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Gartside SE, Olthof BM, Rees A. Motor, somatosensory, and executive cortical areas elicit monosynaptic and polysynaptic neuronal activity in the auditory midbrain. Hear Res 2024; 447:109009. [PMID: 38670009 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
We recently reported that the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (the auditory midbrain) is innervated by glutamatergic pyramidal cells originating not only in auditory cortex (AC), but also in multiple 'non-auditory' regions of the cerebral cortex. Here, in anaesthetised rats, we used optogenetics and electrical stimulation, combined with recording in the inferior colliculus to determine the functional influence of these descending connections. Specifically, we determined the extent of monosynaptic excitation and the influence of these descending connections on spontaneous activity in the inferior colliculus. A retrograde virus encoding both green fluorescent protein (GFP) and channelrhodopsin (ChR2) injected into the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc) resulted in GFP expression in discrete groups of cells in multiple areas of the cerebral cortex. Light stimulation of AC and primary motor cortex (M1) caused local activation of cortical neurones and increased the firing rate of neurones in ICc indicating a direct excitatory input from AC and M1 to ICc with a restricted distribution. In naïve animals, electrical stimulation at multiple different sites within M1, secondary motor, somatosensory, and prefrontal cortices increased firing rate in ICc. However, it was notable that stimulation at some adjacent sites failed to influence firing at the recording site in ICc. Responses in ICc comprised singular spikes of constant shape and size which occurred with a short, and fixed latency (∼ 5 ms) consistent with monosynaptic excitation of individual ICc units. Increasing the stimulus current decreased the latency of these spikes, suggesting more rapid depolarization of cortical neurones, and increased the number of (usually adjacent) channels on which a monosynaptic spike was seen, suggesting recruitment of increasing numbers of cortical neurons. Electrical stimulation of cortical regions also evoked longer latency, longer duration increases in firing activity, comprising multiple units with spikes occurring with significant temporal jitter, consistent with polysynaptic excitation. Increasing the stimulus current increased the number of spikes in these polysynaptic responses and increased the number of channels on which the responses were observed, although the magnitude of the responses always diminished away from the most activated channels. Together our findings indicate descending connections from motor, somatosensory and executive cortical regions directly activate small numbers of ICc neurones and that this in turn leads to extensive polysynaptic activation of local circuits within the ICc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Gartside
- Centre for Transformative Neuroscience and Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
| | - Bas Mj Olthof
- Centre for Transformative Neuroscience and Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Rees
- Centre for Transformative Neuroscience and Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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2
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Okumura T, Kida I, Yokoi A, Nakai T, Nishimoto S, Touhara K, Okamoto M. Semantic context-dependent neural representations of odors in the human piriform cortex revealed by 7T MRI. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26681. [PMID: 38656060 PMCID: PMC11041378 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory perception depends not only on olfactory inputs but also on semantic context. Although multi-voxel activity patterns of the piriform cortex, a part of the primary olfactory cortex, have been shown to represent odor perception, it remains unclear whether semantic contexts modulate odor representation in this region. Here, we investigated whether multi-voxel activity patterns in the piriform cortex change when semantic context modulates odor perception and, if so, whether the modulated areas communicate with brain regions involved in semantic and memory processing beyond the piriform cortex. We also explored regional differences within the piriform cortex, which are influenced by olfactory input and semantic context. We used 2 × 2 combinations of word labels and odorants that were perceived as congruent and measured piriform activity with a 1-mm isotropic resolution using 7T MRI. We found that identical odorants labeled with different words were perceived differently. This labeling effect was observed in multi-voxel activity patterns in the piriform cortex, as the searchlight decoding analysis distinguished identical odors with different labels for half of the examined stimulus pairs. Significant functional connectivity was observed between parts of the piriform cortex that were modulated by labels and regions associated with semantic and memory processing. While the piriform multi-voxel patterns evoked by different olfactory inputs were also distinguishable, the decoding accuracy was significant for only one stimulus pair, preventing definitive conclusions regarding the locational differences between areas influenced by word labels and olfactory inputs. These results suggest that multi-voxel patterns of piriform activity can be modulated by semantic context, possibly due to communication between the piriform cortex and the semantic and memory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Okumura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
| | - Ikuhiro Kida
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Atsushi Yokoi
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Tomoya Nakai
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
| | - Shinji Nishimoto
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)OsakaJapan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI‐IRCN), Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Masako Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
