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Emerging roles of dysregulated adenosine homeostasis in brain disorders with a specific focus on neurodegenerative diseases. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:70. [PMID: 34635103 PMCID: PMC8507231 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern societies, with an increase in the older population, age-related neurodegenerative diseases have progressively become greater socioeconomic burdens. To date, despite the tremendous effort devoted to understanding neurodegenerative diseases in recent decades, treatment to delay disease progression is largely ineffective and is in urgent demand. The development of new strategies targeting these pathological features is a timely topic. It is important to note that most degenerative diseases are associated with the accumulation of specific misfolded proteins, which is facilitated by several common features of neurodegenerative diseases (including poor energy homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction). Adenosine is a purine nucleoside and neuromodulator in the brain. It is also an essential component of energy production pathways, cellular metabolism, and gene regulation in brain cells. The levels of intracellular and extracellular adenosine are thus tightly controlled by a handful of proteins (including adenosine metabolic enzymes and transporters) to maintain proper adenosine homeostasis. Notably, disruption of adenosine homeostasis in the brain under various pathophysiological conditions has been documented. In the past two decades, adenosine receptors (particularly A1 and A2A adenosine receptors) have been actively investigated as important drug targets in major degenerative diseases. Unfortunately, except for an A2A antagonist (istradefylline) administered as an adjuvant treatment with levodopa for Parkinson's disease, no effective drug based on adenosine receptors has been developed for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the emerging findings on proteins involved in the control of adenosine homeostasis in the brain and discuss the challenges and future prospects for the development of new therapeutic treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and their associated disorders based on the understanding of adenosine homeostasis.
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2
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Lopes CR, Lourenço VS, Tomé ÂR, Cunha RA, Canas PM. Use of knockout mice to explore CNS effects of adenosine. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114367. [PMID: 33333075 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The initial exploration using pharmacological tools of the role of adenosine receptors in the brain, concluded that adenosine released as such acted on A1R to inhibit excitability and glutamate release from principal neurons throughout the brain and that adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) were striatal-'specific' receptors controlling dopamine D2R. This indicted A1R as potential controllers of neurodegeneration and A2AR of psychiatric conditions. Global knockout of these two receptors questioned the key role of A1R and instead identified extra-striatal A2AR as robust controllers of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, transgenic lines with altered metabolic sources of adenosine revealed a coupling of ATP-derived adenosine to activate A2AR and a role of A1R as a hurdle to initiate neurodegeneration. Additionally, cell-selective knockout of A2AR unveiled the different roles of A2AR in different cell types (neurons/astrocytes) in different portions of the striatal circuits (dorsal versus lateral) and in different brain areas (hippocampus/striatum). Finally, a new transgenic mouse line with deletion of all adenosine receptors seems to indicate a major allostatic rather than homeostatic role of adenosine and may allow isolating P2R-mediated responses to unravel their role in the brain, a goal close to heart of Geoffrey Burnstock, to whom we affectionately dedicate this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia R Lopes
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vanessa S Lourenço
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ângelo R Tomé
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Paula M Canas
- CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Jia Y, Vadnie CA, Ho AM, Peyton L, Veldic M, Wininger K, Matveyenko A, Choi D. Type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) regulates sex-specific ethanol drinking during disruption of circadian rhythms. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12801. [PMID: 31267611 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disruptions in circadian rhythms are risk factors for excessive alcohol drinking. The ethanol-sensitive adenosine equilibrative nucleoside transporter type 1 (ENT1, slc29a1) regulates ethanol-related behaviors, sleep, and entrainment of circadian rhythms. However, the mechanism underlying the increased ethanol consumption in ENT1 knockout (KO) mice in constant light (LL) and whether there are sex differences in ethanol consumption in ENT1 mice are less studied. Here, we investigated the effects of loss of ENT1, LL, and sex on ethanol drinking using two-bottle choice. In addition, we monitored the locomotor activity rhythms. We found that LL increased ethanol drinking and reduced accumbal ENT1 expression and adenosine levels in male but not female mice, compared with control mice. Interestingly, only LL-exposed male, not female, ENT1 KO mice exhibited higher ethanol drinking and a longer circadian period with a higher amplitude compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, viral-mediated rescue of ENT1 expression in the NAc of ENT1 KO mice reduced ethanol drinking, demonstrating a possible causal link between ENT1 expression and ethanol drinking in males. Together, our findings indicate that deficiency of ENT1 expression contributes to excessive ethanol drinking in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Fang Jia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | | | - Ada Man‐Choi Ho
