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Hamel R, Waltzing BM, Hinder MR, McAllister CJ, Jenkinson N, Galea JM. Bilateral intracortical inhibition during unilateral motor preparation and sequence learning. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:349-361. [PMID: 38479713 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor sequence learning gradually quickens reaction time, suggesting that sequence learning alters motor preparation processes. Interestingly, evidence has shown that preparing sequence movements decreases short intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the contralateral motor cortex (M1), but also that sequence learning alters motor preparation processes in both the contralateral and ipsilateral M1s. Therefore, one possibility is that sequence learning alters the SICI decreases occurring during motor preparation in bilateral M1s. To examine this, two novel hypotheses were tested: unilateral sequence preparation would decrease SICI in bilateral M1s, and sequence learning would alter such bilateral SICI responses. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered over the contralateral and ipsilateral M1s to assess SICI in an index finger muscle during the preparation of sequences initiated by either the right index or little finger. In the absence of sequence learning, SICI decreased in both the contralateral and ipsilateral M1s during the preparation of sequences initiated by the right index finger, suggesting that SICI decreases in bilateral M1s during unilateral motor preparation. As sequence learning progressed, SICI decreased in the contralateral M1 whilst it increased in the ipsilateral M1. Moreover, these bilateral SICI responses were observed at the onset of motor preparation, suggesting that sequence learning altered baseline SICI levels rather than the SICI decreases occurring during motor preparation per se. Altogether, these results suggest that SICI responses in bilateral M1s reflect two motor processes: an acute decrease of inhibition during motor preparation, and a cooperative but bidirectional shift of baseline inhibition levels as sequence learning progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hamel
- School of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - B M Waltzing
- School of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Institute of Neurosciences, UC Louvain, Belgium Avenue Mounier 54, 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - M R Hinder
- School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine After School of Psychological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - C J McAllister
- School of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - N Jenkinson
- School of Sports, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - J M Galea
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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2
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Ghasemian-Shirvan E, Ungureanu R, Melo L, van Dun K, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA, Meesen RLJ. Optimizing the Effect of tDCS on Motor Sequence Learning in the Elderly. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13010137. [PMID: 36672118 PMCID: PMC9857096 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most visible effects of aging, even in healthy, normal aging, is a decline in motor performance. The range of strategies applicable to counteract this deterioration has increased. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that can promote neuroplasticity, has recently gained attention. However, knowledge about optimized tDCS parameters in the elderly is limited. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of different anodal tDCS intensities on motor sequence learning in the elderly. Over the course of four sessions, 25 healthy older adults (over 65 years old) completed the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) while receiving 1, 2, or 3 mA of anodal or sham stimulation over the primary motor cortex (M1). Additionally, 24 h after stimulation, motor memory consolidation was assessed. The results confirmed that motor sequence learning in all tDCS conditions was maintained the following day. While increased anodal stimulation intensity over M1 showed longer lasting excitability enhancement in the elderly in a prior study, the combination of higher intensity stimulation with an implicit motor learning task showed no significant effect. Future research should focus on the reason behind this lack of effect and probe alternative stimulation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensiyeh Ghasemian-Shirvan
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ruxandra Ungureanu
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lorena Melo
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kim van Dun
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Min-Fang Kuo
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael A. Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
- University Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and University Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Hospital OWL, Bielefeld University, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Raf L. J. Meesen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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3
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Dobri S, Chen JJ, Ross B. Insights from auditory cortex for GABA+ magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of aging. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4425-4444. [PMID: 35781900 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may underlie aging-related changes in brain function. GABA and co-edited macromolecules (GABA+) can be measured with MEGA-PRESS magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The current study investigated how changes in the aging brain impact the interpretation of GABA+ measures in bilateral auditory cortices of healthy young and older adults. Structural changes during aging appeared as decreasing proportion of grey matter in the MRS volume of interest and corresponding increase in cerebrospinal fluid. GABA+ referenced to H2 O without tissue correction declined in aging. This decline persisted after correcting for tissue differences in MR-visible H2 O and relaxation times but vanished after considering the different abundance of GABA+ in grey and white matter. However, GABA+ referenced to creatine and N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), which showed no dependence on tissue composition, decreased in aging. All GABA+ measures showed hemispheric asymmetry in young but not older adults. The study also considered aging-related effects on tissue segmentation and the impact of co-edited macromolecules. Tissue segmentation differed significantly between commonly used algorithms, but aging-related effects on tissue-corrected GABA+ were consistent across methods. Auditory cortex macromolecule concentration did not change with age, indicating that a decline in GABA caused the decrease in the compound GABA+ measure. Most likely, the macromolecule contribution to GABA+ leads to underestimating an aging-related decrease in GABA. Overall, considering multiple GABA+ measures using different reference signals strengthened the support for an aging-related decline in auditory cortex GABA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Dobri
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Jean Chen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bernhard Ross
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Benedetti B, Weidenhammer A, Reisinger M, Couillard-Despres S. Spinal Cord Injury and Loss of Cortical Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5622. [PMID: 35628434 PMCID: PMC9144195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), the destruction of spinal parenchyma causes permanent deficits in motor functions, which correlates with the severity and location of the lesion. Despite being disconnected from their targets, most cortical motor neurons survive the acute phase of SCI, and these neurons can therefore be a resource for functional recovery, provided that they are properly reconnected and retuned to a physiological state. However, inappropriate re-integration of cortical neurons or aberrant activity of corticospinal networks may worsen the long-term outcomes of SCI. In this review, we revisit recent studies addressing the relation between cortical disinhibition and functional recovery after SCI. Evidence suggests that cortical disinhibition can be either beneficial or detrimental in a context-dependent manner. A careful examination of clinical data helps to resolve apparent paradoxes and explain the heterogeneity of treatment outcomes. Additionally, evidence gained from SCI animal models indicates probable mechanisms mediating cortical disinhibition. Understanding the mechanisms and dynamics of cortical disinhibition is a prerequisite to improve current interventions through targeted pharmacological and/or rehabilitative interventions following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Benedetti
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (B.B.); (A.W.); (M.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Annika Weidenhammer
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (B.B.); (A.W.); (M.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maximilian Reisinger
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (B.B.); (A.W.); (M.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (B.B.); (A.W.); (M.R.)
