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He K, Zhou X, Du H, Zhao J, Deng R, Wang J. A review on the relationship between Arachidonic acid 15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) and diabetes mellitus. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16239. [PMID: 37849828 PMCID: PMC10578307 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15), as one of the lipoxygenase family, is mainly responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of various fatty acids to produce a variety of lipid components, contributing to the pathophysiological processes of various immune and inflammatory diseases. Studies have shown that ALOX15 and its related products are widely distributed in human tissues and related to multiple diseases such as liver, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and other diseases. Diabetes mellitus (DM), the disease studied in this article, is a metabolic disease characterized by a chronic increase in blood glucose levels, which is significantly related to inflammation, oxidative stress, ferroptosis and other mechanisms, and it has a high incidence in the population, accompanied by a variety of complications. Figuring out how ALOX15 is involved in DM is critical to understanding its role in diseases. Therefore, ALOX15 inhibitors or combination therapy containing inhibitors may deliver a novel research direction for the treatment of DM and its complications. This article aims to review the biological effect and the possible function of ALOX15 in the pathogenesis of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiying He
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhou
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongxuan Du
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Rongrong Deng
- Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianqin Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, LanZhou, Gansu, China
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Liu A, Hu J, Yeh TS, Wang C, Tang J, Huang X, Chen B, Huangfu L, Yu W, Zhang L. Neuroprotective Strategies for Stroke by Natural Products: Advances and Perspectives. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2283-2309. [PMID: 37458258 PMCID: PMC10556387 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230717144752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is a disease with high prevalence and incidence. Its management focuses on rapid reperfusion with intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy. Both therapeutic strategies reduce disability, but the therapy time window is short, and the risk of bleeding is high. Natural products (NPs) have played a key role in drug discovery, especially for cancer and infectious diseases. However, they have made little progress in clinical translation and pose challenges to the treatment of stroke. Recently, with the investigation of precise mechanisms in cerebral ischemic stroke and the technological development of NP-based drug discovery, NPs are addressing these challenges and opening up new opportunities in cerebral stroke. Thus, in this review, we first summarize the structure and function of diverse NPs, including flavonoids, phenols, terpenes, lactones, quinones, alkaloids, and glycosides. Then we propose the comprehensive neuroprotective mechanism of NPs in cerebral ischemic stroke, which involves complex cascade processes of oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, apoptosis or ferroptosis-related cell death, inflammatory response, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Overall, we stress the neuroprotective effect of NPs and their mechanism on cerebral ischemic stroke for a better understanding of the advances and perspective in NPs application that may provide a rationale for the development of innovative therapeutic regimens in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifen Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jingyan Hu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Tzu-Shao Yeh
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Chengniu Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jilong Tang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Liexiang Huangfu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Weili Yu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Ferroptosis and Its Multifaceted Role in Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081504. [PMID: 36009223 PMCID: PMC9405274 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a new type of non-apoptotic cell death modality, is different from other modes of cell death and has been primarily found in tumor cells. Previous studies have reported that ferroptosis can be triggered by specific modulators (e.g., drugs, nutrients, and iron chelators), leading to increased intracellular lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and iron overload. Recent reports have shown that ferroptosis at the cellular and organism levels can prevent an inflammatory storm and cancer development. Emerging evidence suggests potential mechanisms (e.g., system Xc-, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSH), and iron chelators) are involved in ferroptosis, which may mediate biological processes such as oxidative stress and iron overload to treat cancer. To date, there are at least three pathways that mediate ferroptosis in cancer cells: system Xc-/GSH/GPX4, FSP1/CoQ10/NAD(P)H, and ATG5/ATG7/NCOA4. Here, we summarize recent advances in the occurrence and development of ferroptosis in the context of cancer, the associations between ferroptosis and various modulators, and the potential mechanisms and therapeutic strategies targeting ferroptosis for the treatment of cancer.
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Investigating Polyphenol Nanoformulations for Therapeutic Targets against Diabetes Mellitus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5649156. [PMID: 35832521 PMCID: PMC9273389 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5649156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a fatal metabolic disorder, and its prevalence has escalated in recent decades to a greater extent. Since the incidence and severity of the disease are constantly increasing, plenty of therapeutic approaches are being considered as a promising solution. Many dietary polyphenols have been reported to be effective against diabetes along with its accompanying vascular consequences by targeting multiple therapeutic targets. Additionally, the biocompatibility of these polyphenols raises questions about their use as pharmacological mediators. Nevertheless, the pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical properties of these polyphenols limit their clinical benefit as therapeutics. Pharmaceutical industries have attempted to improve compliance and therapeutic effects. However, nanotechnological approaches to overcome the pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical barriers associated with polyphenols as antidiabetic medications have been shown to be effective to improve clinical compliance and efficacy. Therefore, this review highlighted a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of polyphenol nanoformulations in the treatment of diabetes and vascular consequences.
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Jurcau A, Ardelean AI. Oxidative Stress in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries following Acute Ischemic Stroke. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030574. [PMID: 35327376 PMCID: PMC8945353 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recanalization therapy is increasingly used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, in about one third of these patients, recanalization is followed by ischemia/reperfusion injuries, and clinically to worsening of the neurological status. Much research has focused on unraveling the involved mechanisms in order to prevent or efficiently treat these injuries. What we know so far is that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are significantly involved in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, despite promising results obtained in experimental research, clinical studies trying to interfere with the oxidative pathways have mostly failed. The current article discusses the main mechanisms leading to ischemia/reperfusion injuries, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress, and reviews the clinical trials with antioxidant molecules highlighting recent developments and future strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Municipal Hospital Oradea, Louis Pasteur Street nr 26, 410054 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-744-600-833
| | - Adriana Ioana Ardelean
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Universitatii Street nr 1, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Emergency County Hospital Oradea, Gh. Doja Street nr 65, 410169 Oradea, Romania
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Lum Nde A, Chukwuma CI, Erukainure OL, Chukwuma MS, Matsabisa MG. Ethnobotanical, phytochemical, toxicology and anti-diabetic potential of Senna occidentalis (L.) link; A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114663. [PMID: 34560215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Senna occidentalis (L.) Link is a plant that has been used in medicine in some African countries, Asia and America. It is mainly used in Ayurvedic medicine in India. Several parts of this plant are used for preventing or treating diabetes, haematuria, rheumatism, typhoid, asthma, hepatotoxicity, disorders of haemoglobin and leprosy. AIM OF THE STUDY This review outlines the pharmacological evidence supporting the potential of S. occidentalis to control or compensate for diabetes and associated complications, with intentions to sensitize the scientific community for future research on this promising plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information on the anti-diabetic pharmacological studies of Senna occidentalis was collected from various scientific databases including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. The studies were analyzed for the toxicological, phytochemical, anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia and antioxidative aspects of the different parts of S. occidentalis. RESULTS Numerous phytochemical constituents (flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, terpenes and glycosides) are present in this plant and are responsible for their anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidative effects. The different plant parts appears to exert anti-diabetic effects by direct regulation of blood glucose, modulation of lipid profile and improving of antioxidant status and islet function. CONCLUSION Senna occidentalis is rich in phytochemicals. The crude extracts of the different parts have valuable bioactive properties with potential ethnopharmacological relevance for diabetes management and treatment. Further bioassay guided phytochemical analyses of this plant are recommended to explore its therapeutic bioactive principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Lum Nde
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Chika I Chukwuma
- Centre for the Quality of Health and Living (CQHL), Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Maria S Chukwuma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Motlalepula G Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
