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Pardridge WM. Treatment of Parkinson's disease with biologics that penetrate the blood-brain barrier via receptor-mediated transport. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1276376. [PMID: 38035276 PMCID: PMC10682952 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1276376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by neurodegeneration of nigral-striatal neurons in parallel with the formation of intra-neuronal α-synuclein aggregates, and these processes are exacerbated by neuro-inflammation. All 3 components of PD pathology are potentially treatable with biologics. Neurotrophins, such as glial derived neurotrophic factor or erythropoietin, can promote neural repair. Therapeutic antibodies can lead to disaggregation of α-synuclein neuronal inclusions. Decoy receptors can block the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain. However, these biologic drugs do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Biologics can be made transportable through the BBB following the re-engineering of the biologic as an IgG fusion protein, where the IgG domain targets an endogenous receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) system within the BBB, such as the insulin receptor or transferrin receptor. The receptor-specific antibody domain of the fusion protein acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry the biologic into brain via the BBB RMT pathway. This review describes the re-engineering of all 3 classes of biologics (neurotrophins, decoy receptor, therapeutic antibodies) for BBB delivery and treatment of PD. Targeting the RMT pathway at the BBB also enables non-viral gene therapy of PD using lipid nanoparticles (LNP) encapsulated with plasmid DNA encoding therapeutic genes. The surface of the lipid nanoparticle is conjugated with a receptor-specific IgG that triggers RMT of the LNP across the BBB in vivo.
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Boado RJ. IgG Fusion Proteins for Brain Delivery of Biologics via Blood-Brain Barrier Receptor-Mediated Transport. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071476. [PMID: 35890374 PMCID: PMC9322584 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of neurological disorders with large-molecule biotherapeutics requires that the therapeutic drug be transported across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). However, recombinant biotherapeutics, such as neurotrophins, enzymes, decoy receptors, and monoclonal antibodies (MAb), do not cross the BBB. These biotherapeutics can be re-engineered as brain-penetrating bifunctional IgG fusion proteins. These recombinant proteins comprise two domains, the transport domain and the therapeutic domain, respectively. The transport domain is an MAb that acts as a molecular Trojan horse by targeting a BBB-specific endogenous receptor that induces receptor-mediated transcytosis into the brain, such as the human insulin receptor (HIR) or the transferrin receptor (TfR). The therapeutic domain of the IgG fusion protein exerts its pharmacological effect in the brain once across the BBB. A generation of bifunctional IgG fusion proteins has been engineered using genetically engineered MAbs directed to either the BBB HIR or TfR as the transport domain. These IgG fusion proteins were validated in animal models of lysosomal storage disorders; acute brain conditions, such as stroke; or chronic neurodegeneration, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Human phase I–III clinical trials were also completed for Hurler MPSI and Hunter MPSII using brain-penetrating IgG-iduronidase and -iduronate-2-sulfatase fusion protein, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben J Boado
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Bringas Vega ML, Pedroso Ibáñez I, Razzaq FA, Zhang M, Morales Chacón L, Ren P, Galan Garcia L, Gan P, Virues Alba T, Lopez Naranjo C, Jahanshahi M, Bosch-Bayard J, Valdes-Sosa PA. The Effect of Neuroepo on Cognition in Parkinson’s Disease Patients Is Mediated by Electroencephalogram Source Activity. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:841428. [PMID: 35844232 PMCID: PMC9280298 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.841428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) and cognitive effects of Neuroepo in Parkinson’s disease (PD) from a double-blind safety trial (https://clinicaltrials.gov/, number NCT04110678). Neuroepo is a new erythropoietin (EPO) formulation with a low sialic acid content with satisfactory results in animal models and tolerance in healthy participants and PD patients. In this study, 26 PD patients were assigned randomly to Neuroepo (n = 15) or placebo (n = 11) groups to test the tolerance of the drug. Outcome variables were neuropsychological tests and resting-state source qEEG at baseline and 6 months after administering the drug. Probabilistic Canonical Correlation Analysis was used to extract latent variables for the cognitive and for qEEG variables that shared a common source of variance. We obtained canonical variates for Cognition and qEEG with a correlation of 0.97. Linear Mixed Model analysis showed significant positive dependence of the canonical variate cognition on the dose and the confounder educational level (p = 0.003 and p = 0.02, respectively). Additionally, in the mediation equation, we found a positive dependence of Cognition with qEEG for (p = < 0.0001) and with dose (p = 0.006). Despite the small sample, both tests were powered over 89%. A combined mediation model showed that 66% of the total effect of the cognitive improvement was mediated by qEEG (p = 0.0001), with the remaining direct effect between dose and Cognition (p = 0.002), due to other causes. These results suggest that Neuroepo has a positive influence on Cognition in PD patients and that a large portion of this effect is mediated by brain mechanisms reflected in qEEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Bringas Vega
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- International Center of Neurological Restoration (CIREN), La Habana, Cuba
- *Correspondence: Maria L. Bringas Vega,
| | | | - Fuleah A. Razzaq
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Peng Ren
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Peng Gan
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Carlos Lopez Naranjo
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Bosch-Bayard
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Jorge Bosch-Bayard,
| | - Pedro A. Valdes-Sosa
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Neuroinformation, The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Pedro A. Valdes-Sosa,
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Long-term treatment with transcranial pulsed electromagnetic fields improves movement speed and elevates cerebrospinal erythropoietin in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248800. [PMID: 33909634 PMCID: PMC8081215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease is characterized by motor dysfunctions including bradykinesia. In a recent study, eight weeks of daily transcranial stimulation with bipolar pulsed electromagnetic fields improved functional rate of force development and decreased inter-hand tremor coherence in patients with mild Parkinson’s disease. Objective To investigate the effect of long-term treatment with transcranial bipolar pulsed electromagnetic fields on motor performance in terms of movement speed and on neurotrophic and angiogenic factors. Methods Patients diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease had either daily 30-min treatment with bipolar (±50 V) transcranial pulsed electromagnetic stimulation (squared pulses, 3ms duration) for three eight-week periods separated by one-week pauses (T-PEMF group) (n = 16) or were included in a PD-control group (n = 8). Movement speed was assessed in a six-cycle sit-to-stand task performed on a force plate. Cerebrospinal fluid and venous blood were collected and analyzed for erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor. Results Major significant improvement of movement speed compared to the natural development of the disease was found (p = 0.001). Thus, task completion time decreased gradually during the treatment period from 10.10s to 8.23s (p<0.001). The untreated PD-control group did not change (p = 0.458). The treated group did not differ statistically from that of a healthy age matched reference group at completion of treatment. Erythropoietin concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid also increased significantly in the treated group (p = 0.012). Conclusion Long-term treatment with transcranial bipolar pulsed electromagnetic fields increased movement speed markedly and elevated erythropoietin levels. We hypothesize that treatment with transcranial bipolar pulsed electromagnetic fields improved functional performance by increasing dopamine levels in the brain, possibly through erythropoietin induced neural repair and/or protection of dopaminergic neurons.
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Flanker Task-Elicited Event-Related Potential Sources Reflect Human Recombinant Erythropoietin Differential Effects on Parkinson's Patients. PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2020; 2020:8625794. [PMID: 32566122 PMCID: PMC7261337 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8625794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We used EEG source analysis to identify which cortical areas were involved in the automatic and controlled processes of inhibitory control on a flanker task and compared the potential efficacy of recombinant-human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) on the performance of Parkinson's Disease patients. The samples were 18 medicated PD patients (nine of them received rHuEPO in addition to their usual anti-PD medication through random allocation and the other nine patients were on their regular anti-PD medication only) and 9 age and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) who completed the flanker task with simultaneous EEG recordings. N1 and N2 event-related potential (ERP) components were identified and a low resolution tomography (LORETA) inverse solution was employed to localize the neural generators. Reaction times and errors were increased for the incongruent flankers for PD patients compared to controls. EEG source analysis identified an effect of rHuEPO on the lingual gyri for the early N1 component. N2-related sources in middle cingulate and precuneus were associated with the inhibition of automatic responses evoked by incongruent stimuli differentiated PD and HCs. From our results rHuEPO seems to mediate an effect on N1 sources in lingual gyri but not on behavioural performance. N2-related sources in middle cingulate and precuneus were evoked by incongruent stimuli differentiated PD and HCs.
