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Kamens HM, Corley RP, Richmond PA, Darlington TM, Dowell R, Hopfer CJ, Stallings MC, Hewitt JK, Brown SA, Ehringer MA. Evidence for Association Between Low Frequency Variants in CHRNA6/CHRNB3 and Antisocial Drug Dependence. Behav Genet 2016; 46:693-704. [PMID: 27085880 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-016-9792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Common SNPs in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes (CHRN genes) have been associated with drug behaviors and personality traits, but the influence of rare genetic variants is not well characterized. The goal of this project was to identify novel rare variants in CHRN genes in the Center for Antisocial Drug Dependence (CADD) and Genetics of Antisocial Drug Dependence (GADD) samples and to determine if low frequency variants are associated with antisocial drug dependence. Two samples of 114 and 200 individuals were selected using a case/control design including the tails of the phenotypic distribution of antisocial drug dependence. The capture, sequencing, and analysis of all variants in 16 CHRN genes (CHRNA1-7, 9, 10, CHRNB1-4, CHRND, CHRNG, CHRNE) were performed independently for each subject in each sample. Sequencing reads were aligned to the human reference sequence using BWA prior to variant calling with the Genome Analysis ToolKit (GATK). Low frequency variants (minor allele frequency < 0.05) were analyzed using SKAT-O and C-alpha to examine the distribution of rare variants among cases and controls. In our larger sample, the region containing the CHRNA6/CHRNB3 gene cluster was significantly associated with disease status using both SKAT-O and C-alpha (unadjusted p values <0.05). More low frequency variants in the CHRNA6/CHRNB3 gene region were observed in cases compared to controls. These data support a role for genetic variants in CHRN genes and antisocial drug behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Kamens
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | | | - Todd M Darlington
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Robin Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christian J Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael C Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John K Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, 447 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA. .,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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Sarginson JE, Killen JD, Lazzeroni LC, Fortmann SP, Ryan HS, Ameli N, Schatzberg AF, Murphy GM. Response to Transdermal Selegiline Smoking Cessation Therapy and Markers in the 15q24 Chromosomal Region. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:1126-33. [PMID: 25572450 PMCID: PMC4627483 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current treatments for smoking cessation have limited efficacy. A potential pharmaceutical treatment for smoking cessation is selegiline, a selective and irreversible monoamine oxidase B inhibitor. A few clinical trials have been carried out using selegiline but the results have been mixed. We sought to determine if genetic markers in cholinergic loci in the 15q24 chromosomal region predict response to smoking cessation therapy with selegiline. METHODS We performed an 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the selegiline transdermal system in heavy smokers, with follow-up at weeks 25 and 52. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 15q24 region, which contains the genes for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits CHRNA5, CHRNA3, and CHRNB4, were investigated for association with treatment response. RESULTS The CHRNB4 promoter SNP rs3813567 was associated with both point prevalence abstinence and post-quit craving. Carriers of the minor C allele treated with selegiline showed lower rates of abstinence and higher levels of craving than selegiline-treated non-carriers, indicating that the rs3813567 C allele adversely affects abstinence in selegiline-treated smokers. This effect was not present among placebo-treated smokers. Selegiline-treated smokers with the CHRNA5 rs680244 GG genotype had lower post-quit craving, and unlike placebo-treated GG-carrying smokers, did not experience a post-quit increase in depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Variants in genes encoding cholinergic receptors affect abstinence, craving and mood in selegiline-treated smokers. Selegiline primarily affects dopamine levels in the brain, but cholinergic input affects nicotine-induced dopaminergic activity. These markers may have value in identifying those likely to respond to selegiline for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Sarginson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Joel D Killen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Laura C Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Stephen P Fortmann
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research Northwest, Portland, OR
| | - Heather S Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Niloufar Ameli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Greer M Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA;
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Gallego X, Cox RJ, Laughlin JR, Stitzel JA, Ehringer MA. Alternative CHRNB4 3'-UTRs mediate the allelic effects of SNP rs1948 on gene expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63699. [PMID: 23691088 PMCID: PMC3653846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Common genetic factors strongly contribute to both nicotine, the main addictive component of tobacco, and alcohol use. Several lines of evidence suggest nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as common sites of action for nicotine and alcohol. Specifically, rs1948, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located in the CHRNB4 3′-untranslated region (UTR), has been associated to early age of initiation for both alcohol and tobacco use. To determine the allelic effects of rs1948 on gene expression, two rs1948-containing sequences of different lengths corresponding to the CHRNB4 3′-UTR were cloned into pGL3-promoter luciferase reporter vectors. Data obtained showed that the allelic effects of SNP rs1948 on luciferase expression are mediated by the length and species of transcripts generated. In addition, it was found that miR-3157 increased the overall luciferase expression while miR-138, a microRNA known to play a role in neuroadaptation to drug abuse, decreased luciferase expression when compared to basal conditions. These findings demonstrate the importance of SNP rs1948 on the regulation of CHRNB4 expression and provide the first evidence of CHRNB4 down-regulation by miR-138.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Gallego
