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Yu X, Zhao X, Li L, Huang Y, Cui C, Hu Q, Xu H, Yin B, Chen X, Zhao D, Qiu Y, Hou Y. Recent advances in small molecule Nav 1.7 inhibitors for cancer pain management. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107605. [PMID: 38971095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is the primary neuron responsible for transmitting peripheral pain signals to the central nervous system and plays a crucial role in pain transduction. Modulation of DRG excitability is considered a viable approach for pain management. Neuronal excitability is intricately linked to the ion channels on the neurons. The small and medium-sized DRG neurons are chiefly engaged in pain conduction and have high levels of TTX-S sodium channels, with Nav1.7 accounting for approximately 80% of the current. Voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC or Nav) blockers are vital targets for the management of central nervous system diseases, particularly chronic pain. VGSCs play a key role in controlling cellular excitability. Clinical research has shown that Nav1.7 plays a crucial role in pain sensation, and there is strong genetic evidence linking Nav1.7 and its encoding gene SCN9A gene to painful disorders in humans. Many studies have shown that Nav1.7 plays an important role in pain management. The role of Nav1.7 in pain signaling pathways makes it an attractive target for the potential development of new pain drugs. Meanwhile, understanding the architecture of Nav1.7 may help to develop the next generation of painkillers. This review provides updates on the recently reported molecular inhibitors targeting the Nav1.7 pathway, summarizes their structure-activity relationships (SARs), and discusses their therapeutic effects on painful diseases. Pharmaceutical chemists are working to improve the therapeutic index of Nav1.7 inhibitors, achieve better analgesic effects, and reduce side effects. We hope that this review will contribute to the development of novel Nav1.7 inhibitors as potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xingyi Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yufeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chaoyang Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiaoguan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haoyu Xu
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical (Group) Co., Ltd., 1 South Yangtze River Road, Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, 225321, China
| | - Bixi Yin
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Jiangsu Haici Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 8 Taizhen Road, Medical New & Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, 225321, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Jiangsu Haici Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 8 Taizhen Road, Medical New & Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, 225321, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Jiangsu Haici Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 8 Taizhen Road, Medical New & Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, 225321, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group Jiangsu Haici Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 8 Taizhen Road, Medical New & Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone, Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, 225321, China
| | - Yunlei Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Chuinsiri N, Siraboriphantakul N, Kendall L, Yarova P, Nile CJ, Song B, Obara I, Durham J, Telezhkin V. Calcium-sensing receptor regulates Kv7 channels via G i/o protein signalling and modulates excitability of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived nociceptive-like neurons. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2676-2696. [PMID: 38627101 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neuropathic pain, a debilitating condition with unmet medical needs, can be characterised as hyperexcitability of nociceptive neurons caused by dysfunction of ion channels. Voltage-gated potassium channels type 7 (Kv7), responsible for maintaining neuronal resting membrane potential and thus excitability, reside under tight control of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a GPCR that regulates the activity of numerous ion channels, but whether CaSR can control Kv7 channel function has been unexplored until now. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Experiments were conducted in recombinant cell models, mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived nociceptive-like neurons using patch-clamp electrophysiology and molecular biology techniques. KEY RESULTS Our results demonstrate that CaSR is expressed in recombinant cell models, hiPSC-derived nociceptive-like neurons and mouse DRG neurons, and its activation induced depolarisation via Kv7.2/7.3 channel inhibition. The CaSR-Kv7.2/7.3 channel crosslink was mediated via the Gi/o protein-adenylate cyclase-cyclicAMP-protein kinase A signalling cascade. Suppression of CaSR function demonstrated a potential to rescue hiPSC-derived nociceptive-like neurons from algogenic cocktail-induced hyperexcitability. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates that the CaSR-Kv7.2/7.3 channel crosslink, via a Gi/o protein signalling pathway, effectively regulates neuronal excitability, providing a feasible pharmacological target for neuronal hyperexcitability management in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nontawat Chuinsiri
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Dentistry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Oral Health Center, Suranaree University of TechnologyHospital, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | | | - Luke Kendall
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Polina Yarova
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Christopher J Nile
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bing Song
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ilona Obara
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Justin Durham
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Vsevolod Telezhkin
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Lee KH, Kim UJ, Cha M, Lee BH. Inhibiting Nav1.7 channels in pulpitis: An in vivo study on neuronal hyperexcitability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 717:150044. [PMID: 38718567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Pulpitis constitutes a significant challenge in clinical management due to its impact on peripheral nerve tissue and the persistence of chronic pain. Despite its clinical importance, the correlation between neuronal activity and the expression of voltage-gated sodium channel 1.7 (Nav1.7) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) during pulpitis is less investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between experimentally induced pulpitis and Nav1.7 expression in the TG and to investigate the potential of selective Nav1.7 modulation to attenuate TG abnormal activity associated with pulpitis. Acute pulpitis was induced at the maxillary molar (M1) using allyl isothiocyanate (AITC). The mice were divided into three groups: control, pulpitis model, and pulpitis model treated with ProTx-II, a selective Nav1.7 channel inhibitor. After three days following the surgery, we conducted a recording and comparative analysis of the neural activity of the TG utilizing in vivo optical imaging. Then immunohistochemistry and Western blot were performed to assess changes in the expression levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Fos, collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2), and Nav1.7 channels. The optical imaging result showed significant neurological excitation in pulpitis TGs. Nav1.7 expressions exhibited upregulation, accompanied by signaling molecular changes suggestive of inflammation and neuroplasticity. In addition, inhibition of Nav1.7 led to reduced neural activity and subsequent decreases in ERK, c-Fos, and CRMP2 levels. These findings suggest the potential for targeting overexpressed Nav1.7 channels to alleviate pain associated with pulpitis, providing practical pain management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hee Lee
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Division of Health Science, Dongseo University, Busan, 47011, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Jeng Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeounghoon Cha
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bae Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Hui SE, Westlund KN. Role of HDAC5 Epigenetics in Chronic Craniofacial Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6889. [PMID: 38999998 PMCID: PMC11241576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The information provided from the papers reviewed here about the role of epigenetics in chronic craniofacial neuropathic pain is critically important because epigenetic dysregulation during the development and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain is not yet well characterized, particularly for craniofacial pain. We have noted that gene expression changes reported vary depending on the nerve injury model and the reported sample collection time point. At a truly chronic timepoint of 10 weeks in our model of chronic neuropathic pain, functional groupings of genes examined include those potentially contributing to anti-inflammation, nerve repair/regeneration, and nociception. Genes altered after treatment with the epigenetic modulator LMK235 are discussed. All of these differentials are key in working toward the development of diagnosis-targeted therapeutics and likely for the timing of when the treatment is provided. The emphasis on the relevance of time post-injury is reiterated here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin N. Westlund
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Ashina S, Robertson CE, Srikiatkhachorn A, Di Stefano G, Donnet A, Hodaie M, Obermann M, Romero-Reyes M, Park YS, Cruccu G, Bendtsen L. Trigeminal neuralgia. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:39. [PMID: 38816415 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a facial pain disorder characterized by intense and paroxysmal pain that profoundly affects quality of life and presents complex challenges in diagnosis and treatment. TN can be categorized as classical, secondary and idiopathic. Epidemiological studies show variable incidence rates and an increased prevalence in women and in the elderly, with familial cases suggesting genetic factors. The pathophysiology of TN is multifactorial and involves genetic predisposition, anatomical changes, and neurophysiological factors, leading to hyperexcitable neuronal states, central sensitization and widespread neural plasticity changes. Neurovascular compression of the trigeminal root, which undergoes major morphological changes, and focal demyelination of primary trigeminal afferents are key aetiological factors in TN. Structural and functional brain imaging studies in patients with TN demonstrated abnormalities in brain regions responsible for pain modulation and emotional processing of pain. Treatment of TN involves a multifaceted approach that considers patient-specific factors, including the type of TN, with initial pharmacotherapy followed by surgical options if necessary. First-line pharmacological treatments include carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine. Surgical interventions, including microvascular decompression and percutaneous neuroablative procedures, can be considered at an early stage if pharmacotherapy is not sufficient for pain control or has intolerable adverse effects or contraindications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sait Ashina
- BIDMC Comprehensive Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- BIDMC Comprehensive Headache Center, Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Anan Srikiatkhachorn
- Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Giulia Di Stefano
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Donnet
- Department of Evaluation and Treatment of Pain, FHU INOVPAIN, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Marseille, Hopital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontairo, Canada
| | - Mark Obermann
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Weser-Egge, Hoexter, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marcela Romero-Reyes
- Department of Pain and Neural Sciences, Brotman Facial Pain Clinic, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Young Seok Park
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gamma Knife Icon Center, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Giorgio Cruccu
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lars Bendtsen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Copenhagen, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Allam AK, Larkin MB, Sharma H, Viswanathan A. Trigeminal and Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia. Neurol Clin 2024; 42:585-598. [PMID: 38575268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia are craniofacial pain syndromes characterized by recurrent brief shock-like pains in the distributions of their respective cranial nerves. In this article, the authors aim to summarize each condition's characteristics, pathophysiology, and current pharmacotherapeutic and surgical interventions available for managing and treating these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony K Allam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Benjamin Larkin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Himanshu Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashwin Viswanathan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Messina DN, Peralta ED, Acosta CG. Complex alterations in inflammatory pain and analgesic sensitivity in young and ageing female rats: involvement of ASIC3 and Nav1.8 in primary sensory neurons. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:669-691. [PMID: 38483556 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Our aim was to determine an age-dependent role of Nav1.8 and ASIC3 in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in a rat pre-clinical model of long-term inflammatory pain. METHODS We compared 6 and 24 months-old female Wistar rats after cutaneous inflammation. We used behavioral pain assessments over time, qPCR, quantitative immunohistochemistry, selective pharmacological manipulation, ELISA and in vitro treatment with cytokines. RESULTS Older rats exhibited delayed recovery from mechanical allodynia and earlier onset of spontaneous pain than younger rats after inflammation. Moreover, the expression patterns of Nav1.8 and ASIC3 were time and age-dependent and ASIC3 levels remained elevated only in aged rats. In vivo, selective blockade of Nav1.8 with A803467 or of ASIC3 with APETx2 alleviated mechanical and cold allodynia and also spontaneous pain in both age groups with slightly different potency. Furthermore, in vitro IL-1β up-regulated Nav1.8 expression in DRG neurons cultured from young but not old rats. We also found that while TNF-α up-regulated ASIC3 expression in both age groups, IL-6 and IL-1β had this effect only on young and aged neurons, respectively. CONCLUSION Inflammation-associated mechanical allodynia and spontaneous pain in the elderly can be more effectively treated by inhibiting ASIC3 than Nav1.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego N Messina
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain, Faculty of Medical Sciences, IHEM (Instituto de Histologia y Embriologia Mendoza, Dr. Mario H Burgos), Cuyo National University, Av. Del Libertador 80, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Emanuel D Peralta
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain, Faculty of Medical Sciences, IHEM (Instituto de Histologia y Embriologia Mendoza, Dr. Mario H Burgos), Cuyo National University, Av. Del Libertador 80, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cristian G Acosta
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain, Faculty of Medical Sciences, IHEM (Instituto de Histologia y Embriologia Mendoza, Dr. Mario H Burgos), Cuyo National University, Av. Del Libertador 80, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Lippi L, de Sire A, Turco A, Ferrillo M, Kesikburun S, Baricich A, Carda S, Invernizzi M. Botulinum Toxin for Pain Relief in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:153. [PMID: 38535819 PMCID: PMC10974124 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer pain is one of the most disabling symptoms complained by cancer patients, with a crucial impact on physical and psychological well-being. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) type A and B have emerged as potential interventions for chronic pain; however, their role in these patients is still debated. Thus, this systematic review of randomized controlled trials aimed at assessing the effects of BoNT treatment for cancer pain to guide physicians in an evidence-based approach integrating BoNT in cancer care. Out of 5824 records, 10 RCTs satisfied our eligibility criteria and were included in the present work for a total of 413 subjects with several cancer types (breast, head and neck, esophageal, and thoracic/gastric cancers). While some studies demonstrated significant pain reduction and improved quality of life post-BoNT-A injections, outcomes across different cancer types were inconclusive. Additionally, several effects were observed in functioning, dysphagia, salivary outcomes, esophageal strictures, gastric emptying, and expansions. This review emphasizes the need for further standardized research to conclusively establish the efficacy of BoNT in comprehensive cancer pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lippi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.T.); (A.B.); (M.I.)