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Effects and Mechanisms of Five Psoralea Prenylflavonoids on Aging-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2128513. [PMID: 32655760 PMCID: PMC7320294 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2128513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During the aging process, senescent cells gradually accumulate in the organs; they secrete proinflammatory cytokines and other factors, collectively known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SASP secretions contribute to “inflammaging,” which is a state of chronic, systemic, sterility, low-grade inflammatory microenvironment and a key risk factor in the development of aging-related diseases. Fructus psoraleae is a traditional Chinese medical herb best known for delaying aging and treating osteoporosis. Prenylflavonoids from fructus psoraleae are the main bioactive compounds responsible for its pharmacological applications, such as beaching, bavachinin, bavachalcone, isobavachalcone, and neobavaisoflavone. In previous decades, there have been some promising studies on the pharmacology of fructus psoraleae. Here, we focus on the anti-inflammatory and antiaging diseases of five psoralea prenylflavonoids, such as cardiovascular protection, diabetes and obesity intervention, neuroprotection, and osteoporosis, and discuss the mechanism of these active ingredients for better understanding the material basis and drug application of fructus psoraleae in Chinese medicine.
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Pakdel F, Sanjari MS, Naderi A, Pirmarzdashti N, Haghighi A, Kashkouli MB. Erythropoietin in Treatment of Methanol Optic Neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol 2019; 38:167-171. [PMID: 29300238 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methanol poisoning can cause an optic neuropathy that is usually severe and irreversible and often occurs after ingestion of illicit or homemade alcoholic beverages. In this study, we evaluated the potential neuroprotective effect of erythropoietin (EPO) on visual acuity (VA) in patients with methanol optic neuropathy. METHODS In a prospective, noncomparative interventional case series, consecutive patients with methanol optic neuropathy after alcoholic beverage ingestion were included. All patients initially received systemic therapy including metabolic stabilization and detoxification. Treatment with intravenous recombinant human EPO consisted of 20,000 units/day for 3 successive days. Depending on clinical response, some patients received a second course of EPO. VA, funduscopy, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography were assessed during the study. Main outcome measure was VA. RESULTS Thirty-two eyes of 16 patients with methanol optic neuropathy were included. Mean age was 34.2 years (±13.3 years). The mean time interval between methanol ingestion and treatment with intravenous EPO was 9.1 days (±5.56 days). Mean follow-up after treatment was 7.5 months (±5.88 months). Median VA in the better eye of each patient before treatment was light perception (range: 3.90-0.60 logMAR). Median last acuity after treatment in the best eye was 1.00 logMAR (range: 3.90-0.00 logMAR). VA significantly increased in the last follow-up examination (P < 0.0001). Age and time to EPO treatment after methanol ingestion were not significantly related to final VA. No ocular or systemic complications occurred in our patient cohort. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous EPO appears to improve VA in patients with methanol optic neuropathy and may represent a promising treatment for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Pakdel
- Department of Ophthalmology (FP, MSS, MBK), Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Department of Ophthalmology (FP), Eye Research Center, Farabi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Eye Research Center (AN, NP), Farabi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; and Department of Internal Medicine (AH), Rassoul Akram Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lilli NL, Révy D, Robelet S, Lejeune B. Effect of the micro-immunotherapy medicine 2LPARK ® on rat primary dopaminergic neurons after 6-OHDA injury: oxidative stress and survival evaluation in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2019; 9:79-88. [PMID: 31372089 PMCID: PMC6635836 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s202966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor impairments and resulting from progressive degenerative loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the main cause of the loss of DAergic neurons is still unknown, various etiopathogenic mechanisms are distinguished, including release and accumulation of endogenous excitotoxic mediators along with the production of oxidative free radicals. Several neurotrophic and growth factors are known to increase DAergic neuronal survival and enhance antioxidant mechanisms. In this context, the micro-immunotherapy (MI) approach consists to regulate the immune system in order to protect DAergic neurons and control oxidative stress. Purpose The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the MI medicine (MIM), 2LPARK® (Labo’Life), on oxidative stress and on the number of neurons positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), in an in vitro model of PD. Methods Rat primary mesencephalic DAergic neurons cultures were pre-treated for 1 hr with the MIM (10 μM and 10 mM), placebo (10 μM and 10 mM) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF; 3.3 μM) and then intoxicated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 20 μM) for 48 hrs. After incubation, cells were incubated 30 mins at 37°C with CellROX green reagent and number of labeled cells were quantified. Then, cells were fixed and incubated with anti-TH antibody and the number of TH+ neurons was evaluated. Results We showed that, contrary to placebo, MIM was able to reduce oxidative stress and protect DAergic neurons from 6-OHDA-induced cell death. Conclusion Our results demonstrate the in vitro efficacy of MIM on two essential mechanisms of PD and propose the MI approach as a new ally in the regulation of neuroinflammation and in the treatment of this degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta L Lilli
- Clinical Affairs, Labo'Life France, Moutiers-Sous-Chantemerle, F-79320, France
| | - Delphine Révy
- Syncrosome, Campus Luminy - Luminy Entreprises, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Sandra Robelet
- Syncrosome, Campus Luminy - Luminy Entreprises, Marseille 13288, France
| | - Béatrice Lejeune
- Labo'Life Belgium, Parc Scientifique CREALYS, Gembloux 5032, Belgium
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Zhang H, Gao S, Yan L, Zhu G, Zhu Q, Gu Y, Shao F. EPO Derivative ARA290 Attenuates Early Renal Allograft Injury in Rats by Targeting NF-κB Pathway. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:1575-1582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Erythropoietin and Nrf2: key factors in the neuroprotection provided by apo-lactoferrin. Biometals 2018; 31:425-443. [PMID: 29748743 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the properties of lactoferrin (LF) are bactericidal, antianemic, immunomodulatory, antitumour, antiphlogistic effects. Previously we demonstrated its capacity to stabilize in vivo HIF-1-alpha and HIF-2-alpha, which are redox-sensitive multiaimed transcription factors. Various tissues of animals receiving recombinant human LF (rhLF) responded by expressing the HIF-1-alpha target genes, hence such proteins as erythropoietin (EPO), ceruloplasmin, etc. were synthesized in noticeable amounts. Among organs in which EPO synthesis occurred were brain, heart, spleen, liver, kidneys and lungs. Other researchers showed that EPO can act as a protectant against severe brain injury and status epilepticus in rats. Therefore, we tried rhLF as a protector against the severe neurologic disorders developed in rats, such as the rotenone-induced model of Parkinson's disease and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a model of multiple sclerosis, and observed its capacity to mitigate the grave symptoms. Moreover, an intraperitoneal injection of rhLF into mice 1 h after occlusion of the medial cerebral artery significantly diminished the necrosis area measured on the third day in the ischaemic brain. During this period EPO was synthesized in various murine tissues. It was known that EPO induces nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which, like HIF-1-alpha, is a transcription factor. In view that under conditions of hypoxia both factors demonstrate a synergistic protective effect, we suggested that LF activates the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, an important link in proliferation and differentiation of normal and malignant cells. J774 macrophages were cultured for 3 days without or in the presence of ferric and ferrous ions (RPMI-1640 and DMEM/F12, respectively). Then cells were incubated with rhLF or Deferiprone. Confocal microscopy revealed nuclear translocation of Nrf2 (the key event in Keap1/Nrf2 signaling) induced by apo-rhLF (iron-free, RPMI-1640). The reference compound Deferiprone (iron chelator) had the similar effect. Upon iron binding (in DMEM/F12) rhLF did not activate the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Added to J774, apo-rhLF enhanced transcription of Nrf2-dependent genes coding for glutathione S-transferase P and heme oxygenase-1. Western blotting revealed presence of Nrf2 in mice brain after 6 days of oral administration of apo-rhLF, but not Fe-rhLF or equivalent amount of PBS. Hence, apo-LF, but not holo-LF, induces the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm to the nucleus, probably due to its capacity to induce EPO synthesis.
