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Martínez-Navarro M, Lara-Mayorga I, Negrete R, Bilecki W, Wawrzczak-Bargieła A, Gonçalves L, Dickenson A, Przewłocki R, Baños J, Maldonado R. Influence of behavioral traits in the inter-individual variability of nociceptive, emotional and cognitive manifestations of neuropathic pain. Neuropharmacology 2019; 148:291-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sociability trait and regional cerebral oxidative metabolism in rats: Predominantly nonlinear relations. Behav Brain Res 2018; 337:186-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tekko T, Lakspere T, Allikalt A, End J, Kõlvart KR, Jagomäe T, Terasmaa A, Philips MA, Visnapuu T, Väärtnõu F, Gilbert SF, Rinken A, Vasar E, Lilleväli K. Wfs1 is expressed in dopaminoceptive regions of the amniote brain and modulates levels of D1-like receptors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172825. [PMID: 28267787 PMCID: PMC5436468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During amniote evolution, the construction of the forebrain has diverged across
different lineages, and accompanying the structural changes, functional
diversification of the homologous brain regions has occurred. This can be
assessed by studying the expression patterns of marker genes that are relevant
in particular functional circuits. In all vertebrates, the dopaminergic system
is responsible for the behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. Here we
show that the brain regions that receive dopaminergic input through dopamine
receptor D1 are relatively conserved, but with some important
variations between three evolutionarily distant vertebrate lines–house mouse
(Mus musculus), domestic chick (Gallus gallus
domesticus) / common quail (Coturnix coturnix) and
red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta). Moreover, we find
that in almost all instances, those brain regions expressing D1-like dopamine
receptor genes also express Wfs1. Wfs1 has been studied
primarily in the pancreas, where it regulates the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
stress response, cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, and insulin production
and secretion. Using radioligand binding assays in wild type and
Wfs1-/- mouse brains, we show that the number of
binding sites of D1-like dopamine receptors is increased in the hippocampus of
the mutant mice. We propose that the functional link between Wfs1 and D1-like
dopamine receptors is evolutionarily conserved and plays an important role in
adjusting behavioral reactions to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triin Tekko
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triin Lakspere
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell
Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anni Allikalt
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu,
Estonia
| | - Jaanus End
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell
Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Toomas Jagomäe
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anton Terasmaa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Visnapuu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Fred Väärtnõu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell
Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Scott F. Gilbert
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States
of America
| | - Ago Rinken
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu,
Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational
Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Centre of Excellence in Genomics and Translational Medicine, University
of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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Schepis TS, Tapscott BE, Krishnan-Sarin S. Stress-related increases in risk taking and attentional failures predict earlier relapse to smoking in young adults: A pilot investigation. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:110-9. [PMID: 26901590 PMCID: PMC4795968 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence links greater impulsivity and stress exposure to poorer smoking cessation outcomes. Results from adolescents also indicate that stress-related change in risk taking can impede cessation attempts. We investigated the effects of stress-related change in impulsivity, risk taking, attention and nicotine withdrawal, and craving in young adult smokers on time to smoking relapse in a relapse analogue paradigm. Twenty-six young adult smokers (50% women; mean age: 20.9 ± 1.8) were exposed to a stress imagery session followed by a contingency management-based relapse analogue paradigm. Participants smoked at least 5 cigarettes daily, with a mean baseline carbon monoxide (CO) level of 13.7 (± 5.1) ppm. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t tests examined stress induction validity and Cox regressions of proportional hazards examined the effects of stress-related changes in nicotine withdrawal, nicotine craving, attention, impulsivity, and risk taking on time to relapse. While stress-related change in impulsivity, nicotine craving and withdrawal did not predict time to relapse (all ps > .10), greater stress-related increases in reaction time (RT) variability (p = .02) were predictive of shorter time to relapse, with trend-level findings for inattention and risk taking. Furthermore, changes in stress-related risk taking affected outcome in women more than in men, with a significant relationship between stress-related change in risk taking only in women (p = .026). Smoking cessation attempts in young adults may be adversely impacted by stress-related increases in risk taking and attentional disruption. Clinicians working with young adults attempting cessation may need to target these stress-related impairments by fostering more adaptive coping and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty S. Schepis