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Gea-González A, Hernández-García S, Henarejos-Escudero P, Martínez-Rodríguez P, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Polyphenols from traditional Chinese medicine and Mediterranean diet are effective against Aβ toxicity in vitro and in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Funct 2022; 13:1206-1217. [PMID: 35018947 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential of naturally occurring polyphenols as nutraceuticals to prevent and/or treat Alzheimer's disease is studied. Five structurally related flavones and four tyrosols were tested in vitro in human amyloid-β peptide aggregation assays. The most promising compounds were two flavones, scutellarein and baicalein, and two tyrosols hydroxytyrosol and hydroxytyrosol acetate. These compounds caused a dose-dependent reduction of Aβ-peptide aggregation up to 90% for the flavones and 100% for the tyrosols, at concentrations of 83.3 μM and 33.3 mM, respectively. The IC50 value obtained for scutellarein was 22.5 μM, and was slightly higher for baicalein, 25.9 μM, while for hydroxytyrosol and hydroxytyrosol acetate they were 0.57 mM and 0.62 mM. Given these results, the compounds were selected to conduct in vivo assays with the Caenorhabditis elegans animal model of Alzheimer's disease. The amyloid anti-aggregation ability of these polyphenols was demonstrated in in vivo aggregation assays in which 1 mM hydroxytyrosol reduced the amyloid plaques in the mutant strain CL2331 by 43%. The neuroprotective effect was evaluated in chemotaxis experiments carried out with transgenic strain CL2355 that expresses the human amyloid-β peptide in the neurons. The chemotaxis index was improved by 240% when the neuron-impaired animals were treated with 1 mM hydroxytyrosol. The results indicate that the four molecules would be viable candidates to develop nutraceuticals that interfere in amyloid-β peptide aggregation and, consequently, prevent and/or treat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gea-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Samanta Hernández-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Paula Henarejos-Escudero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria. Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum". Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Chen D, Xiao Z, Guo H, Gogishvili D, Setroikromo R, Wouden PE, Dekker FJ. Identification of a Bromodomain‐like Region in 15‐Lipoxygenase‐1 Explains Its Nuclear Localization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deng Chen
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP) University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Zhangping Xiao
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP) University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Hao Guo
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP) University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Dea Gogishvili
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP) University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP) University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Petra E. Wouden
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP) University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Dekker
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP) University of Groningen Antonius Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
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Chen D, Xiao Z, Guo H, Gogishvili D, Setroikromo R, van der Wouden PE, Dekker FJ. Identification of a Bromodomain-like Region in 15-Lipoxygenase-1 Explains Its Nuclear Localization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21875-21883. [PMID: 34388301 PMCID: PMC8518382 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity provides oxidative lipid metabolites, which are involved in inflammatory disorders and tumorigenesis. Activity-based probes to detect the activity of LOX enzymes in their cellular context provide opportunities to explore LOX biology and LOX inhibition. Here, we developed Labelox B as a potent covalent LOX inhibitor for one-step activity-based labeling of proteins with LOX activity. Labelox B was used to establish an ELISA-based assay for affinity capture and antibody-based detection of specific LOX isoenzymes. Moreover, Labelox B enabled efficient activity-based labeling of endogenous LOXs in living cells. LOX proved to localize in the nucleus, which was rationalized by identification of a functional bromodomain-like consensus motif in 15-LOX-1. This indicates that 15-LOX-1 is not only involved in oxidative lipid metabolism, but also in chromatin binding, which suggests a potential role in chromatin modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Chen
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhangping Xiao
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Guo
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dea Gogishvili
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra E van der Wouden
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Dekker
- Department Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Development of the Flow Chart for Obtaining and Studying the Antihypoxic Activity of Dry Extracts from the Aerial Part of Scutellaria Adenostegia Herbs. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Baicalein, Baicalin, and Wogonin: Protective Effects against Ischemia-Induced Neurodegeneration in the Brain and Retina. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8377362. [PMID: 34306315 PMCID: PMC8263226 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8377362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is a common pathological condition present in many neurodegenerative diseases, including ischemic stroke, retinal vascular occlusion, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, threatening the sight and lives of millions of people globally. Ischemia can trigger excessive oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction, leading to the disruption of tissue homeostasis and, ultimately, cell death. Current therapies are very limited and have a narrow time window for effective treatment. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutic options for ischemia-induced neural injuries. With emerging reports on the pharmacological properties of natural flavonoids, these compounds present potent antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic agents for the treatment of ischemic insults. Three major active flavonoids, baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin, have been extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (S. baicalensis); all of which are reported to have low cytotoxicity. They have been demonstrated to exert promising pharmacological capabilities in preventing cell and tissue damage. This review focuses on the therapeutic potentials of these flavonoids against ischemia-induced neurotoxicity and damage in the brain and retina. The bioactivity and bioavailability of baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin are also discussed. It is with hope that the therapeutic potential of these flavonoids can be utilized and developed as natural treatments for ischemia-induced injuries of the central nervous system (CNS).
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Role of Polyphenols as Antioxidant Supplementation in Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5471347. [PMID: 34257802 PMCID: PMC8253632 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5471347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of death globally and the leading cause of death in China. The pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia injury is complex, and oxidative stress plays an important role in the fundamental pathologic progression of cerebral damage in ischemic stroke. Previous studies have preliminarily confirmed that oxidative stress should be a potential therapeutic target and antioxidant as a treatment strategy for ischemic stroke. Emerging experimental studies have demonstrated that polyphenols exert the antioxidant potential to play the neuroprotection role after ischemic stroke. This comprehensive review summarizes antioxidant effects of some polyphenols, which have the most inhibition effects on reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress after ischemic stroke.
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Mansouri K, Rastegari-Pouyani M, Ghanbri-Movahed M, Safarzadeh M, Kiani S, Ghanbari-Movahed Z. Can a metabolism-targeted therapeutic intervention successfully subjugate SARS-COV-2? A scientific rational. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110694. [PMID: 32920511 PMCID: PMC7451059 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a process entailing a high turnover of the host cell molecules, viral replication is required for a successful viral infection and requests virus capacity to acquire the macromolecules required for its propagation. To this end, viruses have adopted several strategies to harness cellular metabolism in accordance with their specific demands. Most viruses upregulate specific cellular anabolic pathways and are largely dependent on such alterations. RNA viruses, for example, upregulate both glycolysisand glycogenolysis providing TCA cycle intermediates essential for anabolic lipogenesis. Also, these infections usually induce the PPP, leading to increased nucleotide levels supporting viral replication. SARS-CoV-2 (the cause of COVID-19)that has so far spread from China throughout the world is also an RNA virus. Owing to the more metabolic plasticity of uninfected cells, a promising approach for specific antiviral therapy, which has drawn a lot of attention in the recent years, would be the targeting of metabolic changes induced by viruses. In the current review, we first summarize some of virus-induced metabolic adaptations and then based on these information as well as SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, propose a potential therapeutic modality for this calamitous world-spreading virus with the hope of employing this strategy for near-future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rastegari-Pouyani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghanbri-Movahed
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehrnoush Safarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Kiani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghanbari-Movahed
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Al-Ishaq RK, Abotaleb M, Kubatka P, Kajo K, Büsselberg D. Flavonoids and Their Anti-Diabetic Effects: Cellular Mechanisms and Effects to Improve Blood Sugar Levels. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E430. [PMID: 31480505 PMCID: PMC6769509 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevailing global health metabolic disorder, with an alarming incidence rate and a huge burden on health care providers. DM is characterized by the elevation of blood glucose due either to a defect in insulin synthesis, secretion, binding to receptor, or an increase of insulin resistance. The internal and external factors such as obesity, urbanizations, and genetic mutations could increase the risk of developing DM. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds existing as secondary metabolites in fruits and vegetables as well as fungi. Their structure consists of 15 carbon skeletons and two aromatic rings (A and B) connected by three carbon chains. Flavonoids are furtherly classified into 6 subclasses: flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, flavanols, and anthocyanidins. Naturally occurring flavonoids possess anti-diabetic effects. As in vitro and animal model's studies demonstrate, they have the ability to prevent diabetes and its complications. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge addressing the antidiabetic effects of dietary flavonoids and their underlying molecular mechanisms on selected pathways: Glucose transporter, hepatic enzymes, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AMPK, PPAR, and NF-κB. Flavonoids improve the pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications through the regulation of glucose metabolism, hepatic enzymes activities, and a lipid profile. Most studies illustrate a positive role of specific dietary flavonoids on diabetes, but the mechanisms of action and the side effects need more clarification. Overall, more research is needed to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of diabetes treatment using flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad Khalid Al-Ishaq
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar
| | - Mariam Abotaleb
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology and Department of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Karol Kajo
- Department of Pathology, St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute Hospital, 81250 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 81439 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar.
