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Yaghoobi Z, Seyed Bagher Nazeri SS, Asadi A, Derafsh E, Talebi Taheri A, Tamtaji Z, Dadgostar E, Rahmati-Dehkordi F, Aschner M, Mirzaei H, Tamtaji OR, Nabavizadeh F. Non-coding RNAs and Aquaporin 4: Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Neurological Disorders. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:583-596. [PMID: 38114727 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are a major group of non-communicable diseases affecting quality of life. Non-Coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have an important role in the etiology of neurological disorders. In studies on the genesis of neurological diseases, aquaporin 4 (AQP4) expression and activity have both been linked to ncRNAs. The upregulation or downregulation of several ncRNAs leads to neurological disorder progression by targeting AQP4. The role of ncRNAs and AQP4 in neurological disorders is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Yaghoobi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
| | | | - Amir Asadi
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Addiction Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, St Kitts and Nevis
| | - Abdolkarim Talebi Taheri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Tamtaji
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
- Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahmati-Dehkordi
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
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2
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Albini M, Krawczun-Rygmaczewska A, Cesca F. Astrocytes and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Neurosci Res 2023; 197:42-51. [PMID: 36780947 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are emerging in the neuroscience field as crucial modulators of brain functions, from the molecular control of synaptic plasticity to orchestrating brain-wide circuit activity for cognitive processes. The cellular pathways through which astrocytes modulate neuronal activity and plasticity are quite diverse. In this review, we focus on neurotrophic pathways, mostly those mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Neurotrophins are a well-known family of trophic factors with pleiotropic functions in neuronal survival, maturation and activity. Within the brain, BDNF is the most abundantly expressed and most studied of all neurotrophins. While we have detailed knowledge of the effect of BDNF on neurons, much less is known about its physiology on astroglia. However, over the last years new findings emerged demonstrating that astrocytes take an active part into BDNF physiology. In this work, we discuss the state-of-the-art knowledge about astrocytes and BDNF. Indeed, astrocytes sense extracellular BDNF through its specific TrkB receptors and activate intracellular responses that greatly vary depending on the brain area, stage of development and receptors expressed. Astrocytes also uptake and recycle BDNF / proBDNF at synapses contributing to synaptic plasticity. Finally, experimental evidence is now available describing deficits in astrocytic BDNF in several neuropathologies, suggesting that astrocytic BDNF may represent a promising target for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Albini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Italy; IIT Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Genova, Italy
| | - Alicja Krawczun-Rygmaczewska
- IIT Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Genova, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Cesca
- IIT Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Genova, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy.
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3
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Liu Y, Wang XR, Jiang YH, Li T, Ling S, Wang HY, Yu JW, Jia SW, Liu XY, Hou CM, Parpura V, Wang YF. Interactions between the Astrocytic Volume-Regulated Anion Channel and Aquaporin 4 in Hyposmotic Regulation of Vasopressin Neuronal Activity in the Supraoptic Nucleus. Cells 2023; 12:1723. [PMID: 37443757 PMCID: PMC10341125 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed interactions between the astrocytic volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in the supraoptic nucleus (SON). Acute SON slices and cultures of hypothalamic astrocytes prepared from rats received hyposmotic challenge (HOC) with/without VRAC or AQP4 blockers. In acute slices, HOC caused an early decrease with a late rebound in the neuronal firing rate of vasopressin neurons, which required activity of astrocytic AQP4 and VRAC. HOC also caused a persistent decrease in the excitatory postsynaptic current frequency, supported by VRAC and AQP4 activity in early HOC; late HOC required only VRAC activity. These events were associated with the dynamics of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) filaments, the late retraction of which was mediated by VRAC activity; this activity also mediated an HOC-evoked early increase in AQP4 expression and late subside in GFAP-AQP4 colocalization. AQP4 activity supported an early HOC-evoked increase in VRAC levels and its colocalization with GFAP. In cultured astrocytes, late HOC augmented VRAC currents, the activation of which depended on AQP4 pre-HOC/HOC activity. HOC caused an early increase in VRAC expression followed by a late rebound, requiring AQP4 and VRAC, or only AQP4 activity, respectively. Astrocytic swelling in early HOC depended on AQP4 activity, and so did the early extension of GFAP filaments. VRAC and AQP4 activity supported late regulatory volume decrease, the retraction of GFAP filaments, and subside in GFAP-VRAC colocalization. Taken together, astrocytic morphological plasticity relies on the coordinated activities of VRAC and AQP4, which are mutually regulated in the astrocytic mediation of HOC-evoked modulation of vasopressin neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Xiao-Ran Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Yun-Hao Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China (H.-Y.W.)
- Neuroscience Laboratory for Translational Medicine, School of Mental Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Shuo Ling
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Jia-Wei Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Shu-Wei Jia
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Xiao-Yu Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Chun-Mei Hou
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China (H.-Y.W.)
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- International Translational Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China (H.-Y.W.)
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4
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O'Neill KM, Saracino E, Barile B, Mennona NJ, Mola MG, Pathak S, Posati T, Zamboni R, Nicchia GP, Benfenati V, Losert W. Decoding Natural Astrocyte Rhythms: Dynamic Actin Waves Result from Environmental Sensing by Primary Rodent Astrocytes. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200269. [PMID: 36709481 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key regulators of brain homeostasis, equilibrating ion, water, and neurotransmitter concentrations and maintaining essential conditions for proper cognitive function. Recently, it has been shown that the excitability of the actin cytoskeleton manifests in second-scale dynamic fluctuations and acts as a sensor of chemophysical environmental cues. However, it is not known whether the cytoskeleton is excitable in astrocytes and how the homeostatic function of astrocytes is linked to the dynamics of the cytoskeleton. Here it is shown that homeostatic regulation involves the excitable dynamics of actin in certain subcellular regions of astrocytes, especially near the cell boundary. The results further indicate that actin dynamics concentrate into "hotspot" regions that selectively respond to certain chemophysical stimuli, specifically the homeostatic challenges of ion or water concentration increases. Substrate topography makes the actin dynamics of astrocytes weaker. Super-resolution images demonstrate that surface topography is also associated with the predominant perpendicular alignment of actin filaments near the cell boundary, whereas flat substrates result in an actin cortex mainly parallel to the cell boundary. Additionally, coculture with neurons increases both the probability of actin dynamics and the strength of hotspots. The excitable systems character of actin thus makes astrocytes direct participants in neural cell network dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M O'Neill
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Barile
- Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicholas J Mennona
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Physics Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Maria Grazia Mola
- Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Spandan Pathak
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tamara Posati
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Grazia P Nicchia
- Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Physics Department, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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5
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Fan L, Wu P, Li X, Tie L. Aquaporins in Cardiovascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:125-135. [PMID: 36717490 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that aquaporins (AQPs) are involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function and the development of related diseases, especially in cerebral ischemia, congestive heart failure, hypertension, and angiogenesis. Therefore, further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism accounting for the association between AQPs and vascular function-related diseases, which may lead to novel approaches to the prevention and treatment of those diseases. Here we will discuss the expression and physiological roles of AQPs in vascular tissues and summarize recent progress in the research on AQPs related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University and Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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6
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Groblewska M, Mroczko B. Pro- and Antiangiogenic Factors in Gliomas: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Possibilities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116126. [PMID: 34200145 PMCID: PMC8201226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, a complex, multistep process of forming new blood vessels, plays crucial role in normal development, embryogenesis, and wound healing. Malignant tumors characterized by increased proliferation also require new vasculature to provide an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients for developing tumor. Gliomas are among the most frequent primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by increased new vessel formation. The processes of neoangiogenesis, necessary for glioma development, are mediated by numerous growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and other proteins. In contrast to other solid tumors, some biological conditions, such as the blood–brain barrier and the unique interplay between immune microenvironment and tumor, represent significant challenges in glioma therapy. Therefore, the objective of the study was to present the role of various proangiogenic factors in glioma angiogenesis as well as the differences between normal and tumoral angiogenesis. Another goal was to present novel therapeutic options in oncology approaches. We performed a thorough search via the PubMed database. In this paper we describe various proangiogenic factors in glioma vasculature development. The presented paper also reviews various antiangiogenic factors necessary in maintaining equilibrium between pro- and antiangiogenic processes. Furthermore, we present some novel possibilities of antiangiogenic therapy in this type of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Groblewska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-858318785
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7
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van Putten MJ, Fahlke C, Kafitz KW, Hofmeijer J, Rose CR. Dysregulation of Astrocyte Ion Homeostasis and Its Relevance for Stroke-Induced Brain Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5679. [PMID: 34073593 PMCID: PMC8198632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and chronic disability. Either recovery or progression towards irreversible failure of neurons and astrocytes occurs within minutes to days, depending on remaining perfusion levels. Initial damage arises from energy depletion resulting in a failure to maintain homeostasis and ion gradients between extra- and intracellular spaces. Astrocytes play a key role in these processes and are thus central players in the dynamics towards recovery or progression of stroke-induced brain damage. Here, we present a synopsis of the pivotal functions of astrocytes at the tripartite synapse, which form the basis of physiological brain functioning. We summarize the evidence of astrocytic failure and its consequences under ischemic conditions. Special emphasis is put on the homeostasis and stroke-induced dysregulation of the major monovalent ions, namely Na+, K+, H+, and Cl-, and their involvement in maintenance of cellular volume and generation of cerebral edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J.A.M. van Putten
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.J.A.M.v.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Christoph Fahlke
- Institut für Biologische Informationsprozesse, Molekular-und Zellphysiologie (IBI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany;
| | - Karl W. Kafitz
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Jeannette Hofmeijer
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands; (M.J.A.M.v.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Christine R. Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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8