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ryan J. Cox
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James R. Laughlin
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jerry A. Stitzel
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kapoor M, Wang JC, Bertelsen S, Bucholz K, Budde JP, Hinrichs A, Agrawal A, Brooks A, Chorlian D, Dick D, Hesselbrock V, Foroud T, Kramer J, Kuperman S, Manz N, Nurnberger J, Porjesz B, Rice J, Tischfield J, Xuei X, Schuckit M, Edenberg HJ, Bierut LJ, Goate AM. Variants located upstream of CHRNB4 on chromosome 15q25.1 are associated with age at onset of daily smoking and habitual smoking. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33513. [PMID: 22438940 PMCID: PMC3306405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genome-wide association and candidate gene studies have linked chromosome 15q24-q25.1 (a region including the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster) with alcohol dependence, nicotine dependence and smoking-related illnesses such as lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. To further examine the impact of these genes on the development of substance use disorders, we tested whether variants within and flanking the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene cluster affect the transition to daily smoking (individuals who smoked cigarettes 4 or more days per week) in a cross sectional sample of adolescents and young adults from the COGA (Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism) families. Subjects were recruited from families affected with alcoholism (either as a first or second degree relative) and the comparison families. Participants completed the SSAGA interview, a comprehensive assessment of alcohol and other substance use and related behaviors. Using the Quantitative trait disequilibrium test (QTDT) significant association was detected between age at onset of daily smoking and variants located upstream of CHRNB4. Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model further revealed that these variants significantly predict the age at onset of habitual smoking among daily smokers. These variants were not in high linkage disequilibrium (0.28
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Affiliation(s)
- Manav Kapoor
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jen-Chyong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kathy Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John P. Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anthony Hinrichs
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Andrew Brooks
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David Chorlian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Danielle Dick
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Victor Hesselbrock
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John Kramer
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Samuel Kuperman
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Niklas Manz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - John Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Bernice Porjesz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - John Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jay Tischfield
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marc Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Improgo MRD, Scofield MD, Tapper AR, Gardner PD. From smoking to lung cancer: the CHRNA5/A3/B4 connection. Oncogene 2010; 29:4874-84. [PMID: 20581870 PMCID: PMC3934347 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that modulate key physiological processes ranging from neurotransmission to cancer signaling. These receptors are activated by the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, and the tobacco alkaloid, nicotine. Recently, the gene cluster encoding the alpha3, alpha5 and beta4 nAChR subunits received heightened interest after a succession of linkage analyses and association studies identified multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms in these genes that are associated with an increased risk for nicotine dependence and lung cancer. It is not clear whether the risk for lung cancer is direct or an effect of nicotine dependence, as evidence for both scenarios exist. In this study, we summarize the body of work implicating nAChRs in the pathogenesis of lung cancer, with special focus on the clustered nAChR subunits and their emerging role in this disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma. Reina D. Improgo
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont St., Worcester, Massachusetts USA 01604
| | - Michael D. Scofield
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont St., Worcester, Massachusetts USA 01604
| | - Andrew R. Tapper
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont St., Worcester, Massachusetts USA 01604
| | - Paul D. Gardner
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont St., Worcester, Massachusetts USA 01604
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A transcriptional regulatory element critical for CHRNB4 promoter activity in vivo. Neuroscience 2010; 170:1056-64. [PMID: 20696214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have underscored the importance of the clustered neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit genes with respect to nicotine dependence as well as lung cancer susceptibility. CHRNB4, which encodes the nAChR β4 subunit, plays a major role in the molecular mechanisms that govern nicotine withdrawal. Thus, elucidating how expression of the β4 gene is regulated is critical for understanding the pathophysiology of nicotine addiction. We previously identified a CA box regulatory element, (5'-CCACCCCT-3') critical for β4 promoter activity in vitro. We further demonstrated that a 2.3-kb fragment of the β4 promoter region containing the 5'-CCACCCCT-3' regulatory element in the β4 gene promoter (CA box) is capable of directing cell-type specific expression of a reporter gene to a myriad of brain regions that endogenously express the β4 gene. To test the hypothesis that the CA box is critical for β4 promoter activity in vivo, transgenic animals expressing a mutant form of the β4 promoter were generated. Reporter gene expression was not detected in any tissue or cell type at embryonic day 18.5 (ED 18.5). Similarly, we observed drastically reduced reporter gene expression at postnatal day 30 (PD30) when compared to wild type (WT) transgenic animals. Finally, we demonstrated that CA box mutation results in decreased interaction of the transcription factor Sp1 with the mutant β4 promoter. Taken together these results demonstrate that the CA box is critical for β4 promoter activity in vivo.