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Li Y, Chen Q, Ran D, Wang H, Du W, Luo Y, Jiang W, Yang Y, Yang J. Changes in the levels of 12/15-lipoxygenase, apoptosis-related proteins and inflammatory factors in the cortex of diabetic rats and the neuroprotection of baicalein. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:239-247. [PMID: 30659940 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of baicalein and the effect of the cortical 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) pathway on diabetic cognitive dysfunction. Our results showed that spatial learning and memory ability, as well as cortex neurons, were significantly impaired after the onset of diabetes. The fasting blood glucose and random blood glucose levels in the model group were significantly higher than those in the normal group. The levels of TG and TC in the plasma of the model group were significantly increased, but there was no significant difference in the LDL level. The insulin content in the plasma of diabetic rats was significantly lower than that of the normal group. The levels of inflammatory factors and 12(S)-HETE were significantly increased in diabetic rats, as were the protein expression levels of cPLA2, 12/15-LOX, p38MAPK, phospho-p38MAPK, caspase-3, caspase-9 and Aβ1-42; by contrast, protein expression of Bcl-2 was significantly decreased. Administration of baicalein was shown to improve the spatial learning and memory ability and significantly decrease the levels of inflammatory cytokines. However, baicalein did not significantly influence the levels of blood glucose, lipids or insulin in rats. Baicalein treatment significantly protected diabetes rats from neuron death; significantly attenuated the overexpression of cPLA2, 12/15-LOX, p38MAPK, phospho-p38MAPK, caspase-3, caspase-9 and Aβ1-42; and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2. These findings suggest that baicalein improves the cognitive function of diabetic rats by directly acting in the brain rather than by regulating the levels of blood glucose, lipids or insulin. In addition, baicalein can protect rat cortical neurons from damage caused by diabetes via inhibiting the 12/15-LOX pathway and relieving inflammation and apoptosis of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China; Pharmacy Department of GuiZhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Dongzhi Ran
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Weimin Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wengao Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Kenny EM, Fidan E, Yang Q, Anthonymuthu TS, New LA, Meyer EA, Wang H, Kochanek PM, Dixon CE, Kagan VE, Bayır H. Ferroptosis Contributes to Neuronal Death and Functional Outcome After Traumatic Brain Injury. Crit Care Med 2019; 47:410-418. [PMID: 30531185 PMCID: PMC6449247 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000003555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Traumatic brain injury triggers multiple cell death pathways, possibly including ferroptosis-a recently described cell death pathway that results from accumulation of 15-lipoxygenase-mediated lipid oxidation products, specifically oxidized phosphatidylethanolamine containing arachidonic or adrenic acid. This study aimed to investigate whether ferroptosis contributed to the pathogenesis of in vitro and in vivo traumatic brain injury, and whether inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase provided neuroprotection. DESIGN Cell culture study and randomized controlled animal study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS HT22 neuronal cell line and adult male C57BL/6 mice. INTERVENTIONS HT22 cells were subjected to pharmacologic induction of ferroptosis or mechanical stretch injury with and without administration of inhibitors of ferroptosis. Mice were subjected to sham or controlled cortical impact injury. Injured mice were randomized to receive vehicle or baicalein (12/15-lipoxygenase inhibitor) at 10-15 minutes postinjury. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Pharmacologic inducers of ferroptosis and mechanical stretch injury resulted in cell death that was rescued by prototypical antiferroptotic agents including baicalein. Liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry revealed the abundance of arachidonic/adrenic-phosphatidylethanolamine compared with other arachidonic/adrenic acid-containing phospholipids in the brain. Controlled cortical impact resulted in accumulation of oxidized phosphatidylethanolamine, increased expression of 15-lipoxygenase and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (enzyme that generates substrate for the esterification of arachidonic/adrenic acid into phosphatidylethanolamine), and depletion of glutathione in the ipsilateral cortex. Postinjury administration of baicalein attenuated oxidation of arachidonic/adrenic acid-containing-phosphatidylethanolamine, decreased the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling positive cells in the hippocampus, and improved spatial memory acquisition versus vehicle. CONCLUSIONS Biomarkers of ferroptotic death were increased after traumatic brain injury. Baicalein decreased ferroptotic phosphatidylethanolamine oxidation and improved outcome after controlled cortical impact, suggesting that 15-lipoxygenase pathway might be a valuable therapeutic target after traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Kenny
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Emin Fidan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Tamil S. Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Lee Ann New
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Elizabeth A. Meyer
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
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Singh NK, Rao GN. Emerging role of 12/15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) in human pathologies. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 73:28-45. [PMID: 30472260 PMCID: PMC6338518 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is an enzyme, which oxidizes polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-6 and -3 fatty acids, to generate a number of bioactive lipid metabolites. A large number of studies have revealed the importance of 12/15-LOX role in oxidative and inflammatory responses. The in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of 12/15-LOX metabolites in the expression of various genes and production of cytokine related to inflammation and resolution of inflammation. The studies with the use of knockout and transgenic animals for 12/15-LOX have further shown its involvement in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including cardiovascular, renal, neurological and metabolic disorders. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of 12/15-LOX in inflammation and various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S. Manassas Street Memphis, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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18
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Lapchak PA, Boitano PD, Bombien R, Cook DJ, Doyan S, Lara JM, Schubert DR. CNB-001, a pleiotropic drug is efficacious in embolized agyrencephalic New Zealand white rabbits and ischemic gyrencephalic cynomolgus monkeys. Exp Neurol 2018; 313:98-108. [PMID: 30521790 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is an acute neurodegenerative disease that is extremely devastating to patients, their families and society. Stroke is inadequately treated even with endovascular procedures and reperfusion therapy. Using an extensive translational screening process, we have developed a pleiotropic cytoprotective agent with the potential to positively impact a large population of brain ischemia patients and revolutionize the process used for the development of new drugs to treat complex brain disorders. In this unique translational study article, we document that the novel curcumin-based compound, CNB-001, when administered as a single intravenous dose, has significant efficacy to attenuate clinically relevant behavioral deficits following ischemic events in agyrencephalic rabbits when administered 1 h post-embolization and reduces infarct growth in gyrencephalic non-human primates, when administered 5 min after initiation of middle cerebral artery occlusion. CNB-001 is safe and does not increase morbidity or mortality in either research species. Mechanistically, CNB-001 inhibits human 5- and 15-lipoxygenase in vitro, and can attenuate ischemia-induced inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress markers, while potentially promoting synaptic plasticity mediated by enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Neurocore LLC, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
| | | | | | - Douglas J Cook
- Department of Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - David R Schubert
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratories, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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19
