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Li J, Zhou T, Wang P, Yin R, Zhang S, Cao Y, Zong L, Xiao M, Zhang Y, Liu W, Deng L, Huang F, Sun J, Wang H. Magnetic Stimulation of Gigantocellular Reticular Nucleus with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Combined Treadmill Training Enhanced Locomotor Recovery by Reorganizing Cortico-Reticulo-Spinal Circuit. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:7473-7492. [PMID: 39071504 PMCID: PMC11283264 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s464498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gigantocellular reticular nucleus (GRNs) executes a vital role in locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury. However, due to its unique anatomical location deep within the brainstem, intervening in GRNs for spinal cord injury research is challenging. To address this problem, this study adopted an extracorporeal magnetic stimulation system to observe the effects of selective magnetic stimulation of GRNs with iron oxide nanoparticles combined treadmill training on locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury, and explored the possible mechanisms. Methods Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles were stereotactically injected into bilateral GRNs of mice with moderate T10 spinal cord contusion. Eight-week selective magnetic stimulation produced by extracorporeal magnetic stimulation system (MSS) combined with treadmill training was adopted for the animals from one week after surgery. Locomotor function of mice was evaluated by the Basso Mouse Scale, Grid-walking test and Treadscan analysis. Brain MRI, anterograde virus tracer and immunofluorescence staining were applied to observe the tissue compatibility of SPIO in GRNs, trace GRNs' projections and evaluate neurotransmitters' expression in spinal cord respectively. Motor-evoked potentials and H reflex were collected for assessing the integrity of cortical spinal tract and the excitation of motor neurons in anterior horn. Results (1) SPIO persisted in GRNs for a minimum of 24 weeks without inducing apoptosis of GRN cells, and degraded slowly over time. (2) MSS-enabled treadmill training dramatically improved locomotor performances of injured mice, and promoted cortico-reticulo-spinal circuit reorganization. (3) MSS-enabled treadmill training took superimposed roles through both activating GRNs to drive more projections of GRNs across lesion site and rebalancing neurotransmitters' expression in anterior horn of lumbar spinal cord. Conclusion These results indicate that selective MSS intervention of GRNs potentially serves as an innovative strategy to promote more spared fibers of GRNs across lesion site and rebalance neurotransmitters' expression after spinal cord injury, paving the way for the structural remodeling of neural systems collaborating with exercise training, thus ultimately contributing to the reconstruction of cortico-reticulo-spinal circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruian Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengqi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yile Cao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Zong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingxiao Deng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-2266, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, 210024, People’s Republic of China
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Takatani H, Fujita N, Imai F, Yoshida Y. Forelimb motor recovery by modulating extrinsic and intrinsic signaling as well as neuronal activity after the cervical spinal cord injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.22.600167. [PMID: 38979293 PMCID: PMC11230274 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.22.600167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Singular strategies for promoting axon regeneration and motor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) have been attempted with limited success. Here, we propose the combinatorial approach of deleting extrinsic and intrinsic factors paired with neural stimulation, will enhance adaptive axonal growth and motor recovery after SCI. We previously showed the deletion of RhoA and Pten in corticospinal neurons inhibits axon dieback and promotes axon sprouting after lumbar SCI. Here, we examined the effects of RhoA;Pten deletion coupled with neural stimulation after cervical SCI. This combinatorial approach promoted more boutons on injured corticospinal neurons in the spinal cord compared to sole RhoA;Pten deletion. Although RhoA;Pten deletion does not promote motor recovery in the forelimb after SCI, stimulating corticospinal neurons in those mice results in partial motor recovery. These results demonstrate that a combinatorial approach that pairs genetic modifications with neuronal stimulation can promote axon sprouting and motor recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohide Takatani
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, United States
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyasu Imai
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, United States
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York, United States
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States
- Neural Circuit Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
- Lead contact
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Jiang S, Yuan C, Zou T, Koh JH, Basabrain M, Chen Q, Liu J, Heng BC, Lim LW, Wang P, Zhang C. An Injectable Hydrogel Loaded with GMSCs-Derived Neural Lineage Cells Promotes Recovery after Stroke. Tissue Eng Part A 2024. [PMID: 38756085 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating medical condition with poor prognosis due to the lack of effective treatment modalities. Transplantation of human neural stem cells or primary neural cells is a promising treatment approach, but this is hindered by limited suitable cell sources and low in vitro expansion capacity. This study aimed (1) use small molecules (SM) to reprogram gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) commitment to the neural lineage cells in vitro, and (2) use hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel scaffolds seeded with GMSCs-derived neural lineage cells to treat ischemic stroke in vivo. Neural induction was carried out with a SM cocktail-based one-step culture protocol over a period of 24 h. The induced cells were analyzed for expression of neural markers with immunocytochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 100) were subjected to the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reperfusion ischemic stroke model. Then, after 8 days post-MCAO, the modeled rats were randomly assigned to six study groups (n = 12 per group): (1) GMSCs, (2) GMSCs-derived neural lineage cells, (3) HA and GMSCs-derived neural lineage cells, (4) HA, (5) PBS, and (6) sham transplantation control, and received their respective transplantation. Evaluation of post-stroke recovery were performed by behavioral tests and histological assessments. The morphologically altered nature of neural lineages has been observed of the GMSCs treated with SMs compared to the untreated controls. As shown by the qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, SMs further significantly enhanced the expression level of neural markers of GMSCs as compared with the untreated controls (all p < 0.05). Intracerebral injection of self-assembling HA hydrogel carrying GMSCs-derived neural lineage cells promoted the recovery of neural function and reduced ischemic damage in rats with ischemic stroke, as demonstrated by histological examination and behavioral assessments (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, the SM cocktail significantly enhanced the differentiation of GMSCs into neural lineage cells. The HA hydrogel was found to facilitate the proliferation and differentiation of GMSCs-derived neural lineage cells. Furthermore, HA hydrogel seeded with GMSCs-derived neural lineage cells could promote tissue repair and functional recovery in rats with ischemic stroke and may be a promising alternative treatment modality for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Faculty of Dentistry, Restorative Dental Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan), Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changyong Yuan
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Faculty of Dentistry, Restorative Dental Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Stomatology Hospital (Pingshan), Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Hao Koh
- Faculty of Dentistry, Restorative Dental Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mohammed Basabrain
- Faculty of Dentistry, Restorative Dental Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qixin Chen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Restorative Dental Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junqing Liu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Restorative Dental Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Lee Wei Lim
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Penglai Wang
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, Restorative Dental Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Wu X, Liu J, Li W, Khan MF, Dai H, Tian J, Priya R, Tian DJ, Wu W, Yaacoub A, Gu J, Syed F, Yu CH, Gao X, Yu Q, Xu XM, Brutkiewicz RR. CD1d-dependent neuroinflammation impairs tissue repair and functional recovery following a spinal cord injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.13.562047. [PMID: 37905092 PMCID: PMC10614755 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.13.562047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue damage resulting from a spinal cord injury (SCI) is primarily driven by a robust neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory response. This intricate process is mainly governed by a multitude of cytokines and cell surface proteins in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the critical components of the neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory response during SCI are still not well-defined. In this study, we investigated the impact of CD1d, an MHC class I-like molecule mostly known for presenting lipid antigens to natural killer T (NKT) cells and regulating immune/inflammatory responses, on neuroimmune/neuroinflammatory responses induced by SCI. We observed an increased expression of CD1d on various cell types within the spinal cord, including microglia/macrophages, oligodendrocytes (ODCs), and endothelial cells (DCs), but not on neurons or astrocytes post-SCI. In comparison to wildtype (WT) mice, a T10 contusive SCI in CD1d knockout (CD1dKO or Cd1d -/- ) mice resulted in markedly reduced proinflammatory cytokine release, microglia/macrophage activation and proliferation. Following SCI, the levels of inflammatory cytokines and activation/proliferation of microglia/macrophages were dramatically reduced, while anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and growth factors like VEGF were substantially increased in the spinal cord tissues of CD1dKO mice when compared to WT mice. In the post-acute phase of SCI (day 7 post-SCI), CD1dKO mice had a significantly higher frequency of tissue-repairing macrophages, but not other types of immune cells, in the injured spinal cord tissues compared to WT mice. Moreover, CD1d-deficiency protected spinal cord neuronal cells and tissue, promoting functional recovery after a SCI. However, the neuroinflammation in WT mouse spinal cords was independent of the canonical CD1d/NKT cell axis. Finally, treatment of injured mice with a CD1d-specific monoclonal antibody significantly enhanced neuroprotection and improved functional recovery. Therefore, CD1d promotes the proinflammatory response following a SCI and represents a potential therapeutic target for spinal cord repair. Significance Statement The cell surface molecule, CD1d, is known to be recognized by cells of the immune system. To our knowledge, this is the first observation that the CD1d molecule significantly contributes to neuroinflammation following a spinal cord injury (SCI) in a manner independent of the CD1d/NKT cell axis. This is important, because this work reveals CD1d as a potential therapeutic target following an acute SCI for which there are currently no effective treatments.