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
- Department of Psychiatry & PsychologyMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Lee Peyton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry & PsychologyMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | | | - Aleksey Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical EngineeringMayo Graduate School Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Doo‐Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
- Department of Psychiatry & PsychologyMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
- Neuroscience ProgramMayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
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4
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Altaweraqi RA, Yao SYM, Smith KM, Cass CE, Young JD. HPLC reveals novel features of nucleoside and nucleobase homeostasis, nucleoside metabolism and nucleoside transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183247. [PMID: 32126230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Humans possess three members of the cation-coupled concentrative nucleoside transporter CNT (SLC 28) family, hCNT1-3: hCNT1 is selective for pyrimidine nucleosides but also transports adenosine, hCNT2 transports purine nucleosides and uridine, and hCNT3 transports both pyrimidine and purine nucleosides. hCNT1/2 transport nucleosides using the transmembrane Na+ electrochemical gradient, while hCNT3 is both Na+- and H+-coupled. By producing recombinant hCNT3 in Xenopus laevis oocytes, we have used radiochemical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis to investigate the metabolic fate of transported [3H] or [14C] pyrimidine and purine nucleosides once inside cells. With the exception of adenosine, transported nucleosides were generally subject to minimal intracellular metabolism. We also used radiochemical HPLC analysis to study the mechanism by which adenosine functions as a low Km, low Vmax permeant of hCNT1. hCNT1-producing oocytes were pre-loaded with [3H] uridine, after which efflux of accumulated radioactivity was measured in transport medium alone, or in the presence of extracellular non-radiolabelled adenosine or uridine. hCNT1-mediated [3H]-efflux was stimulated by extracellular uridine, but inhibited by extracellular adenosine, with >95% of the radioactivity exiting cells being unmetabolized uridine, consistent with a low transmembrane mobility of the hCNT1/adenosine complex. Humans also possess four members of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT (SLC 29) family, hENT1-4. Of these, hENT1 and hENT2 transport both nucleosides and nucleobases into and out of cells, but their relative contributions to nucleoside and nucleobase homeostasis and, in particular, to adenosine signaling via purinoreceptors, are not known. We therefore used HPLC to determine plasma nucleoside and nucleobase concentrations in wild-type, mENT1-, mENT2- and mENT1/mENT2-knockout (KO) mice, and to compare the findings with knockout of mCNT3. Results demonstrated that ENT1 was more important than ENT2 or CNT3 in determining plasma adenosine concentrations, indicated modest roles of ENT1 in the homeostasis of other nucleosides, and suggested that none of the transporters is a major participant in handling of nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema A Altaweraqi
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Sylvia Y M Yao
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Kyla M Smith
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Carol E Cass
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - James D Young
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Effects of Xingnaojing Injection on Adenosinergic Transmission and Orexin Signaling in Lateral Hypothalamus of Ethanol-Induced Coma Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2389485. [PMID: 31346513 PMCID: PMC6620848 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2389485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute alcohol exposure induces unconscious condition such as coma whose main physical manifestation is the loss of righting reflex (LORR). Xingnaojing Injection (XNJI), which came from Chinese classic formula An Gong Niu Huang Pill, is widely used for consciousness disorders in China, such as coma. Although XNJI efficiently shortened the duration of LORR induced by acute ethanol, it remains unknown how XNJI acts on ethanol-induced coma (EIC). We performed experiments to examine the effects of XNJI on orexin and adenosine (AD) signaling in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) in EIC rats. Results showed that XNJI reduced the duration of LORR, which implied that XNJI promotes recovery form coma. Microdialysis data indicated that acute ethanol significantly increased AD release in the LHA but had no effect on orexin A levels. The qPCR results displayed a significant reduction in the Orexin-1 receptors (OX1R) expression with a concomitant increase in the A1 receptor (A1R) and equilibrative nucleoside transporter type 1 (ENT1) expression in EIC rats. In contrast, XNJI reduced the extracellular AD levels but orexin A levels remained unaffected. XNJI also counteracted the downregulation of the OX1R expression and upregulation of A1R and ENT1 expression caused by EIC. As for ADK expression, XNJI but not ethanol, displayed an upregulation in the LHA in EIC rats. Based on these results, we suggest that XNJI promotes arousal by inhibiting adenosine neurotransmission via reducing AD level and the expression of A1R and ENT1.
