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Yamamoto Y, Sasaki K, Komuro M, Yokoyama T, Abdali SS, Nakamuta N. Three-dimensional architecture of the subepithelial corpuscular nerve ending in the rat epiglottis reconstructed by array tomography with scanning electron microscopy. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1846-1866. [PMID: 37794741 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In the rat laryngeal mucosa, subepithelial corpuscular nerve endings, called laminar nerve endings, are distributed in the epiglottis and arytenoid region and are activated by the pressure changes of the laryngeal cavity. They are also suggested to play a role in efferent regulation because of secretory vesicles in the axoplasm. In the present study, the laminar nerve endings in the rat laryngeal mucosa were analyzed by 3D reconstruction from serial ultrathin sections in addition to immunohistochemistry for synapsin 1. In the light microscopy, synapsin 1-immunoreactive flattened or bulbous terminal parts of the laminar endings were also immunoreactive with VGLUT1, and were surrounded by S100- or S100B-immunoreactive Schwann cells and vimentin-immunoreactive fibroblasts. In the electron microscopy, 3D reconstruction views showed that laminar endings were composed of flattened terminal parts sized 2-5 μm in longitudinal length, overlapping in three to five multiple layers. The terminal parts of the endings were incompletely wrapped by flat cytoplasmic processes of the Schwann cells. In addition, the fibroblast network surrounded the complex of nerve endings and the Schwann cells. Several terminal parts entered through the basement membrane into the epithelial layer and attached to the basal epithelial cells, suggesting that interaction between epithelial cells and laminar nerve endings plays an important role in sensing the pressure changes in the laryngeal cavity. Secretory vesicles were unevenly distributed throughout the terminal part of the laminar nerve endings. The secretory vesicles were frequently observed in the peripheral limb of the terminal parts. It suggests that the laminar nerve endings in the larynx may release glutamate to maintain continuous discharge during the stretching of the laryngeal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Sasaki
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Misaki Komuro
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Sayed Sharif Abdali
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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Martinelli D, Catesini G, Greco B, Guarnera A, Parrillo C, Maines E, Longo D, Napolitano A, De Nictolis F, Cairoli S, Liccardo D, Caviglia S, Sidorina A, Olivieri G, Siri B, Bianchi R, Spagnoletti G, Dello Strologo L, Spada M, Dionisi-Vici C. Neurologic outcome following liver transplantation for methylmalonic aciduria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023; 46:450-465. [PMID: 36861405 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Liver and liver/kidney transplantation are increasingly used in methylmalonic aciduria, but little is known on their impact on CNS. The effect of transplantation on neurological outcome was prospectively assessed in six patients pre- and post-transplant by clinical evaluation and by measuring disease biomarkers in plasma and CSF, in combination with psychometric tests and brain MRI studies. Primary (methylmalonic- and methylcitric acid) and secondary biomarkers (glycine and glutamine) significantly improved in plasma, while they remained unchanged in CSF. Differently, biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction (lactate, alanine, and related ratios) significantly decreased in CSF. Neurocognitive evaluation documented significant higher post-transplant developmental/cognitive scores and maturation of executive functions corresponding to improvement of brain atrophy, cortical thickness, and white matter maturation indexes at MRI. Three patients presented post-transplantation reversible neurological events, which were differentiated, by means of biochemical and neuroradiological evaluations, into calcineurin inhibitor-induced neurotoxicity and metabolic stroke-like episode. Our study shows that transplantation has a beneficial impact on neurological outcome in methylmalonic aciduria. Early transplantation is recommended due to the high risk of long-term complications, high disease burden, and low quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martinelli
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Catesini
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Greco
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Guarnera
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Parrillo
- Medical Physics Unit, Risk Management Enterprise, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Evelina Maines
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Pediatric Department, S.Chiara Hospital of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Daniela Longo
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Napolitano
- Medical Physics Unit, Risk Management Enterprise, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De Nictolis
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cairoli
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Liccardo
- Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Caviglia
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Sidorina
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Olivieri
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Siri
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bianchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gionata Spagnoletti
- Unit of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Dello Strologo
- Renal Transplant Unit, Bambino Gesù, Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Spada
- Unit of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Decreased propionyl-CoA metabolism facilitates metabolic reprogramming and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2023; 78:627-642. [PMID: 36462680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alterations of multiple metabolites characterize distinct features of metabolic reprograming in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of most metabolites, including propionyl-CoA (Pro-CoA), in metabolic reprogramming and hepatocarcinogenesis remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to dissect how Pro-CoA metabolism affects these processes. METHODS TCGA data and HCC samples were used to analyze ALDH6A1-mediated Pro-CoA metabolism and its correlation with HCC. Multiple metabolites were assayed by targeted mass spectrometry. The role of ALDH6A1-generated Pro-CoA in HCC was evaluated in HCC cell lines as well as xenograft nude mouse models and primary liver cancer mouse models. Non-targeted metabolomic and targeted energy metabolomic analyses, as well as multiple biochemical assays, were performed. RESULTS Decreases in Pro-CoA and its derivative propionyl-L-carnitine due to ALDH6A1 downregulation were tightly associated with HCC. Functionally, ALDH6A1-mediated Pro-CoA metabolism suppressed HCC proliferation in vitro and impaired hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. The aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was indispensable for this function of ALDH6A1, while Pro-CoA carboxylases antagonized ALDH6A1 function by eliminating Pro-CoA. Mechanistically, ALDH6A1 caused a signature enrichment of central carbon metabolism in cancer and impaired energy metabolism: ALDH6A1-generated Pro-CoA suppressed citrate synthase activity, which subsequently reduced tricarboxylic acid cycle flux, impaired mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential, and decreased ATP production. Moreover, Pro-CoA metabolism generated 2-methylcitric acid, which mimicked the inhibitory effect of Pro-CoA on citrate synthase and dampened mitochondrial respiration and HCC proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The decline of ALDH6A1-mediated Pro-CoA metabolism contributes to metabolic remodeling and facilitates hepatocarcinogenesis. Pro-CoA, propionyl-L-carnitine and 2-methylcitric acid may serve as novel metabolic biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. Pro-CoA metabolism may provide potential targets for development of novel strategies against HCC. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Our study presents new insights on the role of propionyl-CoA metabolism in metabolic reprogramming and hepatocarcinogenesis. This work has uncovered potential diagnostic and predictive biomarkers, which could be used by physicians to improve clinical practice and may also serve as targets for the development of therapeutic strategies against HCC.