- Department of Scientific Research, Campus LUdeS, Off-Campus Semmelweis University of Budapest, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alessandro de Sire
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Research Center on Musculoskeletal Health, MusculoSkeletalHealth@UMG, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Turco
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.T.); (A.B.); (M.I.)
| | - Martina Ferrillo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Serdar Kesikburun
- Ankara Gaziler Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Education and Research Hospital, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gulhane Medical School, University of Health Sciences Turkey, 06800 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Alessio Baricich
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.T.); (A.B.); (M.I.)
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, “Ospedale Maggiore della Carità” University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Stefano Carda
- Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (A.T.); (A.B.); (M.I.)
- Translational Medicine, Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Sas D, Gaudel F, Verdier D, Kolta A. Hyperexcitability of muscle spindle afferents in jaw-closing muscles in experimental myalgia: Evidence for large primary afferents involvement in chronic pain. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:100-111. [PMID: 38103003 PMCID: PMC10988680 DOI: 10.1113/ep090769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The goals of this review are to improve understanding of the aetiology of chronic muscle pain and identify new targets for treatments. Muscle pain is usually associated with trigger points in syndromes such as fibromyalgia and myofascial syndrome, and with small spots associated with spontaneous electrical activity that seems to emanate from fibers inside muscle spindles in EMG studies. These observations, added to the reports that large-diameter primary afferents, such as those innervating muscle spindles, become hyperexcitable and develop spontaneous ectopic firing in conditions leading to neuropathic pain, suggest that changes in excitability of these afferents might make an important contribution to the development of pathological pain. Here, we review evidence that the muscle spindle afferents (MSAs) of the jaw-closing muscles become hyperexcitable in a model of chronic orofacial myalgia. In these afferents, as in other large-diameter primary afferents in dorsal root ganglia, firing emerges from fast membrane potential oscillations that are supported by a persistent sodium current (INaP ) mediated by Na+ channels containing the α-subunit NaV 1.6. The current flowing through NaV 1.6 channels increases when the extracellular Ca2+ concentration decreases, and studies have shown that INaP -driven firing is increased by S100β, an astrocytic protein that chelates Ca2+ when released in the extracellular space. We review evidence of how astrocytes, which are known to be activated in pain conditions, might, through their regulation of extracellular Ca2+ , contribute to the generation of ectopic firing in MSAs. To explain how ectopic firing in MSAs might cause pain, we review evidence supporting the hypothesis that cross-talk between proprioceptive and nociceptive pathways might occur in the periphery, within the spindle capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dar'ya Sas
- Département de NeurosciencesUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage (CIRCA)MontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Fanny Gaudel
- Département de NeurosciencesUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage (CIRCA)MontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Dorly Verdier
- Département de NeurosciencesUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage (CIRCA)MontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Arlette Kolta
- Département de NeurosciencesUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage (CIRCA)MontréalQuébecCanada
- Faculté de Médecine DentaireUniversité de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
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Toraman A, Toraman E, Özkaraca M, Budak H. Evaluated periodontal tissues and oxidative stress in rats with neuropathic pain-like behavior. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9315-9322. [PMID: 37812355 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has a critical effect on both persistent pain states and periodontal disease. Voltage-gated sodium NaV1.7 (SCN9A), and transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) are pain genes. The goal of this study was to investigate oxidative stress markers, periodontal status, SCN9A, and TRPA1 channel expression in periodontal tissues of rats with paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain-like behavior (NPLB). METHODS AND RESULTS Totally 16 male Sprague Dawley rats were used: control (n = 8) and paclitaxel-induced pain (PTX) (n = 8). The alveolar bone loss and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were analyzed histometrically and immunohistochemically. Gingival superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities (spectrophotometric assay) were measured. The relative TRPA1 and SCN9A genes expression levels were evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in the tissues of gingiva and brain. The PTX group had significantly higher alveolar bone loss and 8-OHdG compared to the control. The PTX group had significantly lower gingival SOD, GPx and CAT activity than the control groups. The PTX group had significantly higher relative gene expression of SCN9A (p = 0.0002) and TRPA1 (p = 0.0002) than the control in gingival tissues. Increased nociceptive susceptibility may affect the increase in oxidative stress and periodontal destruction. CONCLUSIONS Chronic pain conditions may increase TRPA1 and SCN9A gene expression in the periodontium. The data of the current study may help develop novel approaches both to maintain periodontal health and alleviate pain in patients suffering from orofacial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Toraman
- Hamidiye Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Health Sciences University, İstanbul, 34668, Turkey.
| | - Emine Toraman
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Özkaraca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Harun Budak
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Sadighparvar S, Al-Hamed FS, Sharif-Naeini R, Meloto CB. Preclinical orofacial pain assays and measures and chronic primary orofacial pain research: where we are and where we need to go. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1150749. [PMID: 37293433 PMCID: PMC10244561 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1150749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic primary orofacial pain (OFP) conditions such as painful temporomandibular disorders (pTMDs; i.e., myofascial pain and arthralgia), idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia (TN), and burning mouth syndrome (BMS) are seemingly idiopathic, but evidence support complex and multifactorial etiology and pathophysiology. Important fragments of this complex array of factors have been identified over the years largely with the help of preclinical studies. However, findings have yet to translate into better pain care for chronic OFP patients. The need to develop preclinical assays that better simulate the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical symptoms of OFP patients and to assess OFP measures consistent with their clinical symptoms is a challenge that needs to be overcome to support this translation process. In this review, we describe rodent assays and OFP pain measures that can be used in support of chronic primary OFP research, in specific pTMDs, TN, and BMS. We discuss their suitability and limitations considering the current knowledge of the etiology and pathophysiology of these conditions and suggest possible future directions. Our goal is to foster the development of innovative animal models with greater translatability and potential to lead to better care for patients living with chronic primary OFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Sadighparvar
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Reza Sharif-Naeini
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Cell Information Systems, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carolina Beraldo Meloto
- The Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Raman S, Ikutame D, Okura K, Matsuka Y. Targeted Therapy for Orofacial Pain: A Novel Perspective for Precision Medicine. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13030565. [PMID: 36983746 PMCID: PMC10057163 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Orofacial pain (OFP) is a dental specialty that includes the diagnosis, management and treatment of disorders of the jaw, mouth, face, head and neck. Evidence-based understanding is critical in effectively treating OFPs as the pathophysiology of these conditions is multifactorial. Since OFP impacts the quality of life of the affected individuals, treating patients successfully is of the utmost significance. Despite the therapeutic choices available, treating OFP is still quite challenging, owing to inter-patient variations. The emerging trends in precision medicine could probably lead us to a paradigm shift in effectively managing the untreatable long-standing pain conditions. Precision medicine is designed based on the patient's genetic profile to meet their needs. Several significant relationships have been discovered based on the genetics and genomics of pain in the past, and some of the notable targets are discussed in this review. The scope of this review is to discuss preclinical and clinical trials that include approaches used in targeted therapy for orofacial pain. Future developments in pain medicine should benefit from current trends in research into novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnalakshmi Raman
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ikutame
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okura
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Yoshizo Matsuka
- Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
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13
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Mu G, Li Q, Lu B, Yu X. Amelioration of nerve demyelination by hydrogen-producing silicon-based agent in neuropathic pain rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:110033. [PMID: 36933448 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a complex orofacial neuropathic pain. The crippling condition's underlying mechanism is still not completely understood. The main cause of lightning-like pain in patients with TN may be chronic inflammation that causes nerve demyelination. Nano-silicon (Si) can safely and continuously produce hydrogen in the alkaline environment of the intestine to exert systemic anti-inflammatory effects. Hydrogen has a promising anti-neuroinflammatory impact. The study aimed to determine how intra-intestinal application of a hydrogen-producing Si-based agent affected the demyelination of the trigeminal ganglion in TN rats. We discovered that increased expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory cell infiltration occurred concurrently with demyelination of the trigeminal ganglion in TN rats. We could determine that the neural effect of the hydrogen-producing Si-based agent was connected to the inhibition of microglial pyroptosis by using transmission electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that the Si-based agent reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the degree of neural demyelination. In a subsequent study, it was discovered that hydrogen produced by a Si-based agent regulates the pyroptosis of microglia may through the NLRP3-caspase-1-GSDMD pathway, preventing the development of chronic neuroinflammation and consequently lowering the incidence of nerve demyelination. This study offers a novel strategy for elucidating the pathogenesis of TN and developing potential therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Mu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, Sichuan Province 643000, PR China; Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, Sichuan Province 643000, PR China
| | - Bin Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, Sichuan Province 643000, PR China.
| | - Xuan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Zigong, Sichuan Province 643000, PR China.