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Gahring LC, Rogers SW. Nicotinic receptor subunit alpha5 modifies assembly, up-regulation, and response to pro-inflammatory cytokines. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26049-57. [PMID: 20566638 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.105346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain high affinity nicotine-binding sites are composed of at least the alpha4 and beta2 subunits. Additional nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits that are often co-expressed with alpha4+beta2 include alpha5. The introduction of alpha5 into 293 cells expressing alpha4+beta2 strongly favors assembly of alpha4+alpha5+beta2 receptors, increases constitutive ligand binding density as measured using [(3)H]epibatidine, but reduces the magnitude of up-regulation in response to chronic nicotine. In contrast, when beta4 is substituted for beta2, alpha5 interferes with the assembly of these receptors, demonstrating an important role for the beta subunit in this process. When cells co-express alpha4+alpha5+beta2+beta4, over 50% of the subunit associations include all four subunits, but they fail to be detected using [(3)H]epibatidine binding. However, complexes of alpha4+alpha5+beta2 do preferentially emerge from these subunit mixtures, and these mixtures bind ligand. In previous studies of alpha4+beta2+beta4 co-expression by 293 cells, the inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNFalpha influenced the outcome of receptor assembly (Gahring, L. C., Days, E. L., Kaasch, T., González de Mendoza, M., Owen, L., Persiyanov, K., and Rogers, S. W. (2005) J. Neuroimmunol. 166, 88-101). When alpha5 is included in this subunit mixture, and cells are exposed to either inflammatory cytokine, subunit association is no longer altered. These findings suggest that alpha5 is an influential modulator of alpha4+beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor assembly and stabilizes their expression in response to fluctuations in external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorise C Gahring
- Salt Lake City Veterans Affairs-Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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Improgo MRD, Scofield MD, Tapper AR, Gardner PD. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster: dual role in nicotine addiction and lung cancer. Prog Neurobiol 2010; 92:212-26. [PMID: 20685379 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
More than 1 billion people around the world smoke, with 10 million cigarettes sold every minute. Cigarettes contain thousands of harmful chemicals including the psychoactive compound, nicotine. Nicotine addiction is initiated by the binding of nicotine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, ligand-gated cation channels activated by the endogenous neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. These receptors serve as prototypes for all ligand-gated ion channels and have been extensively studied in an attempt to elucidate their role in nicotine addiction. Many of these studies have focused on heteromeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing α4 and β2 subunits and homomeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing the α7 subunit, two of the most abundant subtypes expressed in the brain. Recently however, a series of linkage analyses, candidate-gene analyses and genome-wide association studies have brought attention to three other members of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor family: the α5, α3 and β4 subunits. The genes encoding these subunits lie in a genomic cluster that contains variants associated with increased risk for several diseases including nicotine dependence and lung cancer. The underlying mechanisms for these associations have not yet been elucidated but decades of research on the nicotinic receptor gene family as well as emerging data provide insight on how these receptors may function in pathological states. Here, we review this body of work, focusing on the clustered nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes and evaluating their role in nicotine addiction and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Reina D Improgo
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA 01604, United States
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