1
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Matatia PR, Christian E, Sokol CL. Sensory sentinels: Neuroimmune detection and food allergy. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39092839 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Food allergy is classically characterized by an inappropriate type-2 immune response to allergenic food antigens. However, how allergens are detected and how that detection leads to the initiation of allergic immunity is poorly understood. In addition to the gastrointestinal tract, the barrier epithelium of the skin may also act as a site of food allergen sensitization. These barrier epithelia are densely innervated by sensory neurons, which respond to diverse physical environmental stimuli. Recent findings suggest that sensory neurons can directly detect a broad array of immunogens, including allergens, triggering sensory responses and the release of neuropeptides that influence immune cell function. Reciprocally, immune mediators modulate the activation or responsiveness of sensory neurons, forming neuroimmune feedback loops that may impact allergic immune responses. By utilizing cutaneous allergen exposure as a model, this review explores the pivotal role of sensory neurons in allergen detection and their dynamic bidirectional communication with the immune system, which ultimately orchestrates the type-2 immune response. Furthermore, it sheds light on how peripheral signals are integrated within the central nervous system to coordinate hallmark features of allergic reactions. Drawing from this emerging evidence, we propose that atopy arises from a dysregulated neuroimmune circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peri R Matatia
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena Christian
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline L Sokol
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Kim R, Ananth MR, Desai NS, Role LW, Talmage DA. Distinct subpopulations of ventral pallidal cholinergic projection neurons encode valence of olfactory stimuli. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114009. [PMID: 38536818 PMCID: PMC11080946 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
To better understand the function of cholinergic projection neurons in the ventral pallidum (VP), we examined behavioral responses to appetitive (APP) and aversive (AV) odors that elicited approach or avoidance, respectively. Exposure to each odor increased cFos expression and calcium signaling in VP cholinergic neurons. Activity and Cre-dependent viral vectors selectively labeled VP cholinergic neurons that were activated and reactivated in response to either APP or AV odors, but not both, identifying two non-overlapping populations of VP cholinergic neurons differentially activated by the valence of olfactory stimuli. These two subpopulations showed differences in electrophysiological properties, morphology, and projections to the basolateral amygdala. Although VP neurons are engaged in both approach and avoidance behavioral responses, cholinergic signaling is only required for approach behavior. Thus, two distinct subpopulations of VP cholinergic neurons differentially encode valence of olfactory stimuli and play distinct roles in approach and avoidance behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Kim
- Genetics of Neuronal Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mala R Ananth
- Circuits, Synapses and Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Niraj S Desai
- Circuits, Synapses and Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Circuits, Synapses and Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David A Talmage
- Genetics of Neuronal Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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3
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Wang H, Wang Q, Cui L, Feng X, Dong P, Tan L, Lin L, Lian H, Cao S, Huang H, Cao P, Li XM. A molecularly defined amygdala-independent tetra-synaptic forebrain-to-hindbrain pathway for odor-driven innate fear and anxiety. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:514-526. [PMID: 38347199 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Fear-related disorders (for example, phobias and anxiety) cause a substantial public health problem. To date, studies of the neural basis of fear have mostly focused on the amygdala. Here we identify a molecularly defined amygdala-independent tetra-synaptic pathway for olfaction-evoked innate fear and anxiety in male mice. This pathway starts with inputs from the olfactory bulb mitral and tufted cells to pyramidal neurons in the dorsal peduncular cortex that in turn connect to cholecystokinin-expressing (Cck+) neurons in the superior part of lateral parabrachial nucleus, which project to tachykinin 1-expressing (Tac1+) neurons in the parasubthalamic nucleus. Notably, the identified pathway is specifically involved in odor-driven innate fear. Selective activation of this pathway induces innate fear, while its inhibition suppresses odor-driven innate fear. In addition, the pathway is both necessary and sufficient for stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors. These findings reveal a forebrain-to-hindbrain neural substrate for sensory-triggered fear and anxiety that bypasses the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine / Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuzhe Cui
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Feng
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liheng Tan
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Lian
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuxia Cao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiqian Huang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Ministry of Education Frontier Center of Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Research Units for Emotion and Emotion Disorders, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences / Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China.
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4
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Guo X, Yuan Y, Su X, Cao Z, Chu C, Lei C, Wang Y, Yang L, Pan Y, Sheng H, Cui D, Shao D, Yang H, Fu Y, Wen Y, Cai Z, Lai B, Chen M, Zheng P. Different projection neurons of basolateral amygdala participate in the retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory with diverse molecular pathways. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:793-808. [PMID: 38145987 PMCID: PMC11153146 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Context-induced retrieval of drug withdrawal memory is one of the important reasons for drug relapses. Previous studies have shown that different projection neurons in different brain regions or in the same brain region such as the basolateral amygdala (BLA) participate in context-induced retrieval of drug withdrawal memory. However, whether these different projection neurons participate in the retrieval of drug withdrawal memory with same or different molecular pathways remains a topic for research. The present results showed that (1) BLA neurons projecting to the prelimbic cortex (BLA-PrL) and BLA neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (BLA-NAc) participated in context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory; (2) there was an increase in the expression of Arc and pERK in BLA-NAc neurons, but not in BLA-PrL neurons during context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory; (3) pERK was the upstream molecule of Arc, whereas D1 receptor was the upstream molecule of pERK in BLA-NAc neurons during context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory; (4) D1 receptors also strengthened AMPA receptors, but not NMDA receptors, -mediated glutamatergic input to BLA-NAc neurons via pERK during context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. These results suggest that different projection neurons of the BLA participate in the retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory with diverse molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoman Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zixuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chenshan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yingqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huan Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dongyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Da Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yali Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yaxian Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhangyin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Medical College of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
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5
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Yao J, Li X, Wu GY, Wu B, Long JH, Wang PJ, Liu SL, Gao J, Sui JF. The Anterior Insula and its Projection to the Prelimbic Cortex are Involved in the Regulation of 5-HT-Induced Itch. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1807-1822. [PMID: 37553505 PMCID: PMC10661608 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Itch is an unpleasant sensation that urges people and animals to scratch. Neuroimaging studies on itch have yielded extensive correlations with diverse cortical and subcortical regions, including the insular lobe. However, the role and functional specificity of the insular cortex (IC) and its subdivisions in itch mediation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and fiber photometry tests, that neurons in both the anterior insular cortex (AIC) and the posterior insular cortex (PIC) are activated during acute itch processes. Pharmacogenetic experiments revealed that nonselective inhibition of global AIC neurons, or selective inhibition of the activity of glutaminergic neurons in the AIC, reduced the scratching behaviors induced by intradermal injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), but not those induced by compound 48/80. However, both nonselective inhibition of global PIC neurons and selective inhibition of glutaminergic neurons in the PIC failed to affect the itching-scratching behaviors induced by either 5-HT or compound 48/80. In addition, pharmacogenetic inhibition of AIC glutaminergic neurons effectively blocked itch-associated conditioned place aversion behavior, and inhibition of AIC glutaminergic neurons projecting to the prelimbic cortex significantly suppressed 5-HT-evoked scratching. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the AIC is involved, at least partially via aversive emotion mediation, in the regulation of 5-HT-, but not compound 48/80-induced itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yao