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Lotun A, Gessler DJ, Gao G. Canavan Disease as a Model for Gene Therapy-Mediated Myelin Repair. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661928. [PMID: 33967698 PMCID: PMC8102781 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the scientific and therapeutic fields for rare, genetic central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as leukodystrophies, or white matter disorders, have expanded significantly in part due to technological advancements in cellular and clinical screenings as well as remedial therapies using novel techniques such as gene therapy. However, treatments aimed at normalizing the pathological changes associated with leukodystrophies have especially been complicated due to the innate and variable effects of glial abnormalities, which can cause large-scale functional deficits in developmental myelination and thus lead to downstream neuronal impairment. Emerging research in the past two decades have depicted glial cells, particularly oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, as key, regulatory modulators in constructing and maintaining myelin function and neuronal viability. Given the significance of myelin formation in the developing brain, myelin repair in a time-dependent fashion is critical in restoring homeostatic functionality to the CNS of patients diagnosed with white matter disorders. Using Canavan Disease (CD) as a leukodystrophy model, here we review the hypothetical roles of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), one of the brain's most abundant amino acid derivatives, in Canavan disease's CNS myelinating pathology, as well as discuss the possible functions astrocytes serve in both CD and other leukodystrophies' time-sensitive disease correction. Through this analysis, we also highlight the potential remyelinating benefits of gene therapy for other leukodystrophies in which alternative CNS cell targeting for white matter disorders may be an applicable path for reparative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoushka Lotun
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Dominic J Gessler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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9
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Saracino E, Zuppolini S, Guarino V, Benfenati V, Borriello A, Zamboni R, Ambrosio L. Polyaniline nano-needles into electrospun bio active fibres support in vitro astrocyte response. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11347-11355. [PMID: 35423613 PMCID: PMC8695954 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00596k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that the bioelectrical response of glial cells, called astrocytes, currently represents a key target for neuroregenerative purposes. Here, we propose the fabrication of electrospun nanofibres containing gelatin and polyaniline (PANi) synthesized in the form of nano-needles (PnNs) as electrically conductive scaffolds to support the growth and functionalities of primary astrocytes. We report a fine control of the morphological features in terms of fibre size and spatial distribution and fibre patterning, i.e. random or aligned fibre organization, as revealed by SEM- and TEM-supported image analysis. We demonstrate that the peculiar morphological properties of fibres - i.e., the fibre size scale and alignment - drive the adhesion, proliferation, and functional properties of primary cortical astrocytes. In addition, the gradual transmission of biochemical and biophysical signals due to the presence of PnNs combined with the presence of gelatin results in a permissive and guiding environment for astrocytes. Accordingly, the functional properties of astrocytes measured via cell patch-clamp experiments reveal that PnNs do not alter the bioelectrical properties of resting astrocytes, thus setting the scene for the use of PnN-loaded nanofibres as bioconductive platforms for interfacing astrocytes and controlling their bioelectrical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Saracino
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Simona Zuppolini
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy Mostra d'Oltremare, Pad. 20, V. le J. F. Kennedy 54 Naples Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy Mostra d'Oltremare, Pad. 20, V. le J. F. Kennedy 54 Naples Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Anna Borriello
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy Mostra d'Oltremare, Pad. 20, V. le J. F. Kennedy 54 Naples Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy via Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy Mostra d'Oltremare, Pad. 20, V. le J. F. Kennedy 54 Naples Italy
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10
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Fabbri R, Saracino E, Treossi E, Zamboni R, Palermo V, Benfenati V. Graphene glial-interfaces: challenges and perspectives. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4390-4407. [PMID: 33599662 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07824g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanosheets are mechanically strong but flexible, electrically conductive and bio-compatible. Thus, due to these unique properties, they are being intensively studied as materials for the next generation of neural interfaces. Most of the literature focused on optimizing the interface between these materials and neurons. However, one of the most common causes of implant failure is the adverse inflammatory reaction of glial cells. These cells are not, as previously considered, just passive and supportive cells, but play a crucial role in the physiology and pathology of the nervous system, and in the interaction with implanted electrodes. Besides providing structural support to neurons, glia are responsible for the modulation of synaptic transmission and control of central and peripheral homeostasis. Accordingly, knowledge on the interaction between glia and biomaterials is essential to develop new implant-based therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, brain tumours, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. This work provides an overview of the emerging literature on the interaction of graphene-based materials with glial cells, together with a complete description of the different types of glial cells and problems associated with them. We believe that this description will be important for researchers working in materials science and nanotechnology to develop new active materials to interface, measure and stimulate these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fabbri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF), via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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11
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Maiolo L, Guarino V, Saracino E, Convertino A, Melucci M, Muccini M, Ambrosio L, Zamboni R, Benfenati V. Glial Interfaces: Advanced Materials and Devices to Uncover the Role of Astroglial Cells in Brain Function and Dysfunction. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001268. [PMID: 33103375 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research over the past four decades has highlighted the importance of certain brain cells, called glial cells, and has moved the neurocentric vision of structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system toward a more holistic perspective. In this view, the demand for technologies that are able to target and both selectively monitor and control glial cells is emerging as a challenge across neuroscience, engineering, chemistry, and material science. Frequently neglected or marginally considered as a barrier to be overcome between neural implants and neuronal targets, glial cells, and in particular astrocytes, are increasingly considered as active players in determining the outcomes of device implantation. This review provides a concise overview not only of the previously established but also of the emerging physiological and pathological roles of astrocytes. It also critically discusses the most recent advances in biomaterial interfaces and devices that interact with glial cells and thus have enabled scientists to reach unprecedented insights into the role of astroglial cells in brain function and dysfunction. This work proposes glial interfaces and glial engineering as multidisciplinary fields that have the potential to enable significant advancement of knowledge surrounding cognitive function and acute and chronic neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maiolo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi Via del Fosso del Cavaliere n.100 Roma 00133 Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, Mostra d'Oltremare, Pad 20 Napoli 80125 Italy
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività via P. Gobetti 101 Bologna 40129 Italy
| | - Annalisa Convertino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi Via del Fosso del Cavaliere n.100 Roma 00133 Italy
| | - Manuela Melucci
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività via P. Gobetti 101 Bologna 40129 Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati via P. Gobetti 101 Bologna 40129 Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, Mostra d'Oltremare, Pad 20 Napoli 80125 Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività via P. Gobetti 101 Bologna 40129 Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività via P. Gobetti 101 Bologna 40129 Italy
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12
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Borrachero-Conejo AI, Adams WR, Saracino E, Mola MG, Wang M, Posati T, Formaggio F, De Bellis M, Frigeri A, Caprini M, Hutchinson MR, Muccini M, Zamboni R, Nicchia GP, Mahadevan-Jansen A, Benfenati V. Stimulation of water and calcium dynamics in astrocytes with pulsed infrared light. FASEB J 2020; 34:6539-6553. [PMID: 32202681 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903049r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Astrocytes are non-neuronal cells that govern the homeostatic regulation of the brain through ions and water transport, and Ca2+ -mediated signaling. As they are tightly integrated into neural networks, label-free tools that can modulate cell function are needed to evaluate the role of astrocytes in brain physiology and dysfunction. Using live-cell fluorescence imaging, pharmacology, electrophysiology, and genetic manipulation, we show that pulsed infrared light can modulate astrocyte function through changes in intracellular Ca2+ and water dynamics, providing unique mechanistic insight into the effect of pulsed infrared laser light on astroglial cells. Water transport is activated and, IP3 R, TRPA1, TRPV4, and Aquaporin-4 are all involved in shaping the dynamics of infrared pulse-evoked intracellular calcium signal. These results demonstrate that astrocyte function can be modulated with infrared light. We expect that targeted control over calcium dynamics and water transport will help to study the crucial role of astrocytes in edema, ischemia, glioma progression, stroke, and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Borrachero-Conejo
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wilson R Adams
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Mola
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics and Centre of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Manqing Wang
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tamara Posati
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Formaggio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela De Bellis
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics and Centre of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Frigeri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco Caprini
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michele Muccini
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics and Centre of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anita Mahadevan-Jansen
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Biophotonics Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
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13
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Katoozi S, Rao SB, Skauli N, Froehner SC, Ottersen OP, Adams ME, Amiry-Moghaddam M. Functional specialization of retinal Müller cell endfeet depends on an interplay between two syntrophin isoforms. Mol Brain 2020; 13:40. [PMID: 32178707 PMCID: PMC7074989 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00581-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal Müller cells are highly polarized macroglial cells with accumulation of the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel and the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir4.1 at specialized endfoot membrane domains abutting microvessels and corpus vitreum. Proper water and potassium homeostasis in retina depends on these membrane specializations. Here we show that targeted deletion of β1-syntrophin leads to a partial loss of AQP4 from perivascular Müller cell endfeet and that a concomitant deletion of both α1- and β1-syntrophin causes a near complete loss of AQP4 from both perivascular and subvitreal endfoot membranes. α1-syntrophin is normally very weakly expressed in Müller cell endfeet but β1-syntrophin knockout mice display an increased amount of α1-syntrophin at these sites. We suggest that upregulation of perivascular α1-syntrophin restricts the effect of β1-syntrophin deletion. The present findings indicate that β1-syntrophin plays an important role in maintaining the functional polarity of Müller cells and that α1-syntrophin can partially substitute for β1-syntrophin in AQP4 anchoring. Functional polarization of Müller cells thus depends on an interplay between two syntrophin isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Katoozi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Post box 1105, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shreyas B Rao
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Post box 1105, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Skauli
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Post box 1105, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stanley C Froehner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-7290, USA
| | - Ole Petter Ottersen
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Post box 1105, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.,Present Address: President's office, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 6, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marvin E Adams
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-7290, USA
| | - Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Post box 1105, Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.