- Texas State University, Department of Psychology, San Marcos, Texas, USA
| | - Brian E. Tapscott
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Jung HY, Yoo DY, Kim W, Nam SM, Kim JW, Choi JH, Kwak YG, Yoon YS, Hwang IK. Valeriana officinalis root extract suppresses physical stress by electric shock and psychological stress by nociceptive stimulation-evoked responses by decreasing the ratio of monoamine neurotransmitters to their metabolites. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:476. [PMID: 25495725 PMCID: PMC4364108 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background In this study, we investigate the effects of valerian root extracts (VE) on physical and psychological stress responses by utilizing a communication box. Methods Eight-week-old ICR mice received oral administration of VE (100 mg/kg/0.5 ml) or equal volume of distilled water in every day for 3 weeks prior to being subjected to physical or psychological stress for 3 days, which are induced by communication box developed for physical electric shock and psychological stress by nociceptive stimulation-evoked responses. The stress condition was assessed by forced swimming test and serum corticosterone levels. In addition, norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and their metabolites such as 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate (MHPG-SO4) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in the hippocampus and amygdala at 1 h after final stress condition, respectively. Results Immobility time and corticosterone levels were significantly increased in both the physical and psychological stress groups compared to the control group. The administration of VE significantly reduced these parameters in both the physical and psychological stress groups. In addition, compared to the control group, physical and psychological stress groups showed significantly increased levels of MHPG-SO4 and 5-HIAA in the hippocampus and amygdala, respectively. The administration of VE significantly suppressed the increase of MHPG-SO4 and 5-HIAA in the two stress groups. Conclusion These results suggest that VE can suppress physical and psychological stress responses by modulating the changes in 5-HT and NE turnover in the hippocampus and amygdala.
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Gillette R, Miller-Crews I, Nilsson EE, Skinner MK, Gore AC, Crews D. Sexually dimorphic effects of ancestral exposure to vinclozolin on stress reactivity in rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3853-66. [PMID: 25051444 PMCID: PMC4164929 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How an individual responds to the environment depends upon both personal life history as well as inherited genetic and epigenetic factors from ancestors. Using a 2-hit, 3 generations apart model, we tested how F3 descendants of rats given in utero exposure to the environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) vinclozolin reacted to stress during adolescence in their own lives, focusing on sexually dimorphic phenotypic outcomes. In adulthood, male and female F3 vinclozolin- or vehicle-lineage rats, stressed or nonstressed, were behaviorally characterized on a battery of tests and then euthanized. Serum was used for hormone assays, and brains were used for quantitative PCR and transcriptome analyses. Results showed that the effects of ancestral exposure to vinclozolin converged with stress experienced during adolescence in a sexually dimorphic manner. Debilitating effects were seen at all levels of the phenotype, including physiology, behavior, brain metabolism, gene expression, and genome-wide transcriptome modifications in specific brain nuclei. Additionally, females were significantly more vulnerable than males to transgenerational effects of vinclozolin on anxiety but not sociality tests. This fundamental transformation occurs in a manner not predicted by the ancestral exposure or the proximate effects of stress during adolescence, an interaction we refer to as synchronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Gillette