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Ngema PN, Mabandla MV. Post 6-OHDA lesion exposure to stress affects neurotrophic factor expression and aggravates motor impairment. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1061-1067. [PMID: 28321600 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to stress amplifies locomotor deficits and exacerbates dopamine neuron loss in an animal model for Parkinson's disease. The release of neurotrophic factors such as glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) following neuronal injury attenuates exacerbated degeneration of these neurons. In this study, the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was injected unilaterally into the medial forebrain bundle of male Sprague Dawley rats. A subset of these rats was subjected to post-lesion restraint stress after which the effect of exposure to stress on locomotor activity (forelimb akinesia test), neurotrophic factor (GDNF and NT-3) and corticosterone concentration was assessed. Exposure to post-lesion stress resulted in increased preference to use the unimpaired forelimb (forelimb ipsilateral to the lesioned hemisphere) in the forelimb akinesia test. The expected increase in both GDNF and NT-3 concentration following injury was not present in the stressed animals. However, both the non-stressed and stressed lesioned groups had decreased neurotrophic factor concentration at one and two weeks post lesion. This decrease was exaggerated in the stressed rats. The decrease in neurotrophic factor concentration was accompanied by an increase in corticosterone concentration in the stressed rats. These findings demonstrate that exposure to post-6-OHDA lesion stress exaggerates dopamine neurodegeneration and enhance motor impairment. This suggests that conditions that result in a hyper-activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis such as depression which is concomitant to a Parkinson's disease diagnosis may be responsible for enhanced dopamine depletion by attenuating neurotrophic factor concentration elevation in the nigrostriatal pathway following neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phumzile Nomfundo Ngema
- University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Health Sciences, Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Musa Vuyisile Mabandla
- University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Health Sciences, Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Marcuzzi F, Zucchelli S, Bertuzzi M, Santoro C, Tell G, Carninci P, Gustincich S. Isoforms of the Erythropoietin receptor in dopaminergic neurons of the Substantia Nigra. J Neurochem 2016; 139:596-609. [PMID: 27488413 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) regulates erythrocytes differentiation in blood. In the brain, EpoR has been shown to protect several neuronal cell types from cell death, including the A9 dopaminergic neurons (DA) of the Substantia Nigra (SN). These cells form the nigrostriatal pathway and are devoted to the control of postural reflexes and voluntary movements. Selective degeneration of A9 DA neurons leads to Parkinson's disease. By the use of nanoCAGE, a technology that allows the identification of Transcription Start Sites (TSSs) at a genome-wide level, we have described the promoter-level expression atlas of mouse A9 DA neurons purified with Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM). Here, we identify mRNA variants of the Erythropoietin Receptor (DA-EpoR) transcribed from alternative TSSs. Experimental validation and full-length cDNA cloning is integrated with gene expression analysis in the FANTOM5 database. In DA neurons, the EpoR gene encodes for a N-terminal truncated receptor. Based on STAT5 phosphorylation assays, we show that the new variant of N-terminally truncated EpoR acts as decoy when co-expressed with the full-length form. A similar isoform is also found in human. This work highlights new complexities in the regulation of Erythropoietin (EPO) signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Zucchelli
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Santoro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences (DSMB), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Piero Carninci
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
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Ding J, Wang J, Li QY, Yu JZ, Ma CG, Wang X, Lu CZ, Xiao BG. Neuroprotection and CD131/GDNF/AKT Pathway of Carbamylated Erythropoietin in Hypoxic Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5051-5060. [PMID: 27541284 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO), an EPO derivative, is attracting widespread interest due to neuroprotective effects without erythropoiesis. However, little is known about molecular mechanisms behind CEPO-mediated neuroprotection. In primary neurons with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and mice with hypoxia-reoxygenation, the neuroprotection and possible molecular mechanism of CEPO were performed by immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry, Western blot, RT-PCR, and ELISA. The comparisons were analyzed by ANOVA followed by unpaired two-tailed Student's t test. Both CEPO and EPO showed the neuroprotective effects in OGD model and hypoxic brain. CEPO did not trigger JAK-2 but activated AKT through glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). It has been shown that CEPO acts upon a heteroreceptor complex comprising both the EPO receptor and the common β receptor subunit (βcR, also known as CD131). The blockage of CD131 reduced CEPO-mediated GDNF production, while GFR receptor blockage and GDNF neutralization inhibited CEPO-induced neurogenesis. Addition of GDNF to cultured neurons increased phosphorylation of AKT. CEPO protects neurons possible through the CD131/GDNF/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Ying Li
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Shanxi, 037009, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Shanxi, 037009, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Zhen Lu
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institute of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Yang C, Hao F, He J, Lu T, Klein RL, Zhao LR, Duan WM. Sequential Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Serotype 9-Green Fluorescent Protein Gene Transfer Causes Massive Inflammation and Intense Immune Response in Rat Striatum. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:528-43. [PMID: 26847924 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a broadly used live cell reporter for gene transduction although side effects associated with GFP in gene transfer are reported. The present study was designed to systematically examine host responses, including inflammatory and immune responses, induced by persistent overexpression of the GFP gene mediated by adeno-associated viral vector serotype 9 (AAV9), and their effects on GFP gene transduction in rat striatum. Our results show that host responses against AAV9-GFP transduction, and GFP transgene expression in the striatum exhibited a temporal and dose-dependent pattern. Both muscular and striatal delivery of AAV9-GFP increased levels of inflammation and immune reactions against sequential AAV9-GFP transduction in the striatum, leading to reduced levels of GFP expression. We also observed that rat sera from sequential administrations of AAV9-GFP group had significantly higher levels of neutralizing antibody against AAV9 vectors when compared with the age-matched rats. As excessive GFP can trigger vigorous inflammation and intense immune response after GFP gene transduction, the use of GFP as a live cell marker protein should be deliberated, especially in repeated administration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Fei Hao
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Jun He
- 2 Department of Anatomy, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tao Lu
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Ronald L Klein
- 3 Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Li-Ru Zhao
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Upstate Medical University , Syracuse, New York
| | - Wei-Ming Duan
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China .,5 Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders , Beijing, China
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15
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Intraventricular administration of endoneuraminidase-N facilitates ectopic migration of subventricular zone-derived neural progenitor cells into 6-OHDA lesioned striatum of mice. Exp Neurol 2015; 277:139-149. [PMID: 26724216 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Polysialic acid (PSA), a carbohydrate polymer associated with the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), plays an important role in the migration, differentiation and maturation of neuroblasts. Endoneuraminidase-N (Endo-N) can specifically cleave PSA from NCAM. The objective of the present study was to examine: the effect of Endo-N on characteristics of subventricular zone (SVZ)-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in vitro; whether intraventricular administration of Endo-N could increase ectopic migration of SVZ-derived NPCs into 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned striatum, and whether migrated NPCs could differentiate into neuronal and glial cells. In in vitro study, Endo-N was found to inhibit the migration of NPCs, and to enhance the differentiation of NPCs. In in vivo study, mice sequentially received injections of 6-OHDA into the right striatum, Endo-N into the right lateral ventricle, and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) intraperitoneally. The data showed that intraventricular injections of Endo-N disorganized the normal structure of the rostral migratory stream (RMS), and drastically increased the number of BrdU-immunoreactive (IR) cells in 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum. In addition, a number of BrdU-IR cells were double labeled for doublecortin (DCX), NeuN or glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The results suggest that interruption of neuroblast chain pathway with Endo-N facilitates ectopic migration of SVZ-derived NPCs into the lesioned striatum, and migrated NPCs can differentiate into neurons and astrocytes.