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Kobayashi M, Moro N, Yoshino A, Kumagawa T, Shijo K, Maeda T, Oshima H. Inhibition of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors improves histological and behavioral outcomes after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:378. [PMID: 37456165 PMCID: PMC10347371 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Release of large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a gliotransmitter, into the extracellular space by traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered to activate the microglia followed by release of inflammatory cytokines resulting in excessive inflammatory response that induces secondary brain injury. The present study investigated whether antagonists of ATP receptors (P2X4 and/or P2X7) on microglia are beneficial for reducing the post-injury inflammatory response that leads to secondary injury, a prognostic aggravation factor of TBI. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cortical contusion injury (CCI) and randomly assigned to injury and drug treatment conditions, as follows: i) No surgical intervention (naïve group); ii) dimethyl sulfoxide treatment after CCI (CCI-control group); iii) 5-BDBD (antagonist of P2X4 receptor) treatment after CCI (CCI-5-BDBD group); iv) CCI-AZ11645373 (antagonist of P2X7 receptor) treatment after CCI (CCI-AZ11645373 group); v) or 5-BDBD and AZ11645373 treatment after CCI (CCI-5-BDBD + AZ11645373 group). In the CCI-5-BDBD, CCI-AZ11645373, and CCI-5-BDBD + AZ11645373 groups, expression of activated microglia was suppressed in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus 3 days after the CCI. Western blotting with ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 antibody revealed that administration of CCI-5-BDBD and/or CCI-AZ11645373 suppressed expression of microglia and reduced expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNA 3 days after the CCI. Furthermore, the plus maze test, which reflects the spatial memory function and involves the hippocampal function, showed improvement 28 days after secondary injury to the hippocampus. These findings confirmed that blocking the P2X4 and P2X7 receptors, which are ATP receptors central in gliotransmission, suppresses microglial activation and subsequent cytokine expression after brain injury, and demonstrates the potential as an effective treatment for reducing secondary brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kobayashi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Moro
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Honjo-General Hospital, Saitama 367-0031, Japan
| | - Atsuo Yoshino
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kumagawa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Katsunori Shijo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Takeshi Maeda
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Hideki Oshima
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Walter HL, Pikhovych A, Endepols H, Rotthues S, Bärmann J, Backes H, Hoehn M, Wiedermann D, Neumaier B, Fink GR, Rüger MA, Schroeter M. Transcranial-Direct-Current-Stimulation Accelerates Motor Recovery After Cortical Infarction in Mice: The Interplay of Structural Cellular Responses and Functional Recovery. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2022; 36:701-714. [PMID: 36124996 DOI: 10.1177/15459683221124116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) promotes recovery after stroke in humans. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain to be elucidated. Animal models suggest tDCS effects on neuroinflammation, stem cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and neural plasticity. OBJECTIVE In a longitudinal study, we employed tDCS in the subacute and chronic phase after experimental focal cerebral ischemia in mice to explore the relationship between functional recovery and cellular processes. METHODS Mice received photothrombosis in the right motor cortex, verified by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A composite neuroscore quantified subsequent functional deficits. Mice received tDCS daily: either 5 sessions from day 5 to 9, or 10 sessions with days 12 to 16 in addition. TDCS with anodal or cathodal polarity was compared to sham stimulation. Further imaging to assess proliferation and neuroinflammation was performed by immunohistochemistry at different time points and Positron Emission Tomography at the end of the observation time of 3 weeks. RESULTS Cathodal tDCS at 198 kC/m2 (220 A/m2) between days 5 and 9 accelerated functional recovery, increased neurogenesis, decreased microglial activation, and mitigated CD16/32-expression associated with M1-phenotype. Anodal tDCS exerted similar effects on neurogenesis and microglial polarization but not on recovery of function or microglial activation. TDCS on days 12 to 16 after stroke did not induce any further effects, suggesting that the therapeutic time window was closed by then. CONCLUSION Overall, data suggest that non-invasive neuromodulation by tDCS impacts neurogenesis and microglial activation as critical cellular processes influencing functional recovery during the early phase of regeneration from focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Luise Walter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anton Pikhovych
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Steffen Rotthues
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Bärmann
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko Backes
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Wiedermann
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rüger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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7
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Zhou ZX, Cui Q, Zhang YM, Yang JX, Xiang WJ, Tian N, Jiang YL, Chen ML, Yang B, Li QH, Liao RJ. Withaferin A inhibits ferroptosis and protects against intracerebral hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1308-1315. [PMID: 36453416 PMCID: PMC9838153 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that suppressing oxidative stress and ferroptosis can considerably improve the prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Withaferin A (WFA), a natural compound, exhibits a positive effect on a number of neurological diseases. However, the effects of WFA on oxidative stress and ferroptosis-mediated signaling pathways to ICH remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanism for WFA in the regulation of ICH-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis. We established a mouse model of ICH by injection of autologous tail artery blood into the caudate nucleus and an in vitro cell model of hemin-induced ICH. WFA was injected intracerebroventricularly at 0.1, 1 or 5 µg/kg once daily for 7 days, starting immediately after ICH operation. WFA markedly reduced brain tissue injury and iron deposition and improved neurological function in a dose-dependent manner 7 days after cerebral hemorrhage. Through in vitro experiments, cell viability test showed that WFA protected SH-SY5Y neuronal cells against hemin-induced cell injury. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in vitro and in vivo showed that WFA markedly decreased the level of malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker, and increased the activities of anti-oxidative stress markers superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase after ICH. Western blot assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence results demonstrated that WFA activated the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling axis, promoted translocation of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to nucleus, and increased HO-1 expression. Silencing Nrf2 with siRNA completely reversed HO-1 expression, oxidative stress and protective effects of WFA. Furthermore, WFA reduced hemin-induced ferroptosis. However, after treatment with an HO-1 inhibitor, the neuroprotective effects of WFA against hemin-induced ferroptosis were weakened. MTT test results showed that WFA combined with ferrostatin-1 reduced hemin-induced SH-SY5Y neuronal cell injury. Our findings reveal that WFA treatment alleviated ICH injury-induced ferroptosis and oxidative stress through activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, which may highlight a potential role of WFA for the treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xian Zhou
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qi Cui
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ying-Mei Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jia-Xin Yang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ning Tian
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan-Lin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Mei-Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qing-Hua Li
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ru-Jia Liao
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China,Correspondence to: Ru-Jia Liao, .