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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Shraim MA, Massé-Alarie H, Salomoni SE, Hodges PW. Can training of a skilled pelvic movement change corticomotor control of back muscles? Comparison of single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:3705-3719. [PMID: 35501123 PMCID: PMC9540878 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests excitability of the motor cortex (M1) changes in response to motor skill learning of the upper limb. Few studies have examined immediate changes in corticospinal excitability and intra‐cortical mechanisms following motor learning in the lower back. Further, it is unknown which transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigms are likely to reveal changes in cortical function in this region. This study aimed to (1) compare corticospinal excitability and intra‐cortical mechanisms in the lower back region of M1 before and after a single session of lumbopelvic tilt motor learning task in healthy people and (2) compare these measures between two TMS coils and two methods of recruitment curve (RC) acquisition. Twenty‐eight young participants (23.6 ± 4.6 years) completed a lumbopelvic tilting task involving three 5‐min blocks. Single‐pulse (RC from 70% to 150% of active motor threshold) and paired‐pulse TMS measures (ICF, SICF and SICI) were undertaken before (using 2 coils: figure‐of‐8 and double cone) and after (using double cone coil only) training. RCs were also acquired using a traditional and rapid method. A significant increase in corticospinal excitability was found after training as measured by RC intensities, but this was not related to the RC slope. No significant differences were found for paired‐pulse measures after training. Finally, there was good agreement between RC parameters when measured with the two different TMS coils or different acquisition methods (traditional vs. rapid). Changes in corticospinal excitability after a single session of lumbopelvic motor learning task are seen, but these changes are not explained by changes in intra‐cortical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muath A Shraim
- The University of Queensland, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury & Health, School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, QLD, Australia
| | - Hugo Massé-Alarie
- The University of Queensland, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury & Health, School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, QLD, Australia.,Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et integration sociale (CIRRIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sauro E Salomoni
- The University of Queensland, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury & Health, School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul W Hodges
- The University of Queensland, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury & Health, School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, QLD, Australia
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Herrmann O, Ficek B, Webster KT, Frangakis C, Spira AP, Tsapkini K. Sleep as a predictor of tDCS and language therapy outcomes. Sleep 2022; 45:zsab275. [PMID: 34875098 PMCID: PMC8919198 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To determine whether sleep at baseline (before therapy) predicted improvements in language following either language therapy alone or coupled with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in individuals with primary progressive aphasia (PPA). METHODS Twenty-three participants with PPA (mean age 68.13 ± 6.21) received written naming/spelling therapy coupled with either anodal tDCS over the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) or sham condition in a crossover, sham-controlled, double-blind design (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02606422). The outcome measure was percent of letters spelled correctly for trained and untrained words retrieved in a naming/spelling task. Given its particular importance as a sleep parameter in older adults, we calculated sleep efficiency (total sleep time/time in bed x100) based on subjective responses on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). We grouped individuals based on a median split: high versus low sleep efficiency. RESULTS Participants with high sleep efficiency benefited more from written naming/spelling therapy than participants with low sleep efficiency in learning therapy materials (trained words). There was no effect of sleep efficiency in generalization of therapy materials to untrained words. Among participants with high sleep efficiency, those who received tDCS benefitted more from therapy than those who received sham condition. There was no additional benefit from tDCS in participants with low sleep efficiency. CONCLUSION Sleep efficiency modified the effects of language therapy and tDCS on language in participants with PPA. These results suggest sleep is a determinant of neuromodulation effects.Clinical Trial: tDCS Intervention in Primary Progressive Aphasia https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02606422.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Herrmann
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bronte Ficek
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly T Webster
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Constantine Frangakis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adam P Spira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyrana Tsapkini
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Diao X, Lu Q, Qiao L, Gong Y, Lu X, Feng M, Su P, Shen Y, Yuan TF, He C. Cortical Inhibition State-Dependent iTBS Induced Neural Plasticity. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:788538. [PMID: 35250445 PMCID: PMC8891511 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.788538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is an effective stimulus for long-term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity. However, iTBS-induced effects varied greatly between individuals. Ample evidence suggested that an initial decrease in local γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or enhancement in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) facilitation neurotransmission is of vital importance for allowing LTP-like plasticity to occur. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether the individual level of GABA or NMDA receptor-mediated activity before stimulation is correlated with the after-effect in cortical excitability induced by iTBS. Methods Fifteen healthy volunteers were recruited for the present study. We measured short-interval intracortical inhibitory (SICI), long-interval intracortical inhibitory (LICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF), which index GABAA receptor-, GABAB receptor-, and glutamate receptor-mediated activity, respectively, in the cortex before conducting iTBS. After iTBS intervention, the changes of motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude were taken as a measure for cortical excitability in response to iTBS protocol. Results There was a significant negative correlation between the amount of SICI measured before iTBS and the after-effect of iTBS-induced LTP-like plasticity at the time points of 5, 10, and 15 min after inducing iTBS. A multiple linear regression model indicated that SICI was a good predictor of the after-effect in cortical excitability induced by iTBS at 5, 10, and 15 min following stimulation. Conclusion The present study found that GABAA receptor-mediated activity measured before stimulation is negatively correlated with the after-effect of cortical excitability induced by iTBS. SICI, as the index of GABAA receptor-mediated activity measured before stimulation, might be a good predictor of iTBS-induced LTP-like plasticity for a period lasting 15 min following stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Diao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- Jiangsu Zhongshan Geriatric Rehabilitation Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Youhui Gong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Panpan Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Shen,
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ti-Fei Yuan,
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- Chuan He,
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8
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Gyoda T, Nojima I, Lin SC, Koganemaru S, Mima T, Tanabe S, Huang YZ. Strengthening the GABAergic system through neurofeedback training suppresses implicit motor learning. Neuroscience 2022; 488:112-121. [PMID: 35149145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity within the primary motor cortex (M1) is essential for motor learning in cortical plasticity, and a recent study has suggested that real-time neurofeedback training (NFT) can self-regulate GABA activity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of GABA activity strengthening via NFT on subsequent motor learning. Thirty-six healthy participants were randomly assigned to either an NFT group or control group, which received sham feedback. GABA activity was assessed for short intracortical inhibition (SICI) within the right M1 using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. During the NFT intervention period, the participants tried to modulate the size of a circle, which was altered according to the degree of SICI in the NFT group. However, the size was altered independently of the degree of SICI in the control group. We measured the reaction time before, after (online learning), and 24 h after (offline learning) the finger-tapping task. Results showed the strengthening of GABA activity induced by the NFT intervention, and the suppression of the online but not the offline learning. These findings suggest that prior GABA activity modulation may affect online motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Gyoda
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ippei Nojima
- Division of Physical Therapy, Shinshu University School of Health Sciences, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan.
| | - Su-Chuan Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Medical School, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Satoko Koganemaru
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mima
- Graduate School of Core Ethics and Frontier Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeo Tanabe
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Medical School, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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9
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Russo M, Ozeri-Engelhard N, Hupfeld K, Nettekoven C, Thibault S, Sedaghat-Nejad E, Buchwald D, Xing D, Zobeiri O, Kilteni K, Albert ST, Ariani G. Highlights from the 30th Annual Meeting of the Society for the Neural Control of Movement. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:967-975. [PMID: 34406885 PMCID: PMC8560412 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00334.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Russo
- Department of Neurology, Tor Vergata Polyclinic, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nofar Ozeri-Engelhard
- WM Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kathleen Hupfeld
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Caroline Nettekoven
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Thibault
- ImpAct team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Ehsan Sedaghat-Nejad
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniela Buchwald
- Ottobock SE & Co. KGaA, Software & Electronics Engineering, Duderstadt, Germany
| | - David Xing
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Omid Zobeiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Scott T Albert
- Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Giacomo Ariani
- The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Predictive models for response to non-invasive brain stimulation in stroke: A critical review of opportunities and pitfalls. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:1456-1466. [PMID: 34560317 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive brain stimulation has been successfully applied to improve stroke-related impairments in different behavioral domains. Yet, clinical translation is limited by heterogenous outcomes within and across studies. It has been proposed to develop and apply noninvasive brain stimulation in a patient-tailored, precision medicine-guided fashion to maximize response rates and effect magnitude. An important prerequisite for this task is the ability to accurately predict the expected response of the individual patient. OBJECTIVE This review aims to discuss current approaches studying noninvasive brain stimulation in stroke and challenges associated with the development of predictive models of responsiveness to noninvasive brain stimulation. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS Currently, the field largely relies on in-sample associational studies to assess the impact of different influencing factors. However, the associational approach is not valid for making claims of prediction, which generalize out-of-sample. We will discuss crucial requirements for valid predictive modeling in particular the presence of sufficiently large sample sizes. CONCLUSION Modern predictive models are powerful tools that must be wielded with great care. Open science, including data sharing across research units to obtain sufficiently large and unbiased samples, could provide a solid framework for addressing the task of building robust predictive models for noninvasive brain stimulation responsiveness.