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Vance DE, Del Bene VA, Kamath V, Frank JS, Billings R, Cho DY, Byun JY, Jacob A, Anderson JN, Visscher K, Triebel K, Martin KM, Li W, Puga F, Fazeli PL. Does Olfactory Training Improve Brain Function and Cognition? A Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:155-191. [PMID: 36725781 PMCID: PMC9891899 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory training (OT), or smell training,consists of repeated exposure to odorants over time with the intended neuroplastic effect of improving or remediating olfactory functioning. Declines in olfaction parallel declines in cognition in various pathological conditions and aging. Research suggests a dynamic neural connection exists between olfaction and cognition. Thus, if OT can improve olfaction, could OT also improve cognition and support brain function? To answer this question, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine whether there is evidence that OT translates to improved cognition or altered brain morphology and connectivity that supports cognition. Across three databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, & Embase), 18 articles were identified in this systematic review. Overall, the reviewed studies provided emerging evidence that OT is associated with improved global cognition, and in particular, verbal fluency and verbal learning/memory. OT is also associated with increases in the volume/size of olfactory-related brain regions, including the olfactory bulb and hippocampus, and altered functional connectivity. Interestingly, these positive effects were not limited to patients with smell loss (i.e., hyposmia & anosmia) but normosmic (i.e., normal ability to smell) participants benefitted as well. Implications for practice and research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Vance
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Victor A Del Bene
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Sandson Frank
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca Billings
- UAB Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Do-Yeon Cho
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs, University of Alabama at Birmingham, & Division of Otolaryngology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jun Y Byun
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexandra Jacob
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joseph N Anderson
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristina Visscher
- Department of Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristen Triebel
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karli M Martin
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frank Puga
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pariya L Fazeli
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
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4
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Peter MG, Darki F, Thunell E, Mårtensson G, Postma EM, Boesveldt S, Westman E, Lundström JN. Lifelong olfactory deprivation-dependent cortical reorganization restricted to orbitofrontal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:6459-6470. [PMID: 37915233 PMCID: PMC10681638 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged sensory deprivation has repeatedly been linked to cortical reorganization. We recently demonstrated that individuals with congenital anosmia (CA, complete olfactory deprivation since birth) have seemingly normal morphology in piriform (olfactory) cortex despite profound morphological deviations in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a finding contradictory to both the known effects of blindness on visual cortex and to the sparse literature on brain morphology in anosmia. To establish whether these unexpected findings reflect the true brain morphology in CA, we first performed a direct replication of our previous study to determine if lack of results was due to a deviant control group, a confound in cross sectional studies. Individuals with CA (n = 30) were compared to age and sex matched controls (n = 30) using voxel- and surface-based morphometry. The replication results were near identical to the original study: bilateral clusters of group differences in the OFC, including CA atrophy around the olfactory sulci and volume increases in the medial orbital gyri. Importantly, no group differences in piriform cortex were detected. Subsequently, to assess any subtle patterns of group differences not detectable by our mass-univariate analysis, we explored the data from a multivariate perspective. Combining the newly collected data with data from the replicated study (CA = 49, control = 49), we performed support vector machine classification based on gray matter volume. In line with the mass-univariate analyses, the multivariate analysis could accurately differentiate between the groups in bilateral OFC, whereas the classification accuracy in piriform cortex was at chance level. Our results suggest that despite lifelong olfactory deprivation, piriform (olfactory) cortex is morphologically unaltered and the morphological deviations in CA are confined to the OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa G. Peter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Fahimeh Darki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Evelina Thunell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Gustav Mårtensson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Elbrich M. Postma
- Smell and Taste Centre, Hospital Gelderse ValleiEdethe Netherlands
- Division of Human Nutrition and HealthWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and HealthWageningen UniversityWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Eric Westman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Johan N. Lundström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Monell Chemical Senses CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Stockholm University Brain Imaging CenterStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
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Ekanayake A, Yang Q, Kanekar S, Ahmed B, McCaslin S, Kalra D, Eslinger P, Karunanayaka P. Monorhinal and Birhinal Odor Processing in Humans: an fMRI investigation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.01.551475. [PMID: 37577649 PMCID: PMC10418263 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory nerve, also known as cranial nerve I, is known to have exclusive ipsilateral projections to primary olfactory cortical structures. It is still unclear whether these projections also correspond to functional pathways of odor processing. In an olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of twenty young healthy subjects with a normal sense of smell, we tested whether nostril specific stimulation with phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA), a pure olfactory stimulant, asymmetrically activates primary or secondary olfactory-related brain structures such as primary olfactory cortex, entorhinal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. The results indicated that without a challenging olfactory task, passive (no sniffing) and active (with sniffing) nostril-specific PEA stimulation did not produce asymmetrical fMRI activation in olfactory cortical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupa Ekanayake
- Grodno State Medical University, Grodno, Belarus
- Department of Radiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Radiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sangam Kanekar
- Department of Radiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Biyar Ahmed
- Department of Radiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Silas McCaslin