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8
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Wu W, Nguyen T, Ordaz JD, Zhang YP, Liu NK, Hu X, Liu Y, Ping X, Han Q, Wu X, Qu W, Gao S, Shields CB, Jin X, Xu XM. Transhemispheric remodeling the motor cortex promotes forelimb recovery after mouse spinal cord injury. JCI Insight 2022; 7:158150. [PMID: 35552276 PMCID: PMC9309060 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.158150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the reorganization of neural circuits spared after spinal cord injury in the motor cortex and spinal cord would provide insights for developing therapeutics. Using optogenetic mapping, we demonstrated a transhemispheric recruitment of neural circuits in the contralateral cortical M1/M2 area to improve the impaired forelimb function after a cervical 5 right-sided hemisection in mice, a model mimicking the human Brown-Séquard syndrome. This cortical reorganization can be elicited by a selective cortical optogenetic neuromodulation paradigm. Areas of whisker, jaw, and neck, together with the rostral forelimb area, on the motor cortex ipsilateral to the lesion were engaged to control the ipsilesional forelimb in both stimulation and nonstimulation groups 8 weeks following injury. However, significant functional benefits were only seen in the stimulation group. Using anterograde tracing, we further revealed a robust sprouting of the intact corticospinal tract in the spinal cord of those animals receiving optogenetic stimulation. The intraspinal corticospinal axonal sprouting correlated with the forelimb functional recovery. Thus, specific neuromodulation of the cortical neural circuits induced massive neural reorganization both in the motor cortex and spinal cord, constructing an alternative motor pathway in restoring impaired forelimb function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Tyler Nguyen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Josue D Ordaz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, United States of America
| | - Nai-Kui Liu
- Neurological Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Xinhua Hu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Yuxiang Liu
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, United States of America
| | - Xingjie Ping
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Qi Han
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Xiangbing Wu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Wenrui Qu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Sujuan Gao
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Christopher B Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, United States of America
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States of America
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9
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Wang S, Wang P, Yin R, Xiao M, Zhang Y, Reinhardt JD, Wang H, Xu G. Combination of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and treadmill training reduces hyperreflexia by rebalancing motoneuron excitability in rats after spinal cord contusion. Neurosci Lett 2022; 775:136536. [PMID: 35183693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spasticity commonly emerges during the process of recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) and critically exacerbates motor dysfunction. Given insufficient effects of individual therapies, we combined repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with treadmill training (Tr) in rats with SCI to investigate potential synergistic effects on alleviating spasticity and motor dysfunction. Animals were randomized into four groups: SCI only, rTMS, Tr, and rTMS plus Tr. At the study endpoint eight weeks after the start of interventions, the rTMS plus Tr group exhibited the largest decrease in maximal H-reflex amplitude/maximal M-wave amplitude ratio (effect size (ES): -0.082, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.118 to -0.046, p < 0.001) as well as the greatest improvement in motor function measured with the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scale (ES: 1.811, 95% CI: 1.018 to 2.603, p < 0.001; significantly different from all other groups at p < 0.01) and grid-walking test (ES: -5.1, 95% CI: -7.784 to -2.416, p < 0.001, significantly different from rTMS alone at p < 0.01). Pathological analyses demonstrated that the combined treatment facilitated the growth of serotonergic axons around the lesion site, and the upregulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine, potassium-chloride cotransporter-2, and glutamic acid decarboxylases 67 in the lumbar spinal cord distal to the injury site. All effects of combined treatment of rTMS and treadmill training were enhanced compared to treadmill training or rTMS alone. Treadmill training and rTMS intervention appear to have synergistic effects on hyperreflexia and locomotion likely related to a restored balance between facilitatory and inhibitory inputs to motoneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyan Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University Nanjing 210024, China; Nanjing Medical University, Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1st affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Ruian Yin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jan D Reinhardt
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University Nanjing 210024, China.