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14
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Saracino E, Maiolo L, Polese D, Semprini M, Borrachero-Conejo AI, Gasparetto J, Murtagh S, Sola M, Tomasi L, Valle F, Pazzini L, Formaggio F, Chiappalone M, Hussain S, Caprini M, Muccini M, Ambrosio L, Fortunato G, Zamboni R, Convertino A, Benfenati V. A Glial-Silicon Nanowire Electrode Junction Enabling Differentiation and Noninvasive Recording of Slow Oscillations from Primary Astrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e1900264. [PMID: 32293156 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The correct human brain function is dependent on the activity of non-neuronal cells called astrocytes. The bioelectrical properties of astrocytes in vitro do not closely resemble those displayed in vivo and the former are incapable of generating action potential; thus, reliable approaches in vitro for noninvasive electrophysiological recording of astrocytes remain challenging for biomedical engineering. Here it is found that primary astrocytes grown on a device formed by a forest of randomly oriented gold coated-silicon nanowires, resembling the complex structural and functional phenotype expressed by astrocytes in vivo. The device enables noninvasive extracellular recording of the slow-frequency oscillations generated by differentiated astrocytes, while flat electrodes failed on recording signals from undifferentiated cells. Pathophysiological concentrations of extracellular potassium, occurring during epilepsy and spreading depression, modulate the power of slow oscillations generated by astrocytes. A reliable approach to study the role of astrocytes function in brain physiology and pathologies is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Saracino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Maiolo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere n.100, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Davide Polese
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere n.100, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - M Semprini
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rehab Technologies IIT-INAIL Lab, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Ana Isabel Borrachero-Conejo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jacopo Gasparetto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Murtagh
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Sola
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tomasi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Valle
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Pazzini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere n.100, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Formaggio
- Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie FaBit, University of Bologna, via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Chiappalone
- Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rehab Technologies IIT-INAIL Lab, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Saber Hussain
- US Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Marco Caprini
- Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie FaBit, University of Bologna, via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Istituto per i Polimeri Composti e i Biomateriali, Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, Mostra d'Oltremare, Pad 20, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Fortunato
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere n.100, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Convertino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere n.100, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Lu L, Armstrong EA, Yager JY, Unsworth LD. Sustained Release of Dexamethasone from Sulfobutyl Ether β-cyclodextrin Modified Self-Assembling Peptide Nanoscaffolds in a Perinatal Rat Model of Hypoxia-Ischemia. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900083. [PMID: 30977596 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in the development of hypoxia-ischemia (HI) induced newborn brain damage. A localized, sustained delivery of dexamethasone (Dex) through an intracerebral injection could reduce the inflammatory response in the injured perinatal brain while avoiding unnecessary side effects. Herein, investigated using anionic sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) to load Dex in the (RADA)4 nanofiber networks as a means of reducing the inflammatory response to HI injury is investigated. The ionic interaction between SBE-β-CD and (RADA)4 dramatically affects nanofiber formation and the stability of the nanoscaffold is highly dependent on the SBE-β-CD/(RADA)4 ratio. It is observed that the Dex release rate is affected by the concentration of SBE-β-CD and (RADA)4 peptide. A higher concentration of SBE-β-CD or (RADA)4 results in a higher drug encapsulation efficiency and slower release rate of Dex. This phenomenon may be related to the structure of fiber bundles. Animal studies show that nanoscaffold loaded with Dex inhibits both microglia activation and glial scar formation compared to controls (Dex alone or nanoscaffold alone) within 2 days of injury. It is thought that this is a step toward building a multifaceted nanoscaffold that can be used to treat HI events in perinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lu
- School of Life Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan 611756 China
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Edward A. Armstrong
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric NeurosciencesUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Jerome Y. Yager
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric NeurosciencesUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Larry D. Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
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16
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The potential roles of aquaporin 4 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:1541-1549. [PMID: 30980198 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a primary water channel found on astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). Besides its function in water and ion homeostasis, AQP4 has also been documented to be involved in a myriad of acute and chronic cerebral pathologies, including autoimmune neurodegenerative diseases. AQP4 has been postulated to be associated with the incidence of a progressive neurodegenerative disorder known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disease that targets the motor neurons, causing muscle weakness and eventually paralysis. Raised AQP4 levels were noted in association with vessels surrounded with swollen astrocytic processes as well as in the brainstem, cortex, and gray matter in patients with terminal ALS. AQP4 depolarization may lead to motor neuron degeneration in ALS via GLT-1. Besides, alterations in AQP4 expression in ALS may result in the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Changes in AQP4 function may also disrupt K+ homeostasis and cause connexin dysregulation, the latter of which is associated to ALS disease progression. Furthermore, AQP4 suppression augments recovery in motor function in ALS, a phenomenon thought to be associated to NGF. No therapeutic drug targeting AQP4 has been developed to date. Nevertheless, the plethora of suggestive experimental results underscores the significance of further exploration into this area.