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14
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Ghovanloo MR, Effraim PR, Yuan JH, Schulman BR, Jacobs DS, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG. Nav1.7 P610T mutation in two siblings with persistent ocular pain after corneal axon transection: impaired slow inactivation and hyperexcitable trigeminal neurons. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:609-618. [PMID: 36722722 PMCID: PMC9988530 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00457.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive study, the mechanisms underlying pain after axonal injury remain incompletely understood. Pain after corneal refractive surgery provides a model, in humans, of the effect of injury to trigeminal afferent nerves. Axons of trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the cornea are transected by laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Although most patients do not experience postoperative pain, a small subgroup develop persistent ocular pain. We previously carried out genomic analysis and determined that some patients with persistent pain after axotomy of corneal axons during refractive surgery carry mutations in genes that encode the electrogenisome of trigeminal ganglion neurons, the ensemble of ion channels and receptors that regulate excitability within these cells, including SCN9A, which encodes sodium channel Nav1.7, a threshold channel abundantly expressed in sensory neurons that has been implicated in a number of pain-related disorders. Here, we describe the biophysical and electrophysiological profiling of the P610T Nav1.7 mutation found in two male siblings with persistent ocular pain after refractive surgery. Our results indicate that this mutation impairs the slow inactivation of Nav1.7. As expected from this proexcitatory change in channel function, we also demonstrate that this mutation produces increased spontaneous activity in trigeminal ganglion neurons. These findings suggest that this gain-of-function mutation in Nav1.7 may contribute to pain after injury to the axons of trigeminal ganglion neurons.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Mechanisms underlying pain after axonal injury remain elusive. A small subgroup of patients experience pain after corneal refractive surgery, providing a human pain model after well-defined injury to axons. Here we analyze a mutation (P610T) in Nav1.7, a threshold sodium channel expressed in nociceptors, found in two siblings with persistent ocular pain after refractive surgery. We show that it impairs channel slow inactivation, thereby triggering inappropriate repetitive activity in trigeminal ganglion axons that signal eye pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Reza Ghovanloo
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Philip R Effraim
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Jun-Hui Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Betsy R Schulman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Deborah S Jacobs
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sulayman D Dib-Hajj
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
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15
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Liu M, He F, Shao M, Li T, Wang L, Wang Y, Xu W. PACAP inhibition alleviates neuropathic pain by modulating Nav1.7 through the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in a rat model of chronic constriction injury. Neuropeptides 2023; 99:102327. [PMID: 36842389 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal neuralgia is a common chronic maxillofacial neuropathic pain disorder, and voltage-gated sodium channels (VSGCs) are likely involved in its pathology. Prior studies report that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a neuropeptide highly expressed in the trigeminal ganglion, may contribute to dorsal root ganglion neuron excitability by modulating the Nav1.7. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether PACAP can regulate Nav1.7 through the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK) pathway in the trigeminal ganglion after chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (ION-CCI) in rats. STUDY DESIGN Sprague-Dawley rats underwent ION-CCI, followed by intrathecal injection of PACAP 6-38 (PAC1 receptor antagonist) and PD98059 (MEK/ERK antagonist). Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were used to quantify ATF3, PACAP, ERK, p-ERK, and Nav1.7 expression. RESULTS The mechanical pain threshold decreased from day 3 to day 21 after ION-CCI and reached the lowest testing value by day 14; however, it increased after PACAP 6-38 and PD98059 injections. Additionally, ION-CCI surgery increased ATF3, PACAP, and p-ERK expression in the rat trigeminal ganglion and decreased Nav1.7 and PAC1 receptor expression; however, there was no difference in ERK expression. PACAP 6-38 injection significantly decreased PACAP, p-ERK, and Nav1.7 expression and increased the PAC1 receptor expression, with no change in ERK expression. Moreover, PD98059 injection decreased PACAP, p-ERK, and Nav1.7 expression and increased the expression of PAC1 receptor. CONCLUSION After ION-CCI, PACAP in the rat trigeminal ganglion can modulate Nav1.7 through the MEK/ERK pathway via the PAC1 receptor. Further, PACAP inhibition alleviates allodynia in ION-CCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzheng Liu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Fan He
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Mengci Shao
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tianyuan Li
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Liecheng Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuanyin Wang
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Wenhua Xu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China.
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16
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Allam AK, Sharma H, Larkin MB, Viswanathan A. Trigeminal Neuralgia. Neurol Clin 2023; 41:107-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Freigang S, Fresnoza S, Lehner C, Jasinskaitė D, Ali KM, Zaar K, Mokry M. Twenty-Three Months Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex for Refractory Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Single-Case Study. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:life13010126. [PMID: 36676075 PMCID: PMC9866023 DOI: 10.3390/life13010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Treatment refractory or recurrent trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe chronic pain illness. Single-session repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to elicit analgesic effects in several craniofacial pain syndromes, including TN. However, the safety and long-term effect of multi-session rTMS for TN have yet to be fully explored. In this study, we present a case of a patient with medical treatment-refractory TN after microvascular decompression. The patient volunteered to undergo 73 sessions of 10 Hz rTMS over 23 months. Neurovagination was used for precise localization and stimulation of the hand and face representation at the left motor cortex. The numeric pain intensity scores derived using the visual analog scale served as a daily index of treatment efficacy. The patient experienced a significant weekly reduction in pain scores, cumulating in 70.89% overall pain relief. The medication dosages were reduced and then discontinued toward the end of the intervention period. No severe adverse events were reported. From our results, we can conclude that the longitudinal multi-session application of rTMS over the hand and face area of M1 is a safe and effective method for producing long-lasting pain relief in TN. Using rTMS may thus prove helpful as an adjunct to conventional methods for treating pain in TN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Freigang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Shane Fresnoza
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Lehner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Dominyka Jasinskaitė
- Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kariem Mahdy Ali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Karla Zaar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Mokry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
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18
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Ambroxol for neuropathic pain: hiding in plain sight? Pain 2023; 164:3-13. [PMID: 35580314 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ambroxol is a multifaceted drug with primarily mucoactive and secretolytic actions, along with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and local anaesthetic properties. It has a long history of use in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases and has shown to be efficacious in relieving sore throat. In more recent years, ambroxol has gained interest for its potential usefulness in treating neuropathic pain. Research into this area has been slow, despite clear preclinical evidence to support its primary analgesic mechanism of action-blockade of voltage-gated sodium (Na v ) channels in sensory neurons. Ambroxol is a commercially available inhibitor of Na v 1.8, a crucial player in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain, and Na v 1.7, a particularly exciting target for the treatment of chronic pain. In this review, we discuss the analgesic mechanisms of action of ambroxol, as well as proposed synergistic properties, followed by the preclinical and clinical results of its use in the treatment of persistent pain and neuropathic pain symptoms, including trigeminal neuralgia, fibromyalgia, and complex regional pain syndrome. With its well-established safety profile, extensive preclinical and clinical drug data, and early evidence of clinical effectiveness, ambroxol is an old drug worthy of further investigation for repurposing. As a patent-expired drug, a push is needed to progress the drug to clinical trials for neuropathic pain. We encourage the pharmaceutical industry to look at patented drug formulations and take an active role in bringing an optimized version for neuropathic pain to market.
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Xu G, Tang W, Zhou C, Xu J, Cheng C, Gong W, Dong S, Zhang Y. Pain Fluctuations of Women with Subacute Herpetic Neuralgia During Local Methylcobalamin in Combination with Lidocaine Treatment: A Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. J Pain Res 2023; 16:1267-1284. [PMID: 37090764 PMCID: PMC10115195 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s404713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and pain fluctuations of methylcobalamin in combination with lidocaine local injection treatment for subacute herpetic neuralgia (SHN). Methods Seventy-nine women (60.4 ± 2.7 years) with thoracic SHN were enrolled and randomized to receive a combination of methylcobalamin and lidocaine local injection (MI, N=40), or a combination of lidocaine patch 5% and oral methylcobalamin (PO, N=39) for four weeks. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to evaluate the effect on pain levels. Generalized estimation equations were used to analyze the cause-effect relationship between pain fluctuations and influencing factors. Results At the treatment endpoint, the group, treatment time, and group interacted with treatment time effects of the pain scores and area were statistically significant (P<0.001), The pain scores were 2.9 ±0.9 (MI) and 4.3 ± 1.5 (PO). 80.00% (MI) or 28.21% (PO) of patients had pain scores ≤ 3, the odds ratio was 2.84 (95% CI: 1.68 to 4.79). The incidence of postherpetic neuralgia was 5.0% (2/40) at 3 months. Pain fluctuated repeatedly during treatment. The pain fluctuation increased from 8.75 log folds in the afternoon, to 79.85 log folds at night. With the ADLs level increasing from 1 to 3, the pain fluctuated from 4.28 to 17.70 log folds. Allodynia, itching, sleep quality, and ADLs were the significant influencing factors (P<0.05). Conclusion This study validated the efficacy of methylcobalamin combined with lidocaine for SHN, and confirmed that pain levels in patients with SHN had an obvious circadian rhythm. ADLs were an important cause of pain fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Gang Xu, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, 301 Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China, Tel +8621-66306496, Fax +8621-66301051, Email
| | - Weizhen Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaosheng Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai First Rehabilitation Hospital, Shanghai, 200090, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihong Dong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, 200072, People’s Republic of China
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A Review on Autophagy in Orofacial Neuropathic Pain. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233842. [PMID: 36497100 PMCID: PMC9735968 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Orofacial neuropathic pain indicates pain caused by a lesion or diseases of the somatosensory nervous system. It is challenging for the clinician to diagnose and manage orofacial neuropathic pain conditions due to the considerable variability between individual clinical presentations and a lack of understanding of the mechanisms underlying the etiology and pathogenesis. In the last few decades, researchers have developed diagnostic criteria, questionnaires, and clinical assessment methods for the diagnosis of orofacial neuropathic pain. Recently, researchers have observed the role of autophagy in neuronal dysfunction as well as in the modulation of neuropathic pain. On this basis, in the present review, we highlight the characteristics, classification, and clinical assessment of orofacial neuropathic pain. Additionally, we introduce autophagy and its potential role in the modulation of orofacial neuropathic pain, along with a brief overview of the pathogenesis, which in future may reveal new possible targets for treating this condition.