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Guang-Yan Wu
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jun-Hui Long
- Department of Dermatology, The 958th Army Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, 400020, China
| | - Pu-Jun Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The 958th Army Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, 400020, China
| | - Shu-Lei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The 958th Army Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Chongqing, 400020, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Army Medical Centre of the PLA, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Jian-Feng Sui
- Experimental Center of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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6
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Kim R, Ananth M, Desai NS, Role LW, Talmage DA. Distinct subpopulations of ventral pallidal cholinergic projection neurons encode valence of olfactory stimuli. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.06.561261. [PMID: 37986753 PMCID: PMC10659428 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The ventral pallidum (VP) mediates motivated behaviors largely via the action of VP GABA and glutamatergic neurons. In addition to these neuronal subtypes, there is a population of cholinergic projection neurons in the VP, whose functional significance remains unclear. To understand the functional role of VP cholinergic neurons, we first examined behavioral responses to an appetitive (APP) odor that elicited approach, and an aversive (AV) odor that led to avoidance. To examine how VP cholinergic neurons were engaged in APP vs. AV responses, we used an immediate early gene marker and in-vivo fiber photometry, examining the activation profile of VP cholinergic neurons in response to each odor. Exposure to each odor led to an increase in the number of cFos counts and increased calcium signaling of VP cholinergic neurons. Activity and cre-dependent viral vectors were designed to label engaged VP cholinergic neurons in two distinct contexts: (1) exposure to the APP odor, (2) followed by subsequent exposure to the AV odor, and vice versa. These studies revealed two distinct, non-overlapping subpopulations of VP cholinergic neurons: one activated in response to the APP odor, and a second distinct population activated in response to the AV odor. These two subpopulations of VP cholinergic neurons are spatially intermingled within the VP, but show differences in electrophysiological properties, neuronal morphology, and projections to the basolateral amygdala. Although VP cholinergic neurons are engaged in behavioral responses to each odor, VP cholinergic signaling is only required for approach behavior. Indeed, inhibition of VP cholinergic neurons not only blocks approach to the APP odor, but reverses the behavior, leading to active avoidance. Our results highlight the functional heterogeneity of cholinergic projection neurons within the VP. These two subpopulations of VP cholinergic neurons differentially encode valence of olfactory stimuli and play unique roles in approach and avoidance behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Kim
- Genetics of Neuronal Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mala Ananth
- Circuits, Synapses and Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Niraj S. Desai
- Circuits, Synapses and Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lorna W. Role
- Circuits, Synapses and Molecular Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David A. Talmage
- Genetics of Neuronal Signaling Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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7
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Florsheim EB, Bachtel ND, Cullen JL, Lima BGC, Godazgar M, Carvalho F, Chatain CP, Zimmer MR, Zhang C, Gautier G, Launay P, Wang A, Dietrich MO, Medzhitov R. Immune sensing of food allergens promotes avoidance behaviour. Nature 2023; 620:643-650. [PMID: 37437602 PMCID: PMC10432274 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its canonical function of protection from pathogens, the immune system can also alter behaviour1,2. The scope and mechanisms of behavioural modifications by the immune system are not yet well understood. Here, using mouse models of food allergy, we show that allergic sensitization drives antigen-specific avoidance behaviour. Allergen ingestion activates brain areas involved in the response to aversive stimuli, including the nucleus of tractus solitarius, parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala. Allergen avoidance requires immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies and mast cells but precedes the development of gut allergic inflammation. The ability of allergen-specific IgE and mast cells to promote avoidance requires cysteinyl leukotrienes and growth and differentiation factor 15. Finally, a comparison of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse strains revealed a strong effect of the genetic background on the avoidance behaviour. These findings thus point to antigen-specific behavioural modifications that probably evolved to promote niche selection to avoid unfavourable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther B Florsheim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Biodesign Institute, Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Nathaniel D Bachtel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jaime L Cullen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bruna G C Lima
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mahdieh Godazgar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fernando Carvalho
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolina P Chatain
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcelo R Zimmer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gregory Gautier
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS EMR8252, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Medicine (Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcelo O Dietrich
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Tananbaum Center for Theoretical and Analytical Human Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Florsheim EB, Bachtel ND, Cullen J, Lima BGC, Godazgar M, Zhang C, Carvalho F, Gautier G, Launay P, Wang A, Dietrich MO, Medzhitov R. Immune sensing of food allergens promotes aversive behaviour. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524823. [PMID: 36712030 PMCID: PMC9882358 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its canonical function in protecting from pathogens, the immune system can also promote behavioural alterations 1â€"3 . The scope and mechanisms of behavioural modifications by the immune system are not yet well understood. Using a mouse food allergy model, here we show that allergic sensitization drives antigen-specific behavioural aversion. Allergen ingestion activates brain areas involved in the response to aversive stimuli, including the nucleus of tractus solitarius, parabrachial nucleus, and central amygdala. Food aversion requires IgE antibodies and mast cells but precedes the development of gut allergic inflammation. The ability of allergen-specific IgE and mast cells to promote aversion requires leukotrienes and growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). In addition to allergen-induced aversion, we find that lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation also resulted in IgE-dependent aversive behaviour. These findings thus point to antigen-specific behavioural modifications that likely evolved to promote niche selection to avoid unfavourable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther B. Florsheim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA,Centre for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (CIVV), Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA,Correspondence: and
| | - Nathaniel D. Bachtel
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jaime Cullen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Bruna G. C. Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000 SP, Brazil,Centre for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy (CIVV), Biodesign Institute, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA
| | - Mahdieh Godazgar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Fernando Carvalho
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Gregory Gautier
- INSERM UMRS 1149; CNRS ERL 8252; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, Paris 75018, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- INSERM UMRS 1149; CNRS ERL 8252; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d’excellence INFLAMEX, Paris 75018, France
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Marcelo O. Dietrich
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute,Tananbaum Center for Theoretical and Analytical Human Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Correspondence: and
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9