| | - Guangxu Xu
- Nanjing Medical University, Center of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1st affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
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10
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Salehi MS, Jurek B, Karimi-Haghighi S, Nezhad NJ, Mousavi SM, Hooshmandi E, Safari A, Dianatpour M, Haerteis S, Miyan JA, Pandamooz S, Borhani-Haghighi A. Intranasal application of stem cells and their derivatives as a new hope in the treatment of cerebral hypoxia/ischemia: a review. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:583-606. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Intranasal delivery of stem cells and conditioned medium to target the brain has attracted major interest in the field of regenerative medicine. In pre-clinical investigations during the last ten years, several research groups focused on this strategy to treat cerebral hypoxia/ischemia in neonates as well as adults. In this review, we discuss the curative potential of stem cells, stem cell derivatives, and their delivery route via intranasal application to the hypoxic/ischemic brain. After intranasal application, stem cells migrate from the nasal cavity to the injured area and exert therapeutic effects by reducing brain tissue loss, enhancing endogenous neurogenesis, and modulating cerebral inflammation that leads to functional improvements. However, application of this administration route for delivering stem cells and/or therapeutic substances to the damaged sites requires further optimization to translate the findings of animal experiments to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Benjamin Jurek
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy , University of Regensburg , Regensburg 93053 , Germany
| | - Saeideh Karimi-Haghighi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Nahid Jashire Nezhad
- Clinical Neurology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Mousavi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Etrat Hooshmandi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Anahid Safari
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Mehdi Dianatpour
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Silke Haerteis
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy , University of Regensburg , Regensburg 93053 , Germany
| | - Jaleel A. Miyan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology , The University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , UK
| | - Sareh Pandamooz
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
| | - Afshin Borhani-Haghighi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz 71936-35899 , Iran
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11
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Dautan D, Kovács A, Bayasgalan T, Diaz-Acevedo MA, Pal B, Mena-Segovia J. Modulation of motor behavior by the mesencephalic locomotor region. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109594. [PMID: 34433068 PMCID: PMC8641693 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) serves as an interface between higher-order motor systems and lower motor neurons. The excitatory module of the MLR is composed of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and the cuneiform nucleus (CnF), and their activation has been proposed to elicit different modalities of movement. However, how the differences in connectivity and physiological properties explain their contributions to motor activity is not well known. Here we report that CnF glutamatergic neurons are more electrophysiologically homogeneous than PPN neurons and have mostly short-range connectivity, whereas PPN glutamatergic neurons are heterogeneous and maintain long-range connections, most notably with the basal ganglia. Optogenetic activation of CnF neurons produces short-lasting muscle activation, driving involuntary motor activity. In contrast, PPN neuron activation produces long-lasting increases in muscle tone that reduce motor activity and disrupt gait. Our results highlight biophysical and functional attributes among MLR neurons that support their differential contribution to motor behavior. Dautan et al. show key differences in the connectivity and physiological properties of neurons of the mesencephalic locomotor region. Although activation of CnF neurons elicits involuntary locomotor responses, activation of PPN neurons increases muscle tone and reduces motor activity, suggesting that PPN encodes a readiness signal that precedes locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dautan
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Adrienn Kovács
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tsogbadrakh Bayasgalan
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miguel A Diaz-Acevedo
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Balazs Pal
- Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, 4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Juan Mena-Segovia
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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12
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Tozzi A, Sciaccaluga M, Loffredo V, Megaro A, Ledonne A, Cardinale A, Federici M, Bellingacci L, Paciotti S, Ferrari E, La Rocca A, Martini A, Mercuri NB, Gardoni F, Picconi B, Ghiglieri V, De Leonibus E, Calabresi P. Dopamine-dependent early synaptic and motor dysfunctions induced by α-synuclein in the nigrostriatal circuit. Brain 2021; 144:3477-3491. [PMID: 34297092 PMCID: PMC8677552 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein are specific features of Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases defined as synucleinopathies. Parkinson’s disease progression has been correlated with the formation and extracellular release of α-synuclein aggregates, as well as with their spread from neuron to neuron. Therapeutic interventions in the initial stages of Parkinson’s disease require a clear understanding of the mechanisms by which α-synuclein disrupts the physiological synaptic and plastic activity of the basal ganglia. For this reason, we identified two early time points to clarify how the intrastriatal injection of α-synuclein-preformed fibrils in rodents via retrograde transmission induces time-dependent electrophysiological and behavioural alterations. We found that intrastriatal α-synuclein-preformed fibrils perturb the firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, while the discharge of putative GABAergic cells of the substantia nigra pars reticulata is unchanged. The α-synuclein-induced dysregulation of nigrostriatal function also impairs, in a time-dependent manner, the two main forms of striatal synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation and long-term depression. We also observed an increased glutamatergic transmission measured as an augmented frequency of spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents. These changes in neuronal function in the substantia nigra pars compacta and striatum were observed before overt neuronal death occurred. In an additional set of experiments, we were able to rescue α-synuclein-induced alterations of motor function, striatal synaptic plasticity and increased spontaneous excitatory synaptic currents by subchronic treatment with l-DOPA, a precursor of dopamine widely used in the therapy of Parkinson’s disease, clearly demonstrating that a dysfunctional dopamine system plays a critical role in the early phases of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tozzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Miriam Sciaccaluga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Loffredo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.,Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo scalo, Italy
| | - Alfredo Megaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ada Ledonne
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cardinale
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Federici
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Bellingacci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Paciotti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elena Ferrari
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino La Rocca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo scalo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Martini
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- University of Milan, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00166 Rome, Italy.,Telematic University San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo scalo, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurological Clinic, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Università Cattolica del "Sacro Cuore", 00168 Rome, Italy
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13
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Pan D, Hunter DA, Schellhardt L, Fuchs A, Halevi AE, Snyder-Warwick AK, Mackinnon SE, Wood MD. T cells modulate IL-4 expression by eosinophil recruitment within decellularized scaffolds to repair nerve defects. Acta Biomater 2020; 112:149-163. [PMID: 32434080 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized nerve, or acellular nerve allografts (ANAs), are an increasingly used alternative to nerve autografts to repair nerve gaps to facilitate regeneration. The adaptive immune system, specifically T cells, plays a role in promoting regeneration upon these ANA scaffolds. However, how T cells promote regeneration across ANAs is not clear. Here, we show that T cells accumulate within ANAs repairing nerve gaps resulting in regulation of cytokine expression within the ANA environment. This in turn ultimately leads to robust nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Nerve regeneration across ANAs and functional recovery in Rag1KO mice was limited compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Prior to appreciable nerve regeneration, ANAs from Rag1KO mice contained fewer eosinophils and reduced IL-4 expression compared to ANAs from WT mice. During this period, both T cells and eosinophils regulated IL-4 expression within ANAs. Eosinophils represented the majority of IL-4 expressing cells within ANAs, while T cells regulated IL-4 expression. Finally, an essential role for IL-4 during nerve regeneration across ANAs was confirmed as nerves repaired using ANAs had reduced regeneration in IL-4 KO mice compared to WT mice. Our data demonstrate T cells regulate the expression of IL-4 within the ANA environment via their effects on eosinophils. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The immune system has been emerging as a critical component for tissue regeneration, especially when regeneration is supported upon biomaterials. The role of T cells, and their roles in the regeneration of nerve repaired with biomaterials, is still unclear. We demonstrated that when nerves are repaired with decellularized nerve scaffolds, T cells contribute to regeneration by regulating cytokines. We focused on their regulation of cytokine IL-4. Unexpectedly, T cells do not produce IL-4, but instead regulate IL-4 by recruiting eosinophils, which are major cellular sources of IL-4 within these scaffolds. Thus, our work demonstrated how IL-4 is regulated in a model biomaterial, and has implications for improving the design of biomaterials and understanding immune responses to biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daniel A Hunter
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lauren Schellhardt
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anja Fuchs
- Section of Acute and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexandra E Halevi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alison K Snyder-Warwick
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan E Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew D Wood