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology (R.G., I.M.-C., A.C.G., D.C.), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.C.G., D.C.), and Department of Integrative Biology (D.C.), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712; and Center for Reproductive Biology (E.E.N., M.K.S.), School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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Hu L, Yang J, Song T, Hou N, Liu Y, Zhao X, Zhang D, Wang L, Wang T, Huang C. A new stress model, a scream sound, alters learning and monoamine levels in rat brain. Physiol Behav 2013; 123:105-13. [PMID: 24096192 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Most existing animal models for stress involve the simultaneous application of physical and psychological stress factors. In the current study, we described and used a novel psychological stress model (scream sound stress). To study the validity of it, we carried out acute and chronic scream sound stress. First, adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into white noise, stress and background groups. The white noise group and stress group were treated with white noise and scream sound for 4h in the morning respectively. Compared with white noise and background groups, exposure to acute scream sound increased corticosterone (CORT) level and decreased latency in Morris water maze (MWM) test. The levels of noradrenaline (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were altered in the striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus of stress rats. Second, adult SD rats were randomly divided into background and stress groups, which were treated with scream sound for three weeks. Exposure to chronic scream sound suppressed body weight gain, increased corticosterone (CORT) level, influenced the morphology of adrenal gland, improved spleen and thymus indices, and decreased latency in MWM test. NE, DA, DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA levels were also altered in the brain of stress rats. Our results suggested that scream sound, as a novel stressor, facilitated learning ability, as well as altered monoamine levels in the rat brain. Moreover, scream sound is easy to apply and can be applied in more animals at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Willey AR, Spear LP. Effects of acute ethanol administration and chronic stress exposure on social investigation and 50kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in adolescent and adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 105:17-25. [PMID: 23360955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents drink largely in social situations, likely in an attempt to facilitate social interactions. This study sought to examine alterations in the incentive salience of a social stimulus following repeated stress exposure and acute ethanol administration in adolescent and adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Subjects were either exposed to 5days of restraint stress, chronic variable stress (CVS), which consisted of a different stressor every day, or non-stressed. On test day, the animals were injected with 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75g/kg ethanol and placed in a social approach test in which they could see, hear, and smell a social conspecific, but could not physically interact with it. All the animals showed an interest in the social stimulus, with adolescents engaging in more social investigation than adults. Restraint stressed adults showed ethanol-induced increases in social investigation, while ethanol effects were not seen in any other group. An ethanol-associated increase in 50kHz ultrasonic vocalization (USV) production was only evident in restraint stressed adolescents following 0.75g/kg ethanol. 50kHz USVs were not correlated with time spent investigating the social stimulus in any test condition. These results show that age differences in the facilitatory effects of ethanol on incentive salience of social stimuli are moderated by stress, with the facilitation of social approach by ethanol only evident in restraint stressed adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Willey
- Department of Psychology, Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Binghamton University (SUNY), PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
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Pohorecky LA, Sweeny A. Amphetamine modifies ethanol intake of psychosocially stressed male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:417-26. [PMID: 22285324 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies of socially housed rodents have provided significant information regarding the consequences of exposure to stressors. Psychosocial stressors are known to alter the ingestion of ethanol and the activity of the dopaminergic neuronal system. Since both stressors and ethanol are known to affect the function of dopaminergic neurons, we employed amphetamine to assess the role of this neural system on the ingestion of ethanol by psychosocially stressed male rats. Male rats housed two per cage were designated as dominant or subdominant rats based on evaluations of agonistic behavior and body weight changes. The dyad-housed rats and a group of single-housed rats were sequentially assessed for ethanol intake after injections of saline or amphetamine (0.3, 0.9 or 2.7 mg/kg i.p.) both prior to dyad housing and subsequently again during dyad-housing. Prior to dyad housing ethanol intake of future subdominant rats was higher than that of future dominant rats. Dyad-housing significantly increased ethanol intake of dominant rats. Pre-dyad the highest dose of amphetamine potently depressed ethanol ingestion. Sensitivity to amphetamine's depressant effect on ethanol intake was higher at the dyad test in all subjects, most prominently in single-housed rats. In contrast to the single-housed rats, the dyad-housed rats displayed saccharin anhedonia. It can be concluded that dopaminergic system modulates, at least partially, the psychosocial stress-induced changes in ethanol intake. Furthermore, the level of ethanol ingestion at the pre-dyad test was predictive of future hierarchical status.