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16
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Samy DM, Ismail CA, Nassra RA, Zeitoun TM, Nomair AM. Downstream modulation of extrinsic apoptotic pathway in streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's dementia in rats: Erythropoietin versus curcumin. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 770:52-60. [PMID: 26638997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin and curcumin showed promising neuroprotective effects in various models of Alzheimer's dementia. This study was designed to compare the beneficial effects of erythropoietin and/or curcumin in intracerebro-ventricular (ICV) streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's like disease in rats. Rats received ICV injection of either saline (control, n=8 rats), or streptozotocin. Three weeks following surgery, streptozotocin-injected rats were assigned into 4 groups (8 rats each); vehicle, curcumin (80mg/kg/day, orally), erythropoietin (500 IU/kg every other day, intraperitoneally) and combined (curcumin and erythropoietin)-treated groups. After 3 months of treatment, rats were subjected to neurobehavioral testing, and then killed for biochemical and histological assessment of hippocampus. Fas ligand protein and caspase-8 activity as mediators of extrinsic apoptotic pathway, oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione) and β-amyloid (1-40 and 1-42) peptides were measured. The results showed that administration of erythropoietin suppressed extrinsic apoptosis better than curcumin, while curcumin was more effective in combating oxidative stress in ICV-streptozotocin injected rats. Both erythropoietin and curcumin treatments (individually or combined) equally reduced the hippocampal β-amyloid accumulation and improved cognitive impairment in Morris water maze and passive avoidance tasks. The combined treatment was the most effective in ameliorating apoptosis and oxidative stress rather than behavioral responses or β-amyloid burden. In conclusion, ICV-streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's dementia activates hippocampal Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis, which could be reduced by erythropoietin and/or curcumin treatment. Curcumin supplementation alone could ameliorate cognitive deficits and reverse biochemical alterations in ICV-streptozotocin Alzheimer's rat model without the hazardous polycythemic effect of long-term erythropoietin injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M Samy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Moassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Cherine A Ismail
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Moassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Rasha A Nassra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Moassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Teshreen M Zeitoun
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Moassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Azhar M Nomair
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
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17
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Jang W, Kim HJ, Li H, Jo KD, Lee MK, Yang HO. The Neuroprotective Effect of Erythropoietin on Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells Through the Induction of Autophagy. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3812-3821. [PMID: 26156288 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the autophagy pathway is thought to be important for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and the modulation of autophagy may be a novel strategy for the treatment of this disease. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been reported to have neuroprotective effects through anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and it has also been shown to modulate autophagy signaling in an oxygen toxicity model. Therefore, we investigated the effects of EPO on autophagy markers and evaluated its neuroprotective effect on rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. We adapted the rotenone-induced neurotoxicity model to SH-SY5Y cells as an in vitro model of PD. We measured cell viability using MTT and annexin V/propidium iodide assays and measured intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed to measure the expression of LC3 and α-synuclein. Intracellular signaling proteins associated with autophagy were examined by immunoblot analysis. EPO mono-treatment increased the levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-independent/upstream autophagy markers, including Beclin-1, AMPK, and ULK-1. Rotenone treatment of SH-SY5Y cells reduced their viability, increased reactive oxygen species levels, and induced apoptosis and α-synuclein expression, and simultaneous exposure to EPO significantly reduced these effects. Rotenone enhanced mTOR expression and suppressed Beclin-1 expression, indicating suppression of the autophagy system. However, combined treatment with EPO restored Beclin-1 expression and decreased mTOR expression. EPO protects against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells by enhancing autophagy-related signaling pathways. The experimental evidence for the EPO-induced neuroprotection against rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity may significantly impact the development of future PD treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Jang
- Department of Neurology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Bangdong-ri, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 210-711, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Research Center, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Bangdong-ri, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, 210-711, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Ju Kim
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, 210-340, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Center, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Bangdong-ri, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, 210-711, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Huan Li
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, 210-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Deog Jo
- Department of Neurology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Bangdong-ri, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 210-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Bangdong-ri, Sacheon-myeon, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 210-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 679 Saimdang-ro, Gangneung, 210-340, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Farmer K, Rudyk C, Prowse NA, Hayley S. Hematopoietic cytokines as therapeutic players in early stages Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:126. [PMID: 26191001 PMCID: PMC4490238 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a devastating age related neurodegenerative disease that is believed to have a lengthy prodromal state. It is critical to find methods to harness compensatory recovery processes in order to slow or prevent the eventual progression of clinical symptoms. The current perspective paper argues that immune system signaling molecules represent such a promising therapeutic approach. Two cytokines of interest are granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and erythropoietin (EPO). These hematopoietic cytokines have been protective in models of stroke, neuronal injury, and more recently PD. It is our belief that these trophic cytokines can be used not only for cell protection but also regeneration. However, success is likely dependent on early intervention. This paper will outline our perspective on the development of novel trophic recovery treatments for PD. In particular, we present new data from our lab suggesting that EPO and GM-CSF can foster neural re-innervation in a “mild” or partial lesion PD model that could be envisioned as reflecting the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Farmer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Natalie A Prowse
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University Ottawa, ON, Canada
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19
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Erbaş O, Çınar BP, Solmaz V, Çavuşoğlu T, Ateş U. The neuroprotective effect of erythropoietin on experimental Parkinson model in rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 49:1-5. [PMID: 25464888 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD) results from oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity. Because erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in many previous studies, present study was designed to evaluate the effect of EPO on rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss. The rats in which PD was induced by stereotaxical infusion of rotenone showed increased MDA and TNF-alpha levels and decreased HVA levels. On the other hand, EPO treatment resulted in markedly decreased MDA and TNF-alpha levels and increased HVA levels. EPO treatment in rotenone-infusion group resulted in improvement of striatal neurodegeneration and a significant increase in decreased total number of neurons and immunohistochemical TH positive neurons. Results of the present study demonstrate the neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of EPO in a rotenone-induced neurodegenerative animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oytun Erbaş
- Department of Physiology, Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | | | - Volkan Solmaz
- Department of Neurology, Turhal State Hospital, Tokat, Turkey.
| | - Türker Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Utku Ateş
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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20
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Athauda D, Foltynie T. The ongoing pursuit of neuroprotective therapies in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2014; 11:25-40. [PMID: 25447485 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many agents developed for neuroprotective treatment of Parkinson disease (PD) have shown great promise in the laboratory, but none have translated to positive results in patients with PD. Potential neuroprotective drugs, such as ubiquinone, creatine and PYM50028, have failed to show any clinical benefits in recent high-profile clinical trials. This 'failure to translate' is likely to be related primarily to our incomplete understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PD, and excessive reliance on data from toxin-based animal models to judge which agents should be selected for clinical trials. Restricted resources inevitably mean that difficult compromises must be made in terms of trial design, and reliable estimation of efficacy is further hampered by the absence of validated biomarkers of disease progression. Drug development in PD dementia has been mostly unsuccessful; however, emerging biochemical, genetic and pathological evidence suggests a link between tau and amyloid-β deposition and cognitive decline in PD, potentially opening up new possibilities for therapeutic intervention. This Review discusses the most important 'druggable' disease mechanisms in PD, as well as the most-promising drugs that are being evaluated for their potential efficiency in treatment of motor and cognitive impairments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Athauda
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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21
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Kim HY, Moon C, Kim KS, Oh KW, Oh SI, Kim J, Kim SH. Recombinant human erythropoietin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study of safety and feasibility. J Clin Neurol 2014; 10:342-7. [PMID: 25324884 PMCID: PMC4198716 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2014.10.4.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose It has been shown that erythropoietin is neuroprotective in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The aim of this study was to determine the safety and feasibility of repetitive high-dose recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy in ALS patients. Methods Two consecutive studies were conducted. We first recruited 26 subjects for an initial single-arm safety study. After a lead-in period of 3 months to assess the disease progression, rhEPO was infused intravenously (35,000 IU) once per month for 3 months, and the subjects were followed for an additional 3 months. The ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) was used for clinical assessment. After confirming the safety of rhEPO, 60 subjects were recruited for the second controlled study (rhEPO and control groups), which involved a total of 6 infusions at a rate of 1/month. Results There were no serious adverse events in the first study. The mean rate of decline in the ALSFRS-R score was lower during the treatment period than during the lead-in period (mean±SD: 2.6±1.8 and 3.7±2.6, respectively; p=0.02). However, the rate of decline during the subsequent 3 months returned to that observed in the lead-in period. In the second study, the mean rate of decline in ALSFRS-R score was significantly lower in the rhEPO group than in the control group (during months 0-3, 1.8±1.7 vs. 3.1±2.3, p=0.03; during months 4-6, 2.1±2.2 vs. 3.5±2.3, p=0.02). Conclusions Intravenous high-dose rhEPO is both safe and feasible for the treatment of ALS. Further investigation using different intervals and doses should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chanil Moon
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Suk Kim
- Bioengineering Institute, Corestem Inc., Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Wook Oh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Il Oh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhan Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Kwon MS, Kim MH, Kim SH, Park KD, Yoo SH, Oh IU, Pak S, Seo YJ. Erythropoietin exerts cell protective effect by activating PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways in C6 Cells. Neurol Res 2014; 36:215-23. [PMID: 24512015 DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Even though erythropoietin (EPO) is a neurotropic cytokine that is recognized widely for its role in the development, maintenance, protection, and repair of the nervous system, there are few reports concerning EPO-mediated influences on the glial cells in the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of EPO on C6 glioma cells (C6 cells). Erythropoietin did not attenuate inflammatory response, such as nitrite production, iNOS gene expression, and pro-inflammatory cytokines when LPS/TNF-alpha mixture was treated. However, EPO increased C6 cell viability by exerting cell protective effect against staurosporine stimulation. Erythropoietin increased the transient Akt expression at 30 minutes and induced the gradual elevation of ERK1/2 and p38 expression as time progressed. The cell protective effect of EPO was also significantly attenuated with pretreatment of specific PI3K, pERK1/2, or pP38 inhibitor. In summary, these results suggest that EPO may exert its cell protective functions via the direct cell protective activity rather than via its anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, the PI3K/Akt and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways may be responsible for cell survival against cytotoxicity.