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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14
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Caroff SN. Risk of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome with Vesicular Monoamine Transporter Inhibitors. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 18:322-326. [PMID: 32329312 PMCID: PMC7242105 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.2.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective Vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) inhibitors have been proven to be effective for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and their use is likely to increase. The evidence base of published clinical reports was reviewed to evaluate the possible risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) with these drugs. Methods Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases were queried for all years using terms for “neuroleptic malignant syndrome”, “hyperthermia” AND “vesicular monoamine transporter inhibitors”, “reserpine”, “tetrabenazine”, “valbenazine” or “deutetrabenazine” Results Thirteen clinical cases, ten of which involved tetrabenazine, were identified in which VMAT2 inhibitors were prescribed in patients with current or past NMS episodes. In most cases, the association was confounded by limited reporting of clinical data, variable temporal correlation with VMAT2 inhibitors, polypharmacy with antipsychotics, and uncertain differential diagnoses. Conclusion While rare cases of NMS meeting consensus criteria have been reported primarily with tetrabenazine, the risk with recently developed VMAT2 inhibitors may be even less. Evidence of causality of NMS with VMAT2 inhibitors is confounded by concomitant treatment with antipsychotics and diagnostic uncertainties in patients susceptible to basal ganglia dysfunction. Nevertheless, clinicians should remain vigilant for early signs of NMS in all patients treated with any drugs that affect brain dopamine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley N Caroff
- Department of Psychiatry, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Bonnet M, Alluin O, Trimaille T, Gigmes D, Marqueste T, Decherchi P. Delayed Injection of a Physically Cross-Linked PNIPAAm- g-PEG Hydrogel in Rat Contused Spinal Cord Improves Functional Recovery. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10247-10259. [PMID: 32426581 PMCID: PMC7226861 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a main health issue, leading to multiple functional deficits with major consequences such as motor and sensitive impairment below the lesion. To date, all repair strategies remain ineffective. In line with the experiments showing that implanted hydrogels, immunologically inert biomaterials, from natural or synthetic origins, are promising tools and in order to reduce functional deficits, to increase locomotor recovery, and to reduce spasticity, we injected into the lesion area, 1 week after a severe T10 spinal cord contusion, a thermoresponsive physically cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer hydrogel. The effect of postinjury intensive rehabilitation training was also studied. A group of male Sprague-Dawley rats receiving the hydrogel was enrolled in an 8 week program of physical activity (15 min/day, 5 days/week) in order to verify if the combination of a treadmill step-training and hydrogel could lead to better outcomes. The data obtained were compared to those obtained in animals with a spinal lesion alone receiving a saline injection with or without performing the same program of physical activity. Furthermore, in order to verify the biocompatibility of our designed biomaterial, an inflammatory reaction (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) was examined 15 days post-hydrogel injection. Functional recovery (postural and locomotor activities and sensorimotor coordination) was assessed from the day of injection, once a week, for 9 weeks. Finally, 9 weeks postinjection, the spinal reflexivity (rate-dependent depression of the H-reflex) was measured. The results indicate that the hydrogel did not induce an additional inflammation. Furthermore, we observed the same significant locomotor improvements in hydrogel-injected animals as in trained saline-injected animals. However, the combination of hydrogel with exercise did not show higher recovery compared to that evaluated by the two strategies independently. Finally, the H-reflex depression recovery was found to be induced by the hydrogel and, albeit to a lesser degree, exercise. However, no recovery was observed when the two strategies were combined. Our results highlight the effectiveness of our copolymer and its high therapeutic potential to preserve/repair the spinal cord after lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bonnet
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement:
Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe, Plasticité des Systèmes
Nerveux et Musculaire, (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique
de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910—163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Olivier Alluin
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement:
Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe, Plasticité des Systèmes
Nerveux et Musculaire, (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique
de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910—163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Thomas Trimaille
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire,
Equipe, Chimie Radicalaire Organique et Polymères de Spécialité,
(CROPS), Case 562—Avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire,
Equipe, Chimie Radicalaire Organique et Polymères de Spécialité,
(CROPS), Case 562—Avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Tanguy Marqueste
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement:
Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe, Plasticité des Systèmes
Nerveux et Musculaire, (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique
de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910—163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement:
Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe, Plasticité des Systèmes
Nerveux et Musculaire, (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique
de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910—163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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16
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Ghane N, Beigi MH, Labbaf S, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Kiani A. Design of hydrogel-based scaffolds for the treatment of spinal cord injuries. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10712-10738. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01842b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based scaffold design approaches for the treatment of spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ghane
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology Cell Science Research Center
- Royan Institute for Biotechnology
- ACECR
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Beigi
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology Cell Science Research Center
- Royan Institute for Biotechnology
- ACECR
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | - Sheyda Labbaf
- Biomaterials Research Group
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Iran
| | | | - Amirkianoosh Kiani
- Silicon Hall: Micro/Nano Manufacturing Facility
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science
- Ontario Tech University
- Ontario
- Canada
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17
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Kamarudin SN, Iezhitsa I, Tripathy M, Alyautdin R, Ismail NM. Neuroprotective effect of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle-bound brain-derived neurotrophic factor in a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemia in rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Joshi M, Krishnakumar A. Hypoglycemia causes dysregulation of Neuregulin 1, ErbB receptors, Ki67 in cerebellum and brainstem during diabetes: Implications in motor function. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112029. [PMID: 31195035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia induced brain injury poses a major setback to optimal blood glucose regulation during diabetes. It causes irreversible injury in several brain regions culminating in improper function. Neuregulin 1 and ErbB receptors are involved in regeneration during adulthood as well as in glucose homeostasis. We intended to understand the influence of extreme discrepancies in glycemic levels on Neuregulin 1, ErbB receptor subtypes and Ki67 expression in relation to motor deficits as a consequence of cellular dysfunction/degeneration in the cerebellum and brainstem during diabetes. Elevated oxidative stress and compromised antioxidant system havocs cerebellum and brainstem related function. Cellular alteration of Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum and presence of axonal spheroids in the brainstem are suggestive of impairment to neural circuits involved in motor function. Down regulation of Neuregulin 1, ErbB 2, ErbB 3, ErbB 4 and Ki67 expression observed during diabetes and hypoglycemia may critically cause regenerative deficiency in cerebellum. The coincident up regulation of Neuregulin 1, ErbB 2, ErbB 3 and ErbB 4 in brainstem during diabetes is an attempt to maintain regenerative homeostasis to ensure its function. However, hypoglycemic insults results in down regulation of Neuregulin 1, ErbB 4 expression that severely compromises their role in brainstem. Grid walking test confirmed motor impairment during diabetes that showed further deterioration due to hypoglycemic stress. Thus altered expression of Neuregulin 1, ErbB receptor subtypes and Ki67 during diabetes and hypoglycemia contributes to reduced cellular proliferation and deficits in motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Joshi
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Sarkhej- Gandhinagar Highway Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Amee Krishnakumar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Sarkhej- Gandhinagar Highway Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India.
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Excitatory rubral cells encode the acquisition of novel complex motor tasks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2241. [PMID: 31113944 PMCID: PMC6529416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The red nucleus (RN) is required for limb control, specifically fine motor coordination. There is some evidence for a role of the RN in reaching and grasping, mainly from lesion studies, but results so far have been inconsistent. In addition, the role of RN neurons in such learned motor functions at the level of synaptic transmission has been largely neglected. Here, we show that Vglut2-expressing RN neurons undergo plastic events and encode the optimization of fine movements. RN light-ablation severely impairs reaching and grasping functions while sparing general locomotion. We identify a neuronal population co-expressing Vglut2, PV and C1QL2, which specifically undergoes training-dependent plasticity. Selective chemo-genetic inhibition of these neurons perturbs reaching and grasping skills. Our study highlights the role of the Vglut2-positive rubral population in complex fine motor tasks, with its related plasticity representing an important starting point for the investigation of mechanistic substrates of fine motor coordination training.
