1
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Zhao D, Hu M, Liu S. Glial cells in the mammalian olfactory bulb. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1426094. [PMID: 39081666 PMCID: PMC11286597 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1426094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory bulb (OB), an essential part of the olfactory system, plays a critical role in odor detection and neural processing. Historically, research has predominantly focused on the neuronal components of the OB, often overlooking the vital contributions of glial cells. Recent advancements, however, underscore the significant roles that glial cells play within this intricate neural structure. This review discus the diverse functions and dynamics of glial cells in the mammalian OB, mainly focused on astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, olfactory ensheathing cells, and radial glia cells. Each type of glial contributes uniquely to the OB's functionality, influencing everything from synaptic modulation and neuronal survival to immune defense and axonal guidance. The review features their roles in maintaining neural health, their involvement in neurodegenerative diseases, and their potential in therapeutic applications for neuroregeneration. By providing a comprehensive overview of glial cell types, their mechanisms, and interactions within the OB, this article aims to enhance our understanding of the olfactory system's complexity and the pivotal roles glial cells play in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaolin Liu
- Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
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2
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Overgaard Wichmann T, Hedegaard Højsager M, Hasager Damkier H. Water channels in the brain and spinal cord-overview of the role of aquaporins in traumatic brain injury and traumatic spinal cord injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1414662. [PMID: 38818518 PMCID: PMC11137310 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1414662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the fluid flow in the brain and spinal cord is essential for discovering the mechanisms implicated in the pathophysiology of central nervous system diseases. During recent years, research has highlighted the complexity of the fluid flow movement in the brain through a glymphatic system and a lymphatic network. Less is known about these pathways in the spinal cord. An important aspect of fluid flow movement through the glymphatic pathway is the role of water channels, especially aquaporin 1 and 4. This review provides an overview of the role of these aquaporins in brain and spinal cord, and give a short introduction to the fluid flow in brain and spinal cord during in the healthy brain and spinal cord as well as during traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Finally, this review gives an overview of the current knowledge about the role of aquaporins in traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, highlighting some of the complexities and knowledge gaps in the field.
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3
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Wang Z, Li Y, Wang Z, Liao Y, Ye Q, Tang S, Wei T, Xiao P, Huang J, Lu W. Edaravone Maintains AQP4 Polarity Via OS/MMP9/β-DG Pathway in an Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage Mouse Model. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04028-4. [PMID: 38421470 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is the main cause of secondary damage following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The polarity expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been shown to be important in maintaining the homeostasis of water transport and preventing post-injury brain edema in various neurological disorders. This study primarily aimed to investigate the effect of the oxygen free radical scavenger, edaravone, on AQP4 polarity expression in an ICH mouse model and determine whether it involves in AQP4 polarity expression via the OS/MMP9/β-dystroglycan (β-DG) pathway. The ICH mouse model was established by autologous blood injection into the basal nucleus. Edaravone or the specific inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), MMP9-IN-1, called MMP9-inh was administered 10 min after ICH via intraperitoneal injection. ELISA detection, neurobehavioral tests, dihydroethidium staining (DHE staining), intracisternal tracer infusion, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, Evans blue (EB) permeability assay, and brain water content test were performed. The results showed that OS was exacerbated, AQP4 polarity was lost, drainage function of brain fluids was damaged, brain injury was aggravated, expression of AQP4, MMP9, and GFAP increased, while the expression of β-DG decreased after ICH. Edaravone reduced OS, restored brain drainage function, reduced brain injury, and downregulated the expression of AQP4, MMP9. Both edaravone and MMP9-inh alleviated brain edema, maintained blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, mitigated the loss of AQP4 polarity, downregulated GFAP expression, and upregulated β-DG expression. The current study suggests that edaravone can maintain AQP4 polarity expression by inhibiting the OS /MMP9/β-DG pathway after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixu Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhui Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingqing Ye
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shilong Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengyu Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Weitian Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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4
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Jeffery ND, Rossmeisl JH, Harcourt-Brown TR, Granger N, Ito D, Foss K, Chase D. Randomized Controlled Trial of Durotomy as an Adjunct to Routine Decompressive Surgery for Dogs With Severe Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:128-138. [PMID: 38414780 PMCID: PMC10898236 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2023.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Although many interventions for acute spinal cord injury (SCI) appear promising in experimental models, translation directly from experimental animals to human patients is a large step that can be problematic. Acute SCI occurs frequently in companion dogs and may provide a model to ease translation. Recently, incision of the dura has been highlighted in both research animals and human patients as a means of reducing intraspinal pressure, with a view to improving perfusion of the injured tissue and enhancing functional recovery. Observational clinical data in humans and dogs support the notion that it may also improve functional outcome. Here, we report the results of a multi-center randomized controlled trial of durotomy as an adjunct to traditional decompressive surgery for treatment of severe thoracolumbar SCI caused by acute intervertebral disc herniation in dogs. Sample-size calculation was based on the proportion of dogs recovering ambulation improving from an expected 55% in the traditional surgery group to 70% in the durotomy group. Over a 3.5-year period, we enrolled 140 dogs, of which 128 had appropriate duration of follow-up. Overall, 65 (51%) dogs recovered ambulation. Recovery in the traditional decompression group was 35 of 62 (56%) dogs, and in the durotomy group 30 of 66 (45%) dogs, associated with an odds ratio of 0.643 (95% confidence interval: 0.320-1.292) and z-score of -1.24. This z-score indicates trial futility to reach the target 15% improvement over traditional surgery, and the trial was terminated at this stage. We conclude that durotomy is ineffective in improving functional outcome for severe acute thoracolumbar SCI in dogs. In the future, these data can be compared with similar data from clinical trials on duraplasty in human patients and will aid in determining the predictive validity of the "companion dog model" of acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick D. Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - John H. Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Daisuke Ito
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences Department of Veterinary Medicine, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kari Foss
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Damian Chase
- Veterinary Specialists Aotearora, Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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Seblani M, Ertlen C, Coyle T, Decherchi P, Brezun JM. Combined effect of trifluoperazine and sodium cromoglycate on reducing acute edema and limiting lasting functional impairments after spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2024; 372:114612. [PMID: 37993080 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Edema formation is one of the very first events to occur after spinal cord injury (SCI) leading to an increase of the intrathecal pressure and consequently to serious spinal tissue and functional impairments. Current edema treatments are still symptomatic and/or non-specific. Since edema formation mechanisms are mainly described as vasogenic and cytotoxic, it becomes crucial to understand the interplay between these two subtypes. Acting on key targets to inhibit edema formation may reduce secondary damage and related functional impairments. In this study, we characterize the edema kinetic after T9-10 spinal contusion. We use trifluoperazine (TFP) to block the expression and the functional subcellular localization of aquaporin-4 supposed to be implicated in the cytotoxic edema formation. We also use sodium cromoglycate (SCG) to deactivate mast cell degranulation known to be implicated in the vasogenic edema formation. Our results show a significant reduction of edema after TFP treatment and after TFP-SCG combined treatment compared to control. This reduction is correlated with limited onset of initial sensorimotor impairments particularly after combined treatment. Our results highlight the importance of potential synergetic targets in early edema therapy after SCI as part of tissue sparing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Seblani
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Céline Ertlen
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Thelma Coyle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Jean-Michel Brezun
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
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6
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Carder J, Barile B, Shisler KA, Pisani F, Frigeri A, Hipps KW, Nicchia GP, Brozik JA. Thermodynamics and S-Palmitoylation Dependence of Interactions between Human Aquaporin-4 M1 Tetramers in Model Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:603-621. [PMID: 38212942 PMCID: PMC10824246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a water channel protein found primarily in the central nervous system (CNS) that helps to regulate water-ion homeostasis. AQP4 exists in two major isoforms: M1 and M23. While both isoforms have a homotetrameric quaternary structure and are functionally identical when transporting water, the M23 isoform forms large protein aggregates known as orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs). In contrast, the M1 isoform creates a peripheral layer around the outside of these OAPs, suggesting a thermodynamically stable interaction between the two. Structurally, the M1 isoform has an N-terminal tail that is 22 amino acids longer than the M23 isoform and contains two solvent-accessible cysteines available for S-palmitoylation at cysteine-13 (Cys-13) and cysteine-17 (Cys-17) in the amino acid sequence. Earlier work suggests that the palmitoylation of these cysteines might aid in regulating AQP4 assemblies. This work discusses the thermodynamic driving forces for M1 protein-protein interactions and how the palmitoylation state of M1 affects them. Using temperature-dependent single-particle tracking, the standard state free energies, enthalpies, and entropies were measured for these interactions. Furthermore, we present a binding model based on measured thermodynamics and a structural modeling study. The results of this study demonstrate that the M1 isoform will associate with itself according to the following expressions: 2[AQP4-M1]4 ↔ [[AQP4-M1]4]2 when palmitoylated and 3[AQP4-M1]4 ↔ [AQP4-M1]4 + [[AQP4-M1]4]2 ↔ [[AQP4-M1]4]3 when depalmitoylated. This is primarily due to a conformational change induced by adding the palmitic acid groups at Cys-13 and Cys-17 in the N-terminal tails of the homotetramers. In addition, a statistical mechanical model was developed to estimate the Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy for forming dimers and trimers. These results were in good agreement with experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
D. Carder
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
| | - Barbara Barile
- Department
of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Krista A. Shisler
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Department
of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Antonio Frigeri
- Department
of Translational Medicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70124, Italy
- Dominick
P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine, 840 Kennedy Center, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - K. W. Hipps
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
- Materials
Science & Engineering Program, Washington
State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-2711, United States
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Department
of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70124, Italy
- Dominick
P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert
Einstein College of Medicine, 840 Kennedy Center, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - James A. Brozik
- Department
of Chemistry, Washington State University, PO Box 644630, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
- Materials
Science & Engineering Program, Washington
State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-2711, United States
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7