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11
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Nuzum ND, Teo WP, Macpherson H, Loughman A, Szymlek-Gay EA, Hendy A. Inhibition, excitation and bilateral transfer following a unilateral complex finger-tapping task in young and older adults. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:6608-6617. [PMID: 34535926 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity underpins motor learning, with abnormal neuroplasticity related to age-associated motor declines. Bilateral transfer of motor learning, through rehabilitation, may mitigate these declines; however, the magnitude of transfer may be reduced in older populations. This study investigated excitatory and inhibitory pathways in the trained and untrained hemispheres following unilateral training of a complex finger-tapping task across ageing. Fifteen young (26.2 ± 3.8 years) and 11 older adults (63.7 ± 15.4 years) received transcranial magnetic stimulation, although surface electromyography was recorded from the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) and abductor pollicis brevis (APB), before and after practicing a complex finger-tapping task with the dominant hand. Excitability, inhibition (expressed as percent change scores from pre- to post-training), motor task performance and bilateral transfer were assessed between groups. Investigation of hemispheric differences within each group was completed for measures that significantly differed between groups. There were no between-group differences in task performance or bilateral transfer, with task performance improving post-training irrespective of group for both hands (p < 0.05). Pre- to post-inhibition change scores of the untrained EDC muscle increased (p = 0.034) in older compared with younger adults, indicating reduced inhibition in older adults. Inhibition change scores significantly differed between hemispheres for the young group only (p = 0.037). Only the younger group presented with hemispheric lateralisation, providing some support for the Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in OLDer adults (HAROLD) hypothesis. Whether this reduction is evidence of de-differentiation or compensation will need to be confirmed with additional measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Nuzum
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Helen Macpherson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Loughman
- Food & Mood Centre, IMPACT Institute, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ewa A Szymlek-Gay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashlee Hendy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Cognitive control affects motor learning through local variations in GABA within the primary motor cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18566. [PMID: 34535725 PMCID: PMC8448760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary motor cortex (M1) is crucial for motor learning; however, its interaction with other brain areas during motor learning remains unclear. We hypothesized that the fronto-parietal execution network (FPN) provides learning-related information critical for the flexible cognitive control that is required for practice. We assessed network-level changes during sequential finger tapping learning under speed pressure by combining magnetic resonance spectroscopy and task and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. There was a motor learning-related increase in preparatory activity in the fronto-parietal regions, including the right M1, overlapping the FPN and sensorimotor network (SMN). Learning-related increases in M1-seeded functional connectivity with the FPN, but not the SMN, were associated with decreased GABA/glutamate ratio in the M1, which were more prominent in the parietal than the frontal region. A decrease in the GABA/glutamate ratio in the right M1 was positively correlated with improvements in task performance (p = 0.042). Our findings indicate that motor learning driven by cognitive control is associated with local variations in the GABA/glutamate ratio in the M1 that reflects remote connectivity with the FPN, representing network-level motor sequence learning formations.
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13
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Lamtahri R, Hazime M, Gowing EK, Nagaraja RY, Maucotel J, Alasoadura M, Quilichini PP, Lehongre K, Lefranc B, Gach-Janczak K, Marcher AB, Mandrup S, Vaudry D, Clarkson AN, Leprince J, Chuquet J. The Gliopeptide ODN, a Ligand for the Benzodiazepine Site of GABA A Receptors, Boosts Functional Recovery after Stroke. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7148-7159. [PMID: 34210784 PMCID: PMC8372017 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2255-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following stroke, the survival of neurons and their ability to reestablish connections is critical to functional recovery. This is strongly influenced by the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. In the acute phase of experimental stroke, lethal hyperexcitability can be attenuated by positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptors (GABAARs). Conversely, in the late phase, negative allosteric modulation of GABAAR can correct the suboptimal excitability and improves both sensory and motor recovery. Here, we hypothesized that octadecaneuropeptide (ODN), an endogenous allosteric modulator of the GABAAR synthesized by astrocytes, influences the outcome of ischemic brain tissue and subsequent functional recovery. We show that ODN boosts the excitability of cortical neurons, which makes it deleterious in the acute phase of stroke. However, if delivered after day 3, ODN is safe and improves motor recovery over the following month in two different paradigms of experimental stroke in mice. Furthermore, we bring evidence that, during the subacute period after stroke, the repairing cortex can be treated with ODN by means of a single hydrogel deposit into the stroke cavity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stroke remains a devastating clinical challenge because there is no efficient therapy to either minimize neuronal death with neuroprotective drugs or to enhance spontaneous recovery with neurorepair drugs. Around the brain damage, the peri-infarct cortex can be viewed as a reservoir of plasticity. However, the potential of wiring new circuits in these areas is restrained by a chronic excess of GABAergic inhibition. Here we show that an astrocyte-derived peptide, can be used as a delayed treatment, to safely correct cortical excitability and facilitate sensorimotor recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhita Lamtahri
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
| | - Mahmoud Hazime
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
| | - Emma K Gowing
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, 76000, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Raghavendra Y Nagaraja
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, 76000, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Julie Maucotel
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Animal Facility, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Michael Alasoadura
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
| | | | - Katia Lehongre
- Inserm U 1127, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unite Mixte de Recherche 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 Unite Mixte de Recherche S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, F-75013, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, PRIMACEN, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Katarzyna Gach-Janczak
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medicinal University of Łódź, Łódź, 90-137, Poland
| | - Ann-Britt Marcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
| | - David Vaudry
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, PRIMACEN, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, 76000, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Normandie Université, PRIMACEN, Rouen, 76000, France
| | - Julien Chuquet
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1239, Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Rouen, France
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14
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Škarabot J, Brownstein CG, Casolo A, Del Vecchio A, Ansdell P. The knowns and unknowns of neural adaptations to resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:675-685. [PMID: 33355714 PMCID: PMC7892509 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The initial increases in force production with resistance training are thought to be primarily underpinned by neural adaptations. This notion is firmly supported by evidence displaying motor unit adaptations following resistance training; however, the precise locus of neural adaptation remains elusive. The purpose of this review is to clarify and critically discuss the literature concerning the site(s) of putative neural adaptations to short-term resistance training. The proliferation of studies employing non-invasive stimulation techniques to investigate evoked responses have yielded variable results, but generally support the notion that resistance training alters intracortical inhibition. Nevertheless, methodological inconsistencies and the limitations of techniques, e.g. limited relation to behavioural outcomes and the inability to measure volitional muscle activity, preclude firm conclusions. Much of the literature has focused on the corticospinal tract; however, preliminary research in non-human primates suggests reticulospinal tract is a potential substrate for neural adaptations to resistance training, though human data is lacking due to methodological constraints. Recent advances in technology have provided substantial evidence of adaptations within a large motor unit population following resistance training. However, their activity represents the transformation of afferent and efferent inputs, making it challenging to establish the source of adaptation. Whilst much has been learned about the nature of neural adaptations to resistance training, the puzzle remains to be solved. Additional analyses of motoneuron firing during different training regimes or coupling with other methodologies (e.g., electroencephalography) may facilitate the estimation of the site(s) of neural adaptations to resistance training in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Škarabot
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Callum G Brownstein
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Université Lyon, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Andrea Casolo
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nurnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul Ansdell
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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15
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Yu C, Li A, Li X, Chen Z, Wang P, Dong Z, Daskalakis ZJ, Zhou D. Impaired LTD-like motor cortical plasticity in female patients with major depression disorder. Neuropharmacology 2020; 179:108268. [PMID: 32791084 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Long-term depression (LTD) is a form of physiologic plasticity that is important for reversal learning and may be linked to major depression. Few studies have examined LTP-like plasticity in patients with depression. It is unclear if continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) induced LTD is altered in depression patients. METHODS Here we recruited 29 healthy control subjects and 31 female patients with depression. We performed cTBS protocol on left motor cortex and employed motor evoked potentials (MEPs) response to measure LTD-like plasticity. Peripheral molecules were measured for correlation analyses to cortical plasticity. RESULTS Our results revealed persistent LTD-like plasticity deficits in female patients with depression. LTD-like plasticity was impaired in patients with depression despite the fact that peripheral concentrations of BDNF were comparable to that of healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence for impaired LTD-like plasticity in patients with depression which may be an important mechanism linked to the pathophysiology and treatment of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yu
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ang Li
- Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zan Chen
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pingjie Wang