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23
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Qi C, Xu M, Gan J, Yang X, Wu N, Song L, Yuan W, Liu Z. Erythropoietin improves neurobehavior by reducing dopaminergic neuron loss in a 6‑hydroxydopamine‑induced rat model. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:440-50. [PMID: 24939444 PMCID: PMC4094589 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the systemic administration of high dose erythropoietin (EPO) in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)- induced rat model. Rats were divided into 7 groups. Groups 1–4 were administered daily EPO doses of 0; 2,500; 5,000 and 10,000 U/kg via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) for 5 days. The EPO concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot analysis. The dose of 10,000 U/kg was then selected for subsequent experiments. In group 5, rats received saline via medial forebrain bundle (MFB). In group 6, rats received 6-OHDA via MFB. In group 7, an EPO concentration of 10,000 U/kg was constantly administered i.p. for 5 days to rats prior to 6-OHDA injection via MFB. Behavioral analysis was performed for groups 5–7 by rat rotation tests. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunopositive cells in the substantia nigra (SN) was measured by immunocytochemistry. The activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and caspase-3 signaling in rats were analyzed using western blotting. The results showed that there was a significant increase in EPO levels in the CSF in 10,000 U/kg group compared with the 2,500 and 5,000 U/kg groups (P<0.01). Significantly fewer rotational counts were obtained in rats that were pretreated with EPO compared with saline-pretreated 6-OHDA-lesioned rats (P<0.001). The dopaminergic neurons in the 6-OHDA-lesioned SN were also increased in the EPO-pretreated rats when compared with control rats (P<0.01). Western blot analysis revealed that EPO inhibited the 6-OHDA-induced activation of JNK, ERK, p38 MAPK and caspase-3 signaling in the rat model. In conclusion, systemic administration of a high dose of EPO exerted neuroprotective effects in reversing behavioral deficits associated with Parkinson’s disease and prevented loss of the dopaminergic neurons through the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Qi
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Mingxin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jing Gan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Lu Song
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Weien Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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24
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Schäfer R, Mueller L, Buecheler R, Proksch B, Schwab M, Gleiter CH, Danielyan L. Interplay between endothelin and erythropoietin in astroglia: the role in protection against hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2858-75. [PMID: 24557580 PMCID: PMC3958886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that, under in vitro conditions, the vulnerability of astroglia to hypoxia is reflected by alterations in endothelin (ET)-1 release and capacity of erythropoietin (EPO) to regulate ET-1 levels. Exposure of cells to 24 h hypoxia did not induce changes in ET-1 release, while 48–72 h hypoxia resulted in increase of ET-1 release from astrocytes that could be abolished by EPO. The endothelin receptor type A (ETA) antagonist BQ123 increased extracellular levels of ET-1 in human fetal astroglial cell line (SV-FHAS). The survival and proliferation of rat primary astrocytes, neural precursors, and neurons upon hypoxic conditions were increased upon administration of BQ123. Hypoxic injury and aging affected the interaction between the EPO and ET systems. Under hypoxia EPO decreased ET-1 release from astrocytes, while ETA receptor blockade enhanced the expression of EPO mRNA and EPO receptor in culture-aged rat astroglia. The blockade of ETA receptor can increase the availability of ET-1 to the ETB receptor and can potentiate the neuroprotective effects of EPO. Thus, the new therapeutic use of combined administration of EPO and ETA receptor antagonists during hypoxia-associated neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) can be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Schäfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hesse gGmbH, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-University Hospital, Sandhofstrasse 1, Frankfurt/Main D-60528, Germany.
| | - Lars Mueller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Reinhild Buecheler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Barbara Proksch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Christoph H Gleiter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
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25
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AlDakheel A, Kalia LV, Lang AE. Pathogenesis-targeted, disease-modifying therapies in Parkinson disease. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:6-23. [PMID: 24085420 PMCID: PMC3899477 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease is an inexorably progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Multiple attempts have been made to establish therapies for Parkinson disease which provide neuroprotection or disease modification-two related, but not identical, concepts. However, to date, none of these attempts have succeeded. Many challenges exist in this field of research, including a complex multisystem disorder that includes dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic features; poorly understood and clearly multifaceted disease pathogenic mechanisms; a lack of reliable animal models; an absence of effective biomarkers of disease state, progression, and target engagement; and the confounding effects of potent symptomatic therapy. In this article, we will review previous, ongoing, and potential future trials designed to alter the progressive course of the disease from the perspective of the targeted underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaal AlDakheel
- />Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Lorraine V. Kalia
- />Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Anthony E. Lang
- />Movement Disorders Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 7 McLaughlin Wing, Toronto, M5T 2S8 ON Canada
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Ge XH, Zhu GJ, Geng DQ, Zhang ZJ, Liu CF. Erythropoietin attenuates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced apoptosis via glycogen synthase kinase 3β-mediated mitochondrial translocation of Bax in PC12 cells. Neurol Sci 2013; 33:1249-56. [PMID: 22294054 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-0959-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which erythropoietin (EPO) suppressed 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced apoptosis. Our results showed that 6-OHDA remarkably decreased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) as well as enhanced the level of Bax in the mitochondria. Besides, 6-OHDA decreased the mitochondrial expression of Bcl-2 without altering the cytoplasmic expression of Bcl-2. In line with these results, 6-OHDA treatment enhanced the apoptosis and caspase 3 activity in PC12 cells. These findings indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction was involved in the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA and GSK3β might act upstream of Bax/Bcl-2 and the caspase 3 pathways in 6-OHDA-treated PC12 cells. Furthermore, EPO reduced 6-OHDA-induced growth inhibition. Western blot exhibited that GSK3β inhibitor 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1, 2,4-thiadiazolidine-3, 5-dione (TDZD8) and EPO not only increased the phosphorylation of GSK3β but also inhibited the mitochondrial translocation of Bax. In agreement with these results, EPO and TDZD8 obviously increased the mitochondrial expression of Bcl-2. Finally, TDZD-8 and EPO significantly suppressed the enhanced apoptosis and activity of caspase 3 induced by 6-OHDA. Taken together, GSK3β-mediated mitochondrial cell death pathway is involved in the neuroprotective effect of EPO against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Hua Ge
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, China
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Pre-immunization with an intramuscular injection of AAV9-human erythropoietin vectors reduces the vector-mediated transduction following re-administration in rat brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63876. [PMID: 23667683 PMCID: PMC3648480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9)-mediated human erythropoietin (hEPO) gene delivery into the brain protects dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we examined whether pre-exposure to AAV9-hEPO vectors with an intramuscular or intrastriatal injection would reduce AAV9-mediated hEPO transduction in rat brain. We first characterized transgene expression and immune responses against AAV9-hEPO vectors in rat striatum at 4 days, 3 weeks and 6 months, and with doses ranging from 1011 to 1013 viral genomes. To sensitize immune system, rats received an injection of AAV9-hEPO into either the muscle or the left striatum, and then sequentially an injection of AAV9-hEPO into the right striatum 3 weeks later. We observed that transgene expression exhibited in a time course and dose dependent manner, and inflammatory and immune responses displayed in a time course manner. Intramuscular, but not intrastriatal injections of AAV9-hEPO resulted in reduced levels of hEPO transduction and increased levels of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II antigen expression in the striatum following AAV9-hEPO re-administration. There were infiltration of the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4)-and CD8-lymphacytes, and accumulation of activated microglial cells and astrocytes in the virally injected striatum. In addition, the sera from the rats with intramuscular injections of AAV9-hEPO contained greater levels of antibodies against both AAV9 capsid protein and hEPO protein than the other treatment groups. hEPO gene expression was negatively correlated with the levels of circulating antibodies against AAV9 capsid protein. Intramuscular and intrastriatal re-administration of AAV9-hEPO led to increased numbers of red blood cells in peripheral blood. Our results suggest that pre-immunization with an intramuscular injection can lead to the reduction of transgene expression in the striatal re-administration.