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Yao Y, Liu F, Gu Z, Wang J, Xu L, Yu Y, Cai J, Ren R. Emerging diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in post-stroke hemorrhagic transformation and brain edema. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1286351. [PMID: 38178909 PMCID: PMC10764516 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1286351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The aftermath of a stroke, particularly hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and brain edema, can significantly impact the prognosis of patients. Early detection and effective management of these complications are crucial for improving outcomes in stroke patients. This review highlights the emerging diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets including claudin, occludin, zonula occluden, s100β, albumin, MMP-9, MMP-2, MMP-12, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-4, IL-13, MCP-1/CCL2, CXCL2, CXCL8, CXCL12, CCL5, CX3CL1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, PECAM-1/CD31, JAMs, HMGB1, vWF, VEGF, ROS, NAC, and AQP4. The clinical significance and implications of these biomarkers were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yao
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaowen Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lintao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Reng Ren
- Department of Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Li M, Lv J, Wang Z, Wang L, Qin Z, Deng C, Liu J, Sun L. Inhibition of HMGB1 Attenuates Spinal Cord Edema by Reducing the Expression of Na +-K +-Cl - Cotransporter-1 and Na +/H + Exchanger-1 in Both Astrocytes and Endothelial Cells After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:2522-2540. [PMID: 36815608 PMCID: PMC10698785 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium/water transport through Na+-K+-Cl- cotransporter-1 (NKCC1) and sodium/hydrogen exchanger-1 (NHE1) in both astrocytes and endothelial cells is critical to cytotoxic and ionic edema following spinal cord injury (SCI). High-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) promotes spinal cord edema after SCI. Accordingly, we sought to identify both the role of HMGB1 and the mechanism of its effect on NKCC1 and NHE1 expression in astrocytes and endothelial cells as well as the role of the regulation of spinal cord edema after SCI. An SCI model was generated in adult female rats using a heavy falling object, and an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model was generated in rat spinal cord astrocytes and microvascular endothelial cells. The inhibition of HMGB1 reduced NKCC1 and NHE1 expression in the spinal cord of SCI rats, in cultured spinal cord astrocytes, and in cultured microvascular endothelial cells. The effects of HMGB1 on NKCC1 and NHE1 expression were mediated-at least in part-by activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. The inhibition of NKCC1 or NHE1 decreased the spinal cord water content in rats following SCI, increased the Na+ concentration in the medium of cultured astrocytes after OGD/R, and reduced the astrocytic cell volume and AQP4 expression. These results imply that HMGB1 inhibition results in a reduction in NKCC1 and NHE1 expression in both astrocytes and microvascular endothelial cells and thus decreases spinal cord edema after SCI in rats and that these effects occur through the HMGB1-TLR4-TRIF-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junqiao Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhixin Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Basic Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Cacciaguerra L, Rocca MA, Filippi M. Understanding the Pathophysiology and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Korean J Radiol 2023; 24:1260-1283. [PMID: 38016685 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been extensively applied in the study of multiple sclerosis (MS), substantially contributing to diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and disease monitoring. MRI studies have significantly contributed to the understanding of MS through the characterization of typical radiological features and their clinical or prognostic implications using conventional MRI pulse sequences and further with the application of advanced imaging techniques sensitive to microstructural damage. Interpretation of results has often been validated by MRI-pathology studies. However, the application of MRI techniques in the study of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) remains an emerging field, and MRI studies have focused on radiological correlates of NMOSD and its pathophysiology to aid in diagnosis, improve monitoring, and identify relevant prognostic factors. In this review, we discuss the main contributions of MRI to the understanding of MS and NMOSD, focusing on the most novel discoveries to clarify differences in the pathophysiology of focal inflammation initiation and perpetuation, involvement of normal-appearing tissue, potential entry routes of pathogenic elements into the CNS, and existence of primary or secondary mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cacciaguerra
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
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10
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Bilgic M, Wu Q, Suetsugu T, Shitamukai A, Tsunekawa Y, Shimogori T, Kadota M, Nishimura O, Kuraku S, Kiyonari H, Matsuzaki F. Truncated radial glia as a common precursor in the late corticogenesis of gyrencephalic mammals. eLife 2023; 12:RP91406. [PMID: 37988289 PMCID: PMC10662950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of neural stem cells is a hallmark of the cerebral cortex development in gyrencephalic mammals, such as Primates and Carnivora. Among them, ferrets are a good model for mechanistic studies. However, information on their neural progenitor cells (NPC), termed radial glia (RG), is limited. Here, we surveyed the temporal series of single-cell transcriptomes of progenitors regarding ferret corticogenesis and found a conserved diversity and temporal trajectory between human and ferret NPC, despite the large timescale difference. We found truncated RG (tRG) in ferret cortical development, a progenitor subtype previously described in humans. The combination of in silico and in vivo analyses identified that tRG differentiate into both ependymal and astrogenic cells. Via transcriptomic comparison, we predict that this is also the case in humans. Our findings suggest that tRG plays a role in the formation of adult ventricles, thereby providing the architectural bases for brain expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Bilgic
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School for Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Quan Wu
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Taeko Suetsugu
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Atsunori Shitamukai
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Yuji Tsunekawa
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Tomomi Shimogori
- Molecular Mechanisms of Brain Development, RIKEN Center for Brain ScienceWakoJapan
| | - Mitsutaka Kadota
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Osamu Nishimura
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics ResearchKobeJapan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School for Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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11
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Jazaeri SZ, Taghizadeh G, Babaei JF, Goudarzi S, Saadatmand P, Joghataei MT, Khanahmadi Z. Aquaporin 4 beyond a water channel; participation in motor, sensory, cognitive and psychological performances, a comprehensive review. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114353. [PMID: 37714320 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a protein highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as various other organs, whose different sites of action indicate its importance in various functions. AQP4 has a variety of essential roles beyond water homeostasis. In this article, we have for the first time summarized different roles of AQP4 in motor and sensory functions, besides cognitive and psychological performances, and most importantly, possible physiological mechanisms by which AQP4 can exert its effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AQP4 participates in pathology of different neurological disorders, various effects depending on the disease type. Since neurological diseases involve a spectrum of dysfunctions and due to the difficulty of obtaining a treatment that can simultaneously affect these deficits, it is therefore suggested that future studies consider the role of this protein in different functional impairments related to neurological disorders simultaneously or separately by targeting AQP4 expression and/or polarity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyede Zohreh Jazaeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorban Taghizadeh
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Javad Fahanik Babaei
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Goudarzi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Saadatmand
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa University, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Zohreh Khanahmadi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Services, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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12
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Dan Q, Jiang X, Wang R, Dai Z, Sun D. Biogenic Imaging Contrast Agents. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207090. [PMID: 37401173 PMCID: PMC10477908 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Imaging contrast agents are widely investigated in preclinical and clinical studies, among which biogenic imaging contrast agents (BICAs) are developing rapidly and playing an increasingly important role in biomedical research ranging from subcellular level to individual level. The unique properties of BICAs, including expression by cells as reporters and specific genetic modification, facilitate various in vitro and in vivo studies, such as quantification of gene expression, observation of protein interactions, visualization of cellular proliferation, monitoring of metabolism, and detection of dysfunctions. Furthermore, in human body, BICAs are remarkably helpful for disease diagnosis when the dysregulation of these agents occurs and can be detected through imaging techniques. There are various BICAs matched with a set of imaging techniques, including fluorescent proteins for fluorescence imaging, gas vesicles for ultrasound imaging, and ferritin for magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, bimodal and multimodal imaging can be realized through combining the functions of different BICAs, which helps overcome the limitations of monomodal imaging. In this review, the focus is on the properties, mechanisms, applications, and future directions of BICAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Dan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| | - Xinpeng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Run Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
| | - Zhifei Dai
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCollege of Future TechnologyPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Desheng Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication SafetyDepartment of UltrasoundInstitute of Ultrasonic MedicinePeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterShenzhen518036P. R. China
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13
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Wen X, Xie R, Wang HG, Zhang MN, He L, Zhang MH, Yang XZ. Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates experimental colitis through the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4657-4670. [PMID: 37662857 PMCID: PMC10472902 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i30.4657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has shown promising therapeutic effects on mice with experimental colitis and patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). FMT modulates the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway to treat some other diseases. However, it remains unknown whether this modulation is also involved in the treatment of UC. AIM To clarify the necessity of TLR4 signaling pathway in FMT on dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced mice and explain the mechanism of FMT on UC, through association analysis of gut microbiota with colon transcriptome in mice. METHODS A mouse colitis model was constructed with wild-type (WT) and TLR4-knockout (KO) mice. Fecal microbiota was transplanted by gavage. Colon inflammation severity was measured by disease activity index (DAI) scoring and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Gut microbiota structure was analyzed through 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Gene expression in the mouse colon was obtained by transcriptome sequencing. RESULTS The KO (DSS + Water) and KO (DSS + FMT) groups displayed indistinguishable body weight loss, colon length, DAI score, and histology score, which showed that FMT could not inhibit the disease in KO mice. In mice treated with FMT, the relative abundance of Akkermansia decreased, and Lactobacillus became dominant. In particular, compared with those in WT mice, the scores of DAI and colon histology were clearly decreased in the KO-DSS group. Microbiota structure showed a significant difference between KO and WT mice. Akkermansia were the dominant genus in healthy KO mice. The ineffectiveness of FMT in KO mice was related to the decreased abundance of Akkermansia. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes between each group were mainly involved in cytoplasmic translation and cellular response to DNA damage stimulus. The top nine genes correlating with Akkermansia included Aqp4, Clca4a, Dpm3, Fau, Mcrip1, Meis3, Nupr1 L, Pank3, and Rps13 (|R| > 0.9, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION FMT may ameliorate DSS-induced colitis by regulating the TLR4 signaling pathway. TLR4 modulates the composition of gut microbiota and the expression of related genes to ameliorate colitis and maintain the stability of the intestinal environment. Akkermansia bear great therapeutic potential for colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min-Na Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Le He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng-Hui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223300, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an 223300, Jiangsu Province, China