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Rubino T, Zamberletti E, Parolaro D. Adolescent exposure to cannabis as a risk factor for psychiatric disorders. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:177-88. [PMID: 21768160 DOI: 10.1177/0269881111405362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence represents a critical period for brain development and the endocannabinoid system plays a crucial role in the regulation of neuronal refinement during this period. Cannabis is the most consumed drug among adolescent people and its heavy use may affect maturational refinement by disrupting the regulatory role of the endocannabinoid system. In animals, adolescent cannabinoid exposure has been reported to cause long-term impairment in specific components of learning and memory and to differentially affect emotional reactivity with milder effects on anxiety behaviour and more pronounced effects on depression-like behaviour. Moreover, adolescent exposure to cannabinoids might represent a risk factor for developing psychotic-like symptoms at adulthood. Also epidemiological studies suggest that heavy adolescent cannabis use may increase the risk of cognitive abnormalities, psychotic illness, mood disorders and other illicit substance use later in life. In conclusion, the available data point to the hypothesis that heavy cannabis use in adolescence could increase the risk of developing psychiatric disorders, especially in people who already have a vulnerability to develop a psychiatric syndrome. Only few papers have investigated the neurobiological substrates of this vulnerability, thus further studies are needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of cannabis on the adolescent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Rubino
- DBSF and Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Italy
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Tan SKH, Janssen MLF, Jahanshahi A, Chouliaras L, Visser-Vandewalle V, Lim LW, Steinbusch HWM, Sharp T, Temel Y. High frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus increases c-fos immunoreactivity in the dorsal raphe nucleus and afferent brain regions. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:1307-15. [PMID: 21641003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
High frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the neurosurgical therapy of choice for the management of motor deficits in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, but this treatment can elicit disabling mood changes. Our recent experiments show that in rats, HFS of the STN both inhibits the firing of 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine; serotonin) neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and elicits 5-HT-dependent behavioral effects. The neural circuitry underpinning these effects is unknown. Here we investigated in the dopamine-denervated rat the effect of bilateral HFS of the STN on markers of neuronal activity in the DRN as well as DRN input regions. Controls were sham-stimulated rats. HFS of the STN elicited changes in two 5-HT-sensitive behavioral tests. Specifically, HFS increased immobility in the forced swim test and increased interaction in a social interaction task. HFS of the STN at the same stimulation parameters, increased c-fos immunoreactivity in the DRN, and decreased cytochrome C oxidase activity in this region. The increase in c-fos immunoreactivity occurred in DRN neurons immunopositive for the GABA marker parvalbumin. HFS of the STN also increased the number of c-fos immunoreactive cells in the lateral habenula nucleus, medial prefrontal cortex but not significantly in the substantia nigra. Collectively, these findings support a role for circuitry involving DRN GABA neurons, as well as DRN afferents from the lateral habenula nucleus and medial prefrontal cortex, in the mood effects of HFS of the STN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonny K H Tan
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Schepis TS, McFetridge A, Chaplin TM, Sinha R, Krishnan-Sarin S. A pilot examination of stress-related changes in impulsivity and risk taking as related to smoking status and cessation outcome in adolescents. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:611-5. [PMID: 21357729 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychosocial stress and impulsivity are each associated with smoking in adolescents. There is also evidence that stress can increase impulsive responding, and impulsive adolescent smokers attempting cessation are at greater risk of relapse. We performed a pilot investigation to examine stress-induced changes in response inhibition, inattention, and risk taking as related to smoking status and posttreatment smoking abstinence. METHODS Twelve adolescent smokers participating in a smoking cessation intervention and 15 adolescent nonsmokers completed a 2-session protocol assessing stress-related change in response inhibition and inattention (on the Conners' Continuous Performance Test-II), risk taking (on the Balloon Analogue Risk Task), nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and self-reported stress. RESULTS At baseline, smokers had greater inattentive responding and risk taking