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6
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Veras MA, Tenn NA, Kuljanin M, Lajoie GA, Hammond JR, Dixon SJ, Séguin CA. Loss of ENT1 increases cell proliferation in the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13705-13719. [PMID: 31010267 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mice lacking equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1 -/- ) demonstrate progressive calcification of spinal tissues including the annulus fibrosus (AF) of the intervertebral disc (IVD). We previously established ENT1 as the primary nucleoside transporter in the AF and demonstrated dysregulation of biomineralization pathways. To identify cellular pathways altered by loss of ENT1, we conducted microarray analysis of AF tissue from wild-type (WT) and ENT1 -/- mice before calcification (2 months of age) and associated with calcification (6 months of age). Bioinformatic analyses identified cell cycle dysregulation in ENT1 -/- AF tissues and implicated the E2f family of transcription factors as potential effectors. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed increased expression of multiple E2f transcription factors and E2f interacting proteins ( Rb1 and Cdk2) in ENT1 -/- AF cells compared with WT at 6 months of age. At this time point, ENT1 -/- AF tissues showed increased JNK MAPK pathway activation, CDK1, minichromosome maintenance complex component 5 (Mcm5), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression, and PCNA-positive proliferating cells compared with WT controls. The current study demonstrates that loss of ENT1-mediated adenosine transport leads to increased cell proliferation in the AF of the IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Veras
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Neil A Tenn
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Miljan Kuljanin
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gilles A Lajoie
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - James R Hammond
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - S Jeffrey Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryle A Séguin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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7
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Silvani A, Cerri M, Zoccoli G, Swoap SJ. Is Adenosine Action Common Ground for NREM Sleep, Torpor, and Other Hypometabolic States? Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:182-196. [PMID: 29616880 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00007.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review compares two states that lower energy expenditure: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and torpor. Knowledge on mechanisms common to these states, and particularly on the role of adenosine in NREM sleep, may ultimately open the possibility of inducing a synthetic torpor-like state in humans for medical applications and long-term space travel. To achieve this goal, it will be important, in perspective, to extend the study to other hypometabolic states, which, unlike torpor, can also be experienced by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvani
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Matteo Cerri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy.,National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Section of Bologna, Bologna , Italy
| | - Giovanna Zoccoli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Steven J Swoap
- Department of Biology, Williams College , Williamstown, Massachusetts
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8
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van der Mierden S, Savelyev SA, IntHout J, de Vries RBM, Leenaars CHC. Intracerebral microdialysis of adenosine and adenosine monophosphate - a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of baseline concentrations. J Neurochem 2018; 147:58-70. [PMID: 30025168 PMCID: PMC6220825 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microdialysis is a method to study the extracellular space in vivo, based on the principle of diffusion. It can be used to measure various small molecules including the neuroregulator adenosine. Baseline levels of the compounds measured with microdialysis vary over studies. We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate the full range of reported baseline concentrations of adenosine and adenosine monophosphate in microdialysates. We performed a meta‐regression analysis to study the influence of flow rate, probe membrane surface area, species, brain area and anaesthesia versus freely behaving, on the adenosine concentration. Baseline adenosine concentrations in microdialysates ranged from 0.8 to 2100 nM. There was limited evidence on baseline adenosine monophosphate concentrations in microdialysates. Across studies, we found effects of flow rate and anaesthesia versus freely behaving on dialysate adenosine concentrations (p ≤ 0.001), but not of probe membrane surface, species, or brain area (p ≥ 0.14). With increasing flow rate, adenosine concentrations decreased. With anaesthesia, adenosine concentrations increased. The effect of other predictor variables on baseline adenosine concentrations, for example, post‐surgical recovery time, could not be analysed because of a lack of reported data. This study shows that meta‐regression can be used as an alternative to new animal experiments to answer research questions in the field of neurochemistry. However, current levels of reporting of primary studies are insufficient to reach the full potential of this approach; 63 out of 133 studies could not be included in the analysis because of insufficient reporting, and several potentially relevant factors had to be excluded from the analyses. The level of reporting of experimental detail needs to improve. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevie van der Mierden
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sergey A Savelyev
- Medical Biological Research & Development Centre 'Cytomed', St.-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Joanna IntHout
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob B M de Vries