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Shi Y, Cao Q, Sun J, Hu X, Su Z, Xu Y, Zhang H, Lan L, Feng Y. The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa exploits bacterial biotin synthesis pathway to benefit its infectivity. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011110. [PMID: 36689471 PMCID: PMC9894557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that predominantly causes nosocomial and community-acquired lung infections. As a member of ESKAPE pathogens, carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) compromises the limited therapeutic options, raising an urgent demand for the development of lead compounds against previously-unrecognized drug targets. Biotin is an important cofactor, of which the de novo synthesis is an attractive antimicrobial target in certain recalcitrant infections. Here we report genetic and biochemical definition of P. aeruginosa BioH (PA0502) that functions as a gatekeeper enzyme allowing the product pimeloyl-ACP to exit from fatty acid synthesis cycle and to enter the late stage of biotin synthesis pathway. In relative to Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa physiologically requires 3-fold higher level of cytosolic biotin, which can be attributed to the occurrence of multiple biotinylated enzymes. The BioH protein enables the in vitro reconstitution of biotin synthesis. The repertoire of biotin abundance is assigned to different mouse tissues and/or organ contents, and the plasma biotin level of mouse is around 6-fold higher than that of human. Removal of bioH renders P. aeruginosa biotin auxotrophic and impairs its intra-phagosome persistence. Based on a model of CD-1 mice mimicking the human environment, lung challenge combined with systemic infection suggested that BioH is necessary for the full virulence of P. aeruginosa. As expected, the biotin synthesis inhibitor MAC13772 is capable of dampening the viability of CRPA. Notably, MAC13772 interferes the production of pyocyanin, an important virulence factor of P. aeruginosa. Our data expands our understanding of P. aeruginosa biotin synthesis relevant to bacterial infectivity. In particular, this study represents the first example of an extracellular pathogen P. aeruginosa that exploits biotin cofactor as a fitness determinant, raising the possibility of biotin synthesis as an anti-CRPA target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingdu Sun
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhi Su
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongchang Xu
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lefu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (YF)
| | - Youjun Feng
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail: (LL); (YF)
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do Amaral MA, Paredes LC, Padovani BN, Mendonça-Gomes JM, Montes LF, Câmara NOS, Morales Fénero C. Mitochondrial connections with immune system in Zebrafish. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100019. [PMID: 36420514 PMCID: PMC9680083 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles commonly associated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation through the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process. However, mitochondria are also responsible for functions such as calcium homeostasis, apoptosis, autophagy, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that, in conjunction, can lead to different cell fate decisions. Mitochondrial morphology changes rely on nutrients' availability and the bioenergetics demands of the cells, in a process known as mitochondrial dynamics, which includes both fusion and fission. This organelle senses the microenvironment and can modify the cells to either a pro or anti-inflammatory profile. The zebrafish has been increasingly used to research mitochondrial dynamics and its connection with the immune system since the pathways and molecules involved in these processes are conserved on this fish. Several genetic tools and technologies are currently available to analyze the behavior of mitochondria in zebrafish. However, even though zebrafish presents several similar processes known in mammals, the effect of the mitochondria in the immune system has not been so broadly studied in this model. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in zebrafish studies regarding mitochondrial function and immuno metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Abrantes do Amaral
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lais Cavalieri Paredes
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Barbara Nunes Padovani
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Moreira Mendonça-Gomes
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Luan Fávero Montes
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Morales Fénero
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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May FJ, Head PE, Venturoni LE, Chandler RJ, Venditti CP. Central nervous system-targeted adeno-associated virus gene therapy in methylmalonic acidemia. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 21:765-776. [PMID: 34169115 PMCID: PMC8188058 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a severe metabolic disorder most commonly caused by a mutation in the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT) gene. Patients with MMA experience multisystemic disease manifestations and remain at risk for neurological disease progression, even after liver transplantation. Therefore, delivery of MMUT to the central nervous system (CNS) may provide patients with neuroprotection and, perhaps, therapeutic benefits. To specifically target the brain, we developed a neurotropic PHP.eB vector that used a CaMKII neuro-specific promoter to restrict the expression of the MMUT transgene in the neuraxis and delivered the adeno-associated virus (AAV) to mice with MMA. The PHP.eB vector transduced cells in multiple brain regions, including the striatum, and enabled high levels of expression of MMUT in the basal ganglia. Following the CNS-specific correction of MMUT expression, disease-related metabolites methylmalonic acid and 2-methylcitrate were significantly (p < 0.02) decreased in serum of treated MMA mice. Our results show that targeting MMUT expression to the CNS using a neurotropic capsid can decrease the circulating metabolite load in MMA and further highlight the benefit of extrahepatic correction for disorders of organic acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J. May
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIH Medical Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - PamelaSara E. Head
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leah E. Venturoni
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Randy J. Chandler
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles P. Venditti
- Organic Acid Research Section, Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Cai S, Quan S, Yang G, Ye Q, Chen M, Yu H, Wang G, Wang Y, Zeng X, Qiao S. One Carbon Metabolism and Mammalian Pregnancy Outcomes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e2000734. [PMID: 33226182 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One-carbon metabolism is involved in varieties of physiological processes in mammals, including nucleic acid synthesis, amino acid homeostasis, epigenetic regulation, redox balance and neurodevelopment. The current evidence linking levels of one-carbon nutrients during pregnancy to the development of oocytes, embryos, and placentas, as well as maternal and offspring health, is reviewed. The sources of mammalian one-carbon units, the pathways active in mammalian one-carbon metabolism, the maternal and fetal needs for one-carbon units and their functions during pregnancy are described. The demand for one-carbon metabolism is highest during pregnancy compared to the entire lifetime of a mammal. The primary types of one-carbon metabolism in mammals are the folate cycle, methionine cycle and transsulfuration pathway, which varies at different pregnancy stages (e.g., methylation programming of embryo, neural development of fetus, fetal growth and placenta development). Therefore, an overall consideration of one-carbon metabolism requirements for different pregnancy stages, is called for, specifically, the balance of all nutrients involved, not just one single nutrient in one-carbon metabolism. Moreover, the establishment of an ideal one-carbon metabolism requirement model is suggested according to the requirements for different pregnancy stages to support optimal pregnancy outcomes and maternal and offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Guangxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Qianhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Meixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-feed additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
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Clare CE, Brassington AH, Kwong WY, Sinclair KD. One-Carbon Metabolism: Linking Nutritional Biochemistry to Epigenetic Programming of Long-Term Development. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 7:263-287. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
One-carbon (1C) metabolism comprises a series of interlinking metabolic pathways that include the methionine and folate cycles that are central to cellular function, providing 1C units (methyl groups) for the synthesis of DNA, polyamines, amino acids, creatine, and phospholipids. S-adenosylmethionine is a potent aminopropyl and methyl donor within these cycles and serves as the principal substrate for methylation of DNA, associated proteins, and RNA. We propose that 1C metabolism functions as a key biochemical conduit between parental environment and epigenetic regulation of early development and that interindividual and ethnic variability in epigenetic-gene regulation arises because of genetic variants within 1C genes, associated epigenetic regulators, and differentially methylated target DNA sequences. We present evidence to support these propositions, drawing upon studies undertaken in humans and animals. We conclude that future studies should assess the epigenetic effects of cumulative (multigenerational) dietary imbalances contemporaneously in both parents, as this better represents the human experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance E. Clare