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21
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Mustafá ER, Gambeta E, Stringer RN, Souza IA, Zamponi GW, Weiss N. Electrophysiological and computational analysis of Ca v3.2 channel variants associated with familial trigeminal neuralgia. Mol Brain 2022; 15:91. [PMID: 36397158 PMCID: PMC9670400 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a rare form of chronic neuropathic pain characterized by spontaneous or elicited paroxysms of electric shock-like or stabbing pain in a region of the face. While most cases occur in a sporadic manner and are accompanied by intracranial vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve root, alteration of ion channels has emerged as a potential exacerbating factor. Recently, whole exome sequencing analysis of familial TN patients identified 19 rare variants in the gene CACNA1H encoding for Cav3.2T-type calcium channels. An initial analysis of 4 of these variants pointed to a pathogenic role. In this study, we assessed the electrophysiological properties of 13 additional TN-associated Cav3.2 variants expressed in tsA-201 cells. Our data indicate that 6 out of the 13 variants analyzed display alteration of their gating properties as evidenced by a hyperpolarizing shift of their voltage dependence of activation and/or inactivation resulting in an enhanced window current supported by Cav3.2 channels. An additional variant enhanced the recovery from inactivation. Simulation of neuronal electrical membrane potential using a computational model of reticular thalamic neuron suggests that TN-associated Cav3.2 variants could enhance neuronal excitability. Altogether, the present study adds to the notion that ion channel polymorphisms could contribute to the etiology of some cases of TN and further support a role for Cav3.2 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio R. Mustafá
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eder Gambeta
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Robin N. Stringer
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic ,grid.418095.10000 0001 1015 3316Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana A. Souza
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Gerald W. Zamponi
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Norbert Weiss
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Li S, Liao C, Qian M, Yang X, Zhang W. Narrow ovale foramina may be involved in the development of primary trigeminal neuralgia. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1013216. [PMID: 36303558 PMCID: PMC9592841 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1013216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of primary trigeminal neuralgia remains unclear and is worthy of further study; In this study, the morphometric characteristics of ovale foramina between various groups were compared and analyzed to explore the novel cause of primary trigeminal neuralgia. Methods High-resolution three-dimensional reconstruction images from head computed tomography of 109 patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia affecting the third branch of the trigeminal nerve and 46 healthy controls were retrospectively reviewed. Among the 109 primary trigeminal neuralgia patients, 79 patients with apparent neurovascular compression (not simply contact) demonstrated on MRI or during surgery were divided into the classical trigeminal neuralgia group and 30 patients with MRI showing no significant abnormalities were divided into idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia group. The morphometric parameters including the area, width and length of ovale foramina were examined through the use of radiologic methods. Results In this study, the average minimum area, width and length of 79 ovale foramina on the affected and unaffected sides in the classical trigeminal neuralgia group were 21.83 ± 8.45, 21.94 ± 7.93 mm2, 2.32 ± 0.91, 2.58 ± 0.81, 5.32 ± 1.29, and 5.26 ± 1.21 mm, respectively. No significant difference in these parameters was observed (p > 0.05). However, in the idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia group, the average minimum area, width and length of 30 ovale foramina were 21.33 ± 8.21, 22.85 ± 8.36 mm2, 2.25 ± 0.90, 2.79 ± 0.96, 5.20 ± 1.27, and 5.28 ± 1.19 mm, respectively. The width on the symptomatic side was significantly smaller (p = 0.03) than that on the asymptomatic side. No significant difference in area (p = 0.48) or length (p = 0.79) was observed. In addition, when compared with the healthy control group, the area and width of ovale foramina on the symptomatic side in both groups were significantly smaller. No significant difference in length was observed. Conclusions By comparing and analyzing the statistical data, it can be inferred that a narrow foramen ovale is associated with primary trigeminal neuralgia, as well as its recurrence after microvascular decompression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenlong Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiqiong Qian
- Department of Imaging, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Xiaosheng Yang
| | - Wenchuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wenchuan Zhang
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Lippi L, de Sire A, Folli A, D’Abrosca F, Grana E, Baricich A, Carda S, Invernizzi M. Multidimensional Effectiveness of Botulinum Toxin in Neuropathic Pain: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050308. [PMID: 35622555 PMCID: PMC9145715 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although botulinum toxin (BoNT) has been suggested as a treatment to counter neuropathic pain, no previous systematic reviews investigated the multidimensional effects of BoNT on pain relief and Health-Related Quality of Life (HR-QoL). The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current evidence on the effectiveness of BoNT treatment for neuropathic pain, and to characterize its multidimensional effectiveness in order to guide physicians in clinical practice. Five databases were systematically searched up to 4 April 2022, to identify randomized controlled trials satisfying the following criteria: adults suffering from neuropathic pain, BoNT administration, any comparator, multidimensional assessment of pain as primary outcome, HR-QoL, physical function, anxiety and depression, and sleep quality as secondary outcomes. Twelve studies were included. The multidimensional pain scales used were short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire, Neuropathic pain scale, Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory, International SCI Pain Basic Data Set, West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory, Brief Pain Inventory, and Douleur Neuropathique 4. These scales highlighted the positive effects of BoNT administration. According to the Jadad scale, all the RCTs included were high-quality studies. BoNT administration might be effectively introduced in the comprehensive management of neuropathic pain. Further research should focus on optimal and cost-effective therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lippi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (A.B.)
- Translational Medicine, Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alessandro de Sire
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Arianna Folli
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesco D’Abrosca
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (A.B.)
| | - Elisa Grana
- Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Alessio Baricich
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (A.B.)
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, “Ospedale Maggiore della Carità” University Hospital, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Stefano Carda
- Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland; (E.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy; (L.L.); (A.F.); (F.D.); (A.B.)
- Translational Medicine, Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)3-2137-34800
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24
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Chen Q, Yi DI, Perez JNJ, Liu M, Chang SD, Barad MJ, Lim M, Qian X. The Molecular Basis and Pathophysiology of Trigeminal Neuralgia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073604. [PMID: 35408959 PMCID: PMC8998776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a complex orofacial pain syndrome characterized by the paroxysmal onset of pain attacks in the trigeminal distribution. The underlying mechanism for this debilitating condition is still not clearly understood. Decades of basic and clinical evidence support the demyelination hypothesis, where demyelination along the trigeminal afferent pathway is a major driver for TN pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Such pathological demyelination can be triggered by physical compression of the trigeminal ganglion or another primary demyelinating disease, such as multiple sclerosis. Further examination of TN patients and animal models has revealed significant molecular changes, channelopathies, and electrophysiological abnormalities in the affected trigeminal nerve. Interestingly, recent electrophysiological recordings and advanced functional neuroimaging data have shed new light on the global structural changes and the altered connectivity in the central pain-related circuits in TN patients. The current article aims to review the latest findings on the pathophysiology of TN and cross-examining them with the current surgical and pharmacologic management for TN patients. Understanding the underlying biology of TN could help scientists and clinicians to identify novel targets and improve treatments for this complex, debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiLiang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (Q.C.); (D.I.Y.); (J.N.J.P.); (M.L.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Dae Ik Yi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (Q.C.); (D.I.Y.); (J.N.J.P.); (M.L.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Josiah Nathan Joco Perez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (Q.C.); (D.I.Y.); (J.N.J.P.); (M.L.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Monica Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (Q.C.); (D.I.Y.); (J.N.J.P.); (M.L.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Steven D. Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.D.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Meredith J. Barad
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (Q.C.); (D.I.Y.); (J.N.J.P.); (M.L.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.D.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Xiang Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (Q.C.); (D.I.Y.); (J.N.J.P.); (M.L.); (M.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Alles SRA, Smith PA. Peripheral Voltage-Gated Cation Channels in Neuropathic Pain and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 2:750583. [PMID: 35295464 PMCID: PMC8915663 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.750583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of increased excitability and spontaneous activity in injured peripheral neurons is imperative for the development and persistence of many forms of neuropathic pain. This aberrant activity involves increased activity and/or expression of voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels and hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated (HCN) channels as well as decreased function of K+ channels. Because they display limited central side effects, peripherally restricted Na+ and Ca2+ channel blockers and K+ channel activators offer potential therapeutic approaches to pain management. This review outlines the current status and future therapeutic promise of peripherally acting channel modulators. Selective blockers of Nav1.3, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, Cav3.2, and HCN2 and activators of Kv7.2 abrogate signs of neuropathic pain in animal models. Unfortunately, their performance in the clinic has been disappointing; some substances fail to meet therapeutic end points whereas others produce dose-limiting side effects. Despite this, peripheral voltage-gated cation channels retain their promise as therapeutic targets. The way forward may include (i) further structural refinement of K+ channel activators such as retigabine and ASP0819 to improve selectivity and limit toxicity; use or modification of Na+ channel blockers such as vixotrigine, PF-05089771, A803467, PF-01247324, VX-150 or arachnid toxins such as Tap1a; the use of Ca2+ channel blockers such as TTA-P2, TTA-A2, Z 944, ACT709478, and CNCB-2; (ii) improving methods for assessing “pain” as opposed to nociception in rodent models; (iii) recognizing sex differences in pain etiology; (iv) tailoring of therapeutic approaches to meet the symptoms and etiology of pain in individual patients via quantitative sensory testing and other personalized medicine approaches; (v) targeting genetic and biochemical mechanisms controlling channel expression using anti-NGF antibodies such as tanezumab or re-purposed drugs such as vorinostat, a histone methyltransferase inhibitor used in the management of T-cell lymphoma, or cercosporamide a MNK 1/2 inhibitor used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; (vi) combination therapy using drugs that are selective for different channel types or regulatory processes; (vii) directing preclinical validation work toward the use of human or human-derived tissue samples; and (viii) application of molecular biological approaches such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha R A Alles
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Peter A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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26
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Jay GW, Barkin RL. Trigeminal neuralgia and persistent idiopathic facial pain (atypical facial pain). Dis Mon 2022; 68:101302. [PMID: 35027171 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2021.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Jay
- Department of Neurology, Division: Headache/Pain, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Robert L Barkin
- Departmentts of Anesthesilogy, Family Medicine, Pharrmacology, Rush University Medical College, Chicago Illinois, USA
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27
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Mulpuri Y, Yamamoto T, Nishimura I, Spigelman I. Role of voltage-gated sodium channels in axonal signal propagation of trigeminal ganglion neurons after infraorbital nerve entrapment. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2022; 11:100084. [PMID: 35128176 PMCID: PMC8803652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2022.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infraorbital nerve entrapment (IoNE) induces mechanical allodynia and enhances signal propagation in primary afferent A- and C-fibers. IoNE increases sensitivity of A- and C-fibers to conduction block by tetrodotoxin (TTX) and selective voltage-gated sodium channel 1.8 (NaV1.8) inhibitor, A-803467. IoNE increases signal propagation in vibrissal pad Ad -, but not Aβ-fibers, and their sensitivity to conduction block by the selective NaV1.8 inhibitor. IoNE increases membrane excitability of dissociated small and medium sized trigeminal neurons. IoNE increases nerve, but not ganglion, levels of NaV1.3, NaV1.7, and NaV1.8 mRNAs, and NaV1.8 protein.