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Wang ZL, Wang S, Kuang Y, Hu ZM, Qiao X, Ye M. A comprehensive review on phytochemistry, pharmacology, and flavonoid biosynthesis of Scutellaria baicalensis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2018; 56:465-484. [PMID: 31070530 PMCID: PMC6292351 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1492620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae) is a popular medicinal plant. Its roots are used as the famous traditional Chinese medicine Huang-Qin, which is recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia, and British Pharmacopoeia. OBJECTIVE This review comprehensively summarizes research progress in phytochemistry, pharmacology, and flavonoid biosynthesis of S. baicalensis. METHODS English and Chinese literature from 1973 to March 2018 was collected from databases including Web of Science, SciFinder, PubMed, Elsevier, Baidu Scholar (Chinese), and CNKI (Chinese). Scutellaria baicalensis, chemical constituents, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biosynthesis were used as the key words. RESULTS A total of 126 small molecules (1-126) and 6 polysaccharides have been isolated from S. baicalensis. The small molecules can be classified into four structural types, namely, free flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides, and other small molecules. Extracts of S. baicalensis and its major chemical constituents have been reported to possess anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Key steps in the biosynthetic pathways of Scutellaria flavonoids have also been summarized. CONCLUSIONS This article could be helpful for researchers who are interested in the chemical constituents, bioactivities, biosynthesis, and clinical applications of S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- CONTACT Min Ye State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100191, China
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20
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Doucet MS, Jougleux JL, Poirier SJ, Cormier M, Léger JL, Surette ME, Pichaud N, Touaibia M, Boudreau LH. Identification of Peracetylated Quercetin as a Selective 12-Lipoxygenase Pathway Inhibitor in Human Platelets. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 95:139-150. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.113480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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21
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Hypoxic cardiac fibroblasts from failing human hearts decrease cardiomyocyte beating frequency in an ALOX15 dependent manner. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202693. [PMID: 30138423 PMCID: PMC6107211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A common denominator for patients with heart failure is the correlation between elevated serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and adverse clinical outcomes. Furthermore, lipoxygenase-induced inflammation is reportedly involved in the pathology of heart failure. Cardiac fibroblasts, which are abundant in cardiac tissue, are known to be activated by inflammation. We previously showed high expression of the lipoxygenase arachidonate 15 lipoxygenase (ALOX15), which catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to 15-hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE), in ischemic cardiac tissue. The exact roles of ALOX15 and 15-HETE in the pathogenesis of heart failure are however unknown. Biopsies were collected from all chambers of explanted failing human hearts from heart transplantation patients, as well as from the left ventricles from organ donors not suffering from chronic heart failure. Biopsies from the left ventricles underwent quantitative immunohistochemical analysis for ALOX15/B. Gene expression of ALOX enzymes, as well as 15-HETE levels, were examined in cardiac fibroblasts which had been cultured in either hypoxic or normoxic conditions after isolation from failing hearts. After the addition of fibroblast supernatants to human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, intracellular calcium concentrations were measured to examine the effect of paracrine signaling on cardiomyocyte beating frequency. While ALOX15 and ALOX15B were expressed throughout failing hearts as well as in hearts from organ donors, ALOX15 was expressed at significantly higher levels in donor hearts. Hypoxia resulted in a significant increase in gene and protein expression of ALOX15 and ALOX15B in fibroblasts isolated from the different chambers of failing hearts. Finally, preconditioned medium from hypoxic fibroblasts decreased the beating frequency of human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells in an ALOX15-dependent manner. In summary, our results demonstrate that ALOX15/B signaling by hypoxic cardiac fibroblasts may play an important role in ischemic cardiomyopathy, by decreasing cardiomyocyte beating frequency.
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22
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12/15 lipoxygenase: A crucial enzyme in diverse types of cell death. Neurochem Int 2018; 118:34-41. [PMID: 29627380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) enzymes react with polyunsaturated fatty acids producing active lipid metabolites that are involved in plethora of human diseases including neurological disorders. A great many of elegant studies over the last decades have contributed to unraveling the mechanism how 12/15-lipoxygenase play a role in these diseases. And the way it works is mainly through apoptosis. However, recent years have found that the way 12/15-lipoxygenase works is also related to autophagy and ferroptosis, a newly defined type of cell death by Stockwell's lab in 2012. Figuring out how 12/15-lipoxygenase participate in these modes of cell death is of vital importance to understand its role in disease. The review aims to give a sight on our current knowledge on the role of this enzyme in apoptosis, autophagy and ferroptosis. And the relevant diseases that 12/15-lipoxygenase may be involved.
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Liang W, Huang X, Chen W. The Effects of Baicalin and Baicalein on Cerebral Ischemia: A Review. Aging Dis 2017; 8:850-867. [PMID: 29344420 PMCID: PMC5758355 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, producing a high mortality and morbidity rate, is a common clinical disease. Enhancing the prevention and control of ischemic stroke is particularly important. Baicalin and its aglycon baicalein are flavonoids extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis, an important traditional Chinese herb. In recent years, a growing body of evidences has shown that baicalin and baicalein could be effective in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that baicalin could penetrate the blood-brain barrier and distribute in cerebral nuclei. Through a variety of in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic neuronal injury, numerous studies have demonstrated that baicalin and baicalein have salutary effect for neuroprotection. Especially, the studies on the pharmacological mechanism showed that baicalin and baicalein have several pharmacological activities, which include antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-excitotoxicity effects, protection of the mitochondria, promoting neuronal protective factors expression and adult neurogenesis effects and many more. This review focuses on the neuroprotective effects of baicalin and baicalein in ischemia or stroke-induced neuronal cell death. We aimed at collecting all important information regarding the neuroprotective effect and its pharmacological mechanism of baicalin and baicalein in various in vivo and in vitro experimental models of ischemic neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenqiang Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, ChinaThese authors equally contributed to this work
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Thillainayagam M, Malathi K, Ramaiah S. In-Silico molecular docking and simulation studies on novel chalcone and flavone hybrid derivatives with 1, 2, 3-triazole linkage as vital inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3993-4009. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1404935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahalakshmi Thillainayagam
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, TamilNadu, India
| | - Kullappan Malathi
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, TamilNadu, India
| | - Sudha Ramaiah
- Medical & Biological Computing Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, TamilNadu, India
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25