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YUAN W, YUE JX, WANG Q, WU N, LI YF, YANG XH, QIAO HF. Role of peptidergic neurons in modulating acupoint sensitization caused by neck acute inflammatory pain in rats 肽能神经元对颈部急性炎性痛模型大鼠穴位敏化的调节作用. WORLD JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE-MOXIBUSTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wjam.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Rosen JB, Schulkin J. Hyperexcitability: From Normal Fear to Pathological Anxiety and Trauma. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:727054. [PMID: 35993088 PMCID: PMC9387392 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.727054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperexcitability in fear circuits is suggested to be important for development of pathological anxiety and trauma from adaptive mechanisms of fear. Hyperexcitability is proposed to be due to acquired sensitization in fear circuits that progressively becomes more severe over time causing changing symptoms in early and late pathology. We use the metaphor and mechanisms of kindling to examine gains and losses in function of one excitatory and one inhibitory neuropeptide, corticotrophin releasing factor and somatostatin, respectively, to explore this sensitization hypothesis. We suggest amygdala kindling induced hyperexcitability, hyper-inhibition and loss of inhibition provide clues to mechanisms for hyperexcitability and progressive changes in function initiated by stress and trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Rosen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey B. Rosen,
| | - Jay Schulkin
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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11
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Sias AC, Morse AK, Wang S, Greenfield VY, Goodpaster CM, Wrenn TM, Wikenheiser AM, Holley SM, Cepeda C, Levine MS, Wassum KM. A bidirectional corticoamygdala circuit for the encoding and retrieval of detailed reward memories. eLife 2021; 10:e68617. [PMID: 34142660 PMCID: PMC8266390 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive reward-related decision making often requires accurate and detailed representation of potential available rewards. Environmental reward-predictive stimuli can facilitate these representations, allowing one to infer which specific rewards might be available and choose accordingly. This process relies on encoded relationships between the cues and the sensory-specific details of the rewards they predict. Here, we interrogated the function of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and its interaction with the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) in the ability to learn such stimulus-outcome associations and use these memories to guide decision making. Using optical recording and inhibition approaches, Pavlovian cue-reward conditioning, and the outcome-selective Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) test in male rats, we found that the BLA is robustly activated at the time of stimulus-outcome learning and that this activity is necessary for sensory-specific stimulus-outcome memories to be encoded, so they can subsequently influence reward choices. Direct input from the lOFC was found to support the BLA in this function. Based on prior work, activity in BLA projections back to the lOFC was known to support the use of stimulus-outcome memories to influence decision making. By multiplexing optogenetic and chemogenetic inhibition we performed a serial circuit disconnection and found that the lOFC→BLA and BLA→lOFC pathways form a functional circuit regulating the encoding (lOFC→BLA) and subsequent use (BLA→lOFC) of the stimulus-dependent, sensory-specific reward memories that are critical for adaptive, appetitive decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Sias
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ashleigh K Morse
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Sherry Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Venuz Y Greenfield
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Caitlin M Goodpaster
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Tyler M Wrenn
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Andrew M Wikenheiser
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Sandra M Holley
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Michael S Levine
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Kate M Wassum
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Integrative Center for Addictive Disorders, University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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12
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The Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinases II and IV as Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094307. [PMID: 33919163 PMCID: PMC8122486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CaMKII and CaMKIV are calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases playing a rudimentary role in many regulatory processes in the organism. These kinases attract increasing interest due to their involvement primarily in memory and plasticity and various cellular functions. Although CaMKII and CaMKIV are mostly recognized as the important cogs in a memory machine, little is known about their effect on mood and role in neuropsychiatric diseases etiology. Here, we aimed to review the structure and functions of CaMKII and CaMKIV, as well as how these kinases modulate the animals’ behavior to promote antidepressant-like, anxiolytic-like, and procognitive effects. The review will help in the understanding of the roles of the above kinases in the selected neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, and this knowledge can be used in future drug design.
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13
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Glutamatergic lateral hypothalamus promotes defensive behaviors. Neuropharmacology 2020; 178:108239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Crouse RB, Kim K, Batchelor HM, Girardi EM, Kamaletdinova R, Chan J, Rajebhosale P, Pittenger ST, Role LW, Talmage DA, Jing M, Li Y, Gao XB, Mineur YS, Picciotto MR. Acetylcholine is released in the basolateral amygdala in response to predictors of reward and enhances the learning of cue-reward contingency. eLife 2020; 9:57335. [PMID: 32945260 PMCID: PMC7529459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for associating initially neutral cues with appetitive and aversive stimuli and receives dense neuromodulatory acetylcholine (ACh) projections. We measured BLA ACh signaling and activity of neurons expressing CaMKIIα (a marker for glutamatergic principal cells) in mice during cue-reward learning using a fluorescent ACh sensor and calcium indicators. We found that ACh levels and nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) cholinergic terminal activity in the BLA (NBM-BLA) increased sharply in response to reward-related events and shifted as mice learned the cue-reward contingency. BLA CaMKIIα neuron activity followed reward retrieval and moved to the reward-predictive cue after task acquisition. Optical stimulation of cholinergic NBM-BLA terminal fibers led to a quicker acquisition of the cue-reward contingency. These results indicate BLA ACh signaling carries important information about salient events in cue-reward learning and provides a framework for understanding how ACh signaling contributes to shaping BLA responses to emotional stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Crouse
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, New Haven, United States
| | - Kristen Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, New Haven, United States
| | - Hannah M Batchelor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, New Haven, United States
| | - Eric M Girardi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Rufina Kamaletdinova
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,City University of New York, Hunter College, New York, United States
| | - Justin Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Prithviraj Rajebhosale
- Program in Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, New York, United States.,National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, United States
| | | | - Lorna W Role
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), Bethesda, United States
| | - David A Talmage
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, United States
| | - Miao Jing
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), Beijing, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Gao
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Yann S Mineur
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, United States
| | - Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, United States.,Yale Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, New Haven, United States
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15