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17
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Patz S, Fovargue D, Schregel K, Nazari N, Palotai M, Barbone PE, Fabry B, Hammers A, Holm S, Kozerke S, Nordsletten D, Sinkus R. Imaging localized neuronal activity at fast time scales through biomechanics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav3816. [PMID: 31001585 PMCID: PMC6469937 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav3816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mapping neuronal activity noninvasively is a key requirement for in vivo human neuroscience. Traditional functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, with a temporal response of seconds, cannot measure high-level cognitive processes evolving in tens of milliseconds. To advance neuroscience, imaging of fast neuronal processes is required. Here, we show in vivo imaging of fast neuronal processes at 100-ms time scales by quantifying brain biomechanics noninvasively with MR elastography. We show brain stiffness changes of ~10% in response to repetitive electric stimulation of a mouse hind paw over two orders of frequency from 0.1 to 10 Hz. We demonstrate in mice that regional patterns of stiffness modulation are synchronous with stimulus switching and evolve with frequency. For very fast stimuli (100 ms), mechanical changes are mainly located in the thalamus, the relay location for afferent cortical input. Our results demonstrate a new methodology for noninvasively tracking brain functional activity at high speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Patz
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Fovargue
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Katharina Schregel
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Navid Nazari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miklos Palotai
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul E. Barbone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ben Fabry
- Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hammers
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Sverre Holm
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Nordsletten
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ralph Sinkus
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
- Inserm U1148, LVTS, University Paris Diderot, University Paris 13, Paris, France
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18
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Elorza-Vidal X, Gaitán-Peñas H, Estévez R. Chloride Channels in Astrocytes: Structure, Roles in Brain Homeostasis and Implications in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051034. [PMID: 30818802 PMCID: PMC6429410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the CNS (central nervous system). They exert multiple functions during development and in the adult CNS that are essential for brain homeostasis. Both cation and anion channel activities have been identified in astrocytes and it is believed that they play key roles in astrocyte function. Whereas the proteins and the physiological roles assigned to cation channels are becoming very clear, the study of astrocytic chloride channels is in its early stages. In recent years, we have moved from the identification of chloride channel activities present in astrocyte primary culture to the identification of the proteins involved in these activities, the determination of their 3D structure and attempts to gain insights about their physiological role. Here, we review the recent findings related to the main chloride channels identified in astrocytes: the voltage-dependent ClC-2, the calcium-activated bestrophin, the volume-activated VRAC (volume-regulated anion channel) and the stress-activated Maxi-Cl−. We discuss key aspects of channel biophysics and structure with a focus on their role in glial physiology and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Elorza-Vidal
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes Disease and Therapy Program IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación en red de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Héctor Gaitán-Peñas
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes Disease and Therapy Program IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación en red de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Raúl Estévez
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Genes Disease and Therapy Program IDIBELL-Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación en red de enfermedades raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Borrachero‐Conejo AI, Saracino E, Natali M, Prescimone F, Karges S, Bonetti S, Nicchia GP, Formaggio F, Caprini M, Zamboni R, Mercuri F, Toffanin S, Muccini M, Benfenati V. Electrical Stimulation by an Organic Transistor Architecture Induces Calcium Signaling in Nonexcitable Brain Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801139. [PMID: 30565894 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Organic bioelectronics have a huge potential to generate interfaces and devices for the study of brain functions and for the therapy of brain pathologies. In this context, increasing efforts are needed to develop technologies for monitoring and stimulation of nonexcitable brain cells, called astrocytes. Astroglial calcium signaling plays, indeed, a pivotal role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the brain. Here, the use of transparent organic cell stimulating and sensing transistor (O-CST) architecture, fabricated with N,N'-ditridecylperylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (P13), to elicit and monitor intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ) in primary rat neocortical astrocytes is demonstrated. The transparency of O-CST allows performing calcium imaging experiments, showing that extracellular electrical stimulation of astrocytes induces a drastic increase in [Ca2+ ]i . Pharmacological studies indicate that transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily are critical mediators of the [Ca2+ ]i increase. Experimental and computational analyses show that [Ca2+ ]i response is enabled by the O-CST device architecture. Noteworthy, the extracellular field application induces a slight but significant increase in the cell volume. Collectively, it is shown that the O-CST is capable of selectively evoking astrocytes [Ca2+ ]i , paving the way to the development of organic bioelectronic devices as glial interfaces to excite and control physiology of non-neuronal brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Borrachero‐Conejo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Natali
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Federico Prescimone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Saskia Karges
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Simone Bonetti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Prof. G. P. Nicchia Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica University of Bari Aldo Moro Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Francesco Formaggio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBit) University of Bologna Via San Donato 15 Bologna 40129 Italy
| | - Marco Caprini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FaBit) University of Bologna Via San Donato 15 Bologna 40129 Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Francesco Mercuri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
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20
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Pivonkova H, Hermanova Z, Kirdajova D, Awadova T, Malinsky J, Valihrach L, Zucha D, Kubista M, Galisova A, Jirak D, Anderova M. The Contribution of TRPV4 Channels to Astrocyte Volume Regulation and Brain Edema Formation. Neuroscience 2018; 394:127-143. [PMID: 30367945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) channels are involved in astrocyte volume regulation; however, only limited data exist about its mechanism in astrocytes in situ. We performed middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult mice, where we found twice larger edema 1 day after the insult in trpv4-/- mice compared to the controls, which was quantified using magnetic resonance imaging. This result suggests disrupted volume regulation in the brain cells in trpv4-/- mice leading to increased edema formation. The aim of our study was to elucidate whether TRPV4 channel-based volume regulation occurs in astrocytes in situ and whether the disrupted volume regulation in trpv4-/- mice might lead to higher edema formation after brain ischemia. For our experiments, we used trpv4-/- mice crossed with transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter, which leads to astrocyte visualization by EGFP expression. For quantification of astrocyte volume changes, we used two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) morphometrical approaches and a quantification algorithm based on fluorescence intensity changes during volume alterations induced by hypotonicity or by oxygen-glucose deprivation. In contrast to in vitro experiments, we found little evidence of the contribution of TRPV4 channels to volume regulation in astrocytes in situ in adult mice. Moreover, we only found a rare expression of TRPV4 channels in adult mouse astrocytes. Our data suggest that TRPV4 channels are not involved in astrocyte volume regulation in situ; however, they play a protective role during the ischemia-induced brain edema formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Pivonkova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Hermanova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thuraya Awadova
- Department of Microscopy, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Malinsky
- Department of Microscopy, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Valihrach
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Zucha
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; TATAA Biocenter AB, Gothenburg 411 03, Sweden
| | - Andrea Galisova
- Department of Radiodiagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jirak
- Department of Radiodiagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, 1st Medicine Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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21
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Halsey AM, Conner AC, Bill RM, Logan A, Ahmed Z. Aquaporins and Their Regulation after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2018; 7:E174. [PMID: 30340399 PMCID: PMC6210264 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After injury to the spinal cord, edema contributes to the underlying detrimental pathophysiological outcomes that lead to worsening of function. Several related membrane proteins called aquaporins (AQPs) regulate water movement in fluid transporting tissues including the spinal cord. Within the cord, AQP1, 4 and 9 contribute to spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced edema. AQP1, 4 and 9 are expressed in a variety of cells including astrocytes, neurons, ependymal cells, and endothelial cells. This review discusses some of the recent findings of the involvement of AQP in SCI and highlights the need for further study of these proteins to develop effective therapies to counteract the negative effects of SCI-induced edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Halsey
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Alex C Conner
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Roslyn M Bill
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Ann Logan
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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22
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Chiacchiaretta M, Bramini M, Rocchi A, Armirotti A, Giordano E, Vázquez E, Bandiera T, Ferroni S, Cesca F, Benfenati F. Graphene Oxide Upregulates the Homeostatic Functions of Primary Astrocytes and Modulates Astrocyte-to-Neuron Communication. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5827-5838. [PMID: 30088941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials are the focus of intense research efforts to devise novel theranostic strategies for targeting the central nervous system. In this work, we have investigated the consequences of long-term exposure of primary rat astrocytes to pristine graphene (GR) and graphene oxide (GO) flakes. We demonstrate that GR/GO interfere with a variety of intracellular processes as a result of their internalization through the endolysosomal pathway. Graphene-exposed astrocytes acquire a more differentiated morphological phenotype associated with extensive cytoskeletal rearrangements. Profound functional alterations are induced by GO internalization, including the upregulation of inward-rectifying K+ channels and of Na+-dependent glutamate uptake, which are linked to the astrocyte capacity to control the extracellular homeostasis. Interestingly, GO-pretreated astrocytes promote the functional maturation of cocultured primary neurons by inducing an increase in intrinsic excitability and in the density of GABAergic synapses. The results indicate that graphene nanomaterials profoundly affect astrocyte physiology in vitro with consequences for neuronal network activity. This work supports the view that GO-based materials could be of great interest to address pathologies of the central nervous system associated with astrocyte dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ester Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad de Castilla La-Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | | | - Stefano Ferroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Fabrizia Cesca
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico , San Martino, Genova , Italy
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23
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Awadová T, Pivoňková H, Heřmanová Z, Kirdajová D, Anděrová M, Malínský J. Cell volume changes as revealed by fluorescence microscopy: Global vs local approaches. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 306:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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24
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Formaggio F, Saracino E, Mola MG, Rao SB, Amiry-Moghaddam M, Muccini M, Zamboni R, Nicchia GP, Caprini M, Benfenati V. LRRC8A is essential for swelling-activated chloride current and for regulatory volume decrease in astrocytes. FASEB J 2018; 33:101-113. [PMID: 29957062 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701397rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Consolidated evidence indicates that astroglial cells are critical in the homeostatic regulation of cellular volume by means of ion channels and aquaporin-4. Volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) is the chloride channel that is activated upon cell swelling and critically contributes to cell volume regulation in astrocytes. The molecular identity of VRAC has been recently defined, revealing that it belongs to the leucine-rich repeat-containing 8 (LRRC8) protein family. However, there is a lack of evidence demonstrating that LRRC8A underpins VRAC currents in astrocyte. Nonetheless, direct evidence of the role of LRRC8A in astrocytic regulatory volume decrease remains to be proved. Here, we aim to bridge this gap in knowledge by combining RNA interference specific for LRRC8A with patch-clamp analyses and a water-permeability assay. We demonstrated that LRRC8A molecular expression is essential for swelling-activated chloride current via VRAC in primary-cultured cortical astrocytes. The knockdown of LRRC8A with a specific short interference RNA abolished the recovery of the cell volume after swelling induced by hypotonic challenge. In addition, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, confocal imaging, and immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that LRRC8A is expressed in the plasma membrane of primary cortical astrocytes and in situ in astrocytes at the perivascular interface with endothelial cells. Collectively, our results suggest that LRRC8A is an essential subunit of VRAC and a key factor for astroglial volume homeostasis.-Formaggio, F., Saracino, E., Mola, M. G., Rao, S. B., Amiry-Moghaddam, M., Muccini, M., Zamboni, R., Nicchia, G. P., Caprini, M., Benfenati, V. LRRC8A is essential for swelling-activated chloride current and for regulatory volume decrease in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Formaggio
- Laboratory of Human and General Physiology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Mola
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Shreyas Balachandra Rao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michele Muccini
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Marco Caprini
- Laboratory of Human and General Physiology, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy.,Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, Italy
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25
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Unusual white matter involvement in EAST syndrome associated with novel KCNJ10 mutations. J Neurol 2018; 265:1419-1425. [PMID: 29666984 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy, ataxia, sensorineural deafness, and tubulopathy (EAST syndrome) is a rare channelopathy due to KCNJ10 mutations. So far, only mild cerebellar hypoplasia and/or dentate nuclei abnormalities have been reported as major neuroimaging findings in these patients. METHODS We analyzed the clinical and brain MRI features of two unrelated patients (aged 27 and 23 years) with EAST syndrome carrying novel homozygous frameshift mutations (p.Asn232Glnfs*14and p.Gly275Valfs*7) in KCNJ10, detected by whole exome sequencing. RESULTS Brain MRI examinations at 8 years in Patient 1 and at 13 years in Patient 2 revealed a peculiar brain and spinal cord involvement characterized by restricted diffusion of globi pallidi, thalami, brainstem, dentate nuclei, and cervical spinal cord in keeping with intramyelinic edema. The follow-up studies, performed, respectively, after 19 and 10 years, showed mild cerebellar atrophy and slight progression of the brain and spinal cord T2 signal abnormalities with increase of the restricted diffusion in the affected regions. CONCLUSION The present cases harboring novel homozygous frameshift mutations in KCNJ10 expand the spectrum of brain abnormalities in EAST syndrome, including mild cerebellar atrophy and intramyelinic edema, resulting from abnormal function of the Kir4.1 inwardly rectifying potassium channel at the astrocyte endfeet, with disruption of water-ion homeostasis.