Chronic pain arising from peripheral nerve injuries represents a significant clinical challenge because even the most efficacious anticonvulsant drug treatments are limited by their side effects profile. We investigated pain behavior, changes in axonal signal conduction and excitability of trigeminal neurons, and expression of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) in the infraorbital nerve and trigeminal ganglion (TG) after infraorbital nerve entrapment (IoNE). Compared to Sham, IoNE rats had increased A- and C-fiber compound action potentials (CAPs) and Aδ component of A-CAP area from fibers innervating the vibrissal pad. After IoNE, A- and C-fiber CAPs were more sensitive to blockade by tetrodotoxin (TTX), and those fibers that were TTX-resistant were more sensitive to blockade by the NaV1.8 selective blocker, A-803467. Although NaV1.7 blocker, ICA-121431 alone, did not affect Aδ-fiber signal propagation, cumulative application with A-803467 and 4,9-anhydro-TTX significantly reduced the Aδ-fiber CAP in IoNE rats. In patch clamp recordings from small- and medium-sized TG neurons, IoNE resulted in reduced action potential (AP) depolarizing current threshold, hyperpolarized AP voltage threshold, increased AP duration, and a more depolarized membrane potential. While the transcripts of most NaVs were reduced in the ipsilateral TG after IoNE, NaV1.3, NaV1.7, and NaV1.8 mRNAs, and NaV1.8 protein, were significantly increased in the nerve. Altogether, our data suggest that axonal redistribution of NaV1.8, and to a lesser extent NaV1.3, and NaV1.7 contributes to enhanced nociceptive signal propagation in peripheral nerve after IoNE.
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28
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Braden K, Stratton HJ, Salvemini D, Khanna R. Small molecule targeting NaV1.7 via inhibition of the CRMP2-Ubc9 interaction reduces and prevents pain chronification in a mouse model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2022; 11:100082. [PMID: 35024498 PMCID: PMC8733339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2021.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with anti-neoplastic agents can lead to the development of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), which is long lasting and often refractory to treatment. This neuropathic pain develops along dermatomes innervated by peripheral nerves with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 is expressed at high levels in peripheral nerve tissues and has been implicated in the development of CIPN. Efforts to develop novel analgesics directly inhibiting NaV1.7 have been unsuccessful, and our group has pioneered an alternative approach based on indirect modulation of channel trafficking by the accessory protein collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2). We have recently reported a small molecule, compound 194, that inhibits CRMP2 SUMOylation by the E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 (Cai et al. , Sci. Transl. Med. 2021 13(6 1 9):eabh1314). Compound 194 is a potent and selective inhibitor of NaV1.7 currents in DRG neurons and reverses mechanical allodynia in models of surgical, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain, including spared nerve injury and paclitaxelinduced peripheral neuropathy. Here we report that, in addition to its reported effects in rats, 194 also reduces mechanical allodynia in male CD-1 mice treated with platinumcomplex agent oxaliplatin. Importantly, treatment with 194 prevented the development of mechanical allodynia when co-administered with oxaliplatin. No effects were observed on the body weight of animals treated with oxaliplatin or 194 throughout the study period. These findings support the notion that 194 is a robust inhibitor of CIPN that reduces established neuropathic pain and prevents the emergence of neuropathic pain during treatment with multiple anti-neoplastic agents in both mice and rats.
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Key Words
- CIPN, chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy
- CRISPR, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- CRMP2
- CRMP2, collapsin response mediator protein 2
- Chemotherapy
- DRG, dorsal root ganglia
- NaV1.7
- NaV1.7, voltage-gated sodium channel family 1 isoform 7
- Neuropathy
- Oxaliplatin
- PWT, paw withdrawal threshold
- SNI, spared nerve injury
- SUMO, smallubiquitin like modifier
- SUMOylation
- TTX, tetrodotoxin
- TTX-R, tetrodotoxin-resistant
- TTX-S, tetrodotoxin-sensitive
- Ubc9, E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme
- t-CSM, tat-CRMP2 SUMOylation motif
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Braden
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Harrison J. Stratton
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, the University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- Comprehensive Pain and Addiction Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Kwon M, Jung IY, Cha M, Lee BH. Inhibition of the Nav1.7 Channel in the Trigeminal Ganglion Relieves Pulpitis Inflammatory Pain. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:759730. [PMID: 34955831 PMCID: PMC8694709 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.759730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulpitis causes significant changes in the peripheral nervous system, which induce hyperalgesia. However, the relationship between neuronal activity and Nav1.7 expression following pulpal noxious pain has not yet been investigated in the trigeminal ganglion (TG). The aim of our study was to verify whether experimentally induced pulpitis activates the expression of Nav1.7 peripherally and the neuronal activities of the TGs can be affected by Nav1.7 channel inhibition. Acute pulpitis was induced through allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) application to the rat maxillary molar tooth pulp. Three days after AITC application, abnormal pain behaviors were recorded, and the rats were euthanized to allow for immunohistochemical, optical imaging, and western blot analyses of the Nav1.7 expression in the TG. A significant increase in AITC-induced pain-like behaviors and histological evidence of pulpitis were observed. In addition, histological and western blot data showed that Nav1.7 expressions in the TGs were significantly higher in the AITC group than in the naive and saline group rats. Optical imaging showed that the AITC group showed higher neuronal activity after electrical stimulation of the TGs. Additionally, treatment of ProTxII, selective Nav1.7 blocker, on to the TGs in the AITC group effectively suppressed the hyperpolarized activity after electrical stimulation. These findings indicate that the inhibition of the Nav1.7 channel could modulate nociceptive signal processing in the TG following pulp inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjee Kwon
- Department of Nursing, Kyungil University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Il Young Jung
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myeounghoon Cha
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bae Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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30
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Eide PK. Familial occurrence of classical and idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurol Sci 2021; 434:120101. [PMID: 34954619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe facial pain disease with unknown pathogenesis. It has been thought that the familial form of TN is rare with a prevalence of about 1-2% among affected individuals, but emerging evidence suggests a role of genetic factors. This study examined the occurrence of familial TN among patients with classical or idiopathic TN. Patients with TN recruited from a hospital registry received an informed consent form with a questionnaire, and individuals reporting other family members with TN underwent a structured phone-interview. For affected family members, type of TN, available clinical, imaging, management results and available hospital patient records were studied. Pedigrees for all affected families were established. This study included 268 patients with either classical or idiopathic TN. The familial form of TN was present in 41/268 (15.3%) patients, that is, 37/244 (15.2%) patients with classical TN and in 4/24 (16.7%) with idiopathic TN. Total 38 families were identified, with two affected members in 32/38 families (84.2%), three affected family members in 5/38 (13.2%) and four family members in 1/38 (2.6%) families. Comparing the 41 familial TN cases with the 227 sporadic TN patients showed significantly earlier onset of TN and a significantly higher occurrence of right-sided pain in familial cases, while there was no difference in gender distribution, occurrence of arterial hypertension or trigeminal branch involved. Among patients with classical or idiopathic TN, the occurrence of the familial form of the disease is more frequent than traditionally assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Kristian Eide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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31
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Huang XJ, Su GJ, Wu CW, Sha XS, Zou JF, Liu XS, Li M, He Y. Knockdown of rno_circRNA_009194 Improves Outcomes in Traumatic Brain Injury Rats through Inhibiting Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Nav1.3. J Neurotrauma 2021; 39:196-210. [PMID: 34726508 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive activation of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.3 has been recently reported in secondary traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying regulating voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.3) have not been well understood. The present study used a TBI rat model induced by a fluid percussion device and performed a circular RNA (circRNA) microarray (n = 3) to profile the altered circRNAs in the hippocampus after TBI. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) validation, certain circRNAs were selected to investigate the function and mechanism in regulating Nav1.3 in the TBI rat model by intracerebroventricular injection with lentivirus. The neurological outcome was evaluated by Morris water maze test, modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS), brain water content measurement, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. The related molecular mechanisms were explored with PCR, Western blotting, luciferase reporter, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). A total of 347 circRNAs were observed to be differentially expressed (fold change [FC] ≥ 1.2 and p < 0.05) after TBI, including 234 up-regulated and 113 down-regulated circRNAs. Among 10 validated circRNAs, we selected circRNA_009194 with the maximized up-regulated fold change (n = 5, FC = 4.45, p < 0.001) for the in vivo functional experiments. Down-regulation of circRNA_009194 resulted in a 27.5% reduced mNSS in rat brain (n = 6, p < 0.01) after TBI and regulated the expression levels of miR-145-3p, Sp1, and Nav1.3, which was reversed by sh-miR-145-3p or Sp1/Nav1.3 overexpression (n = 5, p < 0.05). Mechanistically, circRNA_009194 might act as a sponge for miR-145-3p to regulate Sp1-mediated Nav1.3. This study demonstrated that circRNA_009194 knockdown could improve neurological outcomes in TBI in vivo by inhibiting Nav1.3, directly or indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jian Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Gao-Jian Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chu-Wei Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Song Sha
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Feng Zou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian-Sheng Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a highly disabling disorder characterised by very severe, brief and electric shock like recurrent episodes of facial pain. New diagnostic criteria, which subclassify TN on the basis of presence of trigeminal neurovascular conflict or an underlying neurological disorder, should be used as they allow better characterisation of patients and help in decision-making regarding medical and surgical treatments. MR imaging, including high-resolution trigeminal sequences, should be performed as part of the diagnostic work-up. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are drugs of first choice. Lamotrigine, gabapentin, pregabalin, botulinum toxin type A and baclofen can be used either alone or as add-on therapy. Surgery should be considered if the pain is poorly controlled or the medical treatments are poorly tolerated. Trigeminal microvascular decompression is the first-line surgery in patients with trigeminal neurovascular conflict while neuroablative surgical treatments can be offered if MR imaging does not show any neurovascular contact or where patients are considered too frail for microvascular decompression or do not wish to take the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Lambru
- The Headache Service, Pain Management and Neuromodulation Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Joanna Zakrzewska
- Facial Pain Clinic, Eastman Dental Hospital, London, UK
- Pain Management Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Manjit Matharu