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Velíšek L. "Are We There Yet?" Quest for Treatment of Refractory Epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr 2019; 19:57-58. [PMID: 30838919 PMCID: PMC6610376 DOI: 10.1177/1535759718822843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical Autoregulatory Gene Therapy for Focal Epilepsy Lieb A, Qiu Y, Dixon CL, Heller JP, Walker MC, Schorge S, Kullmann DM. Nat Med. 2018;24:1324-1329. Despite the introduction of more than one dozen new antiepileptic drugs in the past 20 years, approximately one-third of people who develop epilepsy continue to have seizures on mono- or polytherapy. Viral-vector-mediated gene transfer offers the opportunity to design a rational treatment that builds on mechanistic understanding of seizure generation and that can be targeted to specific neuronal populations in epileptogenic foci. Several such strategies have shown encouraging results in different animal models, although clinical translation is limited by possible effects on circuits underlying cognitive, mnemonic, sensory, or motor function. Here, we describe an autoregulatory antiepileptic gene therapy, which relies on neuronal inhibition in response to elevations in extracellular glutamate. It is effective in a rodent model of focal epilepsy and is well tolerated, thus lowering the barrier to clinical translation.
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Ahmed RU, Alam M, Zheng YP. Experimental spinal cord injury and behavioral tests in laboratory rats. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01324. [PMID: 30906898 PMCID: PMC6411514 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in some serious neurophysiological consequences that alter healthy body functions and devastate the quality of living of individuals. To find a cure for SCI, researchers around the world are working on different neurorepair and neurorehabilitation modalities. To test a new treatment for SCI as well as to understand the mechanism of recovery, animal models are being widely used. Among them, SCI rat models are arguably the most prominent. Furthermore, it is important to select a suitable behavioral test to evaluate both the motor and sensory recovery following any therapeutic intervention. In this paper, we review the rat models of spinal injury and commonly used behavioral tests to serve as a useful guideline for neuroscientists in the field of SCI research.
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You D, You H. Repression of long non-coding RNA MEG3 restores nerve growth and alleviates neurological impairment after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1447-1457. [PMID: 30841460 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate effect of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MEG3 on nerve growth and neurological impairment in a rat model after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. METHODS Rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were established to stimulate an environment of cerebral IRI. The modeled rats were subjected to negative control (NC), MEG3, si-MEG3, classical Wnt pathway inhibitor DKK1 or classical Wnt pathway activator LiCl to validate the effect of MEG3 on neurological impairment and nerve growth. Neurological deficit scoring, fault-foot test and balance beam test were performed to assess neurological impairment. TTC staining, dry-wet weight method and Evan's blue (EB) staining were employed to determine infarct area, water content of brain tissues and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, respectively. Neuronal apoptosis and necrosis were observed by TUNEL staining and Fluoro-Jade C staining. ELISA was adopted to identify levels of nerve growth factors to identify neurogenesis conditions, including brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Nissl staining was used to detect the survival of neurons in brain tissues of rats. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of key proteins in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in brain tissues. RESULTS High expression of MEG3 was identified in rat models of MACAO, the brain tissues of which manifested obvious neurological impairment, increased infarct area, water content, BBB permeability, accelerated neuronal apoptosis and necrosis, increased surviving neurons, upregulated expression of key proteins in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and elevated levels of BDNF, NGF and bFGF. With the treatment of si-MEG3, the MEG3 expression was reduced; whereby, modeled rats showed ameliorated neurological impairment, reduced infarct area, water content, BBB permeability, neuronal apoptosis and necrosis and significantly enhanced neurogenesis. The treatment of MEG3 exhibited an opposite trend. After treatment with DKK1, the effect of si-MEG3 was reversed. After treatment with LiCl, the effect of MEG3 was reversed. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of this study, down-regulation of lncRNA MEG3 expression enhanced nerve growth and alleviated neurological impairment of rats after cerebral IRI through the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong You
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hong You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Yu J, Moon J, Jang J, Choi JI, Jung J, Hwang S, Kim M. Reliability of behavioral tests in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of rat. Lab Anim 2018; 53:478-490. [PMID: 30482088 DOI: 10.1177/0023677218815210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. To overcome impairment from stroke, translational research for developing new therapeutic technologies has been conducted and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in rat is the representative model. Since recovery from neurological impairment in contralateral limbs caused by brain damage is the major goal of treatment, behavioral tests that assess the relevant function are used. To determine therapeutic effect, obtaining reliable results of behavioral assessment is a prerequisite. However, studies on the reliability of behavioral tests in the MCAo rat model and necessity of prior training have not yet been reported. In this study, the authors investigate relative and absolute inter-rater reliabilities of modified neurological severity score (mNSS), cylinder test, and grid-walking test before training and repeated training every week until the reliability of results reached a satisfactory level. The training included repeated learning of the scoring system and decreasing disagreements among the raters. For MCAo modeling, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 90 min of transient MCAo. Six raters conducted behavioral tests via observation of video-recording on sham-operated and MCAo model rats at 3 or 7 days after the intervention. An independent experimenter randomly numbered each video clip to blind the experiment. The results of reliabilities were unacceptable before training and improved to a satisfactory level after 6 weeks of training in all of the tests. In conclusion, mNSS, cylinder test, and grid-walking test on the MCAo rat model are reliable evaluation methods after conducting appropriate training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghoon Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyoo Moon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonyoung Jang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee In Choi
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooeun Jung
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sunyoung Hwang
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - MinYoung Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- Rehabilitation and Regeneration Research Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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24
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Wu X, Qu W, Bakare AA, Zhang YP, Fry CME, Shields LBE, Shields CB, Xu XM. A Laser-Guided Spinal Cord Displacement Injury in Adult Mice. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:460-468. [PMID: 29893166 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are unique for studying molecular mechanisms of neurotrauma because of the availability of various genetic modified mouse lines. For spinal cord injury (SCI) research, producing an accurate injury is essential, but it is challenging because of the small size of the mouse cord and the inconsistency of injury production. The Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor has been shown to produce precise contusive SCI in adult rats. Here, we examined whether the LISA impactor could be used to create accurate and graded contusive SCIs in mice. Adult C57BL/6 mice received a T10 laminectomy followed by 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 mm displacement injuries, guided by a laser, from the dorsal surface of the spinal cord using the LISA impactor. Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), grid-walking, TreadScan, and Hargreaves analyses were performed for up to 6 weeks post-injury. All mice were euthanized at the 7th week, and the spinal cords were collected for histological analysis. Our results showed that the LISA impactor produced accurate and consistent contusive SCIs corresponding to mild, moderate, and severe injuries to the cord. The degree of injury severities could be readily determined by the BMS locomotor, grid-walking, and TreadScan gait assessments. The cutaneous hyperalgesia threshold was also significantly increased as the injury severity increased. The terminal lesion area and the spared white matter of the injury epicenter were strongly correlated with the injury severities. We conclude that the LISA device, guided by a laser, can produce reliable graded contusive SCIs in mice, resulting in severity-dependent behavioral and histopathological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Wu
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wenrui Qu
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Adewale A Bakare
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- 4 Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Collin M E Fry
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- 4 Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- 1 Indiana Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,3 Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,6 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Hypoxic postconditioning enhances functional recovery following endothelin-1 induced middle cerebral artery occlusion in conscious rats. Exp Neurol 2018; 306:177-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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26
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McDougall SA, Apodaca MG, Mohd-Yusof A, Mendez AD, Katz CG, Teran A, Garcia-Carachure I, Quiroz AT, Crawford CA. Ontogeny of cocaine-induced behaviors and cocaine pharmacokinetics in male and female neonatal, preweanling, and adult rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1967-1980. [PMID: 29671013 PMCID: PMC7008939 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ontogenetic differences in the behavioral responsiveness to cocaine have often been attributed to the maturation of dopaminergic elements (e.g., dopamine transporters, D2High receptors, receptor coupling, etc.). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether ontogenetic changes in cocaine pharmacokinetics might contribute to age-dependent differences in behavioral responsiveness. METHODS Male and female neonatal (PD 5), preweanling (PD 10 and PD 20), and adult (PD 70) rats were injected (IP) with cocaine or saline and various behaviors (e.g., locomotor activity, forelimb paddle, vertical activity, head-down sniffing, etc.) were measured for 90 min. In a separate experiment, the dorsal striata of young and adult rats were removed at 10 time points (0-210 min) after IP cocaine administration. Peak cocaine values, cocaine half-life, and dopamine levels were determined using HPLC. RESULTS When converted to percent of saline controls, PD 5 and PD 10 rats were generally more sensitive to cocaine than older rats, but this effect varied according to the behavior being assessed. Peak cocaine values did not differ according to age or sex, but cocaine half-life in brain was approximately 2 times longer in PD 5 and PD 10 rats than adults. Cocaine pharmacokinetics did not differ between PD 20 and PD 70 rats. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the cocaine-induced behavioral responsiveness of very young rats (PD 5 and PD 10) and adults may be attributable, at least in part, to pharmacokinetic factors; whereas, age-dependent behavioral differences between the late preweanling period and adulthood cannot readily be ascribed to cocaine pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanders A McDougall
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA.