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Garcia TA, Jonak CR, Binder DK. The Role of Aquaporins in Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2023; 12:1701. [PMID: 37443735 PMCID: PMC10340765 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Edema formation following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) exacerbates secondary injury, and the severity of edema correlates with worse neurological outcome in human patients. To date, there are no effective treatments to directly resolve edema within the spinal cord. The aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel is found on plasma membranes of astrocytic endfeet in direct contact with blood vessels, the glia limitans in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid, and ependyma around the central canal. Local expression at these tissue-fluid interfaces allows AQP4 channels to play an important role in the bidirectional regulation of water homeostasis under normal conditions and following trauma. In this review, we consider the available evidence regarding the potential role of AQP4 in edema after SCI. Although more work remains to be carried out, the overall evidence indicates a critical role for AQP4 channels in edema formation and resolution following SCI and the therapeutic potential of AQP4 modulation in edema resolution and functional recovery. Further work to elucidate the expression and subcellular localization of AQP4 during specific phases after SCI will inform the therapeutic modulation of AQP4 for the optimization of histological and neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese A. Garcia
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Carrie R. Jonak
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Devin K. Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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15
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Seblani M, Decherchi P, Brezun JM. Edema after CNS Trauma: A Focus on Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087159. [PMID: 37108324 PMCID: PMC10138956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Edema after spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the first observations after the primary injury and lasts for few days after trauma. It has serious consequences on the affected tissue and can aggravate the initial devastating condition. To date, the mechanisms of the water content increase after SCI are not fully understood. Edema formation results in a combination of interdependent factors related to mechanical damage after the initial trauma progressing, along with the subacute and acute phases of the secondary lesion. These factors include mechanical disruption and subsequent inflammatory permeabilization of the blood spinal cord barrier, increase in the capillary permeability, deregulation in the hydrostatic pressure, electrolyte-imbalanced membranes and water uptake in the cells. Previous research has attempted to characterize edema formation by focusing mainly on brain swelling. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the differences in edema formation in the spinal cord and brain, and to highlight the importance of elucidating the specific mechanisms of edema formation after SCI. Additionally, it outlines findings on the spatiotemporal evolution of edema after spinal cord lesion and provides a general overview of prospective treatment strategies by focusing on insights to prevent edema formation after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Seblani
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, CEDEX 09, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, CEDEX 09, France
| | - Jean-Michel Brezun
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, CEDEX 09, France
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Advances in Antibody-Based Therapeutics for Cerebral Ischemia. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010145. [PMID: 36678774 PMCID: PMC9866586 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is an acute disorder characterized by an abrupt reduction in blood flow that results in immediate deprivation of both glucose and oxygen. The main types of cerebral ischemia are ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. When a stroke occurs, several signaling pathways are activated, comprising necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy as well as glial activation and white matter injury, which leads to neuronal cell death. Current treatments for strokes include challenging mechanical thrombectomy or tissue plasminogen activator, which increase the danger of cerebral bleeding, brain edema, and cerebral damage, limiting their usage in clinical settings. Monoclonal antibody therapy has proven to be effective and safe in the treatment of a variety of neurological disorders. In contrast, the evidence for stroke therapy is minimal. Recently, Clone MTS510 antibody targeting toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) protein, ASC06-IgG1 antibody targeting acid sensing ion channel-1a (ASIC1a) protein, Anti-GluN1 antibodies targeting N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor associated calcium influx, GSK249320 antibody targeting myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), anti-High Mobility Group Box-1 antibody targeting high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) are currently under clinical trials for cerebral ischemia treatment. In this article, we review the current antibody-based pharmaceuticals for neurological diseases, the use of antibody drugs in stroke, strategies to improve the efficacy of antibody therapeutics in cerebral ischemia, and the recent advancement of antibody drugs in clinical practice. Overall, we highlight the need of enhancing blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration for the improvement of antibody-based therapeutics in the brain, which could greatly enhance the antibody medications for cerebral ischemia in clinical practice.
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Cacciaguerra L, Carotenuto A, Pagani E, Mistri D, Radaelli M, Martinelli V, Filippi M, Rocca MA. MRI EVALUATION OF PERIVASCULAR SPACE ABNORMALITIES IN NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA. Ann Neurol 2022; 92:173-183. [PMID: 35596582 PMCID: PMC9544484 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective Astrocytes outline the perivascular space (PVS) and regulate fluid exchange through the aquaporin‐4 water channel. As neuromyelitis optica is an autoimmune astrocytopathy targeting aquaporin‐4, we hypothesized that it could be associatied with PVS abnormalities. Methods A total of 34 patients, and 46 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls from two independent cohorts (exploratory and validation dataset) underwent a standardized 3.0‐T magnetic resonance imaging protocol including conventional and diffusion tensor imaging. Susceptibility‐weighted imaging was also acquired in the exploratory dataset. We evaluated macroscopic and microstructural abnormalities of PVS in terms of enlargement and water diffusivity (DTI‐ALPS index). In the exploration dataset, a susceptibility‐weighted sequence was used to draw the regions of interest for the DTI‐ALPS index calculation in areas having veins perpendicular to lateral ventricles. Between‐group comparisons, correlations, and regression models were run to assess associations between PVS abnormalities, and clinical and magnetic resonance imaging variables. Results Patients had a higher frequency of severe PVS enlargement in the centrum semiovale (29.4% vs 8.7%), which correlated with brain atrophy, deep grey matter atrophy, and poorer cognitive performance (r‐values range: −0.44, −0.36; p values: 0.01–0.046). In both datasets, patients had reduced DTI‐ALPS index compared with controls (p values 0.004–0.038). Lower DTI‐ALPS index, deep gray matter volume, and cortical volume could discriminate between patients and controls (R2 = 0.62), whereas lower DTI‐ALPS index, higher number of myelitis, and higher T2‐lesion volume were associated with worse disability (R2 = 0.55). Interpretation Patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder are characterized by abnormal enlargement and impaired water diffusion along the PVS, whose clinical implications suggest a direct correlation with disease pathogenesis and severity. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:173–183
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cacciaguerra
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Carotenuto
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pagani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Damiano Mistri
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Radaelli
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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18
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Cacciaguerra L, Pagani E, Radaelli M, Mesaros S, Martinelli V, Ivanovic J, Drulovic J, Filippi M, Rocca MA. MR T2-relaxation time as an indirect measure of brain water content and disease activity in NMOSD. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:jnnp-2022-328956. [PMID: 35483915 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-328956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since astrocytes at the blood-brain barrier are targeted by neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), this study aims to assess whether patients with NMOSD have a subclinical accumulation of brain water and if it differs according to disease activity. METHODS Seventy-seven aquaporin-4-positive patients with NMOSD and 105 healthy controls were enrolled at two European centres. Brain dual-echo turbo spin-echo MR images were evaluated and maps of T2 relaxation time (T2rt) in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), grey matter and basal ganglia were obtained. Patients with a clinical relapse within 1 month before or after MRI acquisition were defined 'active'. Differences between patients and controls were assessed using z-scores of T2rt obtained with age-adjusted and sex-adjusted linear models from each site. A stepwise binary logistic regression was run on clinical and MRI variables to identify independent predictors of disease activity. RESULTS Patients had increased T2rt in both white and grey matter structures (p range: 0.014 to <0.0001). Twenty patients with NMOSD were defined active. Despite similar clinical and MRI features, active patients had a significantly increased T2rt in the NAWM and grey matter compared with those clinically stable (p range: 0.010-0.002). The stepwise binary logistic regression selected the NAWM as independently associated with disease activity (beta=2.06, SE=0.58, Nagelkerke R2=0.46, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In line with the research hypothesis, patients with NMOSD have increased brain T2rt. The magnitude of this alteration might be useful for identifying those patients with active disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cacciaguerra
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pagani
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Radaelli
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Sarlota Mesaros
- Clinic of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
| | | | - Jovana Ivanovic
- Clinic of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Jelena Drulovic
- Clinic of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
- Nerorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
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19
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Markou A, Unger L, Abir-Awan M, Saadallah A, Halsey A, Balklava Z, Conner M, Törnroth-Horsefield S, Greenhill SD, Conner A, Bill RM, Salman MM, Kitchen P. Molecular mechanisms governing aquaporin relocalisation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183853. [PMID: 34973181 PMCID: PMC8825993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aquaporins (AQPs) form a family of integral membrane proteins that facilitate the movement of water across biological membrane by osmosis, as well as facilitating the diffusion of small polar solutes. AQPs have been recognised as drug targets for a variety of disorders associated with disrupted water or solute transport, including brain oedema following stroke or trauma, epilepsy, cancer cell migration and tumour angiogenesis, metabolic disorders, and inflammation. Despite this, drug discovery for AQPs has made little progress due to a lack of reproducible high-throughput assays and difficulties with the druggability of AQP proteins. However, recent studies have suggested that targetting the trafficking of AQP proteins to the plasma membrane is a viable alternative drug target to direct inhibition of the water-conducting pore. Here we review the literature on the trafficking of mammalian AQPs with a view to highlighting potential new drug targets for a variety of conditions associated with disrupted water and solute homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Markou
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Lucas Unger
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Mohammed Abir-Awan
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Ahmed Saadallah
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Andrea Halsey
- MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Zita Balklava
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Matthew Conner
- School of Sciences, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | | | - Stuart D Greenhill
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Alex Conner
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roslyn M Bill
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Philip Kitchen
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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20
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Cellular Distribution of Brain Aquaporins and Their Contribution to Cerebrospinal Fluid Homeostasis and Hydrocephalus. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040530. [PMID: 35454119 PMCID: PMC9025855 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aquaporins facilitate the movement of water between the four water compartments: blood, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid. This work analyzes the expression of the four most abundant aquaporins (AQPs) (AQP1, AQP4, AQP9, and AQP11) in the brains of mice and discuss their contribution to hydrocephalus. We analyzed available data from single-cell RNA sequencing of the central nervous system of mice to describe the expression of aquaporins and compare their distribution with that based on qPCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry assays. Expression of AQP1 in the apical cell membrane of choroid plexus epithelial cells and of AQP4 in ependymal cells, glia limitans, and astrocyte processes in the pericapillary end foot is consistent with the involvement of both proteins in cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis. The expression of both aquaporins compensates for experimentally induced hydrocephalus in the animals. Recent data demonstrate that hypoxia in aged animals alters AQP4 expression in the choroidal plexus and cortex, increasing the ventricle size and intraventricular pressure. Cerebral distensibility is reduced in parallel with a reduction in cerebrospinal fluid drainage and cognitive deterioration. We propose that aged mice chronically exposed to hypoxia represent an excellent experimental model for studying the pathophysiological characteristics of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and roles for AQPs in such disease.