- Headache and Facial Pain Group, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Headache and Facial Pain Group, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Yu L, Tsuji K, Ujihara I, Liu Q, Pavelkova N, Tsujimura T, Inoue M, Meeker S, Nisenbaum E, McDermott JS, Krajewski J, Undem BJ, Kollarik M, Canning BJ. Antitussive effects of Na V 1.7 blockade in Guinea pigs. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 907:174192. [PMID: 34010618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies implicated the voltage-gated sodium channel subtype NaV 1.7 in the transmission of action potentials by the vagal afferent nerves regulating cough and thus identified this channel as a rational therapeutic target for antitussive therapy. But it is presently unclear whether a systemically administered small molecule inhibitor of NaV 1.7 conductance can achieve therapeutic benefit in the absence of side effects on cardiovascular function, gastrointestinal motility or respiration. To this end, we have evaluated the antitussive effects of the NaV 1.7 selective blocker Compound 801 administered systemically in awake guinea pigs or administered topically in anesthetized guinea pigs. We also evaluated the antitussive effects of ambroxol, a low affinity NaV blocker modestly selective for tetrodotoxin resistant NaV subtypes. Both Compound 801 and ambroxol dose-dependently inhibited action potential conduction in guinea pig vagus nerves (assessed by compound potential), with ambroxol nearly 100-fold less potent than the NaV 1.7 selective Compound 801 in this and other NaV 1.7-dependent guinea pig and human tissue-based assays. Both drugs also inhibited citric acid evoked coughing in awake or anesthetized guinea pigs, with potencies supportive of an NaV 1.7-dependent mechanism. Notably, however, the antitussive effects of systemically administered Compound 801 were accompanied by hypotension and respiratory depression. Given the antitussive effects of topically administered Compound 801, we speculate that the likely insurmountable side effects on blood pressure and respiratory drive associated with systemic dosing make topical formulations a viable and perhaps unavoidable therapeutic strategy for targeting NaV 1.7 in cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongii University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Kojun Tsuji
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Izumi Ujihara
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Qi Liu
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Nikoleta Pavelkova
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Takanori Tsujimura
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sonya Meeker
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Eric Nisenbaum
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | | | - Jeff Krajewski
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Bradley J Undem
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Marian Kollarik
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Brendan J Canning
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Maarbjerg S, Benoliel R. The changing face of trigeminal neuralgia-A narrative review. Headache 2021; 61:817-837. [PMID: 34214179 DOI: 10.1111/head.14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This narrative review aims to update the reader on the new classification of trigeminal neuralgia (TN), clinical signs, pathophysiologic evidence, and their implications on management. This review is based on the authors' collective experience and knowledge of the literature in addition to a literature search. BACKGROUND In recent years, the phenotype of TN has been intensively studied leading to discrete groups of patients. These include patients with TN with additional continuous pain, and patients with and without neurovascular compression of the trigeminal dorsal root entry zone. A number of associated clinical signs such as tearing and sensory changes need further research. METHODS The literature on TN was searched in PubMed with the aims of providing evidence for the recently published third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) and update the clinical phenotype and management of the TN subcategories. RESULTS The ICHD's new classification for TN is based on reliable clinical data, imaging, and neurophysiologic studies. The TN classification reflects current knowledge and has improved the possibility for clinicians to choose adequate management options. However, there is a lack of effective, safe drugs for the management of TN and sparse, robust data on neurosurgical options. CONCLUSION Research into all aspects of TN-diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, surgery, long-term management prognosis, and natural history-is needed. Research should adhere to the ICHD's schema for TN. Improved drugs are needed along with rigorous research into surgical options and their efficacy for different subtypes of TN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Maarbjerg
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rafael Benoliel
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Abstract
Background Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a painful condition, often leading to poor quality of life. Objective The aim of this review was to discuss the various treatment modalities for the medical management of TN. Materials and Methods We reviewed the available literature on TN in clinical databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, with a specific focus on the pharmacological treatment and newer drugs under development for the treatment of TN. Results Carbamazepine (CBZ) is the gold standard of treatment for TN. The first-line drugs for the treatment of TN are CBZ and oxcarbazepine (OXC). A proportion of cases (30%) are initially resistant to the first-line drugs. Alternative drugs need to be considered if the first-line drugs are not well tolerated or become ineffective with prolonged therapy. The second-line drugs comprise lamotrigine, baclofen, gabapentin, and pregabalin used as monotherapy or in combination with CBZ/OXC. Botulinum toxin A may be a promising presurgical option. Newer drug like vixotrigine has shown good results in phase two randomized control trials. About 50% of cases develop treatment resistance to oral drugs over the subsequent years of therapy and require surgical options. Conclusion The first-line drugs for the treatment of TN (irrespective of the age group or type) are CBZ and OXC. Combination therapy with second-line or other drugs may become necessary with poor response to CBZ/OXC, or if adverse events occur. Patients should be offered surgical options if there is poor response or tolerance to the medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish V Khadilkar
- Department of Neurology, Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, New Marine Lines, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Varsha A Patil
- Associate Consultant Neurologist , Bombay Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, New Marine Lines, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Beer-Furlan A. Commentary: Petrosal Vein Involvement in Neurovascular Conflict in Trigeminal Neuralgia: Surgical Technique and Clinical Outcomes. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2021; 20:E272-E273. [PMID: 33448292 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opaa474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- André Beer-Furlan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe facial pain disease of unknown cause and unclear genetic background. To examine the existing knowledge about genetics in TN, we performed a systematic study asking about the prevalence of familial trigeminal neuralgia, and which genes that have been identified in human TN studies and in animal models of trigeminal pain. MedLine, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched from inception to January 2021. 71 studies were included in the systematic review. Currently, few studies provide information about the prevalence of familial TN; the available evidence indicates that about 1–2% of TN cases have the familial form. The available human studies propose the following genes to be possible contributors to development of TN: CACNA1A, CACNA1H, CACNA1F, KCNK1, TRAK1, SCN9A, SCN8A, SCN3A, SCN10A, SCN5A, NTRK1, GABRG1, MPZ gene, MAOA gene and SLC6A4. Their role in familial TN still needs to be addressed. The experimental animal studies suggest an emerging role of genetics in trigeminal pain, though the animal models may be more relevant for trigeminal neuropathic pain than TN per se. In summary, this systematic review suggests a more important role of genetic factors in TN pathogenesis than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aslan Lashkarivand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Kristian Eide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Lambru G, Stubberud A, Rantell K, Lagrata S, Tronvik E, Matharu MS. Medical treatment of SUNCT and SUNA: a prospective open-label study including single-arm meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:233-241. [PMID: 33361408 PMCID: PMC7892380 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The management of short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial autonomic symptoms (SUNA) remains challenging in view of the paucity of data and evidence-based treatment recommendations are missing. METHODS In this single-centre, non-randomised, prospective open-label study, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of oral and parenteral treatments for SUNCT and SUNA in a real-world setting. Additionally, single-arm meta-analyses of the available reports of SUNCT and SUNA treatments were conducted. RESULTS The study cohort comprised 161 patients. Most patients responded to lamotrigine (56%), followed by oxcarbazepine (46%), duloxetine (30%), carbamazepine (26%), topiramate (25%), pregabalin and gabapentin (10%). Mexiletine and lacosamide were effective in a meaningful proportion of patients but poorly tolerated. Intravenous lidocaine given for 7-10 days led to improvement in 90% of patients, whereas only 27% of patients responded to a greater occipital nerve block. No statistically significant differences in responders were observed between SUNCT and SUNA. In the meta-analysis of the pooled data, topiramate was found to be significantly more effective in SUNCT than SUNA patients. However, a higher proportion of SUNA than SUNCT was considered refractory to medications at the time of the topiramate trial, possibly explaining this isolated difference. CONCLUSIONS We propose a treatment algorithm for SUNCT and SUNA for clinical practice. The response to sodium channel blockers indicates a therapeutic overlap with trigeminal neuralgia, suggesting that sodium channels dysfunction may be a key pathophysiological hallmark in these disorders. Furthermore, the therapeutic similarities between SUNCT and SUNA further support the hypothesis that these conditions are variants of the same disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Lambru
- Headache and Facial Pain Group, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Anker Stubberud
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Khadija Rantell
- Education Unit, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Susie Lagrata
- Headache and Facial Pain Group, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Headache and Facial Pain Group, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Erling Tronvik
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Manjit Singh Matharu
- Headache and Facial Pain Group, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK .,Headache and Facial Pain Group, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Gambeta E, Chichorro JG, Zamponi GW. Trigeminal neuralgia: An overview from pathophysiology to pharmacological treatments. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920901890. [PMID: 31908187 PMCID: PMC6985973 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920901890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The trigeminal nerve (V) is the fifth and largest of all cranial nerves, and it is responsible for detecting sensory stimuli that arise from the craniofacial area. The nerve is divided into three branches: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3); their cell bodies are located in the trigeminal ganglia and they make connections with second-order neurons in the trigeminal brainstem sensory nuclear complex. Ascending projections via the trigeminothalamic tract transmit information to the thalamus and other brain regions responsible for interpreting sensory information. One of the most common forms of craniofacial pain is trigeminal neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by sudden, brief, and excruciating facial pain attacks in one or more of the V branches, leading to a severe reduction in the quality of life of affected patients. Trigeminal neuralgia etiology can be classified into idiopathic, classic, and secondary. Classic trigeminal neuralgia is associated with neurovascular compression in the trigeminal root entry zone, which can lead to demyelination and a dysregulation of voltage-gated sodium channel expression in the membrane. These alterations may be responsible for pain attacks in trigeminal neuralgia patients. The antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are the first-line pharmacological treatment for trigeminal neuralgia. Their mechanism of action is a modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels, leading to a decrease in neuronal activity. Although carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are the first-line treatment, other drugs may be useful for pain control in trigeminal neuralgia. Among them, the anticonvulsants gabapentin, pregabalin, lamotrigine and phenytoin, baclofen, and botulinum toxin type A can be coadministered with carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine for a synergistic approach. New pharmacological alternatives are being explored such as the active metabolite of oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine, and the new Nav1.7 blocker vixotrigine. The pharmacological profiles of these drugs are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Gambeta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juliana G Chichorro