- Guangdong - Hong Kong - Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Sleep Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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16
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Delli Pizzi S, Franciotti R, Ferretti A, Edden RA, Zöllner HJ, Esposito R, Bubbico G, Aiello C, Calvanese F, Sensi SL, Tartaro A, Onofrj M, Bonanni L. High
γ‐Aminobutyric
Acid Content Within the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Is a Functional Signature of Somatic Symptoms Disorder in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 35:2184-2192. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.28221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Delli Pizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), “G. d'Annunzio” University Chieti‐Pescara Italy
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
| | - Raffaella Franciotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), “G. d'Annunzio” University Chieti‐Pescara Italy
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
| | - Antonio Ferretti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), “G. d'Annunzio” University Chieti‐Pescara Italy
| | - Richard A.E. Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional MRI Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Helge J. Zöllner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
- F.M. Kirby Center for Functional MRI Kennedy Krieger Institute Baltimore Maryland USA
| | | | - Giovanna Bubbico
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), “G. d'Annunzio” University Chieti‐Pescara Italy
| | - Claudia Aiello
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
| | - Francesco Calvanese
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
| | - Stefano L. Sensi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
| | - Armando Tartaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Oral and Biotechnology University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
- Center of Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine University “G. d'Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara Chieti Italy
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17
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Calabrò RS, Russo M, Naro A, Ciurleo R, D'Aleo G, Rifici C, Balletta T, La Via C, Destro M, Bramanti P, Sessa E. Nabiximols plus robotic assisted gait training in improving motor performances in people with Multiple Sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 43:102177. [PMID: 32447249 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, affecting ambulation even in people with only mild neurological signs. Patients with MS frequently experience spasticity, which contributes significantly to impair their motor functions, including ambulation, owing to muscle stiffness, spasms, and pain. OBJECTIVES To clarify the role of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC):cannabidiol(CBD) oromucosal spray, coupled to robot-aided gait training (RAGT) using the Lokomat©Pro to improve functional ambulation in patients with MS. METHODS We compared 20 patients with MS, who were treated with THC:CBD oromucosal spray in add-on to the ongoing oral antispastic therapy (OAT) (group A), with 20 individuals with MS (matched for clinical-demographic characteristics) who were treated only with OAT (group B). Both the groups underwent RAGT using the Lokomat-Pro (three 45-minute sessions per week). Our primary outcome measures were the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and the 10 meters walking test (10MWT). As secondary outcome measures we evaluated the brain cortical excitability by using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Both parameters were taken before and after the end of the RAGT. RESULTS FIM improved in group A more than in group B (p<0.001). Moreover, 10MWT decreased in group A more than in group B (p<0.001). These clinical findings were paralleled by a more evident reshape of intracortical excitability in both upper and lower limbs, as suggested by motor evoked potential amplitude increase (p<0.001), intracortical inhibition strengthening (p<0.001), and intracortical facilitation decrease (p=0.01) in group A as compared to group B. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the combined THC:CBD-RAGT approach could be useful in improving gait performance in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, SS 113, Ctr. Casazza; 98124, Messina, Italy.
| | - Margherita Russo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, SS 113, Ctr. Casazza; 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, SS 113, Ctr. Casazza; 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Rossella Ciurleo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, SS 113, Ctr. Casazza; 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Giangaetano D'Aleo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, SS 113, Ctr. Casazza; 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Rifici
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, SS 113, Ctr. Casazza; 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Tina Balletta
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, SS 113, Ctr. Casazza; 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Cristian La Via
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, SS 113, Ctr. Casazza; 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Massimo Destro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, SS 113, Ctr. Casazza; 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, SS 113, Ctr. Casazza; 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Edoardo Sessa
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Via Palermo, SS 113, Ctr. Casazza; 98124, Messina, Italy
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18
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Bernardo P, Cobb S, Coppola A, Tomasevic L, Di Lazzaro V, Bravaccio C, Manganelli F, Dubbioso R. Neurophysiological Signatures of Motor Impairment in Patients with Rett Syndrome. Ann Neurol 2020; 87:763-773. [PMID: 32129908 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder due to pathogenic mutations in the MECP2 gene. Motor impairment constitutes the core diagnostic feature of RTT. Preclinical studies have consistently demonstrated alteration of excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance and aberrant synaptic plasticity at the cortical level. We aimed to understand neurobiological mechanisms underlying motor deficit by assessing in vivo synaptic plasticity and E/I balance in the primary motor cortex (M1). METHODS In 14 patients with typical RTT, 9 epilepsy control patients, and 11 healthy controls, we applied paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols to evaluate the excitation index, a biomarker reflecting the contribution of inhibitory and facilitatory circuits in M1. Intermittent TMS-theta burst stimulation was used to probe long-term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity in M1. Motor impairment, assessed by ad hoc clinical scales, was correlated with neurophysiological metrics. RESULTS RTT patients displayed a significant increase of the excitation index (p = 0.003), as demonstrated by the reduction of short-interval intracortical inhibition and increase of intracortical facilitation, suggesting a shift toward cortical excitation likely due to GABAergic dysfunction. Impairment of inhibitory circuits was also confirmed by the reduction of long-interval intracortical inhibition (p = 0.002). LTP-like plasticity in M1 was abolished (p = 0.008) and scaled with motor disability (all p = 0.003). INTERPRETATION TMS is a method that can be used to assess cortical motor function in RTT patients. Our findings support the introduction of TMS measures in clinical and research settings to monitor the progression of motor deficit and response to treatment. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:763-773.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Bernardo
- Department of Neuroscience, Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children's Hospital, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stuart Cobb
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Antonietta Coppola
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Leo Tomasevic
- Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Bravaccio
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Dubbioso
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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19
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Seo NJ, Lakshminarayanan K, Lauer AW, Ramakrishnan V, Schmit BD, Hanlon CA, George MS, Bonilha L, Downey RJ, DeVries W, Nagy T. Use of imperceptible wrist vibration to modulate sensorimotor cortical activity. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:805-816. [PMID: 30607471 PMCID: PMC6613561 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-05465-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral sensory stimulation has been used as a method to stimulate the sensorimotor cortex, with applications in neurorehabilitation. To improve delivery modality and usability, a new stimulation method has been developed in which imperceptible random-frequency vibration is applied to the wrist concurrently during hand activity. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of this new sensory stimulation on the sensorimotor cortex. Healthy adults were studied. In a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study, resting motor threshold, short-interval intracortical inhibition, and intracortical facilitation for the abductor pollicis brevis muscle were compared between vibration on vs. off, while subjects were at rest. In an electroencephalogram (EEG) study, alpha and beta power during rest and event-related desynchronization (ERD) for hand grip were compared between vibration on vs. off. Results showed that vibration decreased EEG power and decreased TMS short-interval intracortical inhibition (i.e., disinhibition) compared with no vibration at rest. Grip-related ERD was also greater during vibration, compared to no vibration. In conclusion, subthreshold random-frequency wrist vibration affected the release of intracortical inhibition and both resting and grip-related sensorimotor cortical activity. Such effects may have implications in rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jin Seo
- Department of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, 151B Rutledge Ave., Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Kishor Lakshminarayanan
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Abigail W Lauer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Viswanathan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Brian D Schmit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Colleen A Hanlon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Mark S George
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Leonardo Bonilha
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Ryan J Downey
- Department of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, 151B Rutledge Ave., Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Will DeVries
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, 28608, USA
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20
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Kolasinski J, Hinson EL, Divanbeighi Zand AP, Rizov A, Emir UE, Stagg CJ. The dynamics of cortical GABA in human motor learning. J Physiol 2018; 597:271-282. [PMID: 30300446 PMCID: PMC6312422 DOI: 10.1113/jp276626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points The ability to learn new motor skills is supported by plasticity in the structural and functional organisation of the primary motor cortex in the human brain. Changes inhibitory to signalling by GABA are thought to be crucial in inducing motor cortex plasticity. This study used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantify the concentration of GABA in human motor cortex during a period of motor learning, as well as during a period of movement and a period at rest. We report evidence for a reduction in the MRS‐measured concentration of GABA specific to learning. Further, the GABA concentration early in the learning task was strongly correlated with the magnitude of subsequent learning: higher GABA concentrations were associated with poorer learning. The results provide initial insight into the neurochemical correlates of cortical plasticity associated with motor learning, specifically relevant in therapeutic efforts to induce cortical plasticity during recovery from stroke.