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Singh HJ, Syeda TU, Kakalij RM, Prasad VV, Diwan PV. Erythropoietin protects polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1254) induced neurotoxicity in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 707:54-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hamidi G, Arabpour Z, Shabrang M, Rashidi B, Alaei H, Sharifi MR, Salami M, Reisi P. Erythropoietin improves spatial learning and memory in streptozotocin model of dementia. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2013; 20:153-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Mu Y, Cui S, Yao Q, Maiese K. Targeting erythropoietin for chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:707-20. [PMID: 23510463 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.780599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since erythropoietin (EPO) and EPO receptor (EPOR) are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) beyond hematopoietic system, EPO illustrates a robust biological function in maintaining neuronal survival and regulating neurogenesis and may play a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases. AREAS COVERED EPO is capable of modulating multiple cellular signal transduction pathways to promote neuronal survival and enhance the proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells. Initially, EPO binds to EPOR to activate the Janus-tyrosine kinase 2 (Jak2) protein followed by modulation of protein kinase B (Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin, signal transducer and activators of transcription 5, mitogen-activated protein kinases, protein tyrosine phosphatases, Wnt1 and nuclear factor κB. As a result, EPO may actively prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis and motor neuron diseases. EXPERT OPINION Novel knowledge of the cell signaling pathways regulated by EPO in the CNS will allow us to establish the foundation for the development of therapeutic strategies against neurodegenerative diseases. Further investigation of the role of EPO in neurodegenerative diseases can not only formulate EPO as a therapeutic candidate, but also further identify novel therapeutic targets for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhong Chong
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Cancer Center, New Jersey NJ 07103, USA.
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Ding J, Li QY, Yu JZ, Wang X, Lu CZ, Ma CG, Xiao BG. Carbamylated erythropoietin ameliorates hypoxia-induced cognitive and behavioral defects with the generation of choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:73-82. [PMID: 23074165 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO) is attracting widespread interest because of its neuroprotective effects without influencing erythropoiesis. Here we show that CEPO, unlike EPO, does not stimulate erythropoiesis. Both CEPO and EPO inhibit the death/apoptosis of neurons in the hypoxic model of primary neurons and induce neuron proliferation and differentiation in hypoxic mice. Hypoxic mice show apparent memory deficits at 3 and 30 days after hypoxia. The administration of CEPO/EPO significantly improves cognitive and behavioral defects after hypoxic insults. Further investigation shows that CEPO/EPO induces neuron proliferation and differentiation and promotes the generation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)(+) neurons in hypoxic mice. Phosphorylated AKT was colabeled with ChAT(+) neurons and coexpressed in bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells, suggesting that the PI3K/AKT pathway may play a pivotal role in CEPO/EPO-cholinergic neuron generation. These results reveal that CEPO/EPO ameliorates hypoxia-induced cognitive and behavioral defects possibly through the generation of ChAT-positive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zhang LJ, Xue YQ, Yang C, Yang WH, Chen L, Zhang QJ, Qu TY, Huang S, Zhao LR, Wang XM, Duan WM. Human albumin prevents 6-hydroxydopamine-induced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase in in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41226. [PMID: 22815976 PMCID: PMC3398951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human albumin has recently been demonstrated to protect brain neurons from injury in rat ischemic brain. However, there is no information available about whether human albumin can prevent loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression of dopaminergic (DA) neurons induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) toxicity that is most commonly used to create a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, two microliters of 1.25% human albumin were stereotaxically injected into the right striatum of rats one day before or 7 days after the 6-OHDA lesion in the same side. D-Amphetamine-induced rotational asymmetry was measured 7 days, 3 and 10 weeks after 6-OHDA lesion. We observed that intrastriatal administration of human albumin significantly reduced the degree of rotational asymmetry. The number of TH-immunoreactive neurons present in the substantia nigra was greater in 6-OHDA lesioned rats following human albumin-treatment than non-human albumin treatment. TH-immunoreactivity in the 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum was also significantly increased in the human albumin-treated rats. To examine the mechanisms underlying the effects of human albumin, we challenged PC12 cells with 6-OHDA as an in vitro model of PD. Incubation with human albumin prevented 6-OHDA-induced reduction of cell viability in PC12 cell cultures, as measured by MTT assay. Furthermore, human albumin reduced 6-OHDA-induced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in cultured PC12 cells, as assessed by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis showed that human albumin inhibited 6-OHDA-induced activation of JNK, c-Jun, ERK, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling in PC12 cultures challenged with 6-OHDA. Human albumin may protect against 6-OHDA toxicity by influencing MAPK pathway followed by anti-ROS formation and anti-apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Qiang Xue
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Hua Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Qian-Jin Zhang
- Department of Biology, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ting-Yu Qu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Min Wang
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WMD); (XMW)
| | - Wei-Ming Duan
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WMD); (XMW)
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Moshahid Khan M, Raza SS, Javed H, Ahmad A, Khan A, Islam F, Safhi MM, Islam F. Rutin Protects Dopaminergic Neurons from Oxidative Stress in an Animal Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2011; 22:1-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-011-9295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hu L, Yang C, Zhao T, Xu M, Tang Q, Yang B, Rong R, Zhu T. Erythropoietin ameliorates renal ischemia and reperfusion injury via inhibiting tubulointerstitial inflammation. J Surg Res 2011; 176:260-6. [PMID: 21816412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubulointerstitial inflammation is the characteristics of renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) that is inevitable in kidney transplantation. Erythropoietin (EPO) has recently been shown to have protective effects on renal IRI by anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidation. Here, the effect and mechanism of EPO on renal IRI were further investigated, with a focus on tubulointerstitial inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administrated with saline or EPO prior to IRI induced by bilateral renal pedicle clamping. Twenty-four hours following reperfusion, the effects of EPO on renal IRI were assessed by renal function and structure, tubulointerstitial myeloperoxidase (MPO) positive neutrophils, and proinflammatory mediator gene expression. The translocation and activity of NF-κB in renal tissues were also evaluated. RESULTS Compared with control groups, the EPO treated group exhibited lower serum urea and creatinine levels, limited tubular necrosis with a lower score of renal histological lesion. MPO positive cells in the tubulointerstitial area were greatly increased by IRI, but significantly reduced by the treatment of EPO. The gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) and chemokine (MCP-1) was also significantly decreased by EPO. In addition, less activation and nuclear-translocation of NF-κB was observed in the kidney treated by EPO as well. CONCLUSION EPO improved renal function and structure in IRI rats via reducing neutrophils in the tubulointerstitium, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine, as well as the activation and nuclear-translocation of NF-κB. EPO may have potential clinical applications as an anti-inflammation agent clinically for a wide range of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linkun Hu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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Neuroprotective cytokines repress PUMA induction in the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) model of Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:370-4. [PMID: 21741364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.06.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic cytokines erythropoietin (Epo) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) provide neuroprotection in several in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD). The molecular mechanism by which Epo and G-CSF signals reduce the neuronal death in PD is not clear. Here, we show that in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, Epo and G-CSF efficiently repressed the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+))-induced expression of the proapoptotic protein PUMA (p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis). Accordingly, Epo and G-CSF treatment reduced the PC12 cell fraction that underwent apoptosis by MPP(+) treatment and thus improved cell viability. Downregulation of PUMA expression by Epo and G-CSF in MPP(+)-treated PC12 cells seems to be mediated by repression of p53, as the expression of p53 was increased by MPP(+)-treatment and reduced by Epo and G-CSF. Together, these results suggest that the neuroprotective activities of Epo and G-CSF in an experimental model of PD involve the repression of the apoptosis-inducing action of PUMA.