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Bai S, Lu X, Pan Q, Wang B, Pong U K, Yang Y, Wang H, Lin S, Feng L, Wang Y, Li Y, Lin W, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Li L, Yang Z, Wang M, Lee WYW, Jiang X, Li G. Cranial Bone Transport Promotes Angiogenesis, Neurogenesis, and Modulates Meningeal Lymphatic Function in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rats. Stroke 2022; 53:1373-1385. [PMID: 35135326 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.037912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. However, the time window for quickly dissolving clots and restoring cerebral blood flow, using tissue plasminogen activator treatment is rather limited, resulting in many patients experiencing long-term functional impairments if not death. This study aims to determine the roles of cranial bone transport (CBT), a novel, effective, and simple surgical technique, in the recovery of ischemic stroke using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model. METHODS CBT was performed by slowly sliding a bone segment in skull with a special frame and a speed of 0.25 mm/12 hours for 10 days following MCAO. Morris water maze, rotarod test, and catwalk gait analysis were used to study the neurological behaviors, and infarct area and cerebral flow were evaluated during CBT process. Immunofluorescence staining of CD31 and Nestin/Sox2 (sex determining region Y box 2) was performed to study the angiogenesis and neurogenesis. OVA-A647 (ovalbumin-Alexa Fluor 647) was intracisterna magna injected to evaluate the meningeal lymphatic drainage function. RESULTS CBT treatment has significantly reduced the ischemic lesions areas and improved the neurological deficits in MCAO rats compared with the rats in the control groups. CBT treatment significantly promoted angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the brain of MCAO rats. The drainage function of meningeal lymphatic vessels in MCAO rats was significantly impaired compared with normal rats. Ablation of meningeal lymphatic drainage led to increased neuroinflammation and aggravated neurological deficits and ischemic injury in MCAO rats. CBT treatment significantly improved the meningeal lymphatic drainage function and alleviated T-cell infiltration in MCAO rats. CONCLUSIONS This study provided evidence for the possible mechanisms on how CBT attenuates ischemic stroke injury and facilitates rapid neuronal function recovery, suggesting that CBT may be an alternative treatment strategy for managing ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Xuan Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China (Q.P.)
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Kin Pong U
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (K.P.U., X.J.)
| | - Yongkang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Haixing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Sien Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Yucong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Weiping Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Xiaoting Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Linlong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Zhengmeng Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Wayne Yuk-Wai Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (K.P.U., X.J.)
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China (S.B., X.L., B.W., Y.Y., H.W., S.L., L.F., Yan Wang, Yucong Li, W.L., Yujia Wang, X.Z., Yuan Li, L.L., Z.Y., M.W., W.Y.-W.L., G.L.)
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22
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Yu G, Zhang Y, Ning B. Reactive Astrocytes in Central Nervous System Injury: Subgroup and Potential Therapy. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:792764. [PMID: 35002629 PMCID: PMC8733560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.792764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injury, which includes both traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI), is associated with irreversible loss of neurological function and high medical care costs. Currently, no effective treatment exists to improve the prognosis of patients. Astrocytes comprise the largest population of glial cells in the CNS and, with the advancements in the field of neurology, are increasingly recognized as having key functions in both the brain and the spinal cord. When stimulated by disease or injury, astrocytes become activated and undergo a series of changes, including alterations in gene expression, hypertrophy, the loss of inherent functions, and the acquisition of new ones. Studies have shown that astrocytes are highly heterogeneous with respect to their gene expression profiles, and this heterogeneity accounts for their observed context-dependent phenotypic diversity. In the inured CNS, activated astrocytes play a dual role both as regulators of neuroinflammation and in scar formation. Identifying the subpopulations of reactive astrocytes that exert beneficial or harmful effects will aid in deciphering the pathological mechanisms underlying CNS injuries and ultimately provide a theoretical basis for the development of effective strategies for the treatment of associated conditions. Following CNS injury, as the disease progresses, astrocyte phenotypes undergo continuous changes. Although current research methods do not allow a comprehensive and accurate classification of astrocyte subpopulations in complex pathological contexts, they can nonetheless aid in understanding the roles of astrocytes in disease. In this review, after a brief introduction to the pathology of CNS injury, we summarize current knowledge regarding astrocyte activation following CNS injury, including: (a) the regulatory factors involved in this process; (b) the functions of different astrocyte subgroups based on the existing classification of astrocytes; and (c) attempts at astrocyte-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- GuiLian Yu
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Ning
- Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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23
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Xu X, Du L, Jiang J, Yang M, Wang Z, Wang Y, Tang T, Fu X, Hao J. Microglial TREM2 Mitigates Inflammatory Responses and Neuronal Apoptosis in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in Middle-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:716917. [PMID: 34489683 PMCID: PMC8417947 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.716917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that hypertension and aging are prominent risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) by inducement of neuroinflammation. Recent study showed that neuroinflammation via activated microglia induces reactive astrocytes, termed A1 astrocytes, that highly upregulate numerous classical complement cascade genes that are destructive to neurons in neurodegeneration diseases. Moreover, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is considered as one of the strongest single-allele genetic risk factors and plays important roles in neuroinflammation for LOAD. However, the mechanisms of microglia in the regulation of A1 astrocytic activation are still not clear. We introduced angiotensin II-induced hypertension in middle-aged mice and found that hypertension-upregulated TREM2 expression and A1 astrocytic activation were involved in neuroinflammation in the animal models used in this study. The in vitro results revealed that overexpression of microglial TREM2 not only mitigated microglial inflammatory response but also had salutary effects on reverse A1 astrocytic activation and neuronal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yingge Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tieyu Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuetao Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiukuan Hao
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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24
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Zou HJ, Guo SW, Zhu L, Xu X, Liu JB. Methylprednisolone Induces Neuro-Protective Effects via the Inhibition of A1 Astrocyte Activation in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Mouse Models. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:628917. [PMID: 34135725 PMCID: PMC8200570 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.628917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) leads to pathological changes such as inflammation, edema, and neuronal apoptosis. Methylprednisolone (MP) is a glucocorticoid that has a variety of beneficial effects, including decreasing inflammation and ischemic reaction, as well as inhibiting lipid peroxidation. However, the efficacy and mechanism of MP in TSCI therapy is yet to be deciphered. In the present study, MP significantly attenuated the apoptotic effects of H2O2 in neuronal cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the levels of apoptotic related proteins, Bax and cleaved caspase-3, were reduced while levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 were increased. In vivo TUNEL assays further demonstrated that MP effectively protected neuronal cells from apoptosis after TSCI, and was consistent with in vitro studies. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MP could decrease expression levels of IBA1, Il-1α, TNFα, and C3 and suppress A1 neurotoxic reactive astrocyte activation in TSCI mouse models. Neurological function was evaluated using the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) and Footprint Test. Results demonstrated that the neurological function of MP-treated injured mice was significantly increased. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that MP could attenuate astrocyte cell death, decrease microglia activation, suppress A1 astrocytes activation, and promote functional recovery after acute TSCI in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jun Zou
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (The First People's Hospital of Changzhou), Changzhou, China
| | - Shi-Wu Guo
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (The First People's Hospital of Changzhou), Changzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (The First People's Hospital of Changzhou), Changzhou, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (The First People's Hospital of Changzhou), Changzhou, China
| | - Jin-Bo Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (The First People's Hospital of Changzhou), Changzhou, China
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25
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Zoccarato M, Nardetto L, Basile AM, Giometto B, Zagonel V, Lombardi G. Seizures, Edema, Thrombosis, and Hemorrhages: An Update Review on the Medical Management of Gliomas. Front Oncol 2021; 11:617966. [PMID: 33828976 PMCID: PMC8019972 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.617966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients affected with gliomas develop a complex set of clinical manifestations that deeply impact on quality of life and overall survival. Brain tumor-related epilepsy is frequently the first manifestation of gliomas or may occur during the course of disease; the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explained and depend on both patient and tumor factors. Novel treatment options derive from the growing use of third-generation antiepileptic drugs. Vasogenic edema and elevated intracranial pressure cause a considerable burden of symptoms, especially in high-grade glioma, requiring an adequate use of corticosteroids. Patients with gliomas present with an elevated risk of tumor-associated venous thromboembolism whose prophylaxis and treatment are challenging, considering also the availability of new oral anticoagulant drugs. Moreover, intracerebral hemorrhages can complicate the course of the illness both due to tumor-specific characteristics, patient comorbidities, and side effects of antithrombotic and antitumoral therapies. This paper aims to review recent advances in these clinical issues, discussing the medical management of gliomas through an updated literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zoccarato
- Neurology Unit, O.S.A., Azienda Ospedale-Università, Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Nardetto
- Neurology Unit, O.S.A., Azienda Ospedale-Università, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Giometto
- Neurology Unit, Trento Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS) di Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Vittorina Zagonel
- Department of Oncology, Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCSS, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lombardi
- Department of Oncology, Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCSS, Padua, Italy
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26