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Amey H. Brassington
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Wing Yee Kwong
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D. Sinclair
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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Quintero J, Molera C, Juamperez J, Redecillas S, Meavilla S, Nuñez R, García C, Del Toro M, Garcia Á, Ortega J, Segarra Ó, de Carpi JM, Bilbao I, Charco R. The Role of Liver Transplantation in Propionic Acidemia. Liver Transpl 2018; 24:1736-1745. [PMID: 30242960 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite optimal medical treatment and strict low-protein diet, the prognosis of propionic acidemia (PA) patients is generally poor. We aim to report our experience with liver transplantation (LT) in the management of PA patients. Six patients with PA received a LT at a mean age of 5.2 years (1.3-7.5 years). The indications for LT were frequent metabolic decompensations in the first 4 patients and preventative in the last 2 patients. Two patients presented hepatic artery thromboses that were solved through an interventional radiologist approach. These patients showed a very high procoagulant state that was observed by thromboelastography. Arterial vasospasm without thrombus was observed in 2 patients during the LT surgery. In order to avoid hepatic artery thrombosis, an arterial conduit from the recipient aorta to the hepatic artery of the donor was used in the fifth patient. After LT, patients presented improvement in propionyl byproducts without complete normalization, but no decompensations have been observed. In conclusion, LT could be a good therapeutic option to improve the metabolic control and the quality of life of PA patients. Improved surgical strategies along with new techniques of interventional radiology allow us to perform the LT minimizing the complications derived from the higher risk of hepatic artery thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Quintero
- Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplant Department, Hospital Universiatri Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Molera
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Javier Juamperez
- Pediatric Hepatology and Liver Transplant Department, Hospital Universiatri Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna Redecillas
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universiatri Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Meavilla
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Raquel Nuñez
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universiatri Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camila García
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mireia Del Toro
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Universiatri Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángels Garcia
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Juan Ortega
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universiatri Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar Segarra
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universiatri Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Martin de Carpi
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Itxarone Bilbao
- HPB Surgery and Transplant Department, Hospital Universiatri Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Charco
- HPB Surgery and Transplant Department, Hospital Universiatri Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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McDonald T, Puchowicz M, Borges K. Impairments in Oxidative Glucose Metabolism in Epilepsy and Metabolic Treatments Thereof. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:274. [PMID: 30233320 PMCID: PMC6127311 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that oxidative glucose metabolism is impaired in epilepsy and recent work has further characterized the metabolic mechanisms involved. In healthy people eating a traditional diet, including carbohydrates, fats and protein, the major energy substrate in brain is glucose. Cytosolic glucose metabolism generates small amounts of energy, but oxidative glucose metabolism in the mitochondria generates most ATP, in addition to biosynthetic precursors in cells. Energy is crucial for the brain to signal "normally," while loss of energy can contribute to seizure generation by destabilizing membrane potentials and signaling in the chronic epileptic brain. Here we summarize the known biochemical mechanisms that contribute to the disturbance in oxidative glucose metabolism in epilepsy, including decreases in glucose transport, reduced activity of particular steps in the oxidative metabolism of glucose such as pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and increased anaplerotic need. This knowledge justifies the use of alternative brain fuels as sources of energy, such as ketones, TCA cycle intermediates and precursors as well as even medium chain fatty acids and triheptanoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya McDonald
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle Puchowicz
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Karin Borges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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11
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Tan KN, Simmons D, Carrasco-Pozo C, Borges K. Triheptanoin protects against status epilepticus-induced hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration. J Neurochem 2018; 144:431-442. [PMID: 29222946 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Triheptanoin, the triglyceride of heptanoate, is anaplerotic (refills deficient tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates) via the propionyl-CoA carboxylase pathway. It has been shown to be neuroprotective and anticonvulsant in several models of neurological disorders. Here, we investigated the effects of triheptanoin against changes of hippocampal mitochondrial functions, oxidative stress and cell death induced by pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in mice. Ten days of triheptanoin pre-treatment did not protect against SE, but it preserved hippocampal mitochondrial functions including state 2, state 3 ADP, state 3 uncoupled respiration, respiration linked to ATP synthesis along with the activities of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex 24 h post-SE. Triheptanoin prevented the SE-induced reductions of hippocampal mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity and plasma antioxidant status as well as lipid peroxidation. It also reduced neuronal degeneration in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions 3 days after SE. In addition, heptanoate significantly reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in cultured neurons. In situ hybridization localized the enzymes of the propionyl-CoA carboxylase pathway, specifically Pccα, Pccβ and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase to adult mouse hippocampal pyramidal neurons and dentate granule cells, indicating that anaplerosis may occur in neurons. In conclusion, triheptanoin appears to have anaplerotic and antioxidant effects which contribute to its neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Ni Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld., Australia
| | - David Simmons
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld., Australia
| | - Catalina Carrasco-Pozo
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld., Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld., Australia
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12
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Wongkittichote P, Ah Mew N, Chapman KA. Propionyl-CoA carboxylase - A review. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 122:145-152. [PMID: 29033250 PMCID: PMC5725275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) is the enzyme which catalyzes the carboxylation of propionyl-CoA to methylmalonyl-CoA and is encoded by the genes PCCA and PCCB to form a hetero-dodecamer. Dysfunction of PCC leads to the inherited metabolic disorder propionic acidemia, which can result in an affected individual presenting with metabolic acidosis, hyperammonemia, lethargy, vomiting and sometimes coma and death if not treated. Individuals with propionic acidemia also have a number of long term complications resulting from the dysfunction of the PCC enzyme. Here we present an overview of the current knowledge about the structure and function of PCC. We review an updated list of human variants which are published and provide an overview of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parith Wongkittichote
- Children's National Health System, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, United States
| | - Nicholas Ah Mew
- Children's National Health System, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, United States; Rare Diseases Institute, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, United States
| | - Kimberly A Chapman
- Children's National Health System, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, United States; Rare Diseases Institute, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, United States.