Abstract The ability to learn novel motor skills is a central part of our daily lives and can provide a model for rehabilitation after a stroke. However, there are still fundamental gaps in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms that underpin human motor plasticity. The acquisition of new motor skills is dependent on changes in local circuitry within the primary motor cortex (M1). This reorganisation has been hypothesised to be facilitated by a decrease in local inhibition via modulation of the neurotransmitter GABA, but this link has not been conclusively demonstrated in humans. Here, we used 7 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate the dynamics of GABA concentrations in human M1 during the learning of an explicit, serial reaction time task. We observed a significant reduction in GABA concentration during motor learning that was not seen in an equivalent motor task lacking a learnable sequence, nor during a passive resting task of the same duration. No change in glutamate was observed in any group. Furthermore, M1 GABA measured early in task performance was strongly correlated with the degree of subsequent learning, such that greater inhibition was associated with poorer subsequent learning. This result suggests that higher levels of cortical inhibition may present a barrier that must be surmounted in order to achieve an increase in M1 excitability, and hence encoding of a new motor skill. These results provide strong support for the mechanistic role of GABAergic inhibition in motor plasticity, raising questions regarding the link between population variability in motor learning and GABA metabolism in the brain. The ability to learn new motor skills is supported by plasticity in the structural and functional organisation of the primary motor cortex in the human brain. Changes inhibitory to signalling by GABA are thought to be crucial in inducing motor cortex plasticity. This study used magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantify the concentration of GABA in human motor cortex during a period of motor learning, as well as during a period of movement and a period at rest. We report evidence for a reduction in the MRS‐measured concentration of GABA specific to learning. Further, the GABA concentration early in the learning task was strongly correlated with the magnitude of subsequent learning: higher GABA concentrations were associated with poorer learning. The results provide initial insight into the neurochemical correlates of cortical plasticity associated with motor learning, specifically relevant in therapeutic efforts to induce cortical plasticity during recovery from stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kolasinski
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DU, UK.,Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Emily L Hinson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DU, UK.,Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Amir P Divanbeighi Zand
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DU, UK
| | - Assen Rizov
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DU, UK
| | - Uzay E Emir
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DU, UK.,Purdue University School of Health Sciences, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for fMRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DU, UK.,Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
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21
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Mikkelsen M, Harris AD, Edden RAE, Puts NAJ. Macromolecule-suppressed GABA measurements correlate more strongly with behavior than macromolecule-contaminated GABA+ measurements. Brain Res 2018; 1701:204-211. [PMID: 30244020 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to be fundamental to the neuronal processes underlying visual orientation and vibrotactile frequency and amplitude discrimination. Previous studies have demonstrated that performance on visual and vibrotactile psychophysics tasks is associated with in vivo measurements of "GABA+" levels - a measure of GABA substantially contaminated by a macromolecular (MM) signal. Here, we establish that these prior findings are indeed driven by the GABA fraction of that signal. Edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to measure GABA with and without MM suppression in the sensorimotor (SM1) and occipital cortices in 14 healthy male adults. Volunteers also underwent psychophysical experiments to assess their performance on visual orientation discrimination and vibrotactile amplitude and frequency discrimination. We show that MM-suppressed GABA levels correlate more strongly with individual differences in vibrotactile (in the case of SM1 GABA; amplitude: r = -0.63, p = 0.03; frequency: r = -0.62, p = 0.02) and visual orientation (in the case of occipital GABA; r = -0.59, p = 0.05) discrimination thresholds than GABA levels contaminated by MM (vibrotactile amplitude: r = -0.36, p = 0.30; vibrotactile frequency: r = -0.53, p = 0.09; visual orientation: r = 0.21, p = 0.55). These findings further support the view that measurements of endogenous GABA acquired with edited MRS can usefully probe neurochemical-behavioral relationships in humans. Moreover, the more specific measurement of GABA used in this study provides increased statistical power to observe these regionally specific relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mikkelsen
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley D Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research (CAIR) Program, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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22
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Sarwary AME, Wischnewski M, Schutter DJLG, Selen LPJ, Medendorp WP. Corticospinal correlates of fast and slow adaptive processes in motor learning. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2011-2019. [PMID: 30133377 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00488.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent computational theories and behavioral observations suggest that motor learning is supported by multiple adaptation processes, operating on different timescales, but direct neural evidence is lacking. We tested this hypothesis by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation over motor cortex in 16 human subjects during a validated reach adaptation task. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and cortical silent periods (CSPs) were recorded from the biceps brachii to assess modulations of corticospinal excitability as indices for corticospinal plasticity. Guided by a two-state adaptation model, we show that the MEP reflects an adaptive process that learns quickly but has poor retention, while the CSP correlates with a process that responds more slowly but retains information well. These results provide a physiological link between models of motor learning and distinct changes in corticospinal excitability. Our findings support the relationship between corticospinal gain modulations and the adaptive processes in motor learning. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Computational theories and behavioral observations suggest that motor learning is supported by multiple adaptation processes, but direct neural evidence is lacking. We tested this hypothesis by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation over human motor cortex during a reach adaptation task. Guided by a two-state adaptation model, we show that the motor-evoked potential reflects a process that adapts and decays quickly, whereas the cortical silent period reflects slow adaptation and decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjmal M E Sarwary
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Miles Wischnewski
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Dennis J L G Schutter
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Luc P J Selen
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - W Pieter Medendorp
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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23
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Abraha B, Chaves AR, Kelly LP, Wallack EM, Wadden KP, McCarthy J, Ploughman M. A Bout of High Intensity Interval Training Lengthened Nerve Conduction Latency to the Non-exercised Affected Limb in Chronic Stroke. Front Physiol 2018; 9:827. [PMID: 30013489 PMCID: PMC6036480 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Evaluate intensity-dependent effects of a single bout of high intensity interval training (HIIT) compared to moderate intensity constant-load exercise (MICE) on corticospinal excitability (CSE) and effects on upper limb performance in chronic stroke. Design: Randomized cross-over trial. Setting: Research laboratory in a tertiary rehabilitation hospital. Participants: Convenience sample of 12 chronic stroke survivors. Outcome measures: Bilateral CSE measures of intracortical inhibition and facilitation, motor thresholds, and motor evoked potential (MEP) latency using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Upper limb functional measures of dexterity (Box and Blocks Test) and strength (pinch and grip strength). Results: Twelve (10 males; 62.50 ± 9.0 years old) chronic stroke (26.70 ± 23.0 months) survivors with moderate level of residual impairment participated. MEP latency from the ipsilesional hemisphere was lengthened after HIIT (pre: 24.27 ± 1.8 ms, and post: 25.04 ± 1.8 ms, p = 0.01) but not MICE (pre: 25.49 ± 1.10 ms, and post: 25.28 ± 1.0 ms, p = 0.44). There were no significant changes in motor thresholds, intracortical inhibition or facilitation. Pinch strength of the affected hand decreased after MICE (pre: 8.96 ± 1.9 kg vs. post: 8.40 ± 2.0 kg, p = 0.02) but not after HIIT (pre: 8.83 ± 2.0 kg vs. post: 8.65 ± 2.2 kg, p = 0.29). Regardless of type of aerobic exercise, higher total energy expenditure was associated with greater increases in pinch strength in the affected hand after exercise (R2 = 0.31, p = 0.04) and decreases in pinch strength of the less affected hand (R2 = 0.26 p = 0.02). Conclusion: A single bout of HIIT resulted in lengthened nerve conduction latency in the affected hand that was not engaged in the exercise. Longer latency could be related to the cross-over effects of fatiguing exercise or to reduced hand spasticity. Somewhat counterintuitively, pinch strength of the affected hand decreased after MICE but not HIIT. Regardless of the structure of exercise, higher energy expended was associated with pinch strength gains in the affected hand and strength losses in the less affected hand. Since aerobic exercise has acute effects on MEP latency and hand strength, it could be paired with upper limb training to potentiate beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beraki Abraha
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Arthur R Chaves
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Liam P Kelly
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Wallack
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Katie P Wadden
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jason McCarthy
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Recovery and Performance Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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24