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Sowndhararajan K, Deepa P, Kim M, Park SJ, Kim S. Baicalein as a potent neuroprotective agent: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1021-1032. [PMID: 28922719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, neurodegenerative diseases are the most challenging global health problems. Neuronal cell death or damage is a key factor for many neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in the development of effective neuroprotective agents, especially from natural sources. In particular, phytochemicals have shown high efficacy with low side effects in various in vitro and in vivo studies. In the various phytoconstituents, flavonoids are important bioactive products and mainly found in various vegetables and fruits. Among them, baicalein is one of the important flavones, which is mainly found in the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. A number of studies have reported that baicalein has potent neuroprotective properties under in vitro as well as in vivo systems. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the existing literature in connection with the neuroprotective effects of baicalein and its molecular mechanisms of action. The current review highlights could be useful to identify novel therapeutic agents in relation to the treatment of neurotoxicity-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ponnuvel Deepa
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Park
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Songmun Kim
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Inhibition of 12/15 LOX ameliorates cognitive and cholinergic dysfunction in mouse model of hypobaric hypoxia via. attenuation of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Neuroscience 2017; 359:308-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Wang H, Li T, Xiang H, Zhang X, Fang K, Wu G, Yan M, Xue N, Chen M, Xie T, Zhang Y, Wang P, Lei H. Origin and Formation Mechanism Investigation of Compound Precipitation from the Traditional Chinese Prescription Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091456. [PMID: 28862668 PMCID: PMC6151706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that compounds in the form of precipitate (CFP) from Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT) were stable, and the CFP content reached 2.63% of the whole decoction and had good neuroprotective effects. However, there has been no research on their specific source. In this study, it was found that HLJDT CFP mainly came from the reaction of Scutellaria baicalensis and Coptis chinensis by studying the separated prescription components (accounting for 81.33% of HLJDT CFP). Unlike previous studies on HLJDT CFP, in this research the chemical composition of Scutellaria baicalensis–Coptis chinensis (SB–CC) CFP was identified by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MSn), which further proved that the main source of HLJDT CFP was Scutellaria baicalensis–Coptis chinensis CFP compared with previous HLJDT CFP studies. To explain the reaction mechanism between the decoctions of Scutellaria baicalensis and Coptis chinensis, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to analyze their binding heat and the thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG, n, Ka) of the reaction between baicalin and berberine, which are the main components of Scutellaria baicalensis and Coptis chinensis, respectively. The results showed that the reaction between decoctions of Scutellaria baicalensis and Coptis chinensis was exothermic and the reaction between baicalin and berberine was a spontaneous and enthalpy-driven chemical reaction, the binding ratio being 1:1. In addition, HLJDT CFP (EC50 = 14.71 ± 0.91 µg/mL) and SB-CC CFP (EC50 = 6.11 ± 0.12 µg/mL) showed similar protective activities on PC12 cells injured by cobalt chloride (CoCl2). This study provided a new angle to research on the main chemical components and therapeutic values of CFP in Traditional Chinese Medicine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Tong Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Hongjun Xiang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Kang Fang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Gaorong Wu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Mengmeng Yan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Nannan Xue
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Meng Chen
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Tianxin Xie
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yuzhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Maher P, van Leyen K, Dey PN, Honrath B, Dolga A, Methner A. The role of Ca 2+ in cell death caused by oxidative glutamate toxicity and ferroptosis. Cell Calcium 2017; 70:47-55. [PMID: 28545724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ ions play a fundamental role in cell death mediated by oxidative glutamate toxicity or oxytosis, a form of programmed cell death similar and possibly identical to other forms of cell death like ferroptosis. Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space occurs late in a cascade characterized by depletion of the intracellular antioxidant glutathione, increases in cytosolic reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we aim to compare oxidative glutamate toxicity with ferroptosis, address the signaling pathways that culminate in Ca2+ influx and cell death and discuss the proteins that mediate this. Recent evidence hints toward a role of the machinery responsible for store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), which refills the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) after receptor-mediated ER Ca2+ release or other forms of store depletion. Pharmacological inhibition of SOCE or transcriptional downregulation of proteins involved in SOCE like the ER Ca2+ sensor STIM1, the plasma membrane Ca2+ channels Orai1 and TRPC1 and the linking protein Homer protects against oxidative glutamate toxicity and direct oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) injury, a cellular model of Parkinson's disease. This suggests that SOCE inhibition might have some potential therapeutic effects in human disease associated with oxidative stress like neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Partha Narayan Dey
- University Medical Center and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Neurology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Birgit Honrath
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Axel Methner
- University Medical Center and Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Neurology, Mainz, Germany.
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Li W, Yang S. Targeting oxidative stress for the treatment of ischemic stroke: Upstream and downstream therapeutic strategies. Brain Circ 2016; 2:153-163. [PMID: 30276293 PMCID: PMC6126224 DOI: 10.4103/2394-8108.195279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive oxygen and its chemical derivatives, namely reactive oxygen species (ROS), produce oxidative stress that has been known to lead to cell injury in ischemic stroke. ROS can damage macromolecules such as proteins and lipids and leads to cell autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis to the cells. This review describes studies on the generation of ROS, its role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, and recent development in therapeutic strategies in reducing oxidative stress after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Shaohua Yang
- Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Compositions, Formation Mechanism, and Neuroprotective Effect of Compound Precipitation from the Traditional Chinese Prescription Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081094. [PMID: 27548137 PMCID: PMC6272921 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds in the form of precipitation (CFP) are universally formed during the decocting of Chinese prescriptions, such as Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT). The formation rate of HLJDT CFP even reached 2.63% ± 0.20%. The identification by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)) proved that the main chemical substances of HLJDT CFP are baicalin and berberine, which is coincident with the theory that the CFP might derive from interaction between acidic and basic compounds. To investigate the formation mechanism of HLJDT CFP, baicalin and berberine were selected to synthesize a simulated precipitation and then the baicalin-berberine complex was obtained. Results indicated that the melting point of the complex interposed between baicalin and berberine, and the UV absorption, was different from the mother material. In addition, ¹H-NMR integral and high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HR-MS) can validate that the binding ratio was 1:1. Compared with baicalin, the chemical shifts of H and C on glucuronide had undergone significant changes by ¹H-, (13)C-NMR, which proved that electron transfer occurred between the carboxylic proton and the lone pair of electrons on the N atom. Both HLJDT CFP and the baicalin-berberine complex showed protective effects against cobalt chloride-induced neurotoxicity in differentiated PC12 cells. It is a novel idea, studying the material foundation of CFP in Chinese prescriptions.