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26
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Wang Q, Delva L, Weinreb PH, Pepinsky RB, Graham D, Veizaj E, Cheung AE, Chen W, Nestorov I, Rohde E, Caputo R, Kuesters GM, Bohnert T, Gan LS. Monoclonal antibody exposure in rat and cynomolgus monkey cerebrospinal fluid following systemic administration. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018; 15:10. [PMID: 29558954 PMCID: PMC5861715 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-018-0093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have focused on the challenges of small molecule uptake across the blood–brain barrier, whereas few in-depth studies have assessed the challenges with the uptake of antibodies into the central nervous system (CNS). In drug development, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling is routinely used as a surrogate for assessing CNS drug exposure and biomarker levels. In this report, we have studied the kinetic correlation between CSF and serum drug concentration–time profiles for five humanized monoclonal antibodies in rats and cynomolgus monkeys and analyzed factors that affect their CSF exposure. Results Upon intravenous (IV) bolus injection, antibodies entered the CNS slowly and reached maximum CSF concentration (CSFTmax) in one to several days in both rats and monkeys. Antibody serum and CSF concentration–time curves converged until they became parallel after CSFTmax was reached. Antibody half-lives in CSF (CSFt½) approximated their serum half-lives (serumt½). Although the intended targets of these antibodies were different, the steady-state CSF to serum concentration ratios were similar at 0.1–0.2% in both species. Independent of antibody target and serum concentration, CSF-to-serum concentration ratios for individual monkeys ranged by up to tenfold from 0.03 to 0.3%. Conclusion Upon systemic administration, average antibodies CSF-to-serum concentration ratios in rats and monkeys were 0.1–0.2%. The CSFt½ of the antibodies was largely determined by their long systemic t½ (systemict½).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Biogen, Inc., 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Luisette Delva
- Biogen, Inc., 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Paul H Weinreb
- Biogen, Inc., 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | | | - Elvana Veizaj
- Biogen, Inc., 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Anne E Cheung
- Biogen, Inc., 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Ribon Therapeutic, 99 Hayden Ave #100, Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Weiping Chen
- Biogen, Inc., 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ivan Nestorov
- Biogen, Inc., 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ellen Rohde
- Biogen, Inc., 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Intellia Therapeutics, 40 Erie St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robin Caputo
- Biogen, Inc., 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, 790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Kuesters
- Biogen, Inc., 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Merrimack pharmaceuticals, 1 Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tonika Bohnert
- Biogen, Inc., 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Liang-Shang Gan
- Biogen, Inc., 250 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Foresee pharmaceuticals, 1 Innovation Way, Suite 100, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
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27
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Hase Y, Horsburgh K, Ihara M, Kalaria RN. White matter degeneration in vascular and other ageing-related dementias. J Neurochem 2018; 144:617-633. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Hase
- Neurovascular Research Group; Institute of Neuroscience; Newcastle University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Neuroregeneration; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center; Suita Osaka Japan
| | - Raj N. Kalaria
- Neurovascular Research Group; Institute of Neuroscience; Newcastle University; Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
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28
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Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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29
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. Physiology of Astroglia. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:239-389. [PMID: 29351512 PMCID: PMC6050349 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in morphological appearance; they express a multitude of receptors, channels, and membrane transporters. This complement underlies their remarkable adaptive plasticity that defines the functional maintenance of the CNS in development and aging. Astrocytes are tightly integrated into neural networks and act within the context of neural tissue; astrocytes control homeostasis of the CNS at all levels of organization from molecular to the whole organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- The University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Achúcarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain ; Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain ; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark ; and Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester, New York
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30
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van der Knaap MS, Bugiani M. Leukodystrophies: a proposed classification system based on pathological changes and pathogenetic mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:351-382. [PMID: 28638987 PMCID: PMC5563342 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukodystrophies are genetically determined disorders characterized by the selective involvement of the central nervous system white matter. Onset may be at any age, from prenatal life to senescence. Many leukodystrophies are degenerative in nature, but some only impair white matter function. The clinical course is mostly progressive, but may also be static or even improving with time. Progressive leukodystrophies are often fatal, and no curative treatment is known. The last decade has witnessed a tremendous increase in the number of defined leukodystrophies also owing to a diagnostic approach combining magnetic resonance imaging pattern recognition and next generation sequencing. Knowledge on white matter physiology and pathology has also dramatically built up. This led to the recognition that only few leukodystrophies are due to mutations in myelin- or oligodendrocyte-specific genes, and many are rather caused by defects in other white matter structural components, including astrocytes, microglia, axons and blood vessels. We here propose a novel classification of leukodystrophies that takes into account the primary involvement of any white matter component. Categories in this classification are the myelin disorders due to a primary defect in oligodendrocytes or myelin (hypomyelinating and demyelinating leukodystrophies, leukodystrophies with myelin vacuolization); astrocytopathies; leuko-axonopathies; microgliopathies; and leuko-vasculopathies. Following this classification, we illustrate the neuropathology and disease mechanisms of some leukodystrophies taken as example for each category. Some leukodystrophies fall into more than one category. Given the complex molecular and cellular interplay underlying white matter pathology, recognition of the cellular pathology behind a disease becomes crucial in addressing possible treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Functional Genomics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Turning down the volume: Astrocyte volume change in the generation and termination of epileptic seizures. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 104:24-32. [PMID: 28438505 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 1% of the global population suffers from epilepsy, a class of disorders characterized by recurrent and unpredictable seizures. Of these cases roughly one-third are refractory to current antiepileptic drugs, which typically target neuronal excitability directly. The events leading to seizure generation and epileptogenesis remain largely unknown, hindering development of new treatments. Some recent experimental models of epilepsy have provided compelling evidence that glial cells, especially astrocytes, could be central to seizure development. One of the proposed mechanisms for astrocyte involvement in seizures is astrocyte swelling, which may promote pathological neuronal firing and synchrony through reduction of the extracellular space and elevated glutamate concentrations. In this review, we discuss the common conditions under which astrocytes swell, the resultant effects on neural excitability, and how seizure development may ultimately be influenced by these effects.