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13
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Dieho K, van Baal J, Kruijt L, Bannink A, Schonewille J, Carreño D, Hendriks W, Dijkstra J. Effect of supplemental concentrate during the dry period or early lactation on rumen epithelium gene and protein expression in dairy cattle during the transition period. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7227-7245. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Haegler P, Grünig D, Berger B, Terracciano L, Krähenbühl S, Bouitbir J. Hepatic Effects of Pharmacological Doses of Hydroxy-Cobalamin[c-lactam] in Mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171026. [PMID: 28135329 PMCID: PMC5279765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin B12 analog hydroxy-cobalamin[c-lactam] (HCCL) impairs hepatic mitochondrial protein synthesis and function of the electron transport chain in rats. We aimed to establish an in vivo model for mitochondrial dysfunction in mice, which could be used to investigate hepatotoxicity of mitochondrial toxicants. In a first step, we performed a dose-finding study in mice treated with HCCL 0.4 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg i.p. for two to four weeks. The plasma methylmalonate concentration was strongly increased at 4 mg/kg starting at three weeks of treatment. We subsequently treated mice daily with 4 mg/kg HCCL i.p. for three weeks and characterized liver function and histology as well as liver mitochondrial function. We found an increase in liver weight in HCCL-treated mice, which was paralleled by hepatocellular accumulation of triglycerides. In liver homogenate of HCCL-treated mice, the complex I activity of the electron transport chain was reduced, most likely explaining hepatocellular triglyceride accumulation. The activity of CPT1 was not affected by methylmalonyl-CoA in isolated liver mitochondria. Despite impaired complex I activity, mitochondrial superoxide anion production was not increased and the hepatocellular glutathione (GSH) pool was maintained. Finally, the mitochondrial DNA content was not altered with HCCL treatment. In conclusion, treatment of mice with HCCL is associated with increased liver weight explained by hepatocellular triglyceride accumulation. Hepatocellular fat accumulation is most likely a consequence of impaired activity of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The impairment of complex I activity is not strong enough to result in ROS accumulation and reduction of the GSH stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Haegler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Grünig
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Berger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Swiss Center of Applied Human Toxicology, SCAHT, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute for Pathology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Center of Applied Human Toxicology, SCAHT, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Center of Applied Human Toxicology, SCAHT, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Cudré-Cung HP, Zavadakova P, do Vale-Pereira S, Remacle N, Henry H, Ivanisevic J, Tavel D, Braissant O, Ballhausen D. Ammonium accumulation is a primary effect of 2-methylcitrate exposure in an in vitro model for brain damage in methylmalonic aciduria. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 119:57-67. [PMID: 27599447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Using 3D organotypic rat brain cell cultures in aggregates we recently identified 2-methylcitrate (2-MCA) as the main toxic metabolite for developing brain cells in methylmalonic aciduria. Exposure to 2-MCA triggered morphological changes and apoptosis of brain cells. This was accompanied by increased ammonium and decreased glutamine levels. However, the sequence and causal relationship between these phenomena remained unclear. To understand the sequence and time course of pathogenic events, we exposed 3D rat brain cell aggregates to different concentrations of 2-MCA (0.1, 0.33 and 1.0mM) from day in vitro (DIV) 11 to 14. Aggregates were harvested at different time points from DIV 12 to 19. We compared the effects of a single dose of 1mM 2-MCA administered on DIV 11 to the effects of repeated doses of 1mM 2-MCA. Pan-caspase inhibitors Z-VAD FMK or Q-VD-OPh were used to block apoptosis. Ammonium accumulation in the culture medium started within few hours after the first 2-MCA exposure. Morphological changes of the developing brain cells were already visible after 17h. The highest rate of cleaved caspase-3 was observed after 72h. A dose-response relationship was observed for all effects. Surprisingly, a single dose of 1mM 2-MCA was sufficient to induce all of the biochemical and morphological changes in this model. 2-MCA-induced ammonium accumulation and morphological changes were not prevented by concomitant treatment of the cultures with pan-caspase inhibitors Z-VAD FMK or Q-VD-OPh: ammonium increased rapidly after a single 1mM 2-MCA administration even after apoptosis blockade. We conclude that following exposure to 2-MCA, ammonium production in brain cell cultures is an early phenomenon, preceding cell degeneration and apoptosis, and may actually be the cause of the other changes observed. The fact that a single dose of 1mM 2-MCA is sufficient to induce deleterious effects over several days highlights the potential damaging effects of even short-lasting metabolic decompensations in children affected by methylmalonic aciduria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Zavadakova
- Center of Molecular Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | | | - Noémie Remacle
- Center of Molecular Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Henry
- Biomedicine, Innovation & Development, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Julijana Ivanisevic
- Metabolomics Research Platform, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denise Tavel
- Department of Physiology, Lausanne University, Switzerland
| | | | - Diana Ballhausen
- Center of Molecular Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
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16
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Forny P, Schumann A, Mustedanagic M, Mathis D, Wulf MA, Nägele N, Langhans CD, Zhakupova A, Heeren J, Scheja L, Fingerhut R, Peters HL, Hornemann T, Thony B, Kölker S, Burda P, Froese DS, Devuyst O, Baumgartner MR. Novel Mouse Models of Methylmalonic Aciduria Recapitulate Phenotypic Traits with a Genetic Dosage Effect. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20563-73. [PMID: 27519416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic aciduria (MMAuria), caused by deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT), usually presents in the newborn period with failure to thrive and metabolic crisis leading to coma or even death. Survivors remain at risk of metabolic decompensations and severe long term complications, notably renal failure and neurological impairment. We generated clinically relevant mouse models of MMAuria using a constitutive Mut knock-in (KI) allele based on the p.Met700Lys patient mutation, used homozygously (KI/KI) or combined with a knockout allele (KO/KI), to study biochemical and clinical MMAuria disease aspects. Transgenic Mut(ki/ki) and Mut(ko/ki) mice survive post-weaning, show failure to thrive, and show increased methylmalonic acid, propionylcarnitine, odd chain fatty acids, and sphingoid bases, a new potential biomarker of MMAuria. Consistent with genetic dosage, Mut(ko/ki) mice have lower Mut activity, are smaller, and show higher metabolite levels than Mut(ki/ki) mice. Further, Mut(ko/ki) mice exhibit manifestations of kidney and brain damage, including increased plasma urea, impaired diuresis, elevated biomarkers, and changes in brain weight. On a high protein diet, mutant mice display disease exacerbation, including elevated blood ammonia, and catastrophic weight loss, which, in Mut(ki/ki) mice, is rescued by hydroxocobalamin treatment. This study expands knowledge of MMAuria, introduces the discovery of new biomarkers, and constitutes the first in vivo proof of principle of cobalamin treatment in mut-type MMAuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Forny