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Razavi-Azarkhiavi K, Iranshahy M, Sahebkar A, Shirani K, Karimi G. The Protective Role of Phenolic Compounds Against Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity: A Comprehensive Review. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:892-917. [PMID: 27341037 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1187280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although doxorubicin (DOX) is among the most widely used anticancer agents, its clinical application is hampered owing to its cardiotoxicity. Adjuvant therapy with an antioxidant has been suggested as a promising strategy to reduce DOX-induced adverse effects. In this context, many phenolic compounds have been reported to protect against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. The cardioprotective effects of phenolic compounds are exerted via multiple mechanisms including inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis, NF-κB, p53, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage. In this review, we present a summary of the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical findings on the protective mechanisms of phenolic compounds against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Razavi-Azarkhiavi
- a Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Milad Iranshahy
- b Biotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- c Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Kobra Shirani
- d Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- e Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,f Pharmaceutical Research Center and Pharmacy School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
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Kawabori M, Yenari MA. Inflammatory responses in brain ischemia. Curr Med Chem 2016; 22:1258-77. [PMID: 25666795 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666150209154036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain infarction causes tissue death by ischemia due to occlusion of the cerebral vessels and recent work has shown that post stroke inflammation contributes significantly to the development of ischemic pathology. Because secondary damage by brain inflammation may have a longer therapeutic time window compared to the rescue of primary damage following arterial occlusion, controlling inflammation would be an obvious therapeutic target. A substantial amount of experimentall progress in this area has been made in recent years. However, it is difficult to elucidate the precise mechanisms of the inflammatory responses following ischemic stroke because inflammation is a complex series of interactions between inflammatory cells and molecules, all of which could be either detrimental or beneficial. We review recent advances in neuroinflammation and the modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways in brain ischemia. Potential targets for treatment of ischemic stroke will also be covered. The roles of the immune system and brain damage versus repair will help to clarify how immune modulation may treat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Midori A Yenari
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Anthonymuthu TS, Kenny EM, Bayır H. Therapies targeting lipid peroxidation in traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2016; 1640:57-76. [PMID: 26872597 PMCID: PMC4870119 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation can be broadly defined as the process of inserting a hydroperoxy group into a lipid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids present in the phospholipids are often the targets for peroxidation. Phospholipids are indispensable for normal structure of membranes. The other important function of phospholipids stems from their role as a source of lipid mediators - oxygenated free fatty acids that are derived from lipid peroxidation. In the CNS, excessive accumulation of either oxidized phospholipids or oxygenated free fatty acids may be associated with damage occurring during acute brain injury and subsequent inflammatory responses. There is a growing body of evidence that lipid peroxidation occurs after severe traumatic brain injury in humans and correlates with the injury severity and mortality. Identification of the products and sources of lipid peroxidation and its enzymatic or non-enzymatic nature is essential for the design of mechanism-based therapies. Recent progress in mass spectrometry-based lipidomics/oxidative lipidomics offers remarkable opportunities for quantitative characterization of lipid peroxidation products, providing guidance for targeted development of specific therapeutic modalities. In this review, we critically evaluate previous attempts to use non-specific antioxidants as neuroprotectors and emphasize new approaches based on recent breakthroughs in understanding of enzymatic mechanisms of lipid peroxidation associated with specific death pathways, particularly apoptosis. We also emphasize the role of different phospholipases (calcium-dependent and -independent) in hydrolysis of peroxidized phospholipids and generation of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:Brain injury and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamil Selvan Anthonymuthu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Elizabeth Megan Kenny
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Childrens׳s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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Identification of baicalein as a ferroptosis inhibitor by natural product library screening. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:775-780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Vinayagam R, Xu B. Antidiabetic properties of dietary flavonoids: a cellular mechanism review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:60. [PMID: 26705405 PMCID: PMC4690284 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural food products have been used for combating human diseases for thousands of years. Naturally occurring flavonoids including flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavonols, isoflavones and anthocyanidins have been proposed as effective supplements for management and prevention of diabetes and its long-term complications based on in vitro and animal models. Aim To summarize the roles of dietary flavonoids in diabetes management and their molecular mechanisms. Findings Tremendous studies have found that flavonoids originated from foods could improve glucose metabolism, lipid profile, regulating the hormones and enzymes in human body, further protecting human being from diseases like obesity, diabetes and their complications. Conclusion In the current review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the biological action, mechanism and therapeutic potential of the dietary flavonoids and its subsequent clinical outcomes in the field of drug discovery in management of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Vinayagam
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, 28, Jinfeng Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519085 China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, 28, Jinfeng Road, Tangjiawan, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519085 China
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Wang AW, Song L, Miao J, Wang HX, Tian C, Jiang X, Han QY, Yu L, Liu Y, Du J, Xia YL, Li HH. Baicalein attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac remodeling via inhibition of AKT/mTOR, ERK1/2, NF-κB, and calcineurin signaling pathways in mice. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:518-26. [PMID: 25362112 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baicalein, a specific lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the functional role of baicalein in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension and cardiac remodeling remains unclear. Here we investigated the effect of baicalein on cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Wild-type (WT) mice were injected with Ang II (1,200ng/kg/min) alone or together with 12/15-LOX inhibitor baicalein (25mg/kg) for 14 days. Histological examinations were performed on heart sections with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, wheat germ agglutinin staining, and immunohistochemistry. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of cytokines and protein levels were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis respectively. RESULTS Ang II infusion significantly increased blood pressure but decreased cardiac contractile function reflected by fractional shortening% and ejection fraction% compared with saline-treated mice. Moreover, Ang II infusion resulted in marked cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, promoted accumulation of macrophages and T cells, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. However, these actions were markedly reversed by administration of baicalein in mice. Mechanistically, the protective effects of baicalein were associated with the inhibition of inflammation, oxidative stress, and multiple signaling pathways (AKT/mTOR, ERK1/2, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and calcineurin) in the Ang II-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that baicalein can significantly ameliorate Ang II-induced hypertension and cardiac remodeling, and may be a novel therapeutic drug for prevention of hypertensive heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Wu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji-nan, China; #These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Lina Song
- Department of Pathology, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Beijing AnZhen Hospital the Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; #These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jie Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changqing University Science & Technology Park, Ji-nan, China
| | - Hong-Xia Wang
- Department of Pathology, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Beijing AnZhen Hospital the Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Tian
- Department of Pathology, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Beijing AnZhen Hospital the Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Beijing AnZhen Hospital the Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Han
- Department of Pathology, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Beijing AnZhen Hospital the Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Du
- Department of Pathology, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Beijing AnZhen Hospital the Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Long Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China; Center for Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Chronic Diseases, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Joshi YB, Giannopoulos PF, Praticò D. The 12/15-lipoxygenase as an emerging therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:181-186. [PMID: 25708815 PMCID: PMC4355395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive memory loss. Mutations in genes involved in the production of amyloid-β (Aβ) are linked to the early-onset variant of AD. However, the most common form, sporadic AD, is considered to be the result of an interaction between environmental risk factors and various genes. Among them, recent work has highlighted the potential role that the 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15LO) pathway may play in AD pathogenesis. 12/15LO is widely distributed in the central nervous system, and its levels are upregulated in patients with AD or mild cognitive impairments. Studies using animal models have implicated 12/15LO in the molecular pathology of AD, including the metabolism of Aβ and tau, synaptic integrity, and cognitive functions. We provide an overview of this pathway and its relevance to AD pathogenesis, discuss the mechanism(s) involved, and provide an assessment of how targeting 12/15LO could lead to novel AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash B Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Phillip F Giannopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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El-Bassossy HM, Hassan NA, Mahmoud MF, Fahmy A. Baicalein protects against hypertension associated with diabetes: effect on vascular reactivity and stiffness. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:1742-1745. [PMID: 25442285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigated the possible protective effect of baicalein, a natural lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitor, on both insulin deficiency (ID) and insulin resistance (IR)-induced macro-vascular impairment. ID and IR were induced by STZ or fructose for 8 or 12 weeks respectively while baicalein was administered in the last six weeks. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded and isolated aorta reactivity to phenylephrine (PE) and acetylcholine (ACh) were studied. Blood levels of glucose, insulin, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined. Aortic nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) activation was assessed. Both models resulted in elevated BP, increased vasoconstriction and impaired relaxation KCl, elevated TNF-α and AGEs, NF-κB activation, marked infiltration of leukocytes in the adventitia, pyknosis of endothelial cells and marked collagen deposition. Baicalein ameliorated elevations in BP in models, prevented exaggerated vasoconstriction IR model and improved relaxation in ID model. Baicalein reduced AGEs and TNF-α level, decreased NF-κB activation and inhibited histopathological changes in both models. Baicalein offsets the hypertensive and the vascular impairment associated with both diabetic models via ameliorating functional and structural derangements of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M El-Bassossy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Noura Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona Fouad Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Fahmy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Singh M, Kaur M, Silakari O. Flavones: an important scaffold for medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:206-39. [PMID: 25019478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Flavones have antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, estrogenic, acetyl cholinesterase, anti-inflammatory activities and are also used in cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Also, flavonoids are found to have an effect on several mammalian enzymes like protein kinases that regulate multiple cell signaling pathways and alterations in multiple cellular signaling pathways are frequently found in many diseases. Flavones have been an indispensable anchor for the development of new therapeutic agents. The majority of metabolic diseases are speculated to originate from oxidative stress, and it is therefore significant that recent studies have shown the positive effect of flavones on diseases related to oxidative stress. Due to the wide range of biological activities of flavones, their structure-activity relationships have generated interest among medicinal chemists. The outstanding development of flavones derivatives in diverse diseases in very short span of time proves its magnitude for medicinal chemistry research. The present review gives detail about the structural requirement of flavone derivatives for various pharmacological activities. This information may provide an opportunity to scientists of medicinal chemistry discipline to design selective, optimize as well as poly-functional flavone derivatives for the treatment of multi-factorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder Singh
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Maninder Kaur
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India.