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Pellicciari MC, Bonnì S, Ponzo V, Cinnera AM, Mancini M, Casula EP, Sallustio F, Paolucci S, Caltagirone C, Koch G. Dynamic reorganization of TMS-evoked activity in subcortical stroke patients. Neuroimage 2018; 175:365-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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25
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Fresnoza S, Christova M, Feil T, Gallasch E, Körner C, Zimmer U, Ischebeck A. The effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at individual alpha peak frequency (iAPF) on motor cortex excitability in young and elderly adults. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2573-2588. [PMID: 29943239 PMCID: PMC6153871 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can modulate brain oscillations, cortical excitability and behaviour. In aging, the decrease in EEG alpha activity (8–12 Hz) in the parieto-occipital and mu rhythm in the motor cortex are correlated with the decline in cognitive and motor functions, respectively. Increasing alpha activity using tACS might therefore improve cognitive and motor function in the elderly. The present study explored the influence of tACS on cortical excitability in young and old healthy adults. We applied tACS at individual alpha peak frequency for 10 min (1.5 mA) to the left motor cortex. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess the changes in cortical excitability as measured by motor-evoked potentials at rest, before and after stimulation. TACS increased cortical excitability in both groups. However, our results also suggest that the mechanism behind the effects was different, as we observed an increase and decrease in intracortical inhibition in the old group and young group, respectively. Our results indicate that both groups profited similarly from the stimulation. There was no indication that tACS was more effective in conditions of low alpha power, that is, in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Fresnoza
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria. .,Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Monica Christova
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Physiology Section, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Department of Physiotherapy, University of Applied Sciences FH-Joanneum Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Theresa Feil
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eugen Gallasch
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Christof Körner
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Zimmer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg (MSH), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Ischebeck
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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26
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Maes C, Hermans L, Pauwels L, Chalavi S, Leunissen I, Levin O, Cuypers K, Peeters R, Sunaert S, Mantini D, Puts NAJ, Edden RAE, Swinnen SP. Age-related differences in GABA levels are driven by bulk tissue changes. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3652-3662. [PMID: 29722142 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Levels of GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, can be regionally quantified using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Although GABA is crucial for efficient neuronal functioning, little is known about age-related differences in GABA levels and their relationship with age-related changes in brain structure. Here, we investigated the effect of age on GABA levels within the left sensorimotor cortex and the occipital cortex in a sample of 85 young and 85 older adults using the MEGA-PRESS sequence. Because the distribution of GABA varies across different brain tissues, various correction methods are available to account for this variation. Considering that these correction methods are highly dependent on the tissue composition of the voxel of interest, we examined differences in voxel composition between age groups and the impact of these various correction methods on the identification of age-related differences in GABA levels. Results indicated that, within both voxels of interest, older (as compared to young adults) exhibited smaller gray matter fraction accompanied by larger fraction of cerebrospinal fluid. Whereas uncorrected GABA levels were significantly lower in older as compared to young adults, this age effect was absent when GABA levels were corrected for voxel composition. These results suggest that age-related differences in GABA levels are at least partly driven by the age-related gray matter loss. However, as alterations in GABA levels might be region-specific, further research should clarify to what extent gray matter changes may account for age-related differences in GABA levels within other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Maes
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lize Hermans
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Pauwels
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sima Chalavi
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Leunissen
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,REVAL Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building A, Diepenbeek, B-3590, Belgium
| | - Ronald Peeters
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Gasthuisberg, UZ, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Gasthuisberg, UZ, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dante Mantini
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolaas A J Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Nantes JC, Proulx S, Zhong J, Holmes SA, Narayanan S, Brown RA, Hoge RD, Koski L. GABA and glutamate levels correlate with MTR and clinical disability: Insights from multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 2017; 157:705-715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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28
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Alia C, Spalletti C, Lai S, Panarese A, Micera S, Caleo M. Reducing GABA A-mediated inhibition improves forelimb motor function after focal cortical stroke in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37823. [PMID: 27897203 PMCID: PMC5126677 DOI: 10.1038/srep37823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A deeper understanding of post-stroke plasticity is critical to devise more effective pharmacological and rehabilitative treatments. The GABAergic system is one of the key modulators of neuronal plasticity, and plays an important role in the control of “critical periods” during brain development. Here, we report a key role for GABAergic inhibition in functional restoration following ischemia in the adult mouse forelimb motor cortex. After stroke, the majority of cortical sites in peri-infarct areas evoked simultaneous movements of forelimb, hindlimb and tail, consistent with a loss of inhibitory signalling. Accordingly, we found a delayed decrease in several GABAergic markers that accompanied cortical reorganization. To test whether reductions in GABAergic signalling were causally involved in motor improvements, we treated animals during an early post-stroke period with a benzodiazepine inverse agonist, which impairs GABAA receptor function. We found that hampering GABAA signalling led to significant restoration of function in general motor tests (i.e., gridwalk and pellet reaching tasks), with no significant impact on the kinematics of reaching movements. Improvements were persistent as they remained detectable about three weeks after treatment. These data demonstrate a key role for GABAergic inhibition in limiting motor improvements after cortical stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alia
- Scuola Normale Superiore, 56126, Pisa, Italy.,CNR Neuroscience Institute, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Lai
- The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025, Pontedera (PI), Italy.,Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering Laboratory, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Lenz M, Vlachos A. Releasing the Cortical Brake by Non-Invasive Electromagnetic Stimulation? rTMS Induces LTD of GABAergic Neurotransmission. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:96. [PMID: 27965542 PMCID: PMC5124712 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique which modulates cortical excitability beyond the stimulation period. However, despite its clinical use rTMS-based therapies which prevent or reduce disabilities in a functionally significant and sustained manner are scarce. It remains unclear how rTMS-mediated changes in cortical excitability, which are not task- or input-specific, exert beneficial effects in some healthy subjects and patients. While experimental evidence exists that repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) is linked to the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory neurotransmission, less attention has been dedicated to rTMS-induced structural, functional and molecular adaptations at inhibitory synapses. In this review article we provide a concise overview on basic neuroscience research, which reveals an important role of local disinhibitory networks in promoting associative learning and memory. These studies suggest that a reduction in inhibitory neurotransmission facilitates the expression of associative plasticity in cortical networks under physiological conditions. Hence, it is interesting to speculate that rTMS may act by decreasing GABAergic neurotransmission onto cortical principal neurons. Indeed, evidence has been provided that rTMS is capable of modulating inhibitory networks. Consistent with this suggestion recent basic science work discloses that a 10 Hz rTMS protocol reduces GABAergic synaptic strength on principal neurons. These findings support a model in which rTMS-induced long-term depression (LTD) of GABAergic synaptic strength mediates changes in excitation/inhibition-balance of cortical networks, which may in turn facilitate (or restore) the ability of stimulated networks to express input- and task-specific associative synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lenz
- Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany
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30
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Perszyk RE, DiRaddo JO, Strong KL, Low CM, Ogden KK, Khatri A, Vargish GA, Pelkey KA, Tricoire L, Liotta DC, Smith Y, McBain CJ, Traynelis SF. GluN2D-Containing N-methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors Mediate Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampal Interneurons and Regulate Interneuron Activity. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:689-702. [PMID: 27625038 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamatergic receptors that have been implicated in learning, development, and neuropathological conditions. They are typically composed of GluN1 and GluN2A-D subunits. Whereas a great deal is known about the role of GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing NMDARs, much less is known about GluN2D-containing NMDARs. Here we explore the subunit composition of synaptic NMDARs on hippocampal interneurons. GluN2D mRNA was detected by single-cell PCR and in situ hybridization in diverse interneuron subtypes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The GluN2D subunit was detectable by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry in all subfields of the hippocampus in young and adult mice. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from acute hippocampal slices, (+)-CIQ, the active enantiomer of the positive allosteric modulator CIQ, significantly enhanced the amplitude of the NMDAR component of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) in CA1 interneurons but not in pyramidal cells. (+)-CIQ had no effect in slices from Grin2d-/- mice, suggesting that GluN2D-containing NMDARs participate in excitatory synaptic transmission onto hippocampal interneurons. The time course of the NMDAR component of the mEPSC was unaffected by (+)-CIQ potentiation and was not accelerated in slices from Grin2d-/- mice compared with wild-type, suggesting that GluN2D does not detectably slow the NMDAR EPSC time course at this age. (+)-CIQ increased the activity of CA1 interneurons as detected by the rate and net charge transfer of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells. These data provide evidence that interneurons contain synaptic NMDARs possessing a GluN2D subunit, which can influence interneuron function and signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley E Perszyk