- From the Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center, the radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology
| | - Anke Schumann
- From the Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center, the radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, the Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Déborah Mathis
- the Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, and
| | | | - Nadine Nägele
- the Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claus-Dieter Langhans
- the Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Assem Zhakupova
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Heeren
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Ludger Scheja
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Ralph Fingerhut
- the Children's Research Center, the Swiss Newborn Screening Laboratory, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heidi L Peters
- the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Metabolic Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- the radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Thony
- From the Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center
| | - Stefan Kölker
- the Division of Child Neurology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricie Burda
- From the Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center
| | - D Sean Froese
- From the Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center, the radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- the radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, the Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- From the Division of Metabolism, the Children's Research Center, the radiz-Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland, the Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology,
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17
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Amaral AU, Cecatto C, Castilho RF, Wajner M. 2-Methylcitric acid impairs glutamate metabolism and induces permeability transition in brain mitochondria. J Neurochem 2016; 137:62-75. [PMID: 26800654 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of 2-methylcitric acid (2MCA) is observed in methylmalonic and propionic acidemias, which are clinically characterized by severe neurological symptoms. The exact pathogenetic mechanisms of brain abnormalities in these diseases are poorly established and very little has been reported on the role of 2MCA. In the present work we found that 2MCA markedly inhibited ADP-stimulated and uncoupled respiration in mitochondria supported by glutamate, with a less significant inhibition in pyruvate plus malate respiring mitochondria. However, no alterations occurred when α-ketoglutarate or succinate was used as respiratory substrates, suggesting a defect on glutamate oxidative metabolism. It was also observed that 2MCA decreased ATP formation in glutamate plus malate or pyruvate plus malate-supported mitochondria. Furthermore, 2MCA inhibited glutamate dehydrogenase activity at concentrations as low as 0.5 mM. Kinetic studies revealed that this inhibitory effect was competitive in relation to glutamate. In contrast, assays of osmotic swelling in non-respiring mitochondria suggested that 2MCA did not significantly impair mitochondrial glutamate transport. Finally, 2MCA provoked a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and induced swelling in Ca(2+)-loaded mitochondria supported by different substrates. These effects were totally prevented by cyclosporine A plus ADP or ruthenium red, indicating induction of mitochondrial permeability transition. Taken together, our data strongly indicate that 2MCA behaves as a potent inhibitor of glutamate oxidation by inhibiting glutamate dehydrogenase activity and as a permeability transition inducer, disturbing mitochondrial energy homeostasis. We presume that 2MCA-induced mitochondrial deleterious effects may contribute to the pathogenesis of brain damage in patients affected by methylmalonic and propionic acidemias. We propose that brain glutamate oxidation is disturbed by 2-methylcitric acid (2MCA), which accumulates in tissues from patients with propionic and methylmalonic acidemias because of a competitive inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity. 2MCA also induced mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) and decreased ATP generation in brain mitochondria. We believe that these pathomechanisms may be involved in the neurological dysfunction of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Cecatto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roger Frigério Castilho
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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18
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Sawangareetrakul P, Ketudat Cairns JR, Vatanavicharn N, Liammongkolkul S, Wasant P, Svasti J, Champattanachai V. Analysis of Novel Mutations and Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase Levels in Thai Patients with Isolated Methylmalonic Acidemia. Biochem Genet 2015; 53:310-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-015-9694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Arrizza C, De Gottardi A, Foglia E, Baumgartner M, Gautschi M, Nuoffer JM. Reversal of cardiomyopathy in propionic acidemia after liver transplantation: a 10-year follow-up. Transpl Int 2015; 28:1447-50. [PMID: 26358860 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a frequent complication in propionic acidemia. It is mostly rapidly fatal and independent of the metabolic control or medical intervention. Here, we present the reversal of a severe cardiomyopathy after liver transplantation in a patient with propionic acidemia and the long-term stability after ten years. Liver transplantation in patients with propionic acidemia may be considered a valid and long-lasting treatment when cardiomyopathy is progressive and unresponsive to medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Arrizza
- Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea De Gottardi
- Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Hepatology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ezio Foglia
- MD Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Massagno, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.,radiz - Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, Clinical Research Priority Program for Rare Diseases, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gautschi
- Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Sedel F, Bernard D, Mock DM, Tourbah A. Targeting demyelination and virtual hypoxia with high-dose biotin as a treatment for progressive multiple sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2015; 110:644-653. [PMID: 26327679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severely disabling neurological condition, and an effective treatment is urgently needed. Recently, high-dose biotin has emerged as a promising therapy for affected individuals. Initial clinical data have shown that daily doses of biotin of up to 300 mg can improve objective measures of MS-related disability. In this article, we review the biology of biotin and explore the properties of this ubiquitous coenzyme that may explain the encouraging responses seen in patients with progressive MS. The gradual worsening of neurological disability in patients with progressive MS is caused by progressive axonal loss or damage. The triggers for axonal loss in MS likely include both inflammatory demyelination of the myelin sheath and primary neurodegeneration caused by a state of virtual hypoxia within the neuron. Accordingly, targeting both these pathological processes could be effective in the treatment of progressive MS. Biotin is an essential co-factor for five carboxylases involved in fatty acid synthesis and energy production. We hypothesize that high-dose biotin is exerting a therapeutic effect in patients with progressive MS through two different and complementary mechanisms: by promoting axonal remyelination by enhancing myelin production and by reducing axonal hypoxia through enhanced energy production. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Sedel
- MedDay Pharmaceuticals, ICM-Brain and Spine Institute-IPEPs, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Bernard
- MedDay Pharmaceuticals, ICM-Brain and Spine Institute-IPEPs, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Donald M Mock
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Ayman Tourbah
- Department of Neurology and Faculté de Médecine de Reims, CHU de Reims, URCA, 45 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France.
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21
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Sedel F, Papeix C, Bellanger A, Touitou V, Lebrun-Frenay C, Galanaud D, Gout O, Lyon-Caen O, Tourbah A. High doses of biotin in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2015; 4:159-69. [PMID: 25787192 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No drug has been found to have any impact on progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Biotin is a vitamin acting as a coenzyme for carboxylases involved in key steps of energy metabolism and fatty acids synthesis. Among others, biotin activates acetylCoA carboxylase, a potentially rate-limiting enzyme in myelin synthesis. OBJECTIVES The aim of this pilot study is to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of high doses of biotin in patients suffering from progressive MS. STUDY DESIGN Uncontrolled, non-blinded proof of concept study METHODS 23 consecutive patients with primary and secondary progressive MS originated from three different French MS reference centers were treated with high doses of biotin (100-300mg/day) from 2 to 36 months (mean=9.2 months). Judgement criteria varied according to clinical presentations and included quantitative and qualitative measures. RESULTS In four patients with prominent visual impairment related to optic nerve injury, visual acuity improved significantly. Visual evoked potentials in two patients exhibited progressive reappearance of P100 waves, with normalization of latencies in one case. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) in one case showed a progressive normalization of the Choline/Creatine ratio. One patient with left homonymous hemianopia kept on improving from 2 to 16 months following treatment׳s onset. Sixteen patients out of 18 (89%) with prominent spinal cord involvement were considered as improved as confirmed by blinded review of videotaped clinical examination in 9 cases. In all cases improvement was delayed from 2 to 8 months following treatment׳s onset. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data suggest that high doses of biotin might have an impact on disability and progression in progressive MS. Two double-blind placebo-controlled trials are on going.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Sedel
- Neurology Department, AP-HP, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Neuro-Metabolic Unit and Reference Center for Lysosomal Diseases, GRC13UPMC, Pierre & Marie Curie University-Paris 6, AP-HP, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Papeix
- Neurology Department, AP-HP, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Valérie Touitou
- Department of Ophthalmology, AP-HP, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Damien Galanaud
- Department of Neuroradiology, Pierre & Marie Curie University-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Gout
- Department of Neurology, Fondation Ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | | | - Ayman Tourbah
- Neurology Department, CHU de Reims & Faculté de Médecine de Reims, Champagne-Ardennes University, France; Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et de Neuropsychologie, EA 2027 Paris VIII University, Saint Denis, France.
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22
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Baumgartner MR, Hörster F, Dionisi-Vici C, Haliloglu G, Karall D, Chapman KA, Huemer M, Hochuli M, Assoun M, Ballhausen D, Burlina A, Fowler B, Grünert SC, Grünewald S, Honzik T, Merinero B, Pérez-Cerdá C, Scholl-Bürgi S, Skovby F, Wijburg F, MacDonald A, Martinelli D, Sass JO, Valayannopoulos V, Chakrapani A. Proposed guidelines for the diagnosis and management of methylmalonic and propionic acidemia. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:130. [PMID: 25205257 PMCID: PMC4180313 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic and propionic acidemia (MMA/PA) are inborn errors of metabolism characterized by accumulation of propionic acid and/or methylmalonic acid due to deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) or propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC). MMA has an estimated incidence of ~ 1: 50,000 and PA of ~ 1:100’000 -150,000. Patients present either shortly after birth with acute deterioration, metabolic acidosis and hyperammonemia or later at any age with a more heterogeneous clinical picture, leading to early death or to severe neurological handicap in many survivors. Mental outcome tends to be worse in PA and late complications include chronic kidney disease almost exclusively in MMA and cardiomyopathy mainly in PA. Except for vitamin B12 responsive forms of MMA the outcome remains poor despite the existence of apparently effective therapy with a low protein diet and carnitine. This may be related to under recognition and delayed diagnosis due to nonspecific clinical presentation and insufficient awareness of health care professionals because of disease rarity. These guidelines aim to provide a trans-European consensus to guide practitioners, set standards of care and to help to raise awareness. To achieve these goals, the guidelines were developed using the SIGN methodology by having professionals on MMA/PA across twelve European countries and the U.S. gather all the existing evidence, score it according to the SIGN evidence level system and make a series of conclusive statements supported by an associated level of evidence. Although the degree of evidence rarely exceeds level C (evidence from non-analytical studies like case reports and series), the guideline should provide a firm and critical basis to guide practice on both acute and chronic presentations, and to address diagnosis, management, monitoring, outcomes, and psychosocial and ethical issues. Furthermore, these guidelines highlight gaps in knowledge that must be filled by future research. We consider that these guidelines will help to harmonize practice, set common standards and spread good practices, with a positive impact on the outcomes of MMA/PA patients.