| | - Matthew G Apodaca
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Alena Mohd-Yusof
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Adrian D Mendez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Caitlin G Katz
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Angie Teran
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Israel Garcia-Carachure
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Anthony T Quiroz
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Cynthia A Crawford
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
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Cucarián JD, León LA, Luna GA, Torres MR, Corredor K, Cardenas P. F. CARACTERIZACIÓN TEMPORO-ESPACIAL DEL PATRÓN DE MARCHA EN ROEDORES COMO MODELO ANIMAL DE LESIÓN CEREBRAL CEREBROVASCULAR. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2017. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v22n3.65244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
En la investigación sobre movimiento, la experimentación animal ha proporcionado fundamentación científica para la investigación clínica, mejorando procedimientos diagnósticos y de rehabilitación. Lesiones cerebrales en roedores pueden ser usadas para modelar síntomas locomotores, sensoriales y/o cognitivos. Con el propósito de determinar la funcionalidad locomotriz y sensorial en roedores, se han propuesto varios métodos de evaluación y pronóstico clínico para identificar y evaluar adaptaciones estructurales y mecanismos de neuro-recuperación. Esto ha permitido que métodos de intervención terapéutica, como el ejercicio físico, sean utilizados para restaurar funciones sensitivo-motoras y cognitivas en roedores y humanos. La extrapolación (translación) de los resultados de investigaciones en ciencias básicas a áreas clínicas supone la continua cooperación y retroalimentación entre investigadores y profesionales de la salud, favoreciendo la formulación de intervenciones terapéuticas más eficaces basadas en resultados obtenidos de la experimentación animal. El objetivo de esta revisión es exponer las principales deficiencias motoras y los métodos empleados para determinar la dificultad motriz en la marcha en roedores con lesión cerebrovascular, para lo cual se realizó una revisión de literatura, sobre términos definidos (MeSH), en las bases de datos PsychINFO, Medline y Web of Science, entre enero de 2000 y enero de 2017. Se excluyeron artículos de carácter cualitativo o narrativo, sin revisión por pares, disertaciones, tesis o trabajos de grado y resúmenes de conferencias. Se revisan algunas manifestaciones clínicas, su efecto en la locomotricidad en roedores, algunas metodologías usadas para generar lesiones y para estudiar la función motriz, los principales métodos de medición y algunos aspectos translacionales.
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Brivio V, Faivre-Sarrailh C, Peles E, Sherman DL, Brophy PJ. Assembly of CNS Nodes of Ranvier in Myelinated Nerves Is Promoted by the Axon Cytoskeleton. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1068-1073. [PMID: 28318976 PMCID: PMC5387178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nodes of Ranvier in the axons of myelinated neurons are exemplars of the specialized cell surface domains typical of polarized cells. They are rich in voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) and thus underpin rapid nerve impulse conduction in the vertebrate nervous system [1]. Although nodal proteins cluster in response to myelination, how myelin-forming glia influence nodal assembly is poorly understood. An axoglial adhesion complex comprising glial Neurofascin155 and axonal Caspr/Contactin flanks mature nodes [2]. We have shown that assembly of this adhesion complex at the extremities of migrating oligodendroglial processes promotes process convergence along the axon during central nervous system (CNS) node assembly [3]. Here we show that anchorage of this axoglial complex to the axon cytoskeleton is essential for efficient CNS node formation. When anchorage is disrupted, both the adaptor Protein 4.1B and the cytoskeleton protein βII spectrin are mislocalized in the axon, and assembly of the node of Ranvier is significantly delayed. Nodal proteins and migrating oligodendroglial processes are no longer juxtaposed, and single detached nodal complexes replace the symmetrical heminodes found in both the CNS and peripheral nervous system (PNS) during development. We propose that axoglial adhesion complexes contribute to the formation of an interface between cytoskeletal elements enriched in Protein 4.1B and βII spectrin and those enriched in nodal ankyrinG and βIV spectrin. This clusters nascent nodal complexes at heminodes and promotes their timely coalescence to form the mature node of Ranvier. These data demonstrate a role for the axon cytoskeleton in the assembly of a critical neuronal domain, the node of Ranvier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Brivio
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Catherine Faivre-Sarrailh
- Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille-UMR 7286, CNRS, 13344 Marseille, France
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Diane L Sherman
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Peter J Brophy
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
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Kim HJ, Han SJ. A simple rat model of mild traumatic brain injury: a device to reproduce anatomical and neurological changes of mild traumatic brain injury. PeerJ 2017; 5:e2818. [PMID: 28070456 PMCID: PMC5214841 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury typically involves temporary impairment of neurological function. Previous studies used water pressure or rotational injury for designing the device to make a rat a mild traumatic brain injury model. The objective of this study was to make a simple model of causing mild traumatic brain injury in rats. The device consisted of a free-fall impactor that was targeted onto the rat skull. The weight (175 g) was freely dropped 30 cm to rat’s skull bregma. We installed a safety device made of acrylic panel. To confirm a mild traumatic brain injury in 36 Sprague-Dawley rats, we performed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain within 24 h after injury. We evaluated behavior and chemical changes in rats before and after mild traumatic brain injury. The brain MRI did not show high or low signal intensity in 34 rats. The mobility on grid floor was decreased after mild traumatic brain injury. The absolute number of foot-fault and foot-fault ratio were decreased after mild traumatic brain injury. However, the difference of the ratio was a less than absolute number of foot-fault. These results show that the device is capable of reproducing mild traumatic brain injury in rats. Our device can reduce the potential to cause brain hemorrhage and reflect the mechanism of real mild traumatic brain injury compared with existing methods and behaviors. This model can be useful in exploring physiology and management of mild traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jeong Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seonam Hospital, Ewha Womans University Medical Center , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Asakawa T, Fang H, Sugiyama K, Nozaki T, Hong Z, Yang Y, Hua F, Ding G, Chao D, Fenoy AJ, Villarreal SJ, Onoe H, Suzuki K, Mori N, Namba H, Xia Y. Animal behavioral assessments in current research of Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:63-94. [PMID: 27026638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is traditionally classified as a movement disorder. Patients typically suffer from many motor dysfunctions. Presently, clinicians and scientists recognize that many non-motor symptoms are associated with PD. There is an increasing interest in both motor and non-motor symptoms in clinical studies on PD patients and laboratory research on animal models that imitate the pathophysiologic features and symptoms of PD patients. Therefore, appropriate behavioral assessments are extremely crucial for correctly understanding the mechanisms of PD and accurately evaluating the efficacy and safety of novel therapies. This article systematically reviews the behavioral assessments, for both motor and non-motor symptoms, in various animal models involved in current PD research. We addressed the strengths and weaknesses of these behavioral tests and their appropriate applications. Moreover, we discussed potential mechanisms behind these behavioral tests and cautioned readers against potential experimental bias. Since most of the behavioral assessments currently used for non-motor symptoms are not particularly designed for animals with PD, it is of the utmost importance to greatly improve experimental design and evaluation in PD research with animal models. Indeed, it is essential to develop specific assessments for non-motor symptoms in PD animals based on their characteristics. We concluded with a prospective view for behavioral assessments with real-time assessment with mobile internet and wearable device in future PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Asakawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Huan Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenji Sugiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Nozaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Zhen Hong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Fei Hua
- The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Soochow University School of Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Guanghong Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Mechanism and Acupoint Function, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongman Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Albert J Fenoy
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sebastian J Villarreal
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Functional Probe Research Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Namba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu-city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School,Houston, TX, USA.