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Yang Y, Deng G, Wang P, Lv G, Mao R, Sun Y, Wang B, Liu X, Bian L, Zhou D. A Selenium Nanocomposite Protects the Mouse Brain from Oxidative Injury Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:775-788. [PMID: 33574665 PMCID: PMC7871993 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s293681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common neurological crisis leading to high mortality and morbidity. Oxidative stress-induced secondary injury plays a critical role in neurological deterioration. Previously, we synthesized a porous Se@SiO2 nanocomposite and identified their therapeutic role in osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Whether this nanocomposite is neuroprotective remains to be elucidated. METHODS A porous Se@SiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized, and its biosafety was determined using a CCK-8 assay. The neuroprotective effect was evaluated by TUNEL staining, and intracellular ROS were detected with a DCFH-DA probe in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to hemin. Furthermore, the effect of the nanocomposite on cell apoptosis, brain edema and blood-brain barrier permeability were evaluated in a collagenase-induced ICH mouse model. The potential mechanism was also explored. RESULTS The results demonstrated that Se@SiO2 treatment significantly improved neurological function, increased glutathione peroxidase activity and downregulated malonaldehyde levels. The proportion of apoptotic cells, brain edema and blood-brain barrier permeability were reduced significantly in ICH mice treated with Se@SiO2 compared to vehicle-treated mice. In vitro, Se@SiO2 protected SH-SY5Y cells from hemin-induced apoptosis by preventing intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the porous Se@SiO2 nanocomposite exerted neuroprotection by suppressing oxidative stress. Se@SiO2 may be a potential candidate for the clinical treatment of ICH and oxidative stress-related brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoying Deng
- Trauma Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangzhao Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xijian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liuguan Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People’s Republic of China
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27
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Kwiecien JM, Dąbrowski W, Yaron JR, Zhang L, Delaney KH, Lucas AR. The Role of Astrogliosis in Formation of the Syrinx in Spinal Cord Injury. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:294-303. [PMID: 32691715 PMCID: PMC8033977 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200720225222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A massive localized trauma to the spinal cord results in complex pathologic events driven by necrosis and vascular damage which in turn leads to hemorrhage and edema. Severe, destructive and very protracted inflammatory response is characterized by infiltration by phagocytic macrophages of a site of injury which is converted into a cavity of injury (COI) surrounded by astroglial reaction mounted by the spinal cord. The tissue response to the spinal cord injury (SCI) has been poorly understood but the final outcome appears to be a mature syrinx filled with the cerebrospinal fluid with related neural tissue loss and permanent neurologic deficits. This paper reviews known pathologic mechanisms involved in the formation of the COI after SCI and discusses the integrative role of reactive astrogliosis in mechanisms involved in the removal of edema after the injury. A large proportion of edema fluid originating from the trauma and then from vasogenic edema related to persistent severe inflammation, may be moved into the COI in an active process involving astrogliosis and specifically over-expressed aquaporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M. Kwiecien
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Wojciech Dąbrowski
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, Lublin 20-090 Poland
| | - Jordan R Yaron
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, U.S.A
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, U.S.A
| | - Kathleen H. Delaney
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandra R. Lucas
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics and Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, U.S.A
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28
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Battaglini D, Anania P, Rocco PRM, Brunetti I, Prior A, Zona G, Pelosi P, Fiaschi P. Escalate and De-Escalate Therapies for Intracranial Pressure Control in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:564751. [PMID: 33324317 PMCID: PMC7724991 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.564751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently associated with an elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP), followed by cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) reduction. Invasive monitoring of ICP is recommended to guide a step-by-step “staircase approach” which aims to normalize ICP values and reduce the risks of secondary damage. However, if such monitoring is not available clinical examination and radiological criteria should be used. A major concern is how to taper the therapies employed for ICP control. The aim of this manuscript is to review the criteria for escalating and withdrawing therapies in TBI patients. Each step of the staircase approach carries a risk of adverse effects related to the duration of treatment. Tapering of barbiturates should start once ICP control has been achieved for at least 24 h, although a period of 2–12 days is often required. Administration of hyperosmolar fluids should be avoided if ICP is normal. Sedation should be reduced after at least 24 h of controlled ICP to allow neurological examination. Removal of invasive ICP monitoring is suggested after 72 h of normal ICP. For patients who have undergone surgical decompression, cranioplasty represents the final step, and an earlier cranioplasty (15–90 days after decompression) seems to reduce the rate of infection, seizures, and hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Battaglini
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Anania
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rio de Janeiro Innovation Network in Nanosystems for Health-Nano SAÚDE/Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iole Brunetti
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Prior
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zona
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences and Integral Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pietro Fiaschi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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29
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Sadashima S, Honda H, Suzuki SO, Shijo M, Aishima S, Kai K, Kira J, Iwaki T. Accumulation of Astrocytic Aquaporin 4 and Aquaporin 1 in Prion Protein Plaques. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:419-429. [PMID: 32167542 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease with P102L mutation and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with V180I mutation are 2 major hereditary prion diseases in Japan. GSS and some familial CJD [V180I] exhibit characteristic prion protein (PrP) plaques. Overexpression of the astrocytic water channel proteins aquaporin (AQP) 1 and AQP4 was recently reported in sporadic CJD. To clarify the pathological characteristics of AQP1 and AQP4 in prion disease patient brains with plaque-type deposition, we investigated 5 patients with GSS, 2 patients with CJD [V180I], and 2 age-matched control cases without neurological diseases using immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence methods. We demonstrated that there is the intense expression of AQP1 and AQP4 around prion plaques, especially in distal astrocytic processes deep inside these plaques. Similar results have been reported in the senile plaques and ghost tangles of Alzheimer disease brains and a protective role of AQP4 in which AQP4 is redistributed toward the plaques and works as a barrier against the deleterious effects of these plaques has been suggested. Our results, which show a similar clustering of AQPs around PrP plaques, therefore support the possibility that AQPs also have a protective role in plaque formation in prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Sadashima
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi O Suzuki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Keita Kai
- Department of Pathology, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Junichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Iwaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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30
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Janssen M, Bruijstens AL, van Langelaar J, Wong Y, Wierenga-Wolf AF, Melief MJ, Rijvers L, van Pelt ED, Smolders J, Wokke BH, van Luijn MM. Naive B cells in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: impact of steroid use and relapses. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa197. [PMID: 33305266 PMCID: PMC7714275 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are a group of rare, but severe autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation of the optic nerve(s) and/or spinal cord. Although naive B cells are considered key players by escaping central tolerance checkpoints, it remains unclear how their composition and outgrowth differ in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Under complete treatment-naive circumstances, we found that naive mature/transitional B-cell ratios were reduced in the blood of 10 patients with aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G-positive disease (neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders) as compared to 11 both age- and gender-matched healthy controls, eight patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G-associated disorders and 10 patients with multiple sclerosis. This was the result of increased proportions of transitional B cells, which were the highest in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with relapses and strongly diminished in a separate group of nine patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G-associated disorders who received corticosteroid treatment. These findings need to be confirmed in longitudinal studies. For purified naive mature B cells of seven patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G-associated disorders with relapses, Toll-like receptor 9 ligand synergized with interferon-γ to enhance plasmablast formation during germinal centre-like cultures. This was not seen for 11 patients without relapses and nine healthy controls. In the neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders group, in vitro plasmablast formation corresponded to total and anti-aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G secretion, of which the latter was found only for relapsing cases. These data indicate that naive B-cell homoeostasis is different and selectively targeted by corticosteroids in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. This also supports further exploration of naive B cells for their use in Toll-like receptor 9-dependent in vitro platforms in order to predict the activity of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malou Janssen
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Arlette L Bruijstens
- Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie van Langelaar
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - YuYi Wong
- Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Annet F Wierenga-Wolf
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-José Melief
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Liza Rijvers
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
| | - E Daniëlle van Pelt
- Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smolders
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrijs H Wokke
- Department of Neurology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Marvin M van Luijn
- Department of Immunology, MS Center ErasMS, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
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31
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Expression, Distribution and Role of Aquaporins in Various Rhinologic Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165853. [PMID: 32824013 PMCID: PMC7461600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are water-specific membrane channel proteins that regulate cellular and organismal water homeostasis. The nose, an organ with important respiratory and olfactory functions, is the first organ exposed to external stimuli. Nose-related topics such as allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been the subject of extensive research. These studies have reported that mechanisms that drive the development of multiple inflammatory diseases that occur in the nose and contribute to the process of olfactory recognition of compounds entering the nasal cavity involve the action of water channels such as AQPs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between AQPs and rhinologic conditions, focusing on the current state of knowledge and mechanisms that link AQPs and rhinologic conditions. Key conclusions include the following: (1) Various AQPs are expressed in both nasal mucosa and olfactory mucosa; (2) the expression of AQPs in these tissues is different in inflammatory diseases such as AR or CRS, as compared with that in normal tissues; (3) the expression of AQPs in CRS differs depending on the presence or absence of nasal polyps; and (4) the expression of AQPs in tissues associated with olfaction is different from that in the respiratory epithelium.