- Department of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Sector, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Gerald W. Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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40
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Smith CA, Paskhover B, Mammis A. Molecular mechanisms of trigeminal neuralgia: A systematic review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 200:106397. [PMID: 33338828 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of the available literature for primary research articles identifying potential gene mutations, polymorphisms and other molecular regulatory mechanisms related to trigeminal neuralgia in order to identify the genetic and molecular models of primary trigeminal neuralgia currently being investigated. METHODS PubMed and Web of Science were systematically searched to identify primary research articles discussing genetic predictors of trigeminal neuralgia and neuropathic pain that were published prior to July 2020. This review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS Out of the 333 articles originally identified, a total of 14 papers were selected for study inclusion. These articles included 5 human studies, 6 mouse studies and 3 rat studies. Four articles investigated sodium channels, 1 investigated a sodium channel and nerve growth factor receptor, 2 investigated potassium channels, 1 investigated calcium channels, 1 investigated the downstream regulatory element antagonist modulator protein, 1 investigated the dynorphin-kappa opioid receptor system, 1 investigated TRPA1, 1 investigated the Nrg1/ErbB3/ErbB2 signaling complex, 1 investigated a serotonin transporter and 1 investigated potassium channels, sodium channels, calcium channels, chloride channels, TRP channels and gap junctions. CONCLUSION Researchers have identified multiple genetic and molecular targets involved with potential pathophysiologies that have a relationship to the creation of trigeminal neuralgia. At this time, there does not seem to be clear causal frontrunner, demonstrating the possibility that genetic predisposition to trigeminal neuralgia may involve multiple genes and/or downstream products, such as ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Smith
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurological Surgery, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Boris Paskhover
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Antonios Mammis
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, New York, NY, USA.
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41
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Bendtsen L, Zakrzewska JM, Heinskou TB, Hodaie M, Leal PRL, Nurmikko T, Obermann M, Cruccu G, Maarbjerg S. Advances in diagnosis, classification, pathophysiology, and management of trigeminal neuralgia. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:784-796. [PMID: 32822636 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30233-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trigeminal neuralgia is a very painful neurological condition with severe, stimulus-evoked, short-lasting stabbing pain attacks in the face. The past decade has offered new insights into trigeminal neuralgia symptomatology, pathophysiology, and treatment, leading to a change in the classification of the condition. An accurate diagnosis is crucial because neuroimaging interpretation and clinical management differ among the various forms of facial pain. MRI using specific sequences should be a part of the diagnostic workup to detect a possible neurovascular contact and exclude secondary causes. Demonstration of a neurovascular contact should not be used to confirm a diagnosis but rather to facilitate surgical decision making. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are drugs of first choice for long-term treatment, whereas microvascular decompression is the first-line surgery in medically refractory patients. Advances in neuroimaging techniques and animal models will provide further insight into the causes of trigeminal neuralgia and its pathophysiology. Development of more efficacious treatment options is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Bendtsen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Joanna Maria Zakrzewska
- Pain Management Centre, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK; Eastman Dental Hospital, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tone Bruvik Heinskou
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paulo Roberto Lacerda Leal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine of Sobral, Federal University of Cearà, Sobral, Brazil; University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Turo Nurmikko
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark Obermann
- Center for Neurology, Asklepios Hospitals Schildautal, Seesen, Germany
| | - Giorgio Cruccu
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stine Maarbjerg
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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Costa GMF, Rocha LPC, Siqueira SRDTD, Moreira PR, Almeida-Leite CM. No Association of Polymorphisms in Nav1.7 or Nerve Growth Factor Receptor Genes with Trigeminal Neuralgia. PAIN MEDICINE 2020; 20:1362-1369. [PMID: 30307573 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trigeminal neuralgia is defined as a sudden severe shock-like pain within the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Pain is a subjective experience that is influenced by gender, culture, environment, psychological traits, and genes. Sodium channels and nerve growth factor play important roles in the transmission of nociceptive signals and pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Nav1.7 sodium channel and nerve growth factor receptor TrkA gene polymorphisms (SCN9A/rs6746030 and NTRK1/rs633, respectively) in trigeminal neuralgia patients. METHODS Ninety-six subjects from pain specialty centers in the southeastern region of Brazil were divided into 2 groups: 48 with classical trigeminal neuralgia diagnosis and 48 controls. Pain was evaluated using the visual analog scale and multidimensional McGill Pain Questionnaire. Genomic DNA was obtained from oral swabs in all individuals and was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS No association was observed between evaluated polymorphisms and trigeminal neuralgia. For allele analyses, patients and controls had similar frequencies for both genes. Genotype distribution or allele frequencies of polymorphisms analyzed here did not correlate to pain scores. CONCLUSIONS Although no association of evaluated polymorphisms and trigeminal neuralgia diagnosis or pain severity was observed, our data do not exclude the possibility that other genotypes affecting the expression of Nav1.7 or TrkA are associated with the disease. Further studies should investigate distinct genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic factors that may be important in expression of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazielle Mara Ferreira Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo C Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Rocha Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Megale Almeida-Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Puerta MY, Galhardoni R, Teixeira MJ, de Siqueira JTT, de Siqueira SRDT. Chronic facial pain: different comorbidities and characteristics between neuropathic and nonneuropathic conditions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 130:273-282. [PMID: 32561251 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between comorbidities and chronic diseases and neuropathic and nonneuropathic orofacial pain diagnoses to suggest subclassifications of disease. STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional, retrospective, case-control study. We evaluated 174 patients with orofacial pain and 132 controls by using a systematic protocol that consisted of medical history and demographic, pain, and orofacial characteristics. Patients were grouped according to their diagnosis-neuropathic or non-neuropathic pain; medical comorbidities; and exclusion criteria. Analyses included Z-score normalization, χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student t test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, 2-step clustering, and logistic regression at 95% confidence level. RESULTS Functional chronic diseases were prevalent and correlated with pain and orofacial features. Three groups were identified in the cluster analysis: neuropathic facial pain, other orofacial pain syndromes, and fibromyalgia/temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Logistic regression showed that hypothyroidism and gastritis were predictors for nonneuropathic orofacial conditions. Psychiatric diseases and gastritis were more prevalent among patients with generalized pain syndromes and TMDs and less prevalent among patients with neuropathic pain. CONCLUSIONS Functional comorbidities were associated with orofacial and dental features and may correspond to multimorbidity states in patients with chronic orofacial pain. The findings support the hypothesis that nonneuropathic orofacial pain syndromes could be functional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Y Puerta
- Student, Neurology Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Galhardoni
- School of Arts, Science and Humanities Department, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira
- Chairman of Neurosurgery, Neurology Department, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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44
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Liu M, Zhong J. Mechanism underlying cranial nerve rhizopathy. Med Hypotheses 2020; 142:109801. [PMID: 32413700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cranial nerve rhizophathy, commonly presented with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) or hemifacial spasm (HFS), is a sort of hyperexcitability disorders with higher incidence in senior Asian. In this paper, a novel hypothesis on the pathogenesis is proposed and with which some clinical phenomena are explained. In those with crowded cerebellopontine angle in anatomy, the cranial nerve root and surrounding vessel are getting closer and closer to each other with aging and finally the neurovascular conflict happens. As the interfacial friction associated with pulse, the nerve incurs demyelination. Since this pathological change develops to a certain degree, some transmembrane proteins emerge from the nerve due to a series of signaling pathway mediated by inflammatory cytokines. Among them, voltage-gated (Nav1.3) and mechanosensitive (Piezo2) ion channels may play the important role. With pulsatile compressions, the Piezo2 drives the resting potential toward depolarization forming a state of subthreshold membrane potential oscillation. Under this condition, just an appropriate pressure can make the membrane potential easy to reach threshold and activate the sodium channel, eventually generating conductible action potentials from the axon. When these ectopic action potentials propagate to the central nerve system, an illusion of sharp pain is perceived; while to the nerve-muscle junctions, an attack of irregular muscle constriction occurs. This hypothesis can well explain the symptomatic manifestation of paroxysmal attacks aroused by emotions. When we get nervous or excited, our heart rate and blood pressure alter correspondingly, which may give rise to "a just right pressure" - with specific frequency, amplitude and angle - impacting the suffered nerve to reach the threshold of impulse ignition. After a successful microvascular decompression surgery, the trigger is gone (there is no compression anymore) and the symptom is alleviated. While the postoperative recurrence could be attributable to Teflon granuloma development if had been placed improperly - for this nerve root has been susceptible no matter to arteries or to neoplasms. Besides, it may illustrate the clinical phenomenon that secondary TN or HFS cases are seldom caused by schwannoma: with a proliferative sheath, the nerve root is actually insulated. By contrast, not all neurovascular contacts can lead to the onset: it demands an exclusive extent of demyelination firstly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Liu
- Dept. Neurosurgery, QingDao Municipal Hospital, No.1 Jiaozhou Rd., Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Jun Zhong
- Dept. Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 1665 KongJiang Rd., Shanghai 200092, China.
