were implanted with cultured human embryonic spinal cord cells. Animals of the control group remained completely paralyzed and did not show transmission of stimuli to the brain. The utilization of an innovative composite implant to bridge a gap resulting from the transection and removal of a 4 mm spinal cord segment shows promise, suggesting the feasibility of this approach for partial reconstruction of spinal cord lesions. Such an implant may serve as a vital bridging station in acute and chronic cases of paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rochkind
- Neural & Vascular Reconstruction Labs, Ness Ziona, Israel
- Division of Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction, Departments of Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - A. Shahar
- Neural & Vascular Reconstruction Labs, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - D. Fliss
- Division of Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction, Departments of Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - D. El-Ani
- Neural & Vascular Reconstruction Labs, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - L. Astachov
- Neural & Vascular Reconstruction Labs, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - T. Hayon
- Neural & Vascular Reconstruction Labs, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - M. Alon
- Division of Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction, Departments of Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - R. Zamostiano
- Neural & Vascular Reconstruction Labs, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - O. Ayalon
- Neural & Vascular Reconstruction Labs, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - I. E. Biton
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Y. Cohen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - R. Halperin
- Departments of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Orthopedics, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - D. Schneider
- Departments of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Orthopedics, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - A. Oron
- Departments of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Orthopedics, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Z. Nevo
- Neural & Vascular Reconstruction Labs, Ness Ziona, Israel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Chemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv Tel-Aviv, Israel
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