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32
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Cacciaguerra L, Rocca MA, Storelli L, Radaelli M, Filippi M. Mapping white matter damage distribution in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with a multimodal MRI approach. Mult Scler 2020; 27:841-854. [PMID: 32672089 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520941493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenetic mechanisms sustaining neuroinflammatory disorders may originate from the cerebrospinal fluid. OBJECTIVE To evaluate white matter damage with diffusion tensor imaging and T1/T2-weighted ratio at progressive distances from the ventricular system in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and multiple sclerosis. METHODS Fractional anisotropy, mean, axial, and radial diffusivity and T1/T2-weighted ratio maps were obtained from patients with seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, multiple sclerosis, and healthy controls (n = 20 each group). White matter damage was assessed as function of ventricular distance within progressive concentric bands. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders patients had similar fractional anisotropy, radial and axial diffusivity, increased mean diffusivity (p = 0.009-0.013) and reduced T1/T2-weighted ratio (p = 0.024-0.037) in all bands. In multiple sclerosis, gradient of percentage lesion volume and intra-lesional mean and axial diffusivity were higher in periventricular bands. Compared to healthy controls, multiple sclerosis patients had reduced fractional anisotropy (p = 0.001-0.043) in periventricular bands, increased mean (p < 0.001), radial (p < 0.001-0.004), and axial diffusivity (p = 0.002-0.008) and preserved T1/T2-weighted ratio in all bands. CONCLUSION White matter damage is higher at periventricular level in multiple sclerosis and diffuse in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Fractional anisotropy preservation, associated with increased mean diffusivity and reduced T1/T2-weighted ratio may reflect astrocyte damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cacciaguerra
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Loredana Storelli
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Radaelli
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy/Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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33
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Guo H, Yin A, Ma Y, Fan Z, Tao L, Tang W, Ma Y, Hou W, Cai G, Zhuo L, Zhang J, Li Y, Xiong L. Astroglial N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 protects the brain from cerebral edema induced by stroke. Glia 2020; 69:281-295. [PMID: 32652708 PMCID: PMC7754347 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Brain edema is a grave complication of brain ischemia and is the main cause of herniation and death. Although astrocytic swelling is the main contributor to cytotoxic edema, the molecular mechanism involved in this process remains elusive. N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a well‐studied tumor suppressor gene, is mainly expressed in astrocytes in mammalian brains. Here, we found that NDRG2 deficiency leads to worsened cerebral edema, imbalanced Na+ transfer, and astrocyte swelling after ischemia. We also found that NDRG2 deletion in astrocytes dramatically changed the expression and distribution of aquaporin‐4 and Na+‐K+‐ATPase β1, which are strongly associated with cell polarity, in the ischemic brain. Brain edema and astrocyte swelling were significantly alleviated by rescuing the expression of astrocytic Na+‐K+‐ATPase β1 in NDRG2‐knockout mouse brains. In addition, the upregulation of astrocytic NDRG2 by lentiviral constructs notably attenuated brain edema, astrocytic swelling, and blood–brain barrier destruction. Our results indicate a particular role of NDRG2 in maintaining astrocytic polarization to facilitate Na+ and water transfer balance and to protect the brain from ischemic edema. These findings provide insight into NDRG2 as a therapeutic target in cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Anqi Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhong Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 960th Hospital of PLA, Jinan, China
| | - Yaqun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guohong Cai
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lixia Zhuo
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anesthesiology & Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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34
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Hale C, Yonan J, Batarseh R, Chaar R, Jonak CR, Ge S, Binder D, Rodgers VGJ. Implantable Osmotic Transport Device Can Reduce Edema After Severe Contusion Spinal Cord Injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:806. [PMID: 32754586 PMCID: PMC7366393 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings from the ISCoPe study indicate that, after severe contusion to the spinal cord, edema originating in the spinal cord accumulates and compresses the tissue against the surrounding dura mater, despite decompressive laminectomy. It is hypothesized that this compression results in restricted flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space and central canal and ultimately collapses local vasculature, exacerbating ischemia and secondary injury. Here we developed a surgically mounted osmotic transport device (OTD) that rests on the dura and can osmotically remove excess fluid at the injury site. Tests were performed in 4-h studies immediately following severe (250 kD) contusion at T8 in rats using the OTD. A 3-h treatment with the OTD after 1-h post injury significantly reduced spinal cord edema compared to injured controls. A first approximation mathematical interpretation implies that this modest reduction in edema may be significant enough to relieve compression of local vasculature and restore flow of CSF in the region. In addition, we determined the progression of edema up to 28 days after insult in the rat for the same injury model. Results showed peak edema at 72 h. These preliminary results suggest that incorporating the OTD to operate continuously at the site of injury throughout the critical period of edema progression, the device may significantly improve recovery following contusion spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hale
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Yonan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Ramsey Batarseh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Roman Chaar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Carrie R Jonak
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Shaokui Ge
- Division of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Devin Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Victor G J Rodgers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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35
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Yu K, Hu Y, Wu F, Guo Q, Qian Z, Hu W, Chen J, Wang K, Fan X, Wu X, Rasko JEJ, Fan X, Iavarone A, Jiang T, Tang F, Su XD. Surveying brain tumor heterogeneity by single-cell RNA-sequencing of multi-sector biopsies. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:1306-1318. [PMID: 34692159 PMCID: PMC8289159 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are among the most challenging human tumors for which the mechanisms driving progression and heterogeneity remain poorly understood. We combined single-cell RNA-seq with multi-sector biopsies to sample and analyze single-cell expression profiles of gliomas from 13 Chinese patients. After classifying individual cells, we generated a spatial and temporal landscape of glioma that revealed the patterns of invasion between the different sub-regions of gliomas. We also used single-cell inferred copy number variations and pseudotime trajectories to inform on the crucial branches that dominate tumor progression. The dynamic cell components of the multi-region biopsy analysis allowed us to spatially deconvolute with unprecedented accuracy the transcriptomic features of the core and those of the periphery of glioma at single-cell level. Through this rich and geographically detailed dataset, we were also able to characterize and construct the chemokine and chemokine receptor interactions that exist among different tumor and non-tumor cells. This study provides the first spatial-level analysis of the cellular states that characterize human gliomas. It also presents an initial molecular map of the cross-talks between glioma cells and the surrounding microenvironment with single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuqiong Hu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiufang Guo
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zenghui Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Waner Hu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kuanyu Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoying Fan
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinglong Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - John EJ Rasko
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, Laboratory of Neuroscience and Brain Development, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing 100050, China
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fuchou Tang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Biomedical Institute for Pioneering Investigation via Convergence and Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Su
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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36
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Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare and chronic disabling autoimmune astrocytopathy of the central nervous system. Current advances regarding aquaporin-4 antibody function facilitate the understanding of clinical manifestations and imaging findings beyond optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. The current definition of NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) includes both aquaporin-4-IgG seropositive and seronegative patients who present with characteristic findings. This review will briefly summarize the pathophysiology and the latest NMOSD diagnostic criteria and focus on the NMOSD imaging findings and its differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Che Hung
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
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37
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Kitchen P, Salman MM, Halsey AM, Clarke-Bland C, MacDonald JA, Ishida H, Vogel HJ, Almutiri S, Logan A, Kreida S, Al-Jubair T, Winkel Missel J, Gourdon P, Törnroth-Horsefield S, Conner MT, Ahmed Z, Conner AC, Bill RM. Targeting Aquaporin-4 Subcellular Localization to Treat Central Nervous System Edema. Cell 2020; 181:784-799.e19. [PMID: 32413299 PMCID: PMC7242911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Swelling of the brain or spinal cord (CNS edema) affects millions of people every year. All potential pharmacological interventions have failed in clinical trials, meaning that symptom management is the only treatment option. The water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is expressed in astrocytes and mediates water flux across the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers. Here we show that AQP4 cell-surface abundance increases in response to hypoxia-induced cell swelling in a calmodulin-dependent manner. Calmodulin directly binds the AQP4 carboxyl terminus, causing a specific conformational change and driving AQP4 cell-surface localization. Inhibition of calmodulin in a rat spinal cord injury model with the licensed drug trifluoperazine inhibited AQP4 localization to the blood-spinal cord barrier, ablated CNS edema, and led to accelerated functional recovery compared with untreated animals. We propose that targeting the mechanism of calmodulin-mediated cell-surface localization of AQP4 is a viable strategy for development of CNS edema therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kitchen
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41002, Iraq
| | - Andrea M Halsey
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Charlotte Clarke-Bland
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Hiroaki Ishida
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Hans J Vogel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Sharif Almutiri
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Science, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ann Logan
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stefan Kreida
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tamim Al-Jubair
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Julie Winkel Missel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pontus Gourdon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, PO Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Matthew T Conner
- School of Sciences, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Alex C Conner
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Roslyn M Bill
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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38
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Domowicz MS, Chan WC, Claudio-Vázquez P, Henry JG, Ware CB, Andrade J, Dawson G, Schwartz NB. Global Brain Transcriptome Analysis of a Tpp1 Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses Mouse Model. ASN Neuro 2020; 11:1759091419843393. [PMID: 31003587 PMCID: PMC6475859 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419843393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, homozygous mutations in the TPP1 gene results in loss
of tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1) enzymatic activity, leading to late infantile
neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses disease. Using a mouse model that targets the
Tpp1 gene and recapitulates the pathology and clinical