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32
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Short Latency Gray Matter Changes in Voxel-Based Morphometry following High Frequent Visual Stimulation. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:1397801. [PMID: 28293437 PMCID: PMC5331306 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1397801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging studies using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) detected structural changes in the human brain within periods of months or weeks. The underlying molecular mechanisms of VBM findings remain unresolved. We showed that simple visual stimulation by an alternating checkerboard leads to instant, short-lasting alterations of the primary and secondary visual cortex detected by VBM. The rapidness of occurrence (i.e., within 10 minutes) rather excludes most of the proposed physiological mechanism such as neural or glial cell genesis/degeneration or synapse turnover. We therefore favour cerebral fluid shifts to be the underlying correlate of the here observed VBM gray matter changes. Fast onset gray matter changes might be one important explanation for the inconsistency of VBM study results that often raise concern in regard to the validity of presented data. This study shows that changes detectable by VBM may occur within a few minutes after physiological stimulation and must be considered in future VBM experiments to avoid misinterpretation of results.
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33
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Tie L, Wang D, Shi Y, Li X. Aquaporins in Cardiovascular System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 969:105-113. [PMID: 28258568 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1057-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that some aquaporins (AQPs ), including AQP1, AQP4, AQP7 and AQP9, are expressed in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and heart of cardiovascular system. These AQPs are involved in the cardiovascular function and in pathological process of related diseases, such as cerebral ischemia , congestion heart failure , hypertension and angiogenesis. Therefore, it is important to understand the accurate association between AQPs and cardiovascular system, which may provide novel approaches to prevent and treat related diseases. Here we will discuss the expression and physiological function of AQPs in cardiovascular system and summarize recent researches on AQPs related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yundi Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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34
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Khaing ZZ, Ehsanipour A, Hofstetter CP, Seidlits SK. Injectable Hydrogels for Spinal Cord Repair: A Focus on Swelling and Intraspinal Pressure. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 202:67-84. [DOI: 10.1159/000446697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition that leaves patients with limited motor and sensory function at and below the injury site, with little to no hope of a meaningful recovery. Because of their ability to mimic multiple features of central nervous system (CNS) tissues, injectable hydrogels are being developed that can participate as therapeutic agents in reducing secondary injury and in the regeneration of spinal cord tissue. Injectable biomaterials can provide a supportive substrate for tissue regeneration, deliver therapeutic factors, and regulate local tissue physiology. Recent reports of increasing intraspinal pressure after SCI suggest that this physiological change can contribute to injury expansion, also known as secondary injury. Hydrogels contain high water content similar to native tissue, and many hydrogels absorb water and swell after formation. In the case of injectable hydrogels for the spinal cord, this process often occurs in or around the spinal cord tissue, and thus may affect intraspinal pressure. In the future, predictable swelling properties of hydrogels may be leveraged to control intraspinal pressure after injury. Here, we review the physiology of SCI, with special attention to the current clinical and experimental literature, underscoring the importance of controlling intraspinal pressure after SCI. We then discuss how hydrogel fabrication, injection, and swelling can impact intraspinal pressure in the context of developing injectable biomaterials for SCI treatment.
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Posati T, Pistone A, Saracino E, Formaggio F, Mola MG, Troni E, Sagnella A, Nocchetti M, Barbalinardo M, Valle F, Bonetti S, Caprini M, Nicchia GP, Zamboni R, Muccini M, Benfenati V. A Nanoscale Interface Promoting Molecular and Functional Differentiation of Neural Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31226. [PMID: 27503424 PMCID: PMC4977496 DOI: 10.1038/srep31226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium channels and aquaporins expressed by astrocytes are key players in the maintenance of cerebral homeostasis and in brain pathophysiologies. One major challenge in the study of astrocyte membrane channels in vitro, is that their expression pattern does not resemble the one observed in vivo. Nanostructured interfaces represent a significant resource to control the cellular behaviour and functionalities at micro and nanoscale as well as to generate novel and more reliable models to study astrocytes in vitro. However, the potential of nanotechnologies in the manipulation of astrocytes ion channels and aquaporins has never been previously reported. Hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTlc) are layered materials with increasing potential as biocompatible nanoscale interface. Here, we evaluate the effect of the interaction of HTlc nanoparticles films with primary rat neocortical astrocytes. We show that HTlc films are biocompatible and do not promote gliotic reaction, while favouring astrocytes differentiation by induction of F-actin fibre alignment and vinculin polarization. Western Blot, Immunofluorescence and patch-clamp revealed that differentiation was accompanied by molecular and functional up-regulation of both inward rectifying potassium channel Kir 4.1 and aquaporin 4, AQP4. The reported results pave the way to engineering novel in vitro models to study astrocytes in a in vivo like condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Posati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Assunta Pistone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Formaggio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Mola
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Troni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Sagnella
- Laboratorio di Micro e Submicro Tecnologie abilitanti dell’Emilia-Romagna (MIST E-R), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Morena Nocchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marianna Barbalinardo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Valle
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Bonetti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Caprini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, via S. Donato 19/2, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
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MATSUMAE M, SATO O, HIRAYAMA A, HAYASHI N, TAKIZAWA K, ATSUMI H, SORIMACHI T. Research into the Physiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid Reaches a New Horizon: Intimate Exchange between Cerebrospinal Fluid and Interstitial Fluid May Contribute to Maintenance of Homeostasis in the Central Nervous System. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2016; 56:416-41. [PMID: 27245177 PMCID: PMC4945600 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays an essential role in maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system. The functions of CSF include: (1) buoyancy of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; (2) volume adjustment in the cranial cavity; (3) nutrient transport; (4) protein or peptide transport; (5) brain volume regulation through osmoregulation; (6) buffering effect against external forces; (7) signal transduction; (8) drug transport; (9) immune system control; (10) elimination of metabolites and unnecessary substances; and finally (11) cooling of heat generated by neural activity. For CSF to fully mediate these functions, fluid-like movement in the ventricles and subarachnoid space is necessary. Furthermore, the relationship between the behaviors of CSF and interstitial fluid in the brain and spinal cord is important. In this review, we will present classical studies on CSF circulation from its discovery over 2,000 years ago, and will subsequently introduce functions that were recently discovered such as CSF production and absorption, water molecule movement in the interstitial space, exchange between interstitial fluid and CSF, and drainage of CSF and interstitial fluid into both the venous and the lymphatic systems. Finally, we will summarize future challenges in research. This review includes articles published up to February 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori MATSUMAE
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa
| | | | - Akihiro HIRAYAMA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa
| | - Naokazu HAYASHI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa
| | - Ken TAKIZAWA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa
| | - Hideki ATSUMI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa
| | - Takatoshi SORIMACHI
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa
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Malhotra M, Toulouse A, Godinho BMDC, Mc Carthy DJ, Cryan JF, O'Driscoll CM. RNAi therapeutics for brain cancer: current advancements in RNAi delivery strategies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:2635-57. [PMID: 26135606 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00278h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malignant primary brain tumors are aggressive cancerous cells that invade the surrounding tissues of the central nervous system. The current treatment options for malignant brain tumors are limited due to the inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The advancements in current research has identified and characterized certain molecular markers that are essential for tumor survival, progression, metastasis and angiogenesis. These molecular markers have served as therapeutic targets for the RNAi based therapies, which enable site-specific silencing of the gene responsible for tumor proliferation. However, to bring about therapeutic success, an efficient delivery carrier that can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the targeted site is essential. The current review focuses on the potential of targeted, non-viral and viral particles containing RNAi therapeutic molecules as delivery strategies specifically for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Malhotra