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Nordman JC, Ma X, Gu Q, Potegal M, Li H, Kravitz AV, Li Z. Potentiation of Divergent Medial Amygdala Pathways Drives Experience-Dependent Aggression Escalation. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4858-4880. [PMID: 32424020 PMCID: PMC7326350 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0370-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heightened aggression can be serious concerns for the individual and society at large and are symptoms of many psychiatric illnesses, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. The circuit and synaptic mechanisms underlying experience-induced aggression increase, however, are poorly understood. Here we find that prior attack experience leading to an increase in aggressive behavior, known as aggression priming, activates neurons within the posterior ventral segment of the medial amygdala (MeApv). Optogenetic stimulation of MeApv using a synaptic depression protocol suppresses aggression priming, whereas high-frequency stimulation enhances aggression, mimicking attack experience. Interrogation of the underlying neural circuitry revealed that the MeApv mediates aggression priming via synaptic connections with the ventromedial hypothalamus (VmH) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). These pathways undergo NMDAR-dependent synaptic potentiation after attack. Furthermore, we find that the MeApv-VmH synapses selectively control attack duration, whereas the MeApv-BNST synapses modulate attack frequency, both with no effect on social behavior. Synaptic potentiation of the MeApv-VmH and MeApv-BNST pathways contributes to increased aggression induced by traumatic stress, and weakening synaptic transmission at these synapses blocks the effect of traumatic stress on aggression. These results reveal a circuit and synaptic basis for aggression modulation by experience that can be potentially leveraged toward clinical interventions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Heightened aggression can have devastating social consequences and may be associated with psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. The circuit and synaptic mechanisms underlying experience-induced aggression escalation, however, are poorly understood. Here we identify two aggression pathways between the posterior ventral segment of the medial amygdala and its downstream synaptic partners, the ventromedial hypothalamus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis that undergo synaptic potentiation after attack and traumatic stress to enhance aggression. Notably, weakening synaptic transmission in these circuits blocks aggression priming, naturally occurring aggression, and traumatic stress-induced aggression increase. These results illustrate a circuit and synaptic basis of aggression modulation by experience, which can be potentially targeted for clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Nordman
- Section on Synapse Development and Plasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Section on Synapse Development and Plasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Qinhua Gu
- Section on Synapse Development and Plasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Michael Potegal
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - He Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- Eating and Addiction Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Zheng Li
- Section on Synapse Development and Plasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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16
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Bernabe CS, Caliman IF, Truitt WA, Molosh AI, Lowry CA, Hay-Schmidt A, Shekhar A, Johnson PL. Using loss- and gain-of-function approaches to target amygdala-projecting serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus that enhance anxiety-related and conditioned fear behaviors. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:400-411. [PMID: 32153226 PMCID: PMC9678127 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119900981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The central serotonergic system originating from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) plays a critical role in anxiety and trauma-related disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Although many studies have investigated the role of serotonin (5-HT) within pro-fear brain regions such as the amygdala, the majority of these studies have utilized non-selective pharmacological approaches or poorly understood lesioning techniques which limit their interpretation. AIM Here we investigated the role of amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR in innate anxiety and conditioned fear behaviors. METHODS To achieve this goal, we utilized (1) selective lesion of 5-HT neurons projecting to the amygdala with saporin toxin conjugated to anti-serotonin transporter (SERT) injected into the amygdala, and (2) optogenetic excitation of amygdala-projecting DR cell bodies with a combination of a retrogradely transported canine adenovirus-expressing Cre-recombinase injected into the amygdala and a Cre-dependent-channelrhodopsin injected into the DR. RESULTS While saporin treatment lesioned both local amygdalar 5-HT fibers and neurons in the DR as well as reduced conditioned fear behavior, optical activation of amygdala-projecting DR neurons enhanced anxious behavior and conditioned fear response. CONCLUSION Collectively, these studies support the hypothesis that amygdala-projecting 5-HT neurons in the DR represent an anxiety and fear-on network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian S. Bernabe
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Izabela F. Caliman
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - William A. Truitt
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrei I. Molosh
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Anantha Shekhar
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Philip L. Johnson
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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17
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Carrero JP, Kaigler KF, Hartshorn GH, Fadel JR, Wilson MA. Mu opioid receptor regulation of glutamate efflux in the central amygdala in response to predator odor. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 11:100197. [PMID: 31832510 PMCID: PMC6888766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The amygdala plays an important role in the responses to predator threat. Glutamatergic processes in amygdala regulate the behavioral responses to predator stress, and we have found that exposure to ferret odor activates glutamatergic neurons of the basolateral amygdala [BLA] which are known to project to the central amygdala [CeA]. Therefore, we tested if predator stress would increase glutamate release in the rat CeA using in vivo microdialysis, while monitoring behavioral responses during a 1 h exposure to ferret odor. Since injections of mu opioid receptor [MOR] agonists and antagonists into the CeA modulate behavioral responses to predator odor, we locally infused the MOR agonist DAMGO or the MOR antagonist CTAP into the CeA during predator stress to examine effects on glutamate efflux and behavior. We found that ferret odor exposure increased glutamate, but not GABA, efflux in the CeA, and this effect was attenuated by tetrodotoxin. Interestingly, increases in glutamate efflux elicited by ferret odor exposure were blocked by infusion of CTAP, but CTAP did not alter the behavioral responses during predator stress. DAMGO alone enhanced glutamate efflux, but did not modulate glutamate efflux during predator stress. These studies demonstrate that ferret odor exposure, like other stressors, enhances glutamate efflux in the CeA. Further, they suggest that activation of MOR in the CeA may help shape the defensive response to predator odor and other threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Parrilla Carrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Kris F. Kaigler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - George H. Hartshorn
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Jim R. Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Marlene A. Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
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18
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Mitra R. Neuronal Plasticity in the Amygdala Following Predator Stress Exposure. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:25. [PMID: 30842731 PMCID: PMC6391327 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation causes robust long-term stress-related effects on prey individuals even if they do not get consumed by the predator. Here I review the role of basolateral amygdala (BLA) neurons in the mediation of non-consumptive effects of predation. This brain region is critical for the generation and maintenance of fear response across many phylogenetic groups. The exposure to cues of predator presence activates neurons within the BLA. Hormones secreted during stressful episodes cause long-lasting structural changes in BLA neurons, causing facilitation of endocrine response during subsequent exposure to stressful episodes like later predator exposure. Some studies also suggest that BLA is involved in creating anticipatory defensive behavior in response to the expectation of change in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupshi Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Assessment of fear and anxiety associated behaviors, physiology and neural circuits in rats with reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) levels. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:33. [PMID: 30670681 PMCID: PMC6343029 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in serotonin transporter (SERT) that reduces transcriptional efficiency is associated with higher anxiety and fear traits and a greater incidence of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although previous studies have shown that rats with no expression of SERT (SERT-/-) have increased baseline anxiety behaviors, SERT+/- rats with low SERT expression (and more relevant to the clinical condition with low SERT expression) do not. Yet, no systematic studies of fear acquisition/extinction or their underlying neural mechanisms have been conducted in this preclinical genetic SERT+/- model. Here we sought to determine if SERT+/- or SERT-/-, compared to wildtype, rats would show exacerbated panic responses and/or persistent conditioned fear responses that may be associated with PTSD or phobia vulnerability. Results: Only SERT-/- rats showed increased baseline anxiety-like behaviors with heightened panic respiratory responses. However SERT+/- (also SERT-/-) rats showed enhanced acquisition of fear and delayed extinction of fear that was associated with changes in serotonergic-related genes (e.g., reduced 5-HT1A receptor) and disrupted inhibition within the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, the disrupted fear responses in SERT+/- rats were normalized with 5HT1A antagonist infusions into the BLA. Enhanced acquisition and failure to extinguish fear memories displayed by both SERT-/- and SERT+/- rats are cardinal symptoms of disabling anxiety disorders such as phobias and PTSD. The data here support the hypothesis that reduced SERT function is a genetic risk that disrupts select gene expression and network properties in the amygdala that could result in vulnerability to these syndromes.