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cathalijn H C Leenaars
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Animals in Science and Society - Human-Animal Relationship, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Sharma R, Sahota P, Thakkar MM. A single episode of binge alcohol drinking causes sleep disturbance, disrupts sleep homeostasis, and down-regulates equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1. J Neurochem 2018; 146:304-321. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology; School of Medicine; University of Missouri- Columbia; Columbias Missouri USA
| | - Pradeep Sahota
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology; School of Medicine; University of Missouri- Columbia; Columbias Missouri USA
| | - Mahesh M. Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology; School of Medicine; University of Missouri- Columbia; Columbias Missouri USA
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10
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Kovalzon VM, Latyshkova AA, Komarova AD, Panchin YV. Sleep-wake cycle and experimental models of Panx1 mutations. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:61-64. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811812161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Sharma R, Sahota P, Thakkar MM. Lesion of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons attenuates sleepiness and adenosine after alcohol consumption. J Neurochem 2017; 142:710-720. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Pradeep Sahota
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Mahesh M. Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
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12
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Shestopalov VI, Panchin Y, Tarasova OS, Gaynullina D, Kovalzon VM. Pannexins Are Potential New Players in the Regulation of Cerebral Homeostasis during Sleep-Wake Cycle. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:210. [PMID: 28769767 PMCID: PMC5511838 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain homeostasis, both neurons and astroglia release ATP that is rapidly converted to adenosine in the extracellular space. Pannexin-1 (Panx1) hemichannels represent a major conduit of non-vesicular ATP release from brain cells. Previous studies have shown that Panx1−/− mice possess severe disruption of the sleep-wake cycle. Here, we review experimental data supporting the involvement of pannexins (Panx) in the coordination of fundamental sleep-associated brain processes, such as neuronal activity and regulation of cerebrovascular tone. Panx1 hemichannels are likely implicated in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle via an indirect effect of released ATP on adenosine receptors and through interaction with other somnogens, such as IL-1β, TNFα and prostaglandin D2. In addition to the recently established role of Panx1 in the regulation of endothelium-dependent arterial dilation, similar signaling pathways are the major cellular component of neurovascular coupling. The new discovered role of Panx in sleep regulation may have broad implications in coordinating neuronal activity and homeostatic housekeeping processes during the sleep-wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery I Shestopalov
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States.,Microbiology and Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Genomics and Biotechnology, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Yuri Panchin
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia.,Department of Mathematical Methods in Biology, Belozersky Institute, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Tarasova
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia.,Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia.,State Research Center of the Russian Federation, Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
| | - Dina Gaynullina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow, Russia.,Department of Physiology, Russian National Research Medical UniversityMoscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir M Kovalzon
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia.,Severtsov Institute Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russia
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13
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Yang C, Thankachan S, McCarley RW, Brown RE. The menagerie of the basal forebrain: how many (neural) species are there, what do they look like, how do they behave and who talks to whom? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 44:159-166. [PMID: 28538168 PMCID: PMC5525536 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The diverse cell-types of the basal forebrain control sleep-wake states, cortical activity and reward processing. Large, slow-firing, cholinergic neurons suppress cortical delta activity and promote cortical plasticity in response to reinforcers. Large, fast-firing, cortically-projecting GABAergic neurons promote wakefulness and fast cortical activity. In particular, parvalbumin/GABAergic neurons promote neocortical gamma band activity. Conversely, excitation of slower-firing somatostatin/GABAergic neurons promotes sleep through inhibition of cortically-projecting neurons. Activation of glutamatergic neurons promotes wakefulness, likely by exciting other cortically-projecting neurons. Similarly, cholinergic neurons indirectly promote wakefulness by excitation of wake-promoting, cortically-projecting GABAergic neurons and/or inhibition of sleep-promoting somatostatin/GABAergic neurons. Both glia and neurons increase the levels of adenosine during prolonged wakefulness. Adenosine presynaptically inhibits glutamatergic inputs to wake-promoting cholinergic and GABAergic/parvalbumin neurons, promoting sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Psychiatry, VA BHS and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Stephen Thankachan
- Psychiatry, VA BHS and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA
| | - Robert W McCarley
- Psychiatry, VA BHS and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA.
| | - Ritchie E Brown
- Psychiatry, VA BHS and Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA.