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John O DiRaddo
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Katie L Strong
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kevin K Ogden
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alpa Khatri
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Geoffrey A Vargish
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth A Pelkey
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ludovic Tricoire
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dennis C Liotta
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yoland Smith
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chris J McBain
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Departments of Pharmacology (R.E.P., J.O.D., K.K.O., A.K., S.F.T.), Chemistry (J.O.D., K.L.S., D.C.L.), Neurology (Y.S.), Yerkes National Primate Research Center (Y.S.), and Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research (Y.S.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Departments of Pharmacology and Anaesthesiology (C.-M.L.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (G.A.V., K.A.P., L.T., C.J.M.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Mooney RA, Coxon JP, Cirillo J, Glenny H, Gant N, Byblow WD. Acute aerobic exercise modulates primary motor cortex inhibition. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:3669-3676. [PMID: 27590480 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise can enhance neuroplasticity although presently the neural mechanisms underpinning these benefits remain unclear. One possible mechanism is through effects on primary motor cortex (M1) function via down-regulation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The aim of the present study was to examine how corticomotor excitability (CME) and M1 intracortical inhibition are modulated in response to a single bout of moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Ten healthy right-handed adults were participants. Single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over left M1 to obtain motor-evoked potentials in the right flexor pollicis brevis. We examined CME, cortical silent period (SP) duration, short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI, LICI), and late cortical disinhibition (LCD), before and after acute aerobic exercise (exercise session) or an equivalent duration without exercise (control session). Aerobic exercise was performed on a cycle ergometer for 30 min at a workload equivalent to 60 % of maximal cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 peak; heart rate reserve = 75 ± 3 %, perceived exertion = 13.5 ± 0.7). LICI was reduced at 10 (52 ± 17 %, P = 0.03) and 20 min (27 ± 8 %, P = 0.03) post-exercise compared to baseline (13 ± 4 %). No significant changes in CME, SP duration, SICI or LCD were observed. The present study shows that GABAB-mediated intracortical inhibition may be down-regulated after acute aerobic exercise. The potential effects this may have on M1 plasticity remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan A Mooney
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James P Coxon
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Cirillo
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen Glenny
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Gant
- Exercise Neurometabolism Laboratory, Department of Exercise Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Winston D Byblow
- Movement Neuroscience Laboratory, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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32
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Oulad Ben Taib N, Manto M. The in vivo reduction of afferent facilitation induced by low frequency electrical stimulation of the motor cortex is antagonized by cathodal direct current stimulation of the cerebellum. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2016; 3:15. [PMID: 27579172 PMCID: PMC5004309 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-016-0053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Low-frequency electrical stimulation to the motor cortex (LFSMC) depresses the excitability of motor circuits by long-term depression (LTD)-like effects. The interactions between LFSMC and cathodal direct current stimulation (cDCS) over the cerebellum are unknown. Methods We assessed the corticomotor responses and the afferent facilitation of corticomotor responses during a conditioning paradigm in anaesthetized rats. We applied LFSMC at a frequency of 1 Hz and a combination of LFSMC with cDCS. Results LFSMC significantly depressed both the corticomotor responses and the afferent facilitation of corticomotor responses. Simultaneous application of cDCS over the cerebellum antagonized the depression of corticomotor responses and cancelled the depression of the afferent facilitation. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that cDCS of the cerebellum is a potent modulator the inhibition of the motor circuits induced by LFSMC applied in vivo. These results expand our understanding of the effects of cerebellar DCS on motor commands and open novel applications for a cerebellar remote control of LFSMC-induced neuroplasticity. We suggest that the cerebellum acts as a neuronal machine supervising not only long-term potentiation (LTP)-like effects, but also LTD-like effects in the motor cortex, two mechanisms which underlie cerebello-cerebral interactions and the cerebellar control of remote plasticity. Implications for clinical ataxiology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Manto
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement (UEM), FNRS, Neurologie ULB-Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium ; Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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33
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Nantes JC, Zhong J, Holmes SA, Narayanan S, Lapierre Y, Koski L. Cortical Damage and Disability in Multiple Sclerosis: Relation to Intracortical Inhibition and Facilitation. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:566-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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34
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Jaenisch N, Liebmann L, Guenther M, Hübner CA, Frahm C, Witte OW. Reduced tonic inhibition after stroke promotes motor performance and epileptic seizures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26173. [PMID: 27188341 PMCID: PMC4870642 DOI: 10.1038/srep26173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke survivors often recover from motor deficits, either spontaneously or with the support of rehabilitative training. Since tonic GABAergic inhibition controls network excitability, it may be involved in recovery. Middle cerebral artery occlusion in rodents reduces tonic GABAergic inhibition in the structurally intact motor cortex (M1). Transcript and protein abundance of the extrasynaptic GABAA-receptor complex α4β3δ are concurrently reduced (δ-GABAARs). In vivo and in vitro analyses show that stroke-induced glutamate release activates NMDA receptors, thereby reducing KCC2 transporters and down-regulates δ-GABAARs. Functionally, this is associated with improved motor performance on the RotaRod, a test in which mice are forced to move in a similar manner to rehabilitative training sessions. As an adverse side effect, decreased tonic inhibition facilitates post-stroke epileptic seizures. Our data imply that early and sometimes surprisingly fast recovery following stroke is supported by homeostatic, endogenous plasticity of extrasynaptic GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Jaenisch
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Lutz Liebmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Madlen Guenther
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian A. Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Frahm
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W. Witte
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, D-07747 Jena, Germany
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35
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Ebajemito JK, Furlan L, Nissen C, Sterr A. Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neurorehabilitation: The Modulatory Effect of Sleep. Front Neurol 2016; 7:54. [PMID: 27092103 PMCID: PMC4822081 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between sleep disorders and neurological disorders is often reciprocal, such that sleep disorders are worsened by neurological symptoms and that neurological disorders are aggravated by poor sleep. Animal and human studies further suggest that sleep disruption not only worsens single neurological symptoms but may also lead to long-term negative outcomes. This suggests that sleep may play a fundamental role in neurorehabilitation and recovery. We further propose that sleep may not only alter the efficacy of behavioral treatments but also plasticity-enhancing adjunctive neurostimulation methods, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). At present, sleep receives little attention in the fields of neurorehabilitation and neurostimulation. In this review, we draw together the strands of evidence from both fields of research to highlight the proposition that sleep is an important parameter to consider in the application of tDCS as a primary or adjunct rehabilitation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- James K Ebajemito
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford , UK
| | - Leonardo Furlan
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford , UK
| | - Christoph Nissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical Center , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Annette Sterr
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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36