when compared with nonsmokers. Stress exposure led to significant increases in stress, anger, and depression in all participants and also increased nicotine craving (on the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale item) and impulsive responding in smokers. After covarying for baseline differences in impulsivity/risk taking, smokers who were not abstinent at the end of treatment experienced greater stress-induced risk taking when compared with those who were abstinent. CONCLUSIONS In all, it appears that response inhibition and risk taking may be differentially altered by stress exposure in adolescent smokers and nonsmokers and that adolescent smoking cessation success may be associated with less risk taking in the face of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty S Schepis
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
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Stedenfeld KA, Clinton SM, Kerman IA, Akil H, Watson SJ, Sved AF. Novelty-seeking behavior predicts vulnerability in a rodent model of depression. Physiol Behav 2011; 103:210-6. [PMID: 21303678 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The onset of major depressive disorder is likely precipitated by a combination of heredity and life stress. The present study tested the hypothesis that rats selectively bred on a trait related to emotional reactivity would show differential susceptibility or resilience to the development of depression-like signs in response to chronic mild variable intermittent stress (CMS). METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats that were bred based on the trait of either high or low locomotor activity in response to a novel environment were exposed to 4 weeks of CMS or control conditions. Changes in hedonic behavior were assessed using weekly sucrose preference tests and anxiety-like behavior was evaluated using the novelty-suppressed feeding test. RESULTS During 4 weeks of CMS, bred low responder (bLR) rats became anhedonic at a faster rate and to a larger degree than bred high responder (bHR) rats, based on weekly sucrose preference tests. Measures of anxiety-like behavior in the novelty-suppressed feeding test were also significantly increased in the CMS-exposed bLR rats, though no differences were observed between CMS-exposed bHR rats and their unstressed controls. CONCLUSIONS These findings present further evidence that increased emotional reactivity is an important factor in stress susceptibility and the etiology of mood disorders, and that bHR and bLR rats provide a model of resistance or vulnerability to stress-induced depression. Furthermore, exposing bHR and bLR rats to CMS provides an excellent way to study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the development of depression-like behavior.
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O'Mahony CM, Clarke G, Gibney S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Strain differences in the neurochemical response to chronic restraint stress in the rat: Relevance to depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 97:690-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Millimolar Mn2+ influences agonist binding to 5-HT1A receptors by inhibiting guanosine nucleotide binding to receptor-coupled G-proteins. Neurotoxicology 2010; 32:25-30. [PMID: 21126535 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Manganese is an essential trace element but its overexposure causes poisoning (called manganism) that shares several symptoms with Parkinson's disease, but with a mechanism that is still not well understood: in addition to involvement of the dopaminergic system, both serotonergic and peptiergic systems have been implicated. In the present report we have studied the influence of Mn(2+) on 5-HT(1A) receptor signaling complexes in rat brain and found that Mn(2+) in millimolar concentration caused an increase of high-affinity agonist binding to rat hippocampal membranes in comparison with experiments in the presence of Mg(2+), but not in rat cortical membranes and in Sf9 cell membranes expressing 5-HT(1A) receptors and G(i1) heterotrimers. Activation of G proteins with 30μM GTPγS turned all 5-HT(1A) receptors in these preparations into a low-affinity state for agonist binding in the presence of 1mM Mg(2+), but not in the presence of 1mM Mn(2+) in rat hippocampal membranes. However, if 1μM GTPγS was used for G protein activation, a substantial amount of high affinity agonist binding was detected in the presence of Mn(2+) also in cortical membranes and Sf9 cells, but not with Mg(2+) or EDTA. Comparison of the abilities of GDP and GTPγS to modulate high affinity agonist binding to 5-HT(1A) receptors indicated that both nucleotides were almost 10-fold less potent in the presence of MnCl(2) compared to MgCl(2). This means that by inhibiting guanosine nucleotide binding to G proteins in complex with 5-HT(1A) receptors, Mn(2+) acts as an enhancer for agonist binding and signal transduction. As the influence of Mn(2+) resembles the hypersensitivity of dopaminergic system in Parkinsonial models, it can be proposed that at least some symptoms of manganism are connected with a change of signal transduction complex caused by manganese-nucleotide complexes.