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Zhou QH, Hui EKW, Lu JZ, Boado RJ, Pardridge WM. Brain penetrating IgG-erythropoietin fusion protein is neuroprotective following intravenous treatment in Parkinson's disease in the mouse. Brain Res 2011; 1382:315-20. [PMID: 21276430 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by oxidative stress, and erythropoietin (EPO) reduces oxidative stress in the brain. However, EPO cannot be developed as a treatment for PD, because EPO does not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A brain penetrating form of human EPO has been developed wherein EPO is fused to a chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR), which is designated as the cTfRMAb-EPO fusion protein. The TfRMAb acts as a molecular Trojan horse to transport the fused EPO into brain via transport on the BBB TfR. Experimental PD was induced in adult mice by the intra-striatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, and PD mice were treated with 1mg/kg of the cTfRMAb-EPO fusion protein intravenously (IV) every other day starting 1 h after toxin injection. Following 3weeks of treatment mice were euthanized for measurement of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) enzyme activity. Mice treated with the cTfRMAb-EPO fusion protein showed a 306% increase in striatal TH enzyme activity, which correlated with improvement in three assays of neurobehavior. The blood hematocrit increased 10% at 2weeks, with no further changes at 3weeks of treatment. A sandwich ELISA showed the immune reaction against the cTfRMAb-EPO fusion protein was variable and low titer. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that a brain penetrating form of EPO is neuroprotective in PD following IV administration with minimal effects on erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Zhou
- Department of Medicine, UCLA Warren Hall 13-164, 900 Veteran Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
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Sargin D, Friedrichs H, El-Kordi A, Ehrenreich H. Erythropoietin as neuroprotective and neuroregenerative treatment strategy: comprehensive overview of 12 years of preclinical and clinical research. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2010; 24:573-94. [PMID: 21619868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), originally discovered as hematopoietic growth factor, has direct effects on cells of the nervous system that make it a highly attractive candidate drug for neuroprotection/neuroregeneration. Hardly any other compound has led to so much preclinical work in the field of translational neuroscience than EPO. Almost all of the >180 preclinical studies performed by many independent research groups from all over the world in the last 12 years have yielded positive results on EPO as a neuroprotective drug. The fact that EPO was approved for the treatment of anemia >20 years ago and found to be well tolerated and safe, facilitated the first steps of translation from preclinical findings to the clinic. On the other hand, the same fact, naturally associated with loss of patent protection, hindered to develop EPO as a highly promising therapeutic strategy for application in human brain disease. Therefore, only few clinical neuroprotection studies have been concluded, all with essentially positive and stimulating results, but no further development towards the clinic has occurred thus far. This article reviews the preclinical and clinical work on EPO for the indications neuroprotection/neuroregeneration and cognition, and hopefully will stimulate new endeavours promoting development of EPO for the treatment of human brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Sargin
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Zhou QH, Boado RJ, Lu JZ, Hui EKW, Pardridge WM. Re-Engineering Erythropoietin as an IgG Fusion Protein That Penetrates the Blood−Brain Barrier in the Mouse. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:2148-55. [DOI: 10.1021/mp1001763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Zhou
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States, and ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, California 90401, United States
| | - Ruben J. Boado
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States, and ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, California 90401, United States
| | - Jeff Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States, and ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, California 90401, United States
| | - Eric Ka-Wai Hui
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States, and ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, California 90401, United States
| | - William M. Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States, and ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, California 90401, United States
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Kumar R, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Effects of erythropoietin on memory deficits and brain oxidative stress in the mouse models of dementia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:345-52. [PMID: 21165335 PMCID: PMC2997422 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.5.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to explore the potential of erythropoietin in memory deficits of mice. Memory impairment was produced by scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (i.c.v STZ, 3 mg/kg, 10 µl, 1(st) and 3(rd) day) in separate groups of animals. Morris water-maze test was employed to assess learning and memory. The levels of brain thio-barbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated to assess degree of oxidative stress. Brain acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity was also measured. Scopolamine/streptozotocin administration induced significant impairment of learning and memory in mice as indicated by marked decrease in Morris water-maze performance. Scopolamine/streptozotocin administration also produced a significant enhancement of brain AChE activity and brain oxidative stress (an increase in TBARS and a decrease in GSH) levels. Treatment of erythropoietin (500 and 1,000 IU/Kg i.p.) significantly reversed scopolamine- as well as streptozotocin-induced learning and memory deficits along with attenuation of those-induced rise in brain AChE activity and brain oxidative stress levels. It may be concluded that erythropoietin exerts a beneficial effect in memory deficits of mice possibly through its multiple actions including potential anti-oxidative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab), PIN-147002, India
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab), PIN-147002, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab), PIN-147002, India
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Neuroprotection in experimental stroke in the rat with an IgG-erythropoietin fusion protein. Brain Res 2010; 1360:193-7. [PMID: 20833153 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a potent neuroprotective agent that could be developed as a new treatment for stroke. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is intact in the early hours after stroke when neuroprotection is still possible, and EPO does not cross the intact BBB. To enable BBB transport, human EPO was re-engineered as an IgG-EPO fusion protein, wherein the IgG part is a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the human insulin receptor (HIR). The HIRMAb acts as a BBB molecular Trojan horse to ferry the fused EPO across the BBB via transport on the BBB insulin receptor. The HIRMAb part of the HIRMAb-EPO fusion protein does not recognize the rat insulin receptor. However, the EPO part of the fusion protein does recognize the rat EPO receptor. Therefore, the neuroprotective properties of the HIRMAb-EPO fusion protein were investigated with a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model in the rat. The HIRMAb-EPO fusion protein was injected into the ipsilateral brain under stereotaxic guidance. High doses of the HIRMAb-EPO fusion protein (61pmol) completely eliminated both cortical and sub-cortical infarction. Lower doses of the fusion protein (4.5pmol) eliminated the cortical infarct with no significant effect on sub-cortical infarct. The neurologic deficit was reduced by 35% and 90%, respectively, by the 4.5 and 61pmol doses of the HIRMAb-EPO fusion protein. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate the biological activity of the HIRMAb-EPO fusion protein in the brain in vivo, and that EPO retains neuroprotective properties following fusion to the HIRMAb BBB Trojan horse.
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Spieles-Engemann AL, Behbehani MM, Collier TJ, Wohlgenant SL, Steece-Collier K, Paumier K, Daley BF, Gombash S, Madhavan L, Mandybur GT, Lipton JW, Terpstra BT, Sortwell CE. Stimulation of the rat subthalamic nucleus is neuroprotective following significant nigral dopamine neuron loss. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 39:105-15. [PMID: 20307668 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is efficacious in treating the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the impact of STN-DBS on the progression of PD is unknown. Previous preclinical studies have demonstrated that STN-DBS can attenuate the degeneration of a relatively intact nigrostriatal system from dopamine (DA)-depleting neurotoxins. The present study examined whether STN-DBS can provide neuroprotection in the face of prior significant nigral DA neuron loss similar to PD patients at the time of diagnosis. STN-DBS between 2 and 4 weeks after intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) provided significant sparing of DA neurons in the SN of rats. This effect was not due to inadvertent lesioning of the STN and was dependent upon proper electrode placement. Since STN-DBS appears to have significant neuroprotective properties, initiation of STN-DBS earlier in the course of PD may provide added neuroprotective benefits in addition to its ability to provide symptomatic relief.