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Nantes JC, Zhong J, Holmes SA, Whatley B, Narayanan S, Lapierre Y, Arnold DL, Koski L. Intracortical inhibition abnormality during the remission phase of multiple sclerosis is related to upper limb dexterity and lesions. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:1503-1511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Talaei SA, Azami A, Salami M. Postnatal development and sensory experience synergistically underlie the excitatory/inhibitory features of hippocampal neural circuits: Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Neuroscience 2016; 318:230-43. [PMID: 26804241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During a postnatal critical period balance of excitation/inhibition in the developing brain is highly regulated by environmental signals. Compared to the visual cortex, rare document includes effects of sensory experience on the hippocampus, which is also bombarded by sensory signals. In this study, basic and tetanized field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded in CA1 area of hippocampus of light-(LR) and dark-reared (DR) rats (at 2, 4 and 6weeks of age). Also, we assessed age- and activity-dependent changes in the N-Methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors subunit compositions and, GABA producing enzymes. While the sensory deprivation increased amplitude of baseline fEPSPs, it decreased degree of potentiation of post-tetanus responses. Expression of GluA1 and GluA2 subunits of AMPA receptors was increased across age in DR rats. In contrast to LR rats, mRNA and protein expression of GluN1, GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of NMDA receptors was decreased in DR ones. Also, dark rearing diminished expression of GABA synthesis enzymes GAD65 and GAD67. These results indicate that, sensory experience adjusts synaptic plasticity and might also affect the balance of excitation/inhibition in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Talaei
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - A Azami
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - M Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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38
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Hilgenstock R, Weiss T, Huonker R, Witte OW. Behavioural and neurofunctional impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on somatosensory learning. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1277-95. [PMID: 26757368 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of repeated delivery of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on somatosensory performance and long-term learning. Over the course of five days, tDCS was applied to the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) by means of neuronavigation employing magnetencephalography (MEG). Compared to its sham application, tDCS promoted tactile learning by reducing the two-point discrimination threshold assessed by the grating orientation task (GOT) primarily by affecting intersessional changes in performance. These results were accompanied by alterations in the neurofunctional organization of the brain, as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging conducted prior to the study, at the fifth day of tDCS delivery and four weeks after the last application of tDCS. A decrease in activation at the primary site of anodal tDCS delivery in the left S1 along retention of superior tactile acuity was observed at follow-up four weeks after the application of tDCS. Thus, we demonstrate long-term effects that repeated tDCS imposes on somatosensory functioning. This is the first study to provide insight into the mode of operation of tDCS on the brain's response to long-term perceptual learning, adding an important piece of evidence from the domain of non-invasive brain stimulation to show that functional changes detectable by fMRI in primary sensory cortices participate in perceptual learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Hilgenstock
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, HELIOS Children's Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralph Huonker
- Brain Imaging Center, Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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39
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Massé-Alarie H, Beaulieu LD, Preuss R, Schneider C. Corticomotor control of lumbar multifidus muscles is impaired in chronic low back pain: concurrent evidence from ultrasound imaging and double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:1033-45. [PMID: 26708518 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is often associated with impaired control of deep trunk muscles and reorganization of the primary motor areas (M1). Precisely, functional changes of the lumbar multifidus muscles (MF) involved in spine stability may be of special interest in rehabilitation. Therefore, we tested MF corticomotor control using double transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigms for the first time in this muscle and examined its link with MF volitional activation. Eleven individuals with lateralized CLBP and 13 pain-free participants were recruited. Ultrasound imaging enabled measurement of MF volitional isometric contraction in prone lying. TMS of MF M1 area was used to test hemispheric excitability and mechanisms in relation to motor programming, i.e., active motor threshold (AMT), amplitude of motor-evoked potentials and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and facilitation (SICF). In CLBP, SICI level was lower in the left hemisphere and MF volitional contraction was not related to AMT (M1 excitability), conversely to what was observed in the pain-free group. No other between-group difference was detected. These original findings support a plasticity of cortical maps controlling paravertebral muscles and likely including a different motor strategy for the control of MF. Changes of M1 function may thus underlie impaired motor control of lumbopelvic spine and pain persistence in CLBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Massé-Alarie
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurostimulation, Neuroscience Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, RC-9800, 2705 Blvd. Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.,Constance Lethbridge Rehabilitation Center Research Site of the CRIR, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis-David Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurostimulation, Neuroscience Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, RC-9800, 2705 Blvd. Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Richard Preuss
- Constance Lethbridge Rehabilitation Center Research Site of the CRIR, Montreal, QC, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cyril Schneider
- Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurostimulation, Neuroscience Division of the Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, RC-9800, 2705 Blvd. Laurier, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada. .,Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.
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Lemke C, Hess A, Clare S, Bachtiar V, Stagg C, Jezzard P, Emir U. Two-voxel spectroscopy with dynamic B0 shimming and flip angle adjustment at 7 T in the human motor cortex. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:852-860. [PMID: 25973740 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to acquire high-quality in vivo (1) H spectra concurrently from two voxels at ultra-high field (7 T) without specialized hardware. To this end, an acquisition scheme was developed in which first-order shims and flip angles are dynamically updated to acquire spectra from both of the brain's motor cortices in an alternating fashion. To validate this acquisition scheme, separate, static, single-voxel acquisitions were also performed for comparison. Six subjects were examined using semi-LASER spectroscopy at 7 T. Barium titanate pads were used to increase the extent of the effective transmit field (B1 (+) ). Spectra were obtained from the hand area of both motor cortices for both acquisition schemes. LCModel was used to determine neurochemical profiles in order to examine variations between acquisition schemes and volumes of interest. The dynamic two-voxel acquisition protocol produced water linewidths (full width at half-maximum between 11.6 and 12.8 Hz) and signal-to-noise ratios similar to those from static single-voxel measurements. The concentrations of 13 individual and 3 combined metabolites with Cramér-Rao lower bounds below 30% were reliably detected for both acquisition schemes, and agreed well with previous postmortem assay and spectroscopy studies. The results show that high spectral quality from two voxels can be acquired concurrently without specialized hardware. This practical technique can be applied to many neuroscience applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark Lemke
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Aaron Hess
- Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Stuart Clare
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Velicia Bachtiar
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Charlotte Stagg
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Peter Jezzard
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Uzay Emir
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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Amadi U, Allman C, Johansen-Berg H, Stagg CJ. The Homeostatic Interaction Between Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Motor Learning in Humans is Related to GABAA Activity. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:898-905. [PMID: 26279408 PMCID: PMC4742653 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relative timing of plasticity-induction protocols is known to be crucial. For example, anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which increases cortical excitability and typically enhances plasticity, can impair performance if it is applied before a motor learning task. Such timing-dependent effects have been ascribed to homeostatic plasticity, but the specific synaptic site of this interaction remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We wished to investigate the synaptic substrate, and in particular the role of inhibitory signaling, underpinning the behavioral effects of anodal tDCS in homeostatic interactions between anodal tDCS and motor learning. METHODS We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate cortical excitability and inhibitory signaling following tDCS and motor learning. Each subject participated in four experimental sessions and data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVAs and post-hoc t-tests as appropriate. RESULTS As predicted, we found that anodal tDCS prior to the motor task decreased learning rates. This worsening of learning after tDCS was accompanied by a correlated increase in GABAA activity, as measured by TMS-assessed short interval intra-cortical inhibition (SICI). CONCLUSION This provides the first direct demonstration in humans that inhibitory synapses are the likely site for the interaction between anodal tDCS and motor learning, and further, that homeostatic plasticity at GABAA synapses has behavioral relevance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugwechi Amadi
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Claire Allman
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Charlotte J Stagg
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity (OHBA), Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Jong Paik
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - EunJoo Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
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