features of the human disease, we analyzed end-stage (4 months) transcriptional
changes associated with lack of TPP1 activity. Using RNA sequencing technology,
Tpp1 expression changes in the forebrain/midbrain and
cerebellum of 4-month-old homozygotes were compared with strain-related
controls. Transcriptional changes were found in 510 and 1,550 gene transcripts
in forebrain/midbrain and cerebellum, respectively, from
Tpp1-deficient brain tissues when compared with age-matched
controls. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes using the Ingenuity™
pathway software, revealed increased neuroinflammation activity in microglia and
astrocytes that could lead to neuronal dysfunction, particularly in the
cerebellum. We also observed upregulation in the production of nitric oxide and
reactive oxygen species; activation of leukocyte extravasation signals and
complement pathways; and downregulation of major transcription factors involved
in control of circadian rhythm. Several of these expression changes were
confirmed by independent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and histological
analysis by mRNA in situ hybridization, which allowed for an
in-depth anatomical analysis of the pathology and provided independent
confirmation of at least two of the major networks affected in this model. The
identification of differentially expressed genes has revealed new lines of
investigation for this complex disorder that may lead to novel therapeutic
targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Domowicz
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wen-Ching Chan
- 2 Center for Research Informatics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Judith G Henry
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher B Ware
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jorge Andrade
- 2 Center for Research Informatics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Glyn Dawson
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nancy B Schwartz
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA.,3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, IL, USA
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39
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Shi Q, Wu YZ, Yang X, Xiao K, Maimaitiming A, Gao LP, Chen C, Gao C, Guo Y, Dong XP. Significant enhanced expressions of aquaporin-1, -4 and -9 in the brains of various prion diseases. Prion 2020; 13:173-184. [PMID: 31814527 PMCID: PMC6746548 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2019.1660487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are widely expressed in various types of tissues, among them AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 are expressed predominately with relatively special distributing features in various brain regions. The aberrant changes of AQP1 and AQP4 have been observed in the brains of Alzheimer disease (AD). To evaluate the underlying alteration of brain AQPs in prion diseases, scrapie strains of 139A, ME7 and S15 infected mice were tested in this study. Western blots revealed markedly increased levels of AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 in the brain tissues of all tested scrapie-infected mice collected at terminal stage. Analyses of the AQPs levels in the brain tissues collected at different time-points during incubation period showed time-dependent increased in 139A and ME7-infected mice, especially at the middle-late stage. The AQP1 levels also increased in the cortex regions of some human prion diseases, including the patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and G114V genetic CJD (gCJD). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays verified that the AQPs-positive cells were astrocyte-like morphologically; meanwhile, numerous various sizes of AQPs-positive particles and dots were also observable in the brain sections of scrapie-infected mice. Immunofluorescent assays (IFAs) illustrated that the signals of AQPs colocalized with those of the GFAP positive proliferative astrocytes, and more interestingly, appeared to overlap also with the signals of PrP in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. Moreover, IHC assays with a commercial doublestain system revealed that distributing areas of AQPs overlapped not only with that of the activated large astrocytes, but also with that of abundantly deposited PrPSc in the brain tissues of scrapie murine models. Our data here propose the solid evidences that the expressions of brain AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 are all aberrantly enhanced in various murine models of scrapie infection. The closely anatomical association between the accumulated AQPs and deposited PrPSc in the brain tissues indicates that the abnormally increased water channel proteins participate in the pathogenesis of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Zhang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Adalaiti Maimaitiming
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Zhejiang University), National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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40
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Johanson CE, Vío K, Guerra M, Salazar P, Jara MC, Rodríguez S, Ortega E, Castañeyra-Ruiz L, McAllister JP, Rodríguez EM. Organ Culture and Grafting of Choroid Plexus into the Ventricular CSF of Normal and Hydrocephalic HTx Rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:626-640. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractChoroid plexus (CP) may aid brain development and repair by secreting growth factors and neurotrophins for CSF streaming to ventricular and subventricular zones. Disrupted ventricular/subventricular zone progenitors and stem cells lead to CNS maldevelopment. Exploring models, we organ cultured the CP and transplanted fresh CP into a lateral ventricle of postnatal hydrocephalic (hyHTx) and nonhydrocephalic (nHTx) rats. After 60 days in vitro, the cultured choroid ependyma formed spherical rings with beating cilia. Cultured CP expressed endocytotic caveolin 1 and apical aquaporin 1 and absorbed horseradish peroxidase from medium. Transthyretin secretory protein was secreted by organ-cultured CP into medium throughout 60 days in vitro. Fresh CP, surviving at 1 week after lateral ventricle implantation of nHTx or hyHTx did not block CSF flow. Avascular 1-week transplants in vivo expressed caveolin 1, aquaporin 1, and transthyretin, indicating that grafted CP may secrete trophic proteins but not CSF. Our findings encourage further exploration on CP organ culture and grafting for translational strategies. Because transplanted CP, though not producing CSF, may secrete beneficial molecules for developing brain injured by hydrocephalus, we propose that upon CP removal in hydrocephalus surgery, the fractionated tissue could be transplanted back (ventricular autograft).
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad E Johanson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Karin Vío
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Leandro Castañeyra-Ruiz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - J Patrick McAllister
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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41
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Rauen K, Pop V, Trabold R, Badaut J, Plesnila N. Vasopressin V 1a Receptors Regulate Cerebral Aquaporin 1 after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:665-674. [PMID: 31547764 PMCID: PMC7045352 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain edema formation contributes to secondary brain damage and unfavorable outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Aquaporins (AQP), highly selective water channels, are involved in the formation of post-trauma brain edema; however, their regulation is largely unknown. Because vasopressin receptors are involved in AQP-mediated water transport in the kidney and inhibition of V1a receptors reduces post-trauma brain edema formation, we hypothesize that cerebral AQPs may be regulated by V1a receptors. Cerebral Aqp1 and Aqp4 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and AQP1 and AQP4 protein levels were quantified in wild-type and V1a receptor knockout (V1a-/-) mice before and 15 min, 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h after experimental TBI by controlled cortical impact. In non-traumatized mice, we found AQP1 and AQP4 expression in cortical neurons and astrocytes, respectively. Experimental TBI had no effect on Aqp4 mRNA or AQP4 protein expression, but increased Aqp1 mRNA (p < 0.05) and AQP1 protein expression (p < 0.05) in both hemispheres. The Aqp1 mRNA and AQP1 protein regulation was blunted in V1a receptor knockout mice. The V1a receptors regulate cerebral AQP1 expression after experimental TBI, thereby unraveling the molecular mechanism by which these receptors may mediate brain edema formation after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rauen
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery & Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
- University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viorela Pop
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Raimund Trabold
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery & Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Jerome Badaut
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
- Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery & Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
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42
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Mazurek M, Litak J, Kamieniak P, Kulesza B, Jonak K, Baj J, Grochowski C. Metformin as Potential Therapy for High-Grade Glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E210. [PMID: 31952173 PMCID: PMC7016983 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MET), 1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride, is a biguanide drug used as the first-line medication in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The recent years have brought many observations showing metformin in its new role. The drug, commonly used in the therapy of diabetes, may also find application in the therapy of a vast variety of tumors. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in colon, breast, prostate, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, melanoma, lung and endometrial carcinoma, as well as in gliomas. This is especially important in light of the poor options offered to patients in the case of high-grade gliomas, which include glioblastoma (GBM). A thorough understanding of the mechanism of action of metformin can make it possible to discover new drugs that could be used in neoplasm therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mazurek
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Jakub Litak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Bartłomiej Kulesza
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Department of Foregin Languages, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Cezary Grochowski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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43
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Maroli N, Kalagatur NK, Bhasuran B, Jayakrishnan A, Manoharan RR, Kolandaivel P, Natarajan J, Kadirvelu K. Molecular Mechanism of T-2 Toxin-Induced Cerebral Edema by Aquaporin-4 Blocking and Permeation. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:4942-4958. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeyakumar Natarajan
- Data Mining and Text Mining Laboratory, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
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44
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Rao VTS, Fuh SC, Karamchandani JR, Woulfe JMJ, Munoz DG, Ellezam B, Blain M, Ho MK, Bedell BJ, Antel JP, Ludwin SK. Astrocytes in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: An In Situ MicroRNA Study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:1130-1146. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Astrocytes are increasingly recognized as active contributors to the disease process in multiple sclerosis (MS), rather than being merely reactive. We investigated the expression of a selected microRNA (miRNA) panel that could contribute both to the injury and to the recovery phases of the disease. Individual astrocytes were laser microdissected from brain sections. We then compared the miRNAs’ expressions in MS and control brain samples at different lesional stages in white versus grey matter regions. In active MS lesions, we found upregulation of ischemia-related miRNAs in white but not grey matter, often with reversion to the normal state in inactive lesions. In contrast to our previous findings on MS macrophages, expression of 2 classical inflammatory-related miRNAs, miRNA-155 and miRNA-146a, was reduced in astrocytes from active and chronic active MS lesions in white and grey matter, suggesting a lesser direct pathogenetic role for these miRNAs in astrocytes. miRNAs within the categories regulating aquaporin4 (-100, -145, -320) and glutamate transport/apoptosis/neuroprotection (-124a, -181a, and -29a) showed some contrasting responses. The regional and lesion-stage differences of expression of these miRNAs indicate the remarkable ability of astrocytes to show a wide range of selective responses in the face of differing insults and phases of resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaraghava T S Rao
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University
| | - Shih-Chieh Fuh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - John M J Woulfe
- Department of Pathology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa
| | - David G Munoz
- Department of Pathology, St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto University, Toronto
| | | | - Manon Blain
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ming-Kai Ho
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University
| | - Barry J Bedell
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- Department of Neuropathology, Montreal Neurological Institute