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Gaire BP, Kim H. Neuroprotective effects of Fructus Chebulae extracts on experimental models of cerebral ischemia. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2014; 34:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(14)60057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Pedder H, Vesterinen HM, Macleod MR, Wardlaw JM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions tested in animal models of lacunar stroke. Stroke 2014; 45:563-70. [PMID: 24385271 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.003128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A total of 25% of strokes are lacunar, and these are pathophysiologically different from large artery strokes. Despite emerging evidence of a substantial impact on physical disability and dementia, little attention has been paid to the development of specific treatments. The optimal use of the animal models of lacunar stroke used to test candidate interventions is not known. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies testing candidate interventions in animal models of lacunar stroke. We used random-effects meta-analysis to assess the impact of study characteristics and trim and fill to seek evidence of publication bias. RESULTS The efficacy of 43 distinct interventions was described in 57 publications. The median number of quality checklist items scored was 3 of 8 (interquartile range, 2-4). Many models reflected mechanisms of limited relevance to lacunar stroke. Meta-analysis of results from 27 studies showed that on average, infarct size and neurobehavioral outcome were improved by 34.2% (24.1-44.2) and 0.82 standardized mean difference (0.51-1.14), respectively. Four interventions improved both infarct size and neurobehavioral outcome but there were insufficient data for this finding to be considered robust. For infarct size, efficacy was lower in studies reporting blinding and higher in studies reporting randomization. For neurobehavior, efficacy was lower in randomized studies. For infarct size there was evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS No intervention has yet been tested in sufficient range and depth to support translation to clinical trial. There is limited reporting of measures to reduce the risk of bias and evidence for a substantial publications bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Pedder
- From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Lapchak PA. Emerging Therapies: Pleiotropic Multi-target Drugs to Treat Stroke Victims. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 2:129-35. [PMID: 21666853 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Translational Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Davis Research Building, Room D-2091, 110 N. George Burns Road, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Lapchak PA, Schubert DR, Maher PA. De-Risking of Stilbazulenyl Nitrone (STAZN), a Lipophilic Nitrone to Treat Stroke Using a Unique Panel of In Vitro Assays. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 2:209-17. [PMID: 22003372 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used a comprehensive panel of in vitro assays to evaluate the efficacy and safety of stilbazulenyl nitrone (STAZN) as a lead compound to treat acute ischemic stroke. First, we measured neuroprotection in vitro using two different HT22 hippocampal nerve cell assays. Secondly, to de-risk drug development, we used CeeTox analysis with the H4IIE rat hepatoma cell line to determine the acute toxicity profile of STAZN. Third, STAZN was tested in microsomes from four species for measures of metabolic stability. Last, we determined the Ames test genotoxicity profile of STAZN using Salmonella typhimurium TA989 and TA100. In vitro, STAZN was neuroprotective against toxicity induced by iodoacetic acid, and oxytosis-induced glutathione depletion was initiated by glutamate, with an EC(50) value of 1-5 μM. Secondly, using CeeTox analysis, the estimated C(Tox) value (i.e., sustained concentration expected to produce toxicity in a rat 14-day repeat dose study) for STAZN was calculated to be 260 μM. Third, the half-life of STAZN in humans, dogs, and rats was 60-78 min. Last, the genotoxicity profile showed that STAZN did not induce bacterial colony growth under any conditions tested, indicating the lack of mutagenicity with this compound. STAZN appears to be a multi-target neuroprotective compound that has an excellent safety profile in both the CeeTox and Ames mutagenicity assays. STAZN may have significant potential as a novel neuroprotective agent to treat stroke and should be pursued in clinically relevant embolic stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Davis Research Building, D-2091, 110 N. George Burns Road, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Lapchak PA, McKim JM. CeeTox™ Analysis of CNB-001 a Novel Curcumin-Based Neurotrophic/Neuroprotective Lead Compound to Treat Stroke: Comparison with NXY-059 and Radicut. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 2:51-9. [PMID: 21494575 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-010-0034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used a comprehensive cellular toxicity (CeeTox) analysis panel to determine the toxicity profile for CNB-001 [4-((1E)-2-(5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyryl-)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazoyl-3-yl)vinyl)-2-methoxy-phenol)], which is a hybrid molecule created by combining cyclohexyl bisphenol A, a molecule with neurotrophic activity and curcumin, a spice with neuro-protective activity. CNB-001 is a lead development compound since we have recently shown that CNB-001 has significant preclinical efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we compared the CeeTox profile of CNB-001 with two neuroprotective molecules that have been clinically tested for efficacy: the hydrophilic free radical spin trap agent NXY-059 and the hydrophobic free radical scavenger edaravone (Radicut). CeeTox analyses using a rat hepatoma cell line (H4IIE) resulted in estimated C(Tox) value (i.e., sustained concentration expected to produce toxicity in a rat 14-day repeat dose study) of 42 μM for CNB-001 compared with >300 μM for both NXY-059 and Radicut. The CeeTox panel suggests that CNB-001 produces some adverse effects on cellular adenosine triphosphate content, membrane toxicity, glutathione content, and cell mass (or number), but only with high concentrations of the drug. After a 24-h exposure, the drug concentration that produced a half-maximal response (TC(50)) on the measures noted above ranges from 55 to 193 μM. Moreover, all CNB-001-induced changes in the markers were coincident with loss of cell number, prior to acute cell death as measured by membrane integrity, suggesting a cytostatic effect of CNB-001. NXY-059 and Radicut did not have acute toxic effects on H4IIE cells. We also found that CNB-001 resulted in an inhibition of ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase activity, indicating that the drug may affect cytochrome P4501A activity and that CNB-001 was metabolically unstable using a rat microsome assay system. For CNB-001, an estimated in vitro efficacy/toxicity ratio is 183-643-fold, suggesting that there is a significant therapeutic safety window for CNB-001 and that it should be further developed as a novel neuroprotective agent to treat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Burns and Allen Research Institute, 110 N. George Burns Road, D-2091, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Jang I, Park S, Cho JW, Yigitkanli K, van Leyen K, Roth J. Genetic ablation and short-duration inhibition of lipoxygenase results in increased macroautophagy. Exp Cell Res 2013; 321:276-87. [PMID: 24291223 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) is involved in organelle homeostasis by degrading mitochondria in maturing red blood cells and by eliminating excess peroxisomes in liver. Furthermore, 12/15-LOX contributes to diseases by exacerbating oxidative stress-related injury, notably in stroke. Nonetheless, it is unclear what the consequences are of abolishing 12/15-LOX activity. Mice in which the alox15 gene has been ablated do not show an obvious phenotype, and LOX enzyme inhibition is not overtly detrimental. We show here that liver histology is also unremarkable. However, electron microscopy demonstrated that 12/15-LOX knockout surprisingly leads to increased macroautophagy in the liver. Not only macroautophagy but also mitophagy and pexophagy were increased in hepatocytes, which otherwise showed unaltered fine structure and organelle morphology. These findings were substantiated by immunofluorescence showing significantly increased number of LC3 puncta and by Western blotting demonstrating a significant increase for LC3-II protein in both liver and brain homogenates of 12/15-LOX knockout mice. Inhibition of 12/15-LOX activity by treatment with four structurally different inhibitors had similar effects in cultured HepG2 hepatoma cells and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with significantly increased autophagy discernable already after 2 hours. Hence, our study reveals a link between ablation or inhibition of 12/15-LOX and stimulation of macroautophagy. The enhanced macroautophagy may be related to the known tissue-protective effects of LOX ablation or inhibition under various diseased conditions caused by oxidative stress and ischemia. This could provide an important cleaning mechanism of cells and tissues to prevent accumulation of damaged mitochondria and other cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insook Jang
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Sujin Park
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Kazim Yigitkanli
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Klaus van Leyen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jürgen Roth
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
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van Leyen K. Lipoxygenase: an emerging target for stroke therapy. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2013; 12:191-9. [PMID: 23394536 DOI: 10.2174/18715273112119990053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotection as approach to stroke therapy has recently seen a revival of sorts, fueled in part by the continuing necessity to improve acute stroke care, and in part by the identification of novel drug targets. 12/15- Lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX), one of the key enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade, contributes to both neuronal cell death and vascular injury. Inhibition of 12/15-LOX may thus provide multifactorial protection against ischemic injury. Targeting 12/15-LOX and related eicosanoid pathways is the subject of this brief review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus van Leyen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St., R. 2401, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Sun YY, Lin SH, Lin HC, Hung CC, Wang CY, Lin YC, Hung KS, Lien CC, Kuan CY, Lee YH. Cell type-specific dependency on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway for the endogenous Epo and VEGF induction by baicalein in neurons versus astrocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69019. [PMID: 23904909 PMCID: PMC3719842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of baicalein is generally attributed to inhibition of
12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) and suppression of oxidative stress, but recent
studies showed that baicalein also activates hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF1α)
through inhibition of prolyl hydrolase 2 (PHD2) and activation of the
phosphatidylinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Yet, the
significance and regulation of prosurvival cytokines erythropoietin (Epo) and
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), two transcriptional targets of HIF1α,
in baicalein-mediated neuroprotection in neurons and astrocytes remains unknown.