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14
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Oskamp A, Wedekind F, Kroll T, Elmenhorst D, Bauer A. Neurotransmitter receptor availability in the rat brain is constant in a 24 hour-period. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:866-875. [PMID: 28548869 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1325370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Wakefulness and sleep are fundamental characteristics of the brain. We, therefore, hypothesized that transmitter systems contribute to their regulation and will exhibit circadian alterations. We assessed the concentration of various neurotransmitter receptors and transporters including adenosinergic (A1AR, A2AAR, and ENT1), dopaminergic (D1R, D2R, and DAT), and serotonergic (5-HT2AR) target proteins. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were used and maintained in a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle (lights on from 07:00 h to 19:00 h). We measured receptor and transporter concentrations in different brain regions, including caudate putamen, basal forebrain, and cortex in 4 hour-intervals over a 24 hour-period using quantitative in vitro autoradiography. Investigated receptors and transporters showed no fluctuations in any of the analyzed regions using one-way ANOVA. Only in the horizontal diagonal band of Broca, the difference of A1AR concentration between light and dark phases (t-test) as well as the cosinor analysis of the 24 hour-course were significant, suggesting that this region underlies receptor fluctuations. Our findings suggest that the availability of the investigated neurotransmitter receptors and transporters does not undergo changes in a 24 hour-period. While there are reports on changes in adenosine and dopamine receptors during sleep deprivation, we found no changes in the investigated adenosine, dopamine, and serotonin receptors during regular and undisturbed day-night cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oskamp
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany
| | - F Wedekind
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany
| | - T Kroll
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany
| | - D Elmenhorst
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany.,b Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Psychology , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - A Bauer
- a Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2) , Forschungszentrum Jülich , Jülich , Germany.,c Neurological Department , Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf , Germany
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15
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Kovalzon VM, Moiseenko LS, Ambaryan AV, Kurtenbach S, Shestopalov VI, Panchin YV. Sleep-wakefulness cycle and behavior in pannexin1 knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 318:24-27. [PMID: 27769744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pannexins are membrane channel proteins that play a role in a number of critical biological processes (Panchin et al., 2000; Shestopalov, Panchin, 2008). Among other cellular functions, pannexin hemichannels serve as purine nucleoside conduits providing ATP efflux into the extracellular space (Dahl, 2015), where it is rapidly degraded to adenosine. Pannexin1 (Panx1) is abundantly expressed in the brain and has been shown to contribute to adenosine signaling in nervous system tissues (Prochnow et al., 2012). We hypothesized that pannexin1 may contribute to sleep-wake cycle regulation through extracellular adenosine, a well-established paracrine factor in slow wave sleep. To investigate this link, EEG and movement activity throughout the light/dark cycle were compared in Panx1-/- and Panx1+/+ mice. We found a significant increase in waking and a correspondent decrease in slow wave sleep percentages in the Panx1-/- animals. These changes were especially pronounced during the dark period. Furthermore, we found a significant increase in movement activity of Panx1-/- mice. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that extracellular adenosine is relatively depleted in Panx1-/- animals due to the absence of the ATP-permeable hemichannels. At the same time, sleep rebound after a 6-h sleep deprivation remained unchanged in Panx1-/- mice as compared to the control animals. Behavioral tests revealed that Panx1-/- mice were significantly faster during their descent along the vertical pole but more sluggish during their run through the horizontal pole as compared to the control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Kovalzon
- Severtsov Institute Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - L S Moiseenko
- Severtsov Institute Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Ambaryan
- Severtsov Institute Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Kurtenbach
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - V I Shestopalov
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y V Panchin
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Belozersky Institute for Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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16
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Pava MJ, Makriyannis A, Lovinger DM. Endocannabinoid Signaling Regulates Sleep Stability. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152473. [PMID: 27031992 PMCID: PMC4816426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypnogenic properties of cannabis have been recognized for centuries, but endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) regulation of vigilance states is poorly characterized. We report findings from a series of experiments in mice measuring sleep with polysomnography after various systemic pharmacological manipulations of the endocannabinoid system. Rapid, unbiased scoring of vigilance states was achieved using an automated algorithm that we devised and validated. Increasing endocannabinoid tone with a selective inhibitor of monoacyglycerol lipase (JZL184) or fatty acid amide hydrolase (AM3506) produced a transient increase in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep due to an augmentation of the length of NREM bouts (NREM stability). Similarly, direct activation of type 1 cannabinoid (CB1) receptors with CP47,497 increased NREM stability, but both CP47,497 and JZL184 had a secondary effect that reduced NREM sleep time and stability. This secondary response to these drugs was similar to the early effect of CB1 blockade with the antagonist/inverse agonist AM281, which fragmented NREM sleep. The magnitude of the effects produced by JZL184 and AM281 were dependent on the time of day this drug was administered. While activation of CB1 resulted in only a slight reduction in gamma power, CB1 blockade had dramatic effects on broadband power in the EEG, particularly at low frequencies. However, CB1 blockade did not significantly reduce the rebound in NREM sleep following total sleep deprivation. These results support the hypothesis that endocannabinoid signaling through CB1 is necessary for NREM stability but it is not necessary for sleep homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Amidohydrolases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Animals
- Benzodioxoles/pharmacology
- Drug Inverse Agonism
- Electrodes, Implanted
- Electroencephalography
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Monoacylglycerol Lipases/metabolism
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sleep/drug effects
- Sleep/physiology
- Sleep Deprivation/physiopathology
- Sleep, REM/drug effects
- Sleep, REM/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Pava
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Intramural Biological and Clinical Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Center for Drug Discovery and Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Section on Synaptic Pharmacology, Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, Division of Intramural Biological and Clinical Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
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