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20
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Butler RK, Oliver EM, Fadel JR, Wilson MA. Hemispheric differences in the number of parvalbumin-positive neurons in subdivisions of the rat basolateral amygdala complex. Brain Res 2018; 1678:214-219. [PMID: 29107660 PMCID: PMC5714668 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The amygdala is a bilateral temporal lobe brain region which plays an important role in emotional processing. Past studies on the amygdala have shown hemispheric differences in amygdalar processes and responses associated with specific pain and fear behaviors. Despite the functional differences in the amygdala, few studies have been performed to characterize whether anatomical differences exist between the left and right amygdala. Parvalbumin (PV) is a phenotypic marker for an inhibitory interneuronal population in cortical brain structures such as the basolateral amygdala complex (BLC). This study examined the number of PV-positive neurons in the left and right BLC of adult, male Long-Evans rats using unbiased stereology. Coronal sections through the rostral-caudal extent of the BLC were immunohistochemically-stained for PV and the optical fractionator method was used to obtain an unbiased estimate of the number of PV-positive neurons in subdivisions through the BLC. The lateral and basolateral amygdala divisions of the BLC were analyzed, were subdivided into the dorsolateral, ventrolateral and ventromedial and the posterior, anterior and ventral subdivisions, respectively. The results indicate that there are significantly more PV-positive neurons in the left basolateral amygdala compared to the right, with a significant difference specifically in the posterior subdivision. This difference in PV neuronal number could help explain the distinct hemispheric roles of the BLC in the behavioral processing following exposure to painful and fearful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Butler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA; WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Elisabeth M Oliver
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA; WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jim R Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA; WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Marlene A Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA; WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC, USA
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21
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Rale A, Shendye N, Bodas DS, Subhedar N, Ghose A. CART neuropeptide modulates the extended amygdalar CeA-vBNST circuit to gate expression of innate fear. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 85:69-77. [PMID: 28825977 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate fear is critical for the survival of animals and is under tight homeostatic control. Deregulation of innate fear processing is thought to underlie pathological phenotypes including, phobias and panic disorders. Although central processing of conditioned fear has been extensively studied, the circuitry and regulatory mechanisms subserving innate fear remain relatively poorly defined. In this study, we identify cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neuropeptide signaling in the central amygdala (CeA) - ventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (vBNST) axis as a key modulator of innate fear expression. 2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thiazoline (TMT), a component of fox faeces, induces a freezing response whose intensity is regulated by the extent of CART-signaling in the CeA neurons. Abrogation of CART activity in the CeA attenuates the freezing response and reduces activation of vBNST neurons. Conversely, ectopically elevated CART signaling in the CeA potentiates the fear response concomitant with enhanced vBNST activation. We show that local levels of CART signaling modulate the activation of CeA neurons by NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic inputs, in turn, regulating activity in the vBNST. This study identifies the extended amygdalar CeA-vBNST circuit as a CART modulated axis encoding innate fear. CART signaling regulates the glutamatergic excitatory drive in the CeA-vBNST circuit, in turn, gating the expression of the freezing response to TMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Rale
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Ninad Shendye
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Devika S Bodas
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Nishikant Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India.
| | - Aurnab Ghose
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India.
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22
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Flores Á, Herry C, Maldonado R, Berrendero F. Facilitation of Contextual Fear Extinction by Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonism Is Associated with the Activation of Specific Amygdala Cell Subpopulations. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:654-659. [PMID: 28453642 PMCID: PMC5570099 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orexins are hypothalamic neuropeptides recently involved in the regulation of emotional memory. The basolateral amygdala, an area orchestrating fear memory processes, appears to be modulated by orexin transmission during fear extinction. However, the neuronal types within the basolateral amygdala involved in this modulation remain to be elucidated. METHODS We used retrograde tracing combined with immunofluorescence techniques in mice to identify basolateral amygdala projection neurons and cell subpopulations in this brain region influenced by orexin transmission during contextual fear extinction consolidation. RESULTS Treatment with the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB334867 increased the activity of basolateral amygdala neurons projecting to infralimbic medial prefrontal cortex during fear extinction. GABAergic interneurons expressing calbindin, but not parvalbumin, were also activated by orexin-1 receptor antagonism in the basolateral amygdala. CONCLUSIONS These data identify neuronal circuits and cell populations of the amygdala associated with the facilitation of fear extinction consolidation induced by the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB334867.
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Affiliation(s)
- África Flores
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Flores, Maldonado, and Berrendero); INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France (Dr Herry); University Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France (Dr Herry); Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain (Dr Berrendero)
| | - Cyril Herry
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Flores, Maldonado, and Berrendero); INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France (Dr Herry); University Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France (Dr Herry); Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain (Dr Berrendero)
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Flores, Maldonado, and Berrendero); INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France (Dr Herry); University Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France (Dr Herry); Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain (Dr Berrendero)
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (Drs Flores, Maldonado, and Berrendero); INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France (Dr Herry); University Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France (Dr Herry); Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain (Dr Berrendero)
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23
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Kim DJ, Lee AS, Yttredahl AA, Gómez-Rodríguez R, Anderson BJ. Repeated threat (without direct harm) alters metabolic capacity in select regions that drive defensive behavior. Neuroscience 2017; 353:106-118. [PMID: 28433648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To understand the behavioral consequences of intermittent anticipatory stress resulting from threats without accompanying physiological challenges, we developed a semi-naturalistic rodent housing and foraging environment that can include threats that are unpredictable in timing. Behavior is automatically recorded while rats forage for food or water. Over three weeks, the threats have been shown to elicit risk assessment behaviors, increase defensive burying and increase adrenal gland weight. To identify brain regions activated by this manipulation, we measured cytochrome c oxidase (COX), which is tightly coupled to neural activity. Adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control (CT) or unpredictable threat/stress (ST) housing conditions consisting of two tub cages, one with food and another with water, separated by a tunnel. Over three weeks (P31-P52), the ST group received randomly timed (probability of 0.25), simultaneous presentations of ferret odor, an abrupt light, and sound at the center of the tunnel. The ST group had consistently fewer tunnel crossings than the CT group, but similar body weights. Group differences in COX activity were detected in regions implicated in the control of defensive burying. There was an increase in COX activity in the hypothalamic premammillary dorsal nucleus (PMD) and lateral septum (LS), whereas a decrease was observed in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and CA3 region of the hippocampus. There were no significant differences in the anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, striatum or motor cortex. The sites with changes in metabolic capacity are candidates for the sites of plasticity that may underlie the behavioral adaptations to intermittent threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kim
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States; Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States
| | - A S Lee
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States
| | - A A Yttredahl
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States; Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States
| | - R Gómez-Rodríguez
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States
| | - B J Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States; Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States.