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Jorge-Finnigan A, Brasil S, Underhaug J, Ruíz-Sala P, Merinero B, Banerjee R, Desviat LR, Ugarte M, Martinez A, Pérez B. Pharmacological chaperones as a potential therapeutic option in methylmalonic aciduria cblB type. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3680-9. [PMID: 23674520 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) cblB type is caused by mutations in the MMAB gene. This encodes the enzyme ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase (ATR), which converts reduced cob(I)alamin to an active adenosylcobalamin cofactor. We recently reported the presence of destabilizing pathogenic mutations that retain some residual ATR activity. The aim of the present study was to seek pharmacological chaperones as a tailored therapy for stabilizing the ATR protein. High-throughput ligand screening of over 2000 compounds was performed; six were found to enhance the thermal stability of purified recombinant ATR. Further studies using a well-established bacterial system in which the recombinant ATR protein was expressed in the presence of these six compounds, showed them all to increase the stability of the wild-type ATR and the p.Ile96Thr mutant proteins. Compound V (N-{[(4-chlorophenyl)carbamothioyl]amino}-2-phenylacetamide) significantly increased this stability and did not act as an inhibitor of the purified protein. Importantly, compound V increased the activity of ATR in patient-derived fibroblasts harboring the destabilizing p.Ile96Thr mutation in a hemizygous state to within control range. When cobalamin was coadministrated with compound V, mutant ATR activity further improved. Oral administration of low doses of compound V to C57BL/6J mice for 12 days, led to increase in steady-state levels of ATR protein in liver and brain (disease-relevant organs). These results hold promise for the clinical use of pharmacological chaperones in MMA cblB type patients harboring chaperone-responsive mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jorge-Finnigan
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO, UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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Jafari P, Braissant O, Zavadakova P, Henry H, Bonafé L, Ballhausen D. Brain damage in methylmalonic aciduria: 2-methylcitrate induces cerebral ammonium accumulation and apoptosis in 3D organotypic brain cell cultures. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:4. [PMID: 23298464 PMCID: PMC3567978 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylmalonic aciduria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by accumulation of methylmalonate (MMA), propionate and 2-methylcitrate (2-MCA) in body fluids. Early diagnosis and current treatment strategies aimed at limiting the production of these metabolites are only partially effective in preventing neurological damage. METHODS To explore the metabolic consequences of methylmalonic aciduria on the brain, we used 3D organotypic brain cell cultures from rat embryos. We challenged the cultures at two different developmental stages with 1 mM MMA, propionate or 2-MCA applied 6 times every 12 h. In a dose-response experiment cultures were challenged with 0.01, 0.1, 0.33 and 1 mM 2-MCA. Immunohistochemical staining for different brain cell markers were used to assess cell viability, morphology and differentiation. Significant changes were validated by western blot analysis. Biochemical markers were analyzed in culture media. Apoptosis was studied by immunofluorescence staining and western blots for activated caspase-3. RESULTS Among the three metabolites tested, 2-MCA consistently produced the most pronounced effects. Exposure to 2-MCA caused morphological changes in neuronal and glial cells already at 0.01 mM. At the biochemical level the most striking result was a significant ammonium increase in culture media with a concomitant glutamine decrease. Dose-response studies showed significant and parallel changes of ammonium and glutamine starting from 0.1 mM 2-MCA. An increased apoptosis rate was observed by activation of caspase-3 after exposure to at least 0.1 mM 2-MCA. CONCLUSION Surprisingly, 2-MCA, and not MMA, seems to be the most toxic metabolite in our in vitro model leading to delayed axonal growth, apoptosis of glial cells and to unexpected ammonium increase. Morphological changes were already observed at 2-MCA concentrations as low as 0.01 mM. Increased apoptosis and ammonium accumulation started at 0.1 mM thus suggesting that ammonium accumulation is secondary to cell suffering and/or cell death. Local accumulation of ammonium in CNS, that may remain undetected in plasma and urine, may therefore play a key role in the neuropathogenesis of methylmalonic aciduria both during acute decompensations and in chronic phases. If confirmed in vivo, this finding might shift the current paradigm and result in novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Jafari
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Molecular Pediatrics, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Structure and function of biotin-dependent carboxylases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:863-91. [PMID: 22869039 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biotin-dependent carboxylases include acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC), 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC), geranyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), and urea carboxylase (UC). They contain biotin carboxylase (BC), carboxyltransferase (CT), and biotin-carboxyl carrier protein components. These enzymes are widely distributed in nature and have important functions in fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, polyketide biosynthesis, urea utilization, and other cellular processes. ACCs are also attractive targets for drug discovery against type 2 diabetes, obesity, cancer, microbial infections, and other diseases, and the plastid ACC of grasses is the target of action of three classes of commercial herbicides. Deficiencies in the activities of PCC, MCC, or PC are linked to serious diseases in humans. Our understanding of these enzymes has been greatly enhanced over the past few years by the crystal structures of the holoenzymes of PCC, MCC, PC, and UC. The structures reveal unanticipated features in the architectures of the holoenzymes, including the presence of previously unrecognized domains, and provide a molecular basis for understanding their catalytic mechanism as well as the large collection of disease-causing mutations in PCC, MCC, and PC. This review will summarize the recent advances in our knowledge on the structure and function of these important metabolic enzymes.