Here we investigated the causal relationship between the PI3K/Akt signaling
pathway and Epo/VEGF expression in baicalein-mediated neuroprotection in primary
rat cortical neurons and astrocytes. Our results show that baicalein induced Epo
and VEGF expression in a HIF1α- and PI3K/Akt-dependent manner in neurons.
Baicalein also protected neurons against excitotoxicity in a PI3K- and
Epo/VEGF-dependent manner without affecting neuronal excitability. In contrast,
at least a 10-fold higher concentration of baicalein was needed to induce
Epo/VEGF production and PI3K/Akt activity in astrocytes for protection of
neurons. Moreover, only baicalein-induced astrocytic VEGF, but not Epo
expression requires HIF1α, while PI3K/Akt signaling had little role in
baicalein-induced astrocytic Epo/VEGF expression. These results suggest distinct
mechanisms of baicalein-mediated Epo/VEGF production in neurons and astrocytes
for neuroprotection, and provide new insights into the mechanisms and potential
of baicalein in treating brain injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yo Sun
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, the Center for
Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shang-Hsuan Lin
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Cheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hung
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University,
Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chu Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Wan Fang Hospital,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chang Lien
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, the Center for
Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University,
Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Lapchak PA. Drug-like property profiling of novel neuroprotective compounds to treat acute ischemic stroke: guidelines to develop pleiotropic molecules. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:328-42. [PMID: 23687519 PMCID: PMC3653324 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel neuroprotective compounds to treat acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has been problematic and quite complicated, since many candidates that have been tested clinically lacked significant pleiotropic activity, were unable to effectively cross the blood brain barrier (BBB), had poor bioavailability or were toxic. Moreover, the compounds did not confer significant neuroprotection or clinical efficacy measured using standard behavioral endpoints, when studied in clinical trials in a heterogeneous population of stroke patients. To circumvent some of the drug development problems describe above, we have used a rational funnel approach to identify and develop promising candidates. Using a step-wise approach, we have identified a series of compounds based upon two different neuroprotection assays. We have then taken the candidates and determined their "drug-like" properties. This guidelines article details in vitro screening assays used to show pleiotropic activity of a series of novel compounds; including enhanced neuroprotective activity compared to the parent compound fisetin. Moreover, for preliminary drug de-risking or risk reduction during development, we used compound assessment in the CeeTox assay, ADME toxicity using the AMES test for genotoxicity and interaction with Cytochrome P450 using CYP450 inhibition analysis against a spectrum of CYP450 enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) as a measure of drug interaction. Moreover, the compounds have been studied using a transfected Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell assay to assess blood brain barrier penetration (BBB). Using this series of assays, we have identified 4 novel molecules to be developed as an AIS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Director of Translational Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Davis Research Building, D-2091, 110 N. George Burns Road, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
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PI3K/Akt Pathway Contributes to Neurovascular Unit Protection of Xiao-Xu-Ming Decoction against Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:459467. [PMID: 23781261 PMCID: PMC3678438 DOI: 10.1155/2013/459467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we used a focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion rat model to investigate the protective effects of Xiao-Xu-Ming decoction (XXMD) on neurovascular unit and to examine the role of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt pathway in this protection. The cerebral ischemia was induced by 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Cerebral infarct area was measured by tetrazolium staining, and neurological function was observed at 24 h after reperfusion. DNA fragmentation assay, combined with immunofluorescence, was performed to evaluate apoptosis of neuron, astrocyte, and vascular endothelial cell which constitute neurovascular unit. The expression levels of proteins involved in PI3K/Akt pathway were detected by Western blot. The results showed that XXMD improved neurological function, decreased cerebral infarct area and neuronal damage, and attenuated cellular apoptosis in neurovascular unit, while these effects were abolished by inhibition of PI3K/Akt with LY294002. We also found that XXMD upregulated p-PDKl, p-Akt, and p-GSK3 β expression levels, which were partly reversed by LY294002. In addition, the increases of p-PTEN and p-c-Raf expression levels on which LY294002 had no effect were also observed in response to XXMD treatment. The data indicated the protective effects of XXMD on neurovascular unit partly through the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Mabalirajan U, Ahmad T, Rehman R, Leishangthem GD, Dinda AK, Agrawal A, Ghosh B, Sharma SK. Baicalein reduces airway injury in allergen and IL-13 induced airway inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62916. [PMID: 23646158 PMCID: PMC3639905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Baicalein, a bioflavone present in the dry roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is known to reduce eotaxin production in human fibroblasts. However, there are no reports of its anti-asthma activity or its effect on airway injury. Methodology/Principal Findings In a standard experimental asthma model, male Balb/c mice that were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA), treated with baicalein (10 mg/kg, ip) or a vehicle control, either during (preventive use) or after OVA challenge (therapeutic use). In an alternate model, baicalein was administered to male Balb/c mice which were given either IL-4 or IL-13 intranasally. Features of asthma were determined by estimating airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), histopathological changes and biochemical assays of key inflammatory molecules. Airway injury was determined with apoptotic assays, transmission electron microscopy and assessing key mitochondrial functions. Baicalein treatment reduced AHR and inflammation in both experimental models. TGF-β1, sub-epithelial fibrosis and goblet cell metaplasia, were also reduced. Furthermore, baicalein treatment significantly reduced 12/15-LOX activity, features of mitochondrial dysfunctions, and apoptosis of bronchial epithelia. Conclusion/Significance Our findings demonstrate that baicalein can attenuate important features of asthma, possibly through the reduction of airway injury and restoration of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Mabalirajan
- Molecular Immunogenetics Laboratory, and Centre of Excellence for Translational Research in Asthma & Lung Disease, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi, India.
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