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24
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Kim DJ, St. Louis N, Molaro RA, Hudson GT, Chorley RC, Anderson BJ. Repeated unpredictable threats without harm impair spatial working memory in the Barnes maze. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 137:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Shuhama R, Rondinoni C, de Araujo DB, de Freitas Caetano G, dos Santos AC, Graeff FG, Del-Ben CM. Behavioral and neuroimaging responses induced by mental imagery of threatening scenarios. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:358-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Johnson PL, Molosh A, Fitz SD, Arendt D, Deehan GA, Federici LM, Bernabe C, Engleman EA, Rodd ZA, Lowry CA, Shekhar A. Pharmacological depletion of serotonin in the basolateral amygdala complex reduces anxiety and disrupts fear conditioning. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 138:174-9. [PMID: 26476009 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The basolateral and lateral amygdala nuclei complex (BLC) is implicated in a number of emotional responses including conditioned fear and social anxiety. Based on previous studies demonstrating that enhanced serotonin release in the BLC leads to increased anxiety and fear responses, we hypothesized that pharmacologically depleting serotonin in the BLC using 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) injections would lead to diminished anxiety and disrupted fear conditioning. To test this hypothesis, 5,7-DHT(a serotonin-depleting agent) was bilaterally injected into the BLC. Desipramine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) was systemically administered to prevent non-selective effects on norepinephrine. After 5days, 5-7-DHT-treated rats showed increases in the duration of social interaction (SI) time, suggestive of reduced anxiety-like behavior. We then used a cue-induced fear conditioning protocol with shock as the unconditioned stimulus and tone as the conditioned stimulus for rats pretreated with bilateral 5,7-DHT, or vehicle, injections into the BLC. Compared to vehicle-treated rats, 5,7-DHT rats had reduced acquisition of fear during conditioning (measured by freezing time during tone), also had reduced fear retrieval/recall on subsequent testing days. Ex vivo analyses revealed that 5,7-DHT reduced local 5-HT concentrations in the BLC by ~40% without altering local norepinephrine or dopamine concentrations. These data provide additional support for 5-HT playing a critical role in modulating anxiety-like behavior and fear-associated memories through its actions within the BLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Johnson
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,.
| | - Andrei Molosh
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephanie D Fitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dave Arendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gerald A Deehan
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lauren M Federici
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cristian Bernabe
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eric A Engleman
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zachary A Rodd
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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27
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Liu M, Blanco-Centurion C, Konadhode RR, Luan L, Shiromani PJ. Orexin gene transfer into the amygdala suppresses both spontaneous and emotion-induced cataplexy in orexin-knockout mice. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:681-8. [PMID: 26741960 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder linked to the loss of orexin-producing neurons in the hypothalamus. Cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscle tone during waking, is an important distinguishing symptom of narcolepsy and it is often triggered by strong emotions. The neural circuit underlying cataplexy attacks is not known, but is likely to involve the amygdala, a region implicated in regulating emotions. In mice models of narcolepsy, transfer of the orexin gene into surrogate neurons has been successful in ameliorating narcoleptic symptoms. However, it is not known whether this method also blocks cataplexy triggered by strong emotions. To examine this possibility, the gene encoding mouse prepro-orexin was transferred into amygdala neurons of orexin-knockout (KO) mice (rAAV-orexin; n = 8). Orexin-KO mice that did not receive gene transfer (no-rAAV; n = 7) or received only the reporter gene (rAAV-GFP; n = 7) served as controls. Three weeks later, the animal's sleep and behaviour were recorded at night (no-odour control night), followed by another recording at night in the presence of predator odour (odour night). Orexin-KO mice given the orexin gene transfer into surrogate amygdala neurons had significantly less spontaneous bouts of cataplexy, and predator odour did not induce cataplexy compared with control mice. Moreover, the mice with orexin gene transfer were awake more during the odour night. These results demonstrate that orexin gene transfer into amygdala neurons can suppress both spontaneous and emotion-induced cataplexy attacks in narcoleptic mice. It suggests that manipulating amygdala pathways is a potential strategy for treating cataplexy in narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Carlos Blanco-Centurion
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Roda Rani Konadhode
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Liju Luan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Priyattam J Shiromani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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28
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Ladrón de Guevara-Miranda D, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Rivera P, Estivill-Torrús G, Suárez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Santín LJ, Castilla-Ortega E. Cocaine-conditioned place preference is predicted by previous anxiety-like behavior and is related to an increased number of neurons in the basolateral amygdala. Behav Brain Res 2016; 298:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Butler RK, Oliver EM, Sharko AC, Parilla-Carrero J, Kaigler KF, Fadel JR, Wilson MA. Activation of corticotropin releasing factor-containing neurons in the rat central amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis following exposure to two different anxiogenic stressors. Behav Brain Res 2016; 304:92-101. [PMID: 26821289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rats exposed to the odor of a predator or to the elevated plus maze (EPM) express unique unconditioned fear behaviors. The extended amygdala has previously been demonstrated to mediate the response to both predator odor and the EPM. We seek to determine if divergent amygdalar microcircuits are associated with the different behavioral responses. The current experiments compared activation of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-containing neuronal populations in the central amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) of rats exposed to either the EPM (5 min) versus home cage controls, or predator (ferret) odor versus butyric acid, or no odor (30 min). Sections of the brains were prepared for dual-labeled immunohistochemistry and counts of c-Fos co-localized with CRF were made in the centrolateral and centromedial amygdala (CLA and CMA) as well as the dorsolateral (dl), dorsomedial (dm), and ventral (v) BNST. Ferret odor-exposed rats displayed an increase in duration and a decrease in latency of defensive burying versus control rats. Exposure to both predator stress and EPM induced neuronal activation in the BNST, but not the central amygdala, and similar levels of neuronal activation were seen in both the high and low anxiety groups in the BNST after EPM exposure. Dual-labeled immunohistochemistry showed a significant increase in the percentage of CRF/c-Fos co-localization in the vBNST of ferret odor-exposed rats compared to control and butyric acid-exposed groups as well as EPM-exposed rats compared to home cage controls. In addition, an increase in the percentage of CRF-containing neurons co-localized with c-Fos was observed in the dmBNST after EPM exposure. No changes in co-localization of CRF with c-Fos was observed with these treatments in either the CLA or CMA. These results suggest that predator odor and EPM exposure activates CRF neurons in the BNST to a much greater extent than CRF neurons of the central amygdala, and indicates unconditioned anxiogenic stimuli may activate unique anatomical circuits in the extended amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Butler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Elisabeth M Oliver