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Boado RJ, Hui EKW, Lu JZ, Pardridge WM. Drug targeting of erythropoietin across the primate blood-brain barrier with an IgG molecular Trojan horse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:961-9. [PMID: 20233799 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.165092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a neurotrophic factor that could be developed as a new drug for brain disorders. However, EPO does not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the present study, human EPO was re-engineered by fusion to the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain of a chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the human insulin receptor (HIR). The HIRMAb acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry the EPO into the brain via receptor-mediated transport on the endogenous BBB insulin receptor. The HIRMAb-EPO fusion protein was immunoreactive with antibodies to both human IgG and EPO. The HIRMAb-EPO fusion protein bound with high affinity to the extracellular domain of both the HIR (ED(50) = 0.21 +/- 0.05 nM) and the EPO receptor (ED(50) = 0.30 +/- 0.01 nM) and activated thymidine incorporation into human TF-1 cells with an ED(50) of 0.1 nM. Differentially radiolabeled EPO and the HIRMAb-EPO fusion protein were injected intravenously into adult rhesus monkeys. Whereas EPO did not cross the primate BBB, the HIRMAb-EPO fusion protein was rapidly transported into brain, at levels that produce pharmacologic elevations in brain EPO at small systemic doses. The HIRMAb fusion protein selectively targeted the brain relative to peripheral organs. In conclusion, a novel IgG-EPO fusion protein has been engineered, expressed, and shown to be bifunctional with retention of high-affinity binding to both the insulin and EPO receptors. The IgG-EPO fusion protein represents a new class of EPO neurotherapeutics that has been specifically re-engineered to penetrate the human BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben J Boado
- ArmaGen Technologies, Inc., Santa Monica, California, USA
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44
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Erythropoietin-induced upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase but not vascular endothelial growth factor prevents musculocutaneous tissue from ischemic damage. J Transl Med 2010; 90:40-51. [PMID: 19901910 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have attested the protective effects of erythropoietin (EPO) in ischemically challenged organs. We therefore aimed at elaborating the underlying mechanism of EPO-mediated protection in musculocutaneous tissue undergoing persistent ischemia after acute injury. Mice were assigned to five experimental groups equipped with a randomly perfused flap fixed in a dorsal skinfold chamber, whereas the sixth group did not undergo flap preparation: EPO, L-Name, EPO and L-Name, EPO and bevacizumab, untreated flap, and nonischemic chamber (control). Intravital fluorescence microscopic analysis of microhemodynamics, apoptotic cell death, macromolecular leakage and angiogenesis was carried out over a 10-day period. Further, immunohistochemical analysis was used to study the protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Increased expression of eNOS in EPO-administered mice correlated with significant arteriolar dilation and thus increased blood flow resulting in a maintained functional capillary density (FCD) at day 10. In addition, EPO induced a VEGF upregulation, which was associated with newly formed capillaries. In addition, EPO was able to reduce ischemia-induced apoptotic cell death and finally to significantly reduce flap necrosis. In contrast, coadministration of L-Name abolished EPO-mediated tissue protection by abrogating the dilatory effect resulting in reduced FCD and tissue survival, without counteracting angiogenesis and apoptotic cell death, whereas additional administration of bevacizumab did not influence the beneficial effect of EPO on flap survival despite abrogating angiogenesis. Macromolecular leakage was found to be increased in all treatment groups. This study shows that EPO administration prevents musculocutaneous tissue from ischemic necrosis as a consequence of an eNOS-dependent arteriolar hyperperfusion maintaining capillary perfusion, thus representing a promising approach to pharmacologically protect ischemically challenged tissue.
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Rizelio V, Szawka R, Xavier L, Achaval M, Rigon P, Saur L, Matheussi F, Delattre A, Anselmo-Franci J, Meneses M, Ferraz A. Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus reverses motor deficits but not death of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in a rat 6-hydroxydopamine-lesion model of Parkinson's disease. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:85-95. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009007500020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L.L. Xavier
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - M. Achaval
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - P. Rigon
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - L. Saur
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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46
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AAV9-mediated erythropoietin gene delivery into the brain protects nigral dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Gene Ther 2009; 17:83-94. [PMID: 19727138 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that intrastriatal injection of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) protects dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) toxicity in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. However, systemic administration of EPO did not protect nigral DA neurons, suggesting that the blood-brain barrier limits the passage of EPO protein into the brain. In the present study, we used an adeno-associated viral (AAV) serotype 9 (AAV9) vector to deliver the human EPO gene into the brain of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. We observed that expression of the human EPO gene was robust and stable in the striatum and the SN for up to 10 weeks. EPO-immunoreactive (IR) cells were widespread throughout the injected striatum, and EPO-IR neurons and fibers were also found in the ipsilateral SN. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analyses exhibited dramatic levels of EPO protein in the injected striatum. As a result, nigral DA neurons were protected against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity. Amphetamine-induced rotational asymmetry and spontaneous forelimb use asymmetry were both attenuated. Interestingly, we also observed that intrastriatal injection of AAV9-EPO vectors led to increased numbers of red blood cells in peripheral blood. This highlights the importance of using an inducible gene delivery system for EPO gene delivery.
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Duan YF, Liu C, Zhao YF, Duan WM, Zhao LR. Thiopental exaggerates ischemic brain damage and neurological deficits after experimental stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res 2009; 1294:176-82. [PMID: 19646967 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thiopental is an anesthetic used for controlling high intracranial pressure (ICP) caused by brain surgery, brain trauma, and severe stroke. However, it remains controversial whether Thiopental is detrimental or beneficial in ischemic stroke. In this study, we used an animal model of ischemic stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats to determine whether or not Thiopental is neuroprotective in the setting of brain ischemia. We observed that Thiopental caused a prolonged duration of unconsciousness with a high rate of mortality, that Thiopental created exaggerated neurological deficits that were revealed through limb placement tests at 4 days and 4 weeks after brain ischemia, and that infarct volume was increased in Thiopental-anesthetized rats. These data suggest that Thiopental is detrimental in ischemic stroke. Thus, our findings raise a caution about the use of Thiopental in the setting of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Duan
- Freeman School of Business, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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48
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Danielyan L, Schäfer R, Schulz A, Ladewig T, Lourhmati A, Buadze M, Schmitt AL, Verleysdonk S, Kabisch D, Koeppen K, Siegel G, Proksch B, Kluba T, Eckert A, Köhle C, Schöneberg T, Northoff H, Schwab M, Gleiter CH. Survival, neuron-like differentiation and functionality of mesenchymal stem cells in neurotoxic environment: the critical role of erythropoietin. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:1599-614. [PMID: 19609278 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can ameliorate symptoms in several neurodegenerative diseases. However, the toxic environment of a degenerating central nervous system (CNS) characterized by hypoxia, glutamate (Glu) excess and amyloid beta (Abeta) pathology may hamper the survival and regenerative/replacing capacities of engrafted stem cells. Indeed, human MSC (hMSC) exposed to hypoxia were disabled in (i) the capacity of their muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) to respond to acetylcholine (ACh) with a transient increase in intracellular [Ca(2+)], (ii) their capacity to metabolize Glu, reflected by a strong decrease in glutamine synthetase activity, and (iii) their survival on exposure to Glu. Cocultivation of MSC with PC12 cells expressing the amyloid precursor protein gene (APPsw-PC12) increased the release of IL-6 from MSC. HMSC exposed to erythropoietin (EPO) showed a cholinergic neuron-like phenotype reflected by increased cellular levels of choline acetyltransferase, ACh and mAChR. All their functional deficits observed under hypoxia, Glu exposure and APPsw-PC12 cocultivation were reversed by the application of EPO, which increased the expression of Wnt3a. EPO also enhanced the metabolism of Abeta in MSC by increasing their neprilysin content. Our data show that cholinergic neuron-like differentiation of MSC, their functionality and resistance to a neurotoxic environment is regulated and can be improved by EPO, highlighting its potential for optimizing cellular therapies of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Wilms H, Schwabedissen B, Sievers J, Lucius R. Erythropoietin does not attenuate cytokine production and inflammation in microglia--implications for the neuroprotective effect of erythropoietin in neurological diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 212:106-11. [PMID: 19464738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin is a hematopoietic cytokine which is also produced in the brain under hypoxia. Since this pathology is associated with glial cell activation and release of cytotoxic molecules, we investigated the expression of EPO receptors (EPO-R) and effects of erythropoietin on microglial cell functions in vitro using RT-PCR, Western immunoblotting, nitric oxide measurement, tumor necrosis factor-alpha-(TNF-alpha)-ELISA and gel shift assay analyses. Furthermore, we examined if erythropoietin could modulate proliferation of microglia. As shown by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry, rat microglial cells and the murine microglia cell line BV-2 express the EPO-R. However, EPO showed no effect on the release of the proinflammatory mediators' nitric oxide and TNF-alpha. Moreover, EPO was not able to reduce the LPS (lipopolysaccharide) stimulated translocation of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB into the nucleus of murine microglia, but induced (3)H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of microglial cells. These results show that microglia are target cells for erythropoietin which possesses mitogenic, but not anti-inflammatory effects on microglia. Therefore, the well-documented neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin could not be ascribed to an anti-inflammatory effect on microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Wilms
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Sargin D, Hassouna I, Sperling S, Sirén AL, Ehrenreich H. Uncoupling of neurodegeneration and gliosis in a murine model of juvenile cortical lesion. Glia 2009; 57:693-702. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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