| | - Samuel K Ludwin
- Department of Pathology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa
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45
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Li J, Jia Z, Xu W, Guo W, Zhang M, Bi J, Cao Y, Fan Z, Li G. TGN-020 alleviates edema and inhibits astrocyte activation and glial scar formation after spinal cord compression injury in rats. Life Sci 2019; 222:148-157. [PMID: 30851336 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Identifying drugs that inhibit edema and glial scar formation and increase neuronal survival is crucial to improving outcomes after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we used 2-(nicotinamide)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (TGN-020), a potent selective inhibitor of aquaporin 4 (AQP4), to investigate the effects of TGN-020 on SCI in Sprague-Dawley rats. MAIN METHODS We compressed the spinal cord at T10 using a sterile impounder (35 g, 5 min), to induce moderate injury. TGN-020 (100 mg/kg) or an equal volume of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide was then administered via intraperitoneal injection. Neurological function was evaluated using the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan open-field locomotor scale 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after SCI. The degree of edema was assessed via determination of the precise spinal cord water content 3 days after SCI. Expression levels of AQP4, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) were determined via western blotting and immunofluorescence staining 3 days after SCI and 4 weeks after SCI. Numbers of surviving neurons and glial scar sizes were determined using Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin staining, respectively. KEY FINDINGS Our results showed that TGN-020 promoted functional recovery at days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, as well as reduced the degree of edema and inhibited the expression of AQP4, GFAP, PCNA at days 3 after SCI. Furthermore, observations 4 weeks after SCI revealed that TGN-020 inhibited the glial scar formation and upregulated GAP-43 expression. SIGNIFICANCE TGN-020 can alleviate spinal cord edema, inhibit glial scar formation, and promote axonal regeneration, conferring beneficial effects on recovery in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jia
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Wen Xu
- School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Weidong Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Mingchao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Jing Bi
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Zhongkai Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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46
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Rodríguez E, Guerra M, Peruzzo B, Blázquez JL. Tanycytes: A rich morphological history to underpin future molecular and physiological investigations. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12690. [PMID: 30697830 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tanycytes are located at the base of the brain and retain characteristics from their developmental origins, such as radial glial cells, throughout their life span. With transport mechanisms and modulation of tight junction proteins, tanycytes form a bridge connecting the cerebrospinal fluid with the external limiting basement membrane. They also retain the powers of self-renewal and can differentiate to generate neurones and glia. Similar to radial glia, they are a heterogeneous family with distinct phenotypes. Although the four subtypes so far distinguished display distinct characteristics, further research is likely to reveal new subtypes. In this review, we have re-visited the work of the pioneers in the field, revealing forgotten work that is waiting to inspire new research with today's cutting-edge technologies. We have conducted a systematic ultrastructural study of α-tanycytes that resulted in a wealth of new information, generating numerous questions for future study. We also consider median eminence pituicytes, a closely-related cell type to tanycytes, and attempt to relate pituicyte fine morphology to molecular and functional mechanism. Our rationale was that future research should be guided by a better understanding of the early pioneering work in the field, which may currently be overlooked when interpreting newer data or designing new investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Montserrat Guerra
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Bruno Peruzzo
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan Luis Blázquez
- Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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47
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Zhang L, Jin YP. Toxic effects of combined treatment of 1,2-dichloroethane and ethanol on mouse brain and the related mechanisms. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22294. [PMID: 30664321 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms of brain damage induced by the combined treatment of mice with 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) and ethanol. Mice were divided into control group; 1,2-DCE-intoxicated group; ethanol-treated group; and low-, medium-, and high-dose combined treatment groups. Histological observations along with brain organ coefficients and water content were used to measure the brain damage directly and indirectly. The levels of nonprotein sulfhydryls, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase activity were used as parameters to evaluate oxidative stress in the brain. Protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), zonula occludens-1 (occludin and zo-1), aquaporin-4 (AQP4), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase (HO)-1, and the γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase catalytic and modulatory subunits (γ-GCSc, GR, and γ-GCSm) in the brain were examined by Western blot analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, respectively. Effects of the combined treatment of 1,2-DCE and ethanol were evaluated by analysis of variance with a factorial design. The results suggested that combined exposure to ethanol and 1,2-DCE synergistically increased CYP2E1 protein and mRNA levels, accelerated the metabolism of ethanol and 1,2-DCE in the brain tissue, induced high production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased MDA levels, thereby damaging the blood-brain barrier and causing obvious pathological changes in brain tissue. However, the increased level of ROS activated the Nrf2 signal transduction pathway, promoting the expression of HO-1 and glutathione-related antioxidant enzymes in the brain to protect the cells from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Community Nursing, School of Nursing, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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48
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Orio L, Alen F, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, García-Bueno B. Oleoylethanolamide, Neuroinflammation, and Alcohol Abuse. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 11:490. [PMID: 30687006 PMCID: PMC6333756 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex process involved in the physiopathology of many central nervous system diseases, including addiction. Alcohol abuse is characterized by induction of peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation, which hallmark is the activation of innate immunity toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4). In the last years, lipid transmitters have generated attention as modulators of parts of the addictive process. Specifically, the bioactive lipid oleoylethanolamide (OEA), which is an endogenous acylethanolamide, has shown a beneficial profile for alcohol abuse. Preclinical studies have shown that OEA is a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound that exerts neuroprotective effects in alcohol abuse. Exogenous administration of OEA blocks the alcohol-induced TLR4-mediated pro-inflammatory cascade, reducing the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and ultimately, preventing the neural damage in frontal cortex of rodents. The mechanisms of action of OEA are discussed in this review, including a protective action in the intestinal barrier. Additionally, OEA blocks cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behavior and reduces the severity of withdrawal symptoms in animals, together with the modulation of alcohol-induced depression-like behavior and other negative motivational states associated with the abstinence, such as the anhedonia. Finally, exposure to alcohol induces OEA release in blood and brain of rodents. Clinical evidences will be highlighted, including the OEA release and the correlation of plasma OEA levels with TLR4-dependent peripheral inflammatory markers in alcohol abusers. In base of these evidences we hypothesize that the endogenous release of OEA could be a homeostatic signal to counteract the toxic action of alcohol and we propose the exploration of OEA-based pharmacotherapies to treat alcohol-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Methods in Behavioral Science, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Alen
- Department of Psychobiology and Methods in Behavioral Science, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga-Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, IMAS and IUING, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Sun L, Li M, Ma X, Zhang L, Song J, Lv C, He Y. Inhibiting High Mobility Group Box-1 Reduces Early Spinal Cord Edema and Attenuates Astrocyte Activation and Aquaporin-4 Expression after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:421-435. [PMID: 29929431 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) could function as an early trigger for pro-inflammatory activation after spinal cord injury (SCI). Spinal cord edema contributes to inflammatory response mechanisms and a poor clinical prognosis after SCI, for which efficient therapies targeting the specific molecules involved remain limited. This study was designed to evaluate the roles of HMGB1 on the regulation of early spinal cord edema, astrocyte activation, and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression in a rat SCI model. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent laminectomy at T10, and the SCI model was induced by a heavy falling object. After SCI, rats received ethyl pyruvate (EP) or glycyrrhizin (GL) via an intraperitoneal injection to inhibit HMGB1. The effects of HMGB1 inhibition on the early spinal cord edema, astrocyte activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP] expression), and AQP4 expression after SCI (12 h-3 days) were analyzed. The results showed that EP or GL effectively inhibited HMGB1 expression in the spinal cord and HMGB1 levels in the serum of SCI rats. HMGB1 inhibition improved motor function, reduced spinal cord water content, and attenuated spinal cord edema in SCI rats. HMGB1 inhibition decreased SCI-associated GFAP and AQP4 overexpression in the spinal cord. Further, HMGB1 inhibition also repressed the activation of the toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. These results implicate that HMGB1 inhibition improved locomotor function and reduced early spinal cord edema, which was associated with a downregulation of astrocyte activation (GFAP expression) and AQP4 expression in SCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Man Li
- 2 Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xun Ma
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Zhang
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junlai Song
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Cong Lv
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yajun He
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital, Shanxi Da Yi Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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50
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Skowrońska K, Obara-Michlewska M, Czarnecka A, Dąbrowska K, Zielińska M, Albrecht J. Persistent Overexposure to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Calcium-Dependently Downregulates Glutamine Synthetase, Aquaporin 4, and Kir4.1 Channel in Mouse Cortical Astrocytes. Neurotox Res 2018; 35:271-280. [PMID: 30220059 PMCID: PMC6313349 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes express N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) but its functions in these cells are not well defined. This study shows that the sustained exposure (8–72 h) of mouse astrocytes to NMDA decreases the expression of the functional astroglia-specific proteins, glutamine synthetase (GS), and the water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and also reduces GS activity. Similar to rat astrocytes (Obara-Michlewska et al. Neurochem Int 88:20–25, 2015), the exposure of mouse astrocytes to NMDA also decreased the expression of the inward rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1. NMDA failed to elicit the effects in those cells incubated in the absence of Ca2+ and in those in which the GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR was silenced with GluN1 siRNA. The downregulation of GS, AQP4, and Kir4.1 observed in vitro may reflect NMDAR-mediated alterations of astrocytic functions noted in central nervous system pathologies associated with increased glutamate (Glu) release and excitotoxic tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Skowrońska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Obara-Michlewska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Czarnecka
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dąbrowska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zielińska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Albrecht
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego St. 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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