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Barbosa EH, Vallim JH, Lachat JJ, de Castro VLSS. Assessments of Motor Abnormalities on the Grid-Walking and Foot-Fault Tests From Undernutrition in Wistar Rats. J Mot Behav 2015; 48:5-12. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2015.1024824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Nik Ramli NN, Omar N, Husin A, Ismail Z, Siran R. Preconditioning effect of (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine on ischemic injury in middle cerebral artery occluded Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurosci Lett 2015; 588:137-41. [PMID: 25562631 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate receptors are the integral cellular components associated with excitotoxicity mechanism induced by the ischemic cascade events. Therefore the glutamate receptors have become the major molecular targets of neuroprotective agents in stroke researches. Recent studies have demonstrated that a Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine ((S)-3,5-DHPG) preconditioning elicits neuroprotection in the hippocampal slice cultures exposed to toxic level of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA). We further investigated the preconditioning effects of (S)-3,5-DHPG on acute ischemic stroke rats. One 10 or 100μM of (S)-3,5-DHPG was administered intrathecally to Sprague-Dawley adult male rats, 2h prior to induction of acute ischemic stroke by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 24h, neurological deficits were evaluated by modified stroke severity scores and grid-walking test. All rats were sacrificed and infarct volumes were determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The serum level of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) of each rat was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One and 10μM of (S)-3,5-DHPG preconditioning in the stroke rats showed significant improvements in motor impairment (P<0.01), reduction in the infarct volume (P<0.01) and reduction in the NSE serum level (P<0.01) compared to the control stroke rats. We conclude that 1 and 10μM (S)-3,5-DHPG preconditioning induced protective effects against acute ischemic insult in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Nasihah Nik Ramli
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nursyazwani Omar
- Institute of Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 47000 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andrean Husin
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia; Brain and Neuroscience Communities of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zalina Ismail
- Brain Research and Information Network, Centre for Neurocognitive Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rosfaiizah Siran
- Brain and Neuroscience Communities of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Chao OY, Wang AL, Nikolaus S, de Souza Silva MA. NK₃ receptor agonism reinstates temporal order memory in the hemiparkinsonian rat. Behav Brain Res 2014; 285:208-12. [PMID: 24928770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Animals treated with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-ODHA) injections, an animal model of Parkinson's disease, exhibit deficits in memory for temporal order, but show intact novel object recognition. Since senktide, a potent neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3-R) agonist, has been shown to have promnestic effects in the aged rat and to alleviate scopolamine-induced impairment, the present study aimed to assess possible promnestic effects of senktide in the hemiparkinsonian rat model. Animals received unilateral 6-ODHA microinjections into the medial forebrain bundle. Two weeks later, they were randomly assigned to treatment with vehicle, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg senktide. Temporal order memory and place recognition tests were conducted, locomotor activity and turning behavior were assessed in the open field and anxiety-related behavior was measured in the light-dark box. Treatments were administered 30 min prior to behavioral testing with an interval of seven days between tests. The animals treated with 0.2 mg/kg senktide exhibited temporal order memory, unlike the vehicle-treated group. No significant treatment effects were found in the open field and light-dark box. Administration of 0.2 mg/kg senktide may influence the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, leading to compensations for deficits in memory for temporal order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Y Chao
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - An-Li Wang
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Susanne Nikolaus
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria A de Souza Silva
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Jung SY, Kim DY, Yune TY, Shin DH, Baek SB, Kim CJ. Treadmill exercise reduces spinal cord injury-induced apoptosis by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway in rats. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:587-593. [PMID: 24520250 PMCID: PMC3919853 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis occurring secondary to spinal cord injury (SCI) causes further neural damage and functional loss. In this study, a rat model was used to investigate the effect of treadmill exercise on SCI-induced apoptosis and expression of neurotrophic factors. To produce SCI, a contusion injury (10 g × 25 mm) was applied subsequent to laminectomy at the T9–T10 level. Following SCI, treadmill exercise was performed for six weeks. Hindlimb motor function was evaluated with a grid-walking test. The expression of neurotrophic factors and the level of apoptosis at the site of SCI were determined by western blotting. SCI reduced hindlimb motor function and suppressed expression of neurotrophin (NT)-3 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), the ratio of phosphorylated Akt to Akt (pAkt/Akt) and the ratio of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) to Bax (Bcl-2/Bax) were decreased, and cleaved caspase-3 expression was increased by SCI. Treadmill exercise enhanced hindlimb motor function and increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), NT-3 and IGF-1 in the SCI rats. Treadmill exercise increased PI3K expression, the pAkt/Akt and the Bcl-2/Bax ratios, and suppressed cleaved caspase-3 expression in the injured spinal cord. This study demonstrated that treadmill exercise promotes the recovery of motor function by suppressing apoptosis in the injured spinal cord. The beneficial effect of exercise may be attributed to the increase in expression of neurotrophic factors via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Jung
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Yune
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Centre, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Shin
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bin Baek
- Department of Psychiatry, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Ulsan University, Gangneung 210-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Chao OYH, Pum ME, Huston JP. The interaction between the dopaminergic forebrain projections and the medial prefrontal cortex is critical for memory of objects: Implications for Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:373-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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