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Amanda C Sharko
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA; WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC,USA
| | - Jeffrey Parilla-Carrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kris F Kaigler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jim R Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Marlene A Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA; WJB Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC,USA
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30
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Gray JM, Chaouloff F, Hill MN. To stress or not to stress: a question of models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 70:8.33.1-8.33.22. [PMID: 25559007 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0833s70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stress research is a rapidly evolving field that encompasses numerous disciplines ranging from neuroscience to metabolism. With many new researchers migrating into the field, navigating the hows and whys of specific research questions can sometimes be enigmatic given the availability of so many models in the stress field. Additionally, as with every field, there are many seemingly minor experimental details that can have dramatic influences on data interpretation, although many of these are unknown to those not familiar with the field. The aim of this overview is to provide some suggestions and points to guide researchers moving into the stress field and highlight relevant methodological points that they should consider when choosing a model for stress and deciding how to structure a study. We briefly provide a primer on the basics of endpoint measurements in the stress field, factors to consider when choosing a model for acute stress, the difference between repeated and chronic stress, and importantly, influencing variables that modulate endpoints of analysis in stress work.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Megan Gray
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Francis Chaouloff
- Endocannabinoids and NeuroAdaptation, Neurocentre INSERM U862, University Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Govic A, Paolini AG. In vivo electrophysiological recordings in amygdala subnuclei reveal selective and distinct responses to a behaviorally identified predator odor. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:1423-36. [PMID: 25475347 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00373.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemosensory cues signaling predators reliably stimulate innate defensive responses in rodents. Despite the well-documented role of the amygdala in predator odor-induced fear, evidence for the relative contribution of the specific nuclei that comprise this structurally heterogeneous structure is conflicting. In an effort to clarify this we examined neural activity, via electrophysiological recordings, in amygdala subnuclei to controlled and repeated presentations of a predator odor: cat urine. Defensive behaviors, characterized by avoidance, decreased exploration, and increased risk assessment, were observed in adult male hooded Wistar rats (n = 11) exposed to a cloth impregnated with cat urine. Electrophysiological recordings of the amygdala (777 multiunit clusters) were subsequently obtained in freely breathing anesthetized rats exposed to cat urine, distilled water, and eugenol via an air-dilution olfactometer. Recorded units selectively responded to cat urine, and frequencies of responses were distributed differently across amygdala nuclei; medial amygdala (MeA) demonstrated the greatest frequency of responses to cat urine (51.7%), followed by the basolateral and basomedial nuclei (18.8%) and finally the central amygdala (3.0%). Temporally, information transduction occurred primarily from the cortical amygdala and MeA (ventral divisions) to other amygdala nuclei. Interestingly, MeA subnuclei exhibited distinct firing patterns to predator urine, potentially revealing aspects of the underlying neurocircuitry of predator odor processing and defensiveness. These findings highlight the critical involvement of the MeA in processing olfactory cues signaling predator threat and converge with previous studies to indicate that amygdala regulation of predator odor-induced fear is restricted to a particular set of subnuclei that primarily include the MeA, particularly the ventral divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Govic
- School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Antonio G Paolini
- School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; and School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Sharma A, Rale A, Utturwar K, Ghose A, Subhedar N. Identification of the CART neuropeptide circuitry processing TMT-induced predator stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 50:194-208. [PMID: 25233338 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abundance of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) neuropeptide in the limbic areas like the olfactory system, central nucleus of amygdala (CeA), ventral bed nucleus of stria terminalis (vBNST) and the hypothalamus suggests involvement of the peptide in emotive processing. We examined the role of CART in mediating fear, a strong emotion with profound survival value. Rats, exposed to 2,4,5-trimethyl-3-thiazoline (TMT), a predator related cue extracted from fox feces, showed significant increase in freezing, escape and risk assessment behavior, whereas grooming was reduced. Neuronal activity was up-regulated in the CeA and vBNST in terms of increased immunoreactivity in CART elements and c-Fos expression. Increased expression of both the markers was also seen in some discrete magnocellular as well as parvicellular subdivisions of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). However, CART containing mitral cells in the main or accessory olfactory bulb did not respond. CART antibody was stereotaxically injected bilaterally into the CeA to locally immunoneutralize endogenous CART. On exposure to TMT, these rats showed reduced freezing, risk assessment and escape behavior while grooming was restored to normal value. We suggest that the CART signaling in the CeA and vBNST, but not in the olfactory system, might be an important component of the innate fear processing, and expression of stereotypic behavior, while CART in the PVN subdivisions might mediate the neuroendocrine response to predator stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Sharma
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Abhishek Rale
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Kaweri Utturwar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Aurnab Ghose
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India.
| | - Nishikant Subhedar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India.
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33
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Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) in the central nucleus of amygdala potentiates behavioral and hormonal responses of the rat exposed to its predator. Behav Brain Res 2013; 243:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and mental health: from Metchnikoff to modern advances: Part II - contemporary contextual research. Gut Pathog 2013; 5:3. [PMID: 23497633 PMCID: PMC3601973 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a renewed interest concerning the ways in which the gastrointestinal tract – its functional integrity and microbial residents – might influence human mood (e.g. depression) and behavioral disorders. Once a hotbed of scientific interest in the early 20th century, this area lay dormant for decades, in part due to its association with the controversial term ‘autointoxication’. Here we review contemporary findings related to intestinal permeability, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, lipopolysaccharide endotoxin (LPS) exposure, D-lactic acid, propionic acid, and discuss their relevance to microbiota and mental health. In addition, we include the context of modern dietary habits as they relate to depression, anxiety and their potential interaction with intestinal microbiota.