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Ortega E, Muñoz RI, Luza N, Guerra F, Guerra M, Vio K, Henzi R, Jaque J, Rodriguez S, McAllister JP, Rodriguez E. The value of early and comprehensive diagnoses in a human fetus with hydrocephalus and progressive obliteration of the aqueduct of Sylvius: Case Report. BMC Neurol 2016; 16:45. [PMID: 27067115 PMCID: PMC4828774 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutant rodent models have highlighted the importance of the ventricular ependymal cells and the subcommissural organ (a brain gland secreting glycoproteins into the cerebrospinal fluid) in the development of fetal onset hydrocephalus. Evidence indicates that communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus can be two sequential phases of a single pathological phenomenon triggered by ependymal disruption and/or abnormal function of the subcommissural organ. We have hypothesized that a similar phenomenon may occur in human cases with fetal onset hydrocephalus. Case presentation We report here on a case of human fetal communicating hydrocephalus with no central nervous system abnormalities other than stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius (SA) that became non-communicating hydrocephalus during the first postnatal week due to obliteration of the cerebral aqueduct. The case was followed closely by a team of basic and clinic investigators allowing an early diagnosis and prediction of the evolving pathophysiology. This information prompted neurosurgeons to perform a third ventriculostomy at postnatal day 14. The fetus was monitored by ultrasound, computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). After birth, the follow up was by MRI, electroencephalography and neurological and neurocognitive assessments. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected at surgery showed abnormalities in the subcommissural organ proteins and the membrane proteins L1-neural cell adhesion molecule and aquaporin-4. The neurological and neurocognitive assessments at 3 and 6 years of age showed neurological impairments (epilepsy and cognitive deficits). Conclusions (1) In a hydrocephalic fetus, a stenosed SA can become obliterated at perinatal stages. (2) In the case reported, a close follow up of a communicating hydrocephalus detected in utero allowed a prompt postnatal surgery aiming to avoid as much brain damage as possible. (3) The clinical and pathological evolution of this patient supports the possibility that the progressive stenosis of the SA initiated during the embryonic period may have resulted from ependymal disruption of the cerebral aqueduct and dysfunction of the subcommissural organ. The analysis of subcommissural organ glycoproteins present in the CSF may be a valuable diagnostic tool for the pathogenesis of congenital hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ortega
- Unidad de Neurocirugía, Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rosa I Muñoz
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Nelly Luza
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco Guerra
- Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 456, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Monserrat Guerra
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Karin Vio
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Roberto Henzi
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jaime Jaque
- Unidad de Neurocirugía, Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sara Rodriguez
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - James P McAllister
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Esteban Rodriguez
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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The AQP-3 water channel is a pivotal modulator of glycerol-induced chloride channel activation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 72:89-99. [PMID: 26794461 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporin (AQP) and chloride channels are ubiquitous in virtually all living cells, playing pivotal roles in cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis. We previously reported that AQP-3 aquaglyceroporin and ClC-3 chloride channels could form complexes to regulate cell volume in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. In this study, the roles of AQP-3 in their hetero-complexes were further investigated. Glycerol entered the cells via AQP-3 and induced two different Cl(-) currents through cell swelling-dependent or -independent pathways. The swelling-dependent Cl(-) current was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with CuCl2 and AQP-3-siRNA. After siRNA-induced AQP-3 knock-down, the 140 mM glycerol isoosmotic solution swelled cells by 22% (45% in AQP-3-intact cells) and induced a smaller Cl(-) current; this current was smaller than that activated by 8% cell volume swelling, which induced by the 140 mM glycerol hyperosmotic solution in AQP-3-intact cells. This suggests that the interaction between AQP-3 and ClC-3 plays an important role in cell volume regulation and that AQP-3 may be a modulator that opens volume-regulated chloride channels. The swelling-independent Cl(-) current, which was activated by extracellular glycerol, was reduced by CuCl2 and AQP-3-siRNA pretreatment. Dialyzing glycerol into cells via the pipette directly induced the swelling-independent Cl(-) current; however this current was blocked by AQP-3 down-regulation, suggesting AQP-3 is essential for the opening of chloride channels. In conclusion, AQP-3 is the pathway for water, glycerol and other small solutes to enter cells, and it may be an essential modulator for the gating of chloride channels.
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Janett E, Bernardinelli Y, Müller D, Bochet CG. Synthesis of FMRFaNV, a Photoreleasable Caged Transmitter Designed to Study Neuron-Glia Interactions in the Central Nervous System. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2408-18. [PMID: 26511675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroscience studies require technologies able to deliver compounds with both scale and timing compatibility with morphological and physiological synaptic properties. In this light, two-photon flash photolysis has been extensively used to successfully apply glutamate or other neurotransmitters at the synaptic level. However, the set of commercially available caged compounds is restricted and incompatible with studies demanding high cell specificity. The gain in cell specificity is especially relevant and challenging when studying neuron-glia interactions in the central nervous system. Here we develop a system to mimic the metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent response of astrocytes, a glial cell type, following synaptic glutamate release. For this, we expressed an exogeneous orphan Gq-coupled protein of the Mas-related-gene (Mrg) family in glial cells and generated an MrgR's agonist peptide (FMRFa) that was chemically caged with a nitroveratryl photolabile protecting group (NV). NV has an appropriate quantum yield and a high absorption maximum that makes it very adapted to experiments with very short irradiation time. This novel caged compound allowed the activation of MrgR with both single- and two-photon light sources. Indeed, MrgR activation induced calcium transients and morphological changes in astrocytes as described previously. Thus, FMRFaNV is a very promising tool to study neuron-glia interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Janett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg , Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yann Bernardinelli
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Geneva , rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Müller
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Geneva , rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Christian G Bochet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg , Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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The Potential Roles of Aquaporin 4 in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5300-9. [PMID: 26433375 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is the major water channel expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), and it is primarily expressed in astrocytes. It has been studied in various brain pathological conditions. However, the potential for AQP4 to influence Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still unclear. Research regarding AQP4 functions related to AD can be traced back several years and has gradually progressed toward a better understanding of the potential mechanisms. Currently, it has been suggested that AQP4 influences synaptic plasticity, and AQP4 deficiency may impair learning and memory, in part, through glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1). AQP4 may mediate the clearance of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ). In addition, AQP4 may influence potassium (K(+)) and calcium (Ca(2+)) ion transport, which could play decisive roles in the pathogenesis of AD. Furthermore, AQP4 knockout is involved in neuroinflammation and interferes with AD. To date, no specific therapeutic agents have been developed to inhibit or enhance AQP4. However, experimental results strongly emphasize the importance of this topic for future investigations.
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Korogod N, Petersen CCH, Knott GW. Ultrastructural analysis of adult mouse neocortex comparing aldehyde perfusion with cryo fixation. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26259873 PMCID: PMC4530226 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of brain ultrastructure using electron microscopy typically relies on chemical fixation. However, this is known to cause significant tissue distortion including a reduction in the extracellular space. Cryo fixation is thought to give a truer representation of biological structures, and here we use rapid, high-pressure freezing on adult mouse neocortex to quantify the extent to which these two fixation methods differ in terms of their preservation of the different cellular compartments, and the arrangement of membranes at the synapse and around blood vessels. As well as preserving a physiological extracellular space, cryo fixation reveals larger numbers of docked synaptic vesicles, a smaller glial volume, and a less intimate glial coverage of synapses and blood vessels compared to chemical fixation. The ultrastructure of mouse neocortex therefore differs significantly comparing cryo and chemical fixation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Korogod
- BioEM Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carl C H Petersen
- Laboratory of Sensory Processing, Brain Mind Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Graham W Knott
- BioEM Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Minieri L, Pivonkova H, Harantova L, Anderova M, Ferroni S. Intracellular Na+
inhibits volume-regulated anion channel in rat cortical astrocytes. J Neurochem 2015; 132:286-300. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Minieri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Helena Pivonkova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Harantova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Stefano Ferroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
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Li Y, Schmidt-Edelkraut U, Poetz F, Oliva I, Mandl C, Hölzl-Wenig G, Schönig K, Bartsch D, Ciccolini F. γ-Aminobutyric A receptor (GABA(A)R) regulates aquaporin 4 expression in the subependymal zone: relevance to neural precursors and water exchange. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4343-55. [PMID: 25540202 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.618686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of γ-aminobutyric A receptors (GABA(A)Rs) in the subependymal zone (SEZ) induces hyperpolarization and osmotic swelling in precursors, thereby promoting surface expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cell cycle entry. However, the mechanisms underlying the GABAergic modulation of cell swelling are unclear. Here, we show that GABA(A)Rs colocalize with the water channel aquaporin (AQP) 4 in prominin-1 immunopositive (P(+)) precursors in the postnatal SEZ, which include neural stem cells. GABA(A)R signaling promotes AQP4 expression by decreasing serine phosphorylation associated with the water channel. The modulation of AQP4 expression by GABA(A)R signaling is key to its effect on cell swelling and EGFR expression. In addition, GABA(A)R function also affects the ability of neural precursors to swell in response to an osmotic challenge in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the regulation of AQP4 by GABA(A)Rs is involved in controlling activation of neural stem cells and water exchange dynamics in the SEZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg and
| | - Udo Schmidt-Edelkraut
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg and
| | - Fabian Poetz
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg and
| | - Ilaria Oliva
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg and
| | - Claudia Mandl
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg and
| | - Gabriele Hölzl-Wenig
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg and
| | - Kai Schönig