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Liu MX, Zhong J, Xia L, Dou NN, Li ST. IL-6 contributes to Na v1.3 up-regulation in trigeminal nerve following chronic constriction injury. Neurol Res 2020; 42:504-514. [PMID: 32279611 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1747719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: To verify the hypothesis that the nature of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is an ectopic impulse induced by sodium channel modulated by cytokines, we conducted an animal study using the infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model in rats.Method: The expression of Nav1.3 or IL-6 in the infraorbital nerve (ION) and trigeminal ganglion (TG) were detected by western blot and immunocytochemistry after administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide sequence (AS), IL-6 or Anti-IL-6.Results: With intrathecal administration of AS or mismatch oligodeoxynucleotide sequence (MM) in the CCI rats, the Nav1.3-IR in ION and TG accounted for 2.2 ± 0.51% and 8.5 ± 3.1% in AS+CCI group vs. 6.9 ± 1.3% and 38.7 ± 4.8% in MM+CCI group (p < 0.05), respectively. While with local administration of IL-6 in those with sham operation, it accounted for 7.4 ± 2.1% and 45.5 ± 3.4% in IL-6+ sham group vs. 1.9 ± 0.67% and 8.1 ± 1.3% in vehicle+sham group (p < 0.05); with local administration of anti-IL-6 in CCI rats, 4.5 ± 0.78% and 32.1 ± 9.6% in Anti-IL-6+ CCI group vs 8.9 ± 2.1% and 61.4 ± 11.2% in vehicle+CCI group (p < 0.05).Discussion: We believe that the emergence of Nav1.3 from the compressed trigeminal nerve might be an important structural basis for the development of the ectopic excitability on the axon and IL-6 may play a role of necessary precondition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital (The Cranial Nerve Disease Center of Shanghai), Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital (The Cranial Nerve Disease Center of Shanghai), Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Ning Dou
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital (The Cranial Nerve Disease Center of Shanghai), Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Ting Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, XinHua Hospital (The Cranial Nerve Disease Center of Shanghai), Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Van Deun L, de Witte M, Goessens T, Halewyck S, Ketelaer MC, Matic M, Moens M, Vaes P, Van Lint M, Versijpt J. Facial Pain: A Comprehensive Review and Proposal for a Pragmatic Diagnostic Approach. Eur Neurol 2020; 83:5-16. [PMID: 32222701 DOI: 10.1159/000505727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial pain, alone or combined with other symptoms, is a frequent complaint. Moreover, it is a symptom situated at, more than any other pain condition, a crosspoint where several disciplines meet, for example, dentists; manual therapists; ophthalmologists; psychologists; and ear-nose-throat, pain, and internal medicine physicians besides neurologists and neurosurgeons. Recently, a new version of the most widely used classification system among neurologists for headache and facial pain, the International Classification of Headache Disorders, has been published. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to provide an overview of the most prevalent etiologies of facial pain and to provide a generic framework for the neurologist on how to manage patients presenting with facial pain. METHODS An overview of the different etiologies of facial pain is provided from the viewpoint of the respective clinical specialties that are confronted with facial pain. Key message: Caregivers should "think outside their own box" and refer to other disciplines when indicated. If not, a correct diagnosis can be delayed and unnecessary treatments might be given. The presented framework is aimed at excluding life- or organ-threatening diseases, providing several clinical clues and indications for technical investigations, and ultimately leading to the correct diagnosis and/or referral to other disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Van Deun
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Headache and Facial Pain Clinic, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Muriel de Witte
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Headache and Facial Pain Clinic, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thaïs Goessens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Headache and Facial Pain Clinic, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stijn Halewyck
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Headache and Facial Pain Clinic, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Christine Ketelaer
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Headache and Facial Pain Clinic, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Milica Matic
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Headache and Facial Pain Clinic, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Anesthesiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maarten Moens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Headache and Facial Pain Clinic, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Neurosurgery, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Vaes
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Headache and Facial Pain Clinic, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Manual Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Van Lint
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Headache and Facial Pain Clinic, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Versijpt
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Headache and Facial Pain Clinic, Brussels, Belgium, .,Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium,
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Doshi TL, Nixdorf DR, Campbell CM, Raja SN. Biomarkers in Temporomandibular Disorder and Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Chronic Pain. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PAIN-REVUE CANADIENNE DE LA DOULEUR 2020; 4:1-18. [PMID: 32923920 PMCID: PMC7486013 DOI: 10.1080/24740527.2019.1709163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we will explore the use of biomarkers in chronic pain, using the examples of two prototypical facial pain conditions: trigeminal neuralgia and temporomandibular disorder. We will discuss the main categories of biomarkers and identify various genetic/genomic, molecular, neuroradiological, and psychophysical biomarkers in both facial pain conditions, using them to compare and contrast features of neuropathic, nonneuropathic, and mixed pain. By using two distinct model facial pain conditions to explore pain biomarkers, we aim to familiarize readers with different types of biomarkers currently being studied in chronic pain and explore how these biomarkers may be used to develop new precision medicine approaches to pain diagnosis, prognosis, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Doshi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donald R Nixdorf
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Claudia M Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Srinivasa N Raja
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Araya EI, Claudino RF, Piovesan EJ, Chichorro JG. Trigeminal Neuralgia: Basic and Clinical Aspects. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:109-119. [PMID: 31608834 PMCID: PMC7324879 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191010094350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The trigeminal nerve is the largest of all cranial nerves. It has three branches that provide the main sensory innervation of the anterior two-thirds of the head and face. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is characterized by sudden, severe, brief, and stabbing recurrent episodes of facial pain in one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve. Pain attacks can occur spontaneously or can be triggered by non-noxious stimuli, such as talking, eating, washing the face, brushing teeth, shaving, a light touch or even a cool breeze. In addition to pain attacks, a proportion of the patients also experience persistent background pain, which along with autonomic signs and prolonged disease duration, represent predictors of worse treatment outcomes. It is now widely accepted that the presence of a neurovascular compression at the trigeminal root entry zone is an anatomic abnormality with a high correlation with classical TN. However, TN may be related to other etiologies, thus presenting different and/or additional features. Since the 1960s, the anticonvulsant carbamazepine is the drug of choice for TN treatment. Although anti-epileptic drugs are commonly used to treat neuropathic pain in general, the efficacy of carbamazepine has been largely limited to TN. Carbamazepine, however, is associated with dose-limiting side-effects, particularly with prolonged usage. Thus, a better understanding and new treatment options are urgently warranted for this rare, but excruciating disease.
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Khodashenas M, Baghdadi G, Towhidkhah F. A modified Hodgkin-Huxley model to show the effect of motor cortex stimulation on the trigeminal neuralgia network. JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 9:4. [PMID: 31152270 PMCID: PMC6544710 DOI: 10.1186/s13408-019-0072-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe neuropathic pain, which has an electric shock-like characteristic. There are some common treatments for this pain such as medicine, microvascular decompression or radio frequency. In this regard, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is another therapeutic method to reduce pain, which has been recently attracting the therapists' attention. The positive effect of tDCS on TN was shown in many previous studies. However, the mechanism of the tDCS effect has remained unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aims to model the neuronal behavior of the main known regions of the brain participating in TN pathways to study the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation. METHOD The proposed model consists of several blocks: (1) trigeminal nerve, (2) trigeminal ganglion, (3) PAG (periaqueductal gray in the brainstem), (4) thalamus, (5) motor cortex (M1) and (6) somatosensory cortex (S1). Each of these components is represented by a modified Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) model. The modification of the HH model was done based on some neurological facts of pain sodium channels. The input of the model involves any stimuli to the 'trigeminal nerve,' which cause the pain, and the output is the activity of the somatosensory cortex. An external current, which is considered as an electrical current, was applied to the motor cortex block of the model. RESULT The results showed that by decreasing the conductivity of the slow sodium channels (pain channels) and applying tDCS over the M1, the activity of the somatosensory cortex would be reduced. This reduction can cause pain relief. CONCLUSION The proposed model provided some possible suggestions about the relationship between the effects of tDCS and associated components in TN, and also the relationship between the pain measurement index, somatosensory cortex activity, and the strength of tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Golnaz Baghdadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Towhidkhah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Nav1.7 via Promotion of ERK in the Trigeminal Ganglion Plays an Important Role in the Induction of Pulpitis Inflammatory Pain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6973932. [PMID: 31032358 PMCID: PMC6458889 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6973932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The trigeminal ganglion (TG) refers to sensory neurons bodies that innervate the spinal cord and peripheral axons that innervate teeth. The tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium (NA) channels (Nav1.7) play important roles in the pathophysiology of pain. In this study, we investigated the TG expression of Nav1.7 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in a rat model of pulpitis to explore the correlation between these channels and inflammatory pain. Pulpitis was confirmed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. In this study, we demonstrated that the reflex of rats to mechanical stimulation increases after pulp exposure and that the exposed rat molar pulp can upregulate the expression of Nav1.7 and ERK in the rat TG. Three days after rat pulp exposure, the expression levels of the two ion channels in the TG increased. TG target injection of PF04856264, a Nav1.7 inhibitor, dose-dependently increased the mechanical pain threshold and was able to inhibit ERK expression. TG target injection of PD98059, an ERK inhibitor, dose-dependently increased the mechanical pain threshold. These factors simultaneously resulted in the highest production. In this study, with the established link to inflammatory pain, we found that Nav1.7 and ERK both play important roles in the induction of inflammatory pain caused by pulpitis. We also found a correlation between the expression levels of Nav1.7 and ERK and the degree of inflammatory pain. Furthermore, ERK signaling pathways were promoted by the Nav1.7 in TG after pulpitis.
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