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35
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Dupire A, Kant P, Mons N, Marchand AR, Coutureau E, Dalrymple-Alford J, Wolff M. A role for anterior thalamic nuclei in affective cognition: Interaction with environmental conditions. Hippocampus 2013; 23:392-404. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Butler RK, White LC, Frederick-Duus D, Kaigler KF, Fadel JR, Wilson MA. Comparison of the activation of somatostatin- and neuropeptide Y-containing neuronal populations of the rat amygdala following two different anxiogenic stressors. Exp Neurol 2012; 238:52-63. [PMID: 22917777 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rats exposed to the odor of a predator or to the elevated plus maze express fear behaviors without a prior exposure to either stimulus. The expression of innate fear provides for an ideal model of anxiety which can aid in the elucidation of brain circuits involved in anxiety-related behaviors. The current experiments compared activation of neuropeptide-containing neuronal populations in the amygdala of rats exposed to either the elevated plus maze (EPM; 5 min) versus home cage controls, or predator ferret odor versus butyric acid, or no odor (30 min). Sections of the brains were prepared for dual-labeled immunohistochemistry and counts of c-Fos co-localized with somatostatin (SOM) or neuropeptide Y (NPY) were made in the basolateral (BLA), central (CEA), medial (MEA) nuclei of the amygdala. Ferret odor and butyric acid exposure significantly decreased the percentage of SOM-positive neurons also immunoreactive for c-Fos in the anterior BLA compared to controls, whereas EPM exposure yielded a significant increase in the activation of SOM-positive neurons versus home cage controls. In the CEA, ferret odor and butyric exposure significantly decreased the percentage of SOM-positive neurons also immunoreactive for c-Fos compared to no-odor controls whereas EPM exposure yielded no change versus controls. In the MEA, both ferret odor exposure and EPM exposure resulted in increased SOM co-localized with c-Fos compared to control groups whereas NPY co-localized with c-Fos occurred following ferret odor exposure, but not EPM exposure. These results indicate that phenotypically distinct neuronal populations of the amygdala are differentially activated following exposure to different anxiogenic stimuli. These studies further elucidate the fundamental neurocircuitry of anxiety and could possibly explain the differential behavioral effects of predator versus novelty-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Butler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Hayes DJ, Northoff G. Common brain activations for painful and non-painful aversive stimuli. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:60. [PMID: 22676259 PMCID: PMC3464596 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of potentially harmful stimuli is necessary for the well-being and self-preservation of all organisms. However, the neural substrates involved in the processing of aversive stimuli are not well understood. For instance, painful and non-painful aversive stimuli are largely thought to activate different neural networks. However, it is presently unclear whether there is a common aversion-related network of brain regions responsible for the basic processing of aversive stimuli. To help clarify this issue, this report used a cross-species translational approach in humans (i.e. meta-analysis) and rodents (i.e. systematic review of functional neuroanatomy). RESULTS Animal and human data combined to show a core aversion-related network, consisting of similar cortical (i.e. MCC, PCC, AI, DMPFC, RTG, SMA, VLOFC; see results section or abbreviation section for full names) and subcortical (i.e. Amyg, BNST, DS, Hab, Hipp/Parahipp, Hyp, NAc, NTS, PAG, PBN, raphe, septal nuclei, Thal, LC, midbrain) regions. In addition, a number of regions appeared to be more involved in pain-related (e.g. sensory cortex) or non-pain-related (e.g. amygdala) aversive processing. CONCLUSIONS This investigation suggests that aversive processing, at the most basic level, relies on similar neural substrates, and that differential responses may be due, in part, to the recruitment of additional structures as well as the spatio-temporal dynamic activity of the network. This network perspective may provide a clearer understanding of why components of this circuit appear dysfunctional in some psychiatric and pain-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave J Hayes
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1Z 7K4, Canada
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Easton AC, Lucchesi W, Schumann G, Giese KP, Müller CP, Fernandes C. αCaMKII autophosphorylation controls exploratory activity to threatening novel stimuli. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:1424-31. [PMID: 21903107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophosphorylation of αCaMKII is regarded as a 'molecular memory' for Ca(2+) transients and a crucial mechanism in aversely, but less so in appetitively, motivated learning and memory. While there is a growing body of research implicating αCaMKII in general in behavioral responses to threat or fearful stimuli, little is known about the contribution of the autophosphorylation. The present study asked how αCaMKII autophosphorylation controls anxiety-like behavioral responses toward novel, potentially threatening stimuli. We tested homozygous and heterozygous T286A αCaMKII autophosphorylation deficient mice and wild types in a systematic series of behavioral tests. Homozygous mutants were more active in the open field test and showed reduced anxiety-related behavior in the light/dark test, but these findings were confounded by a hyperlocomotor phenotype. The analysis of elevated plus maze showed significantly reduced anxiety-related behavior in the αCaMKII autophosphorylation-deficient mice which appeared to mediate a hyperlocomotor response. An analysis of home cage behavior, where neither novel nor threatening stimuli were present, showed no differences in locomotor activity between genotypes. Increased locomotion was not observed in the novel object exploration test in the αCaMKII autophosphorylation-deficient mice, implying that hyperactivity does not occur in response to discrete novel stimuli. The present data suggest that the behavior of αCaMKII autophosphorylation-deficient mice cannot simply be described as a low anxiety phenotype. Instead it is suggested that αCaMKII autophosphorylation influences locomotor reactivity to novel environments that are potentially, but not necessarily threatening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna C Easton
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
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Baisley SK, Cloninger CL, Bakshi VP. Fos expression following regimens of predator stress versus footshock that differentially affect prepulse inhibition in rats. Physiol Behav 2011; 104:796-803. [PMID: 21843541 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stress is suggested to exacerbate symptoms and contribute to relapse in patients with schizophrenia and several other psychiatric disorders. A prominent feature of many of these illnesses is an impaired ability to filter information through sensorimotor gating processes. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a functional measure of sensorimotor gating, and known to be deficient in schizophrenia and sometimes in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), both of which are also sensitive to stress-induced symptom deterioration. We previously found that a psychological stressor (exposure to a ferret without physical contact), but not footshock, disrupted PPI in rats, suggesting that intense psychological stress/trauma may uniquely model stress-induced sensorimotor gating abnormalities. In the present experiment, we sought to recreate the conditions where we found this behavioral difference, and to explore possible underlying neural substrates. Rats were exposed acutely to ferret stress, footshock, or no stress (control). 90 min later, tissue was obtained for Fos immunohistochemistry to assess neuronal activation. Several brain regions (prelimbic, infralimbic, and cingulate cortices, the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, and the lateral periaqueductal gray) were equally activated following exposure to either stressor. Interestingly, the medial amygdala and dorsomedial periaqueductal gray had nearly twice as much Fos activation in the ferret-exposed rats as in the footshock-exposed rats, suggesting that higher activation within these structures may contribute to the unique behavioral effects induced by predator stress. These results may have implications for understanding the neural substrates that could participate in sensorimotor gating abnormalities seen in several psychiatric disorders after psychogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Baisley
- Neuroscience Training Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 7225 Medical Sciences Center, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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