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Knerr I, Weinhold N, Vockley J, Gibson KM. Advances and challenges in the treatment of branched-chain amino/keto acid metabolic defects. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:29-40. [PMID: 21290185 PMCID: PMC4136412 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of branched-chain amino/keto acid metabolism encompass diverse entities, including maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), the 'classical' organic acidurias isovaleric acidemia (IVA), propionic acidemia (PA), methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and, among others, rarely described disorders such as 2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MBDD) or isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (IBDD). Our focus in this review is to highlight the biochemical basis underlying recent advances and ongoing challenges of long-term conservative therapy including precursor/protein restriction, replenishment of deficient substrates, and the use of antioxidants and anaplerotic agents which refill the Krebs cycle. Ongoing clinical assessments of affected individuals in conjunction with monitoring of disease-specific biochemical parameters remain essential. It is likely that mass spectrometry-based 'metabolomics' may be a helpful tool in the future for studying complete biochemical profiles and diverse metabolic phenotypes. Prospective studies are needed to test the effectiveness of adjunct therapies such as antioxidants, ornithine-alpha-ketoglutarate (OKG) or creatine in addition to specialized diets and to optimize current therapeutic strategies in affected individuals. With the individual life-time risk and degree of severity being unknown in asymptomatic individuals with MBDD or IBDD, instructions regarding risks for metabolic stress and fasting avoidance along with clinical monitoring are reasonable interventions at the current time. Overall, it is apparent that carefully designed prospective clinical investigations and multicenter cohort-controlled trials are needed in order to leverage that knowledge into significant breakthroughs in treatment strategies and appropriate approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Knerr
- Children's and Adolescents' Hospital, Otto-Heubner Centrum, Pediatric Metabolic Unit, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Jafari P, Braissant O, Bonafé L, Ballhausen D. The unsolved puzzle of neuropathogenesis in glutaric aciduria type I. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:425-37. [PMID: 21944461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutaric aciduria type I (GA-I) is a cerebral organic aciduria caused by deficiency of glutaryl-Co-A dehydrogenase (GCDH). GCDH deficiency leads to accumulation of glutaric acid (GA) and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3-OHGA), two metabolites that are believed to be neurotoxic, in brain and body fluids. The disorder usually becomes clinically manifest during a catabolic state (e.g. intercurrent illness) with an acute encephalopathic crisis that results in striatal necrosis and in a permanent dystonic-dyskinetic movement disorder. The results of numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have pointed to three main mechanisms involved in the metabolite-mediated neuronal damage: excitotoxicity, impairment of energy metabolism and oxidative stress. There is evidence that during a metabolic crisis GA and its metabolites are produced endogenously in the CNS and accumulate because of limiting transport mechanisms across the blood-brain barrier. Despite extensive experimental work, the relative contribution of the proposed pathogenic mechanisms remains unclear and specific therapeutic approaches have yet to be developed. Here, we review the experimental evidence and try to delineate possible pathogenetic models and approaches for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Jafari
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Molecular Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Borges K, Sonnewald U. Triheptanoin--a medium chain triglyceride with odd chain fatty acids: a new anaplerotic anticonvulsant treatment? Epilepsy Res 2011; 100:239-44. [PMID: 21855298 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The triglyceride of heptanoate (C7 fatty acid), triheptanoin, is a tasteless oil used to treat rare metabolic disorders in USA and France. Heptanoate is metabolized by β-oxidation to provide propionyl-CoA, which after carboxylation can produce succinyl-CoA, resulting in anaplerosis - the refilling of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Heptanoate is also metabolized by the liver to the C5 ketones, β-ketopentanoate and/or β-hydroxypentanoate, which are released into the blood and thought to enter the brain via monocarboxylate transporters. Oral triheptanoin has recently been discovered to be reproducibly anticonvulsant in acute and chronic mouse seizures models. However, current knowledge on alterations of brain metabolism after triheptanoin administration and anaplerosis via propionyl-CoA carboxylation in the brain is limited. This review outlines triheptanoin's unique anticonvulsant profile and its clinical potential for the treatment of medically refractory epilepsy. Anaplerosis as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of epilepsy is discussed. More research is needed to elucidate the anticonvulsant mechanism of triheptanoin and to reveal its clinical potential for the treatment of epilepsy and other disorders of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Borges
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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Jorge-Finnigan A, Gámez A, Pérez B, Ugarte M, Richard E. Different altered pattern expression of genes related to apoptosis in isolated methylmalonic aciduria cblB type and combined with homocystinuria cblC type. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:959-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bioenergetic pathways in tumor mitochondria as targets for cancer therapy and the importance of the ROS-induced apoptotic trigger. Mol Aspects Med 2010; 31:29-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 lacking a functional 2-methylcitric acid cycle (2-MCC) display increased sensitivity to propionate. Previous work from our group indicated that this sensitivity to propionate is in part due to the production of 2-methylcitrate (2-MC) by the Krebs cycle enzyme citrate synthase (GltA). Here we report in vivo and in vitro data which show that a target of the 2-MC isomer produced by GltA (2-MC(GltA)) is fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis. Lack of growth due to inhibition of FBPase by 2-MC(GltA) was overcome by increasing the level of FBPase or by micromolar amounts of glucose in the medium. We isolated an fbp allele encoding a single amino acid substitution in FBPase (S123F), which allowed a strain lacking a functional 2-MCC to grow in the presence of propionate. We show that the 2-MC(GltA) and the 2-MC isomer synthesized by the 2-MC synthase (PrpC; 2-MC(PrpC)) are not equally toxic to the cell, with 2-MC(GltA) being significantly more toxic than 2-MC(PrpC). This difference in 2-MC toxicity is likely due to the fact that as a si-citrate synthase, GltA may produce multiple isomers of 2-MC, which we propose are not substrates for the 2-MC dehydratase (PrpD) enzyme, accumulate inside the cell, and have deleterious effects on FBPase activity. Our findings may help explain human inborn errors in propionate metabolism.
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