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Realini N, Vigano' D, Guidali C, Zamberletti E, Rubino T, Parolaro D. Chronic URB597 treatment at adulthood reverted most depressive-like symptoms induced by adolescent exposure to THC in female rats. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:235-43. [PMID: 20850463 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that chronic THC administration in adolescent female rats induces subtle but lasting alterations in the emotional circuit ending in depressive-like behaviour at adulthood. Here we describe other relevant depressive-like symptoms present in these animals. Adult female rats pretreated with THC display passive coping strategy towards acute stressful situations as demonstrated by their behaviours in the first session of the forced swim test, develop a profound anhedonic state as demonstrated by the reduced consumption of palatable food and present a decrease in social functioning. Besides the emotional symptoms, adolescent exposure to THC induced a significant deficit in object recognition memory. Since it has been reported that deficits in adult hippocampal neurogenesis may underlie the cognitive dysfunction seen in depression, we then survey cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Adolescent THC exposure significantly reduced the number of BrdU-positive cells in THC-treated rats as well as hippocampal volume. We suggest that this complex depressive-like phenotype is triggered by a long-lasting decrease in CB1 receptor functionality in specific brain regions. To test whether an increase in the endocannabinoid signalling could ameliorate the depressive phenotype, adult female rats pre-exposed to THC were injected with URB597 (0.3mg/kg ip) and then tested in behavioural assays. URB597 was able to reverse most depressive-like symptoms induced by adolescent THC exposure such as the passive coping strategy observed in THC exposed animals in the forced swim test as well as anhedonia and the reduced social activity. These results support a role for the endocannabinoid system in the neurobiology of depression and suggest the use of URB597 as a new therapeutic tool with antidepressant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Realini
- DBSF and Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, via A. da Giussano 10, 21052 Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy
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Harro J. Inter-individual differences in neurobiology as vulnerability factors for affective disorders: implications for psychopharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 125:402-22. [PMID: 20005252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to affective disorders is individually different, and determined both by genetic variance and life events that cause significant differences in the CNS structure and function between individual subjects. Therefore it is plausible that search for the inter-individual differences in endophenotypes that mediate the effects of causal factors, both genetic and environmental, will reveal the substrates for vulnerability, help to clarify pathogenetic mechanisms, and possibly aid in developing strategies to discover better, more personalized treatments. This review first examines comparatively a number of animal models of human affect and affect-related disorders that rely on persistent inter-individual differences, and then highlights some of the neurobiological findings in these models that are compatible with much of research in human behavioural and personality traits. Many behaviours occur in specific combinations in several models, but often remarkable dissociations are observed, providing a variety of constellations of traits. It is concluded that more systematic comparative experimentation on behaviour and neurobiology in different models is warranted to reveal possible "building blocks" of affect-related personality common in animals and humans. Looking into the perspectives in psychopharmacology the focus is placed on probable associations of inter-individual differences with brain structure and function, personality and coping strategies, and psychiatric vulnerability, highlighting some unexpected interactions between vulnerability endophenotypes, adverse life events, and behavioural traits. It is argued that further studies on inter-individual differences in affect and underlying neurobiology should include formal modeling of their epistatic, hierarchical and dynamic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanus Harro
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonian Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Tiigi 78, 50410 Tartu, Estonia.
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Parkel S, Näsman J, Rinken A. Enhancement of agonist binding to 5-HT1A receptors in rat brain membranes by millimolar Mn2+. Neurosci Lett 2009; 457:32-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ishii H, Masuda Y, Miyagishima S, Fumino S, Takanishi A, Laschi C, Mazzolai B, Mattoli V, Dario P. Design and development of biomimetic quadruped robot for behavior studies of rats and mice. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2009:7192-7195. [PMID: 19965275 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5335307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the design and development of a novel biomimetic quadruped robot for behavior studies of rats and mice. Many studies have been performed using these animals for the purpose of understanding human mind in psychology, pharmacology and brain science. In these fields, several experiments on social interactions have been performed using rats as basic studies of mental disorders or social learning. However, some researchers mention that the experiments on social interactions using animals are poorly-reproducible. Therefore, we consider that reproducibility of these experiments can be improved by using a robotic agent that interacts with an animal subject. Thus, we developed a small quadruped robot WR-2 (Waseda Rat No. 2) that behaves like a real rat. Proportion and DOF arrangement of WR-2 are designed based on those of a mature rat. This robot has four 3-DOF legs, a 2-DOF waist and a 1-DOF neck. A microcontroller and a wireless communication module are implemented on it. A battery is also implemented. Thus, it can walk, rear by limbs and groom its body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ishii
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
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