- the Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, J5 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dusan Bartsch
- the Department of Molecular Biology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, J5 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Francesca Ciccolini
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg and
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Brinker T, Stopa E, Morrison J, Klinge P. A new look at cerebrospinal fluid circulation. Fluids Barriers CNS 2014; 11:10. [PMID: 24817998 PMCID: PMC4016637 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the traditional understanding of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) physiology, the majority of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, circulates through the ventricles, the cisterns, and the subarachnoid space to be absorbed into the blood by the arachnoid villi. This review surveys key developments leading to the traditional concept. Challenging this concept are novel insights utilizing molecular and cellular biology as well as neuroimaging, which indicate that CSF physiology may be much more complex than previously believed. The CSF circulation comprises not only a directed flow of CSF, but in addition a pulsatile to and fro movement throughout the entire brain with local fluid exchange between blood, interstitial fluid, and CSF. Astrocytes, aquaporins, and other membrane transporters are key elements in brain water and CSF homeostasis. A continuous bidirectional fluid exchange at the blood brain barrier produces flow rates, which exceed the choroidal CSF production rate by far. The CSF circulation around blood vessels penetrating from the subarachnoid space into the Virchow Robin spaces provides both a drainage pathway for the clearance of waste molecules from the brain and a site for the interaction of the systemic immune system with that of the brain. Important physiological functions, for example the regeneration of the brain during sleep, may depend on CSF circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brinker
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Edward Stopa
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - John Morrison
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Petra Klinge
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Benfenati V, Martino N, Antognazza MR, Pistone A, Toffanin S, Ferroni S, Lanzani G, Muccini M. Photostimulation of whole-cell conductance in primary rat neocortical astrocytes mediated by organic semiconducting thin films. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:392-9. [PMID: 23966220 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial ion channels are fundamental molecular targets in the study of brain physiology and pathophysiology. Novel tools and devices intended for stimulation and control of astrocytes ion channel activity are therefore highly desirable. The study of the interactions between astrocytes and biomaterials is also essential to control and minimize reactive astrogliosis, in view of the development of implantable functional devices. Here, the growth of rat primary neocortical astrocytes on the top of a light sensitive, organic polymer film is reported; by means of patch-clamp analyses, the effect of the visible light stimulation on membrane conductance is then determined. Photoexcitation of the active material causes a significant depolarization of the astroglial resting membrane potential: the effect is associated to an increase in whole-cell conductance at negative potentials. The magnitude of the evoked inward current density is proportional to the illumination intensity. Biophysical and pharmacological characterization suggests that the ion channel mediating the photo-transduction mechanism is a chloride channel, the ClC-2 channel. These results open interesting perspectives for the selective manipulation of astrocyte bioelectrical activity by non-invasive, label-free, organic-based, photostimulation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Nicola Martino
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dip. di Fisica; Piazza L. Da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Assunta Pistone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF); Via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Ferroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Via S. Donato, 19/2 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Via Pascoli 70/3 20133 Milano Italy
- Politecnico di Milano, Dip. di Fisica; Piazza L. Da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN); Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- E. T. C. s.r.l.; via P. Gobetti 101 I-40129 Bologna Italy
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Abstract
The function and efficacy of synaptic transmission are determined not only by the composition and activity of pre- and postsynaptic components but also by the environment in which a synapse is embedded. Glial cells constitute an important part of this environment and participate in several aspects of synaptic functions. Among the glial cell family, the roles played by astrocytes at the synaptic level are particularly important, ranging from the trophic support to the fine-tuning of transmission. Astrocytic structures are frequently observed in close association with glutamatergic synapses, providing a morphological entity for bidirectional interactions with synapses. Experimental evidence indicates that astrocytes sense neuronal activity by elevating their intracellular calcium in response to neurotransmitters and may communicate with neurons. The precise role of astrocytes in regulating synaptic properties, function, and plasticity remains however a subject of intense debate and many aspects of their interactions with neurons remain to be investigated. A particularly intriguing aspect is their ability to rapidly restructure their processes and modify their coverage of the synaptic elements. The present review summarizes some of these findings with a particular focus on the mechanisms driving this form of structural plasticity and its possible impact on synaptic structure and function.
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Petrini S, Minnone G, Coccetti M, Frank C, Aiello C, Cutarelli A, Ambrosini E, Lanciotti A, Brignone MS, D'Oria V, Strippoli R, De Benedetti F, Bertini E, Bracci-Laudiero L. Monocytes and macrophages as biomarkers for the diagnosis of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 56:307-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Popescu BFG, Bunyan RF, Guo Y, Parisi JE, Lennon VA, Lucchinetti CF. Evidence of aquaporin involvement in human central pontine myelinolysis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:40. [PMID: 24252214 PMCID: PMC3893459 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a demyelinating disorder of the central basis pontis that is often associated with osmotic stress. The aquaporin water channels (AQPs) have been pathogenically implicated because serum osmolarity changes redistribute water and osmolytes among various central nervous system compartments. RESULTS We characterized the immunoreactivity of aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-4 (AQP1 and AQP4) and associated neuropathology in microscopic transverse sections from archival autopsied pontine tissue from 6 patients with pathologically confirmed CPM. Loss of both AQP1 and AQP4 was evident within demyelinating lesions in four of the six cases, despite the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes. Lesional astrocytes were small, and exhibited fewer and shorter processes than perilesional astrocytes. In two of the six cases, astrocytes within demyelinating lesions exhibited increased AQP1 and AQP4 immunoreactivities, and gemistocytes and mitotic astrocytes were numerous. Blinded review of medical records revealed that all four cases lacking lesional AQP1 and AQP4 immunoreactivities were male, whereas the two cases with enhanced lesional AQP1 and AQP4 immunoreactivities were female. CONCLUSIONS This report is the first to establish astrocytic AQP loss in a subset of human CPM cases and suggests AQP1 and AQP4 may be involved in the pathogenesis of CPM. Further studies are required to determine whether the loss of AQP1 and AQP4 is restricted to male CPM patients, or rather may be a feature associated with specific underlying precipitants of CPM that may be more common among men. Non-rodent experimental models are needed to better clarify the complex and dynamic mechanisms involved in the regulation of AQPs in CPM, in order to determine whether it occurs secondary to the destructive disease process, or represents a compensatory mechanism protecting the astrocyte against apoptosis.
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Depienne C, Bugiani M, Dupuits C, Galanaud D, Touitou V, Postma N, van Berkel C, Polder E, Tollard E, Darios F, Brice A, de Die-Smulders CE, Vles JS, Vanderver A, Uziel G, Yalcinkaya C, Frints SG, Kalscheuer VM, Klooster J, Kamermans M, Abbink TE, Wolf NI, Sedel F, van der Knaap MS. Brain white matter oedema due to ClC-2 chloride channel deficiency: an observational analytical study. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:659-68. [PMID: 23707145 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutant mouse models suggest that the chloride channel ClC-2 has functions in ion and water homoeostasis, but this has not been confirmed in human beings. We aimed to define novel disorders characterised by distinct patterns of MRI abnormalities in patients with leukoencephalopathies of unknown origin, and to identify the genes mutated in these disorders. We were specifically interested in leukoencephalopathies characterised by white matter oedema, suggesting a defect in ion and water homoeostasis. METHODS In this observational analytical study, we recruited patients with leukoencephalopathies characterised by MRI signal abnormalities in the posterior limbs of the internal capsules, midbrain cerebral peduncles, and middle cerebellar peduncles from our databases of patients with leukoencephalopathies of unknown origin. We used exome sequencing to identify the gene involved. We screened the candidate gene in additional patients by Sanger sequencing and mRNA analysis, and investigated the functional effects of the mutations. We assessed the localisation of ClC-2 with immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy in post-mortem human brains of individuals without neurological disorders. FINDINGS Seven patients met our inclusion criteria, three with adult-onset disease and four with childhood-onset disease. We identified homozygous or compound-heterozygous mutations in CLCN2 in three adult and three paediatric patients. We found evidence that the CLCN2 mutations result in loss of function of ClC-2. The remaining paediatric patient had an X-linked family history and a mutation in GJB1, encoding connexin 32. Clinical features were variable and included cerebellar ataxia, spasticity, chorioretinopathy with visual field defects, optic neuropathy, cognitive defects, and headaches. MRI showed restricted diffusion suggesting myelin vacuolation that was confined to the specified white matter structures in adult patients, and more diffusely involved the brain white matter in paediatric patients. We detected ClC-2 in all components of the panglial syncytium, enriched in astrocytic endfeet at the perivascular basal lamina, in the glia limitans, and in ependymal cells. INTERPRETATION Our observations substantiate the concept that ClC-2 is involved in brain ion and water homoeostasis. Autosomal-recessive CLCN2 mutations cause a leukoencephalopathy that belongs to an emerging group of disorders affecting brain ion and water homoeostasis and characterised by intramyelinic oedema. FUNDING European Leukodystrophies Association, INSERM and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Dutch Organisation for Scientific Research (ZonMw), E-Rare, Hersenstichting, Optimix Foundation for Scientific Research, Myelin Disorders Bioregistry Project, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and Genetic and Epigenetic Networks in Cognitive Dysfunction (GENCODYS) Project (funded by the European Union Framework Programme 7).
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