- Department of Radiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Deepak Kalra
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Paul Eslinger
- Department of Radiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Prasanna Karunanayaka
- Department of Radiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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6
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Scheliga S, Kellermann T, Lampert A, Rolke R, Spehr M, Habel U. Neural correlates of multisensory integration in the human brain: an ALE meta-analysis. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:223-245. [PMID: 36084305 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous fMRI research identified superior temporal sulcus as central integration area for audiovisual stimuli. However, less is known about a general multisensory integration network across senses. Therefore, we conducted activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis with multiple sensory modalities to identify a common brain network. We included 49 studies covering all Aristotelian senses i.e., auditory, visual, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory stimuli. Analysis revealed significant activation in bilateral superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, thalamus, right insula, and left inferior frontal gyrus. We assume these regions to be part of a general multisensory integration network comprising different functional roles. Here, thalamus operate as first subcortical relay projecting sensory information to higher cortical integration centers in superior temporal gyrus/sulcus while conflict-processing brain regions as insula and inferior frontal gyrus facilitate integration of incongruent information. We additionally performed meta-analytic connectivity modelling and found each brain region showed co-activations within the identified multisensory integration network. Therefore, by including multiple sensory modalities in our meta-analysis the results may provide evidence for a common brain network that supports different functional roles for multisensory integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scheliga
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thilo Kellermann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Roman Rolke
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc Spehr
- Department of Chemosensation, RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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7
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Thunell E, Peter MG, Lenoir V, Andersson P, Landis BN, Becker M, Lundström JN. Effects of COVID-19 on the Human Central Olfactory System: A Natural Pre-Post Experiment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022; 43:1777-1783. [PMID: 36423956 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reduced olfactory function is the symptom with the highest prevalence in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with nearly 70% of infected individuals experiencing partial or total loss of their sense of smell at some point during the disease. The exact cause is not known, but beyond peripheral damage, studies have demonstrated insults to both the olfactory bulb and central olfactory brain areas. However, these studies often lack both baseline pre-COVID-19 assessments and control groups, and the effects could, therefore, simply reflect pre-existing risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Shortly before the COVID-19 outbreak, we completed an olfactory-focused study, which included structural MR brain images and a full clinical olfactory test. Opportunistically, we invited participants back 1 year later, including 9 participants who had experienced mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (C19+) and 12 who had not (C19-), creating a natural pre-post experiment with a control group. RESULTS Despite C19+ participants reporting subjective olfactory dysfunction, few showed signs of objectively altered function. Critically, all except 1 individual in the C19+ group had reduced olfactory bulb volume (average reduction, 14.3%), but this did not amount to a significant statistical difference compared with the control group (2.3%) using inference statistics. We found no morphologic differences in olfactory brain areas but stronger functional connectivity between olfactory brain areas in the C19+ group at the postmeasure. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that COVID-19 might cause long-term reduction in olfactory bulb volume and altered functional connectivity but with no discernible morphologic differences in cerebral olfactory regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Thunell
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.T., M.G.P., J.N.L.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M G Peter
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.T., M.G.P., J.N.L.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V Lenoir
- Diagnostic Department (V.L., M.B.), Division of Radiology
| | - P Andersson
- Stockholm University Brain Imaging Center (P.A., J.N.L.), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B N Landis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (B.N.L.), Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Becker
- Diagnostic Department (V.L., M.B.), Division of Radiology
| | - J N Lundström
- From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (E.T., M.G.P., J.N.L.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden .,Stockholm University Brain Imaging Center (P.A., J.N.L.), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Monell Chemical Senses Center (J.N.L.), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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8
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Pu D, Shan Y, Wang J, Sun B, Xu Y, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Recent trends in aroma release and perception during food oral processing: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3441-3457. [PMID: 36218375 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2132209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic and complex peculiarities of the oral environment present several challenges for controlling the aroma release during food consumption. They also pose higher requirements for designing food with better sensory quality. This requires a comprehensive understanding of the basic rules of aroma transmission and aroma perception during food oral processing and its behind mechanism. This review summarized the latest developments in aroma release from food to retronasal cavity, aroma release and delivery influencing factors, aroma perception mechanisms. The individual variance is the most important factor affecting aroma release and perception. Therefore, the intelligent chewing simulator is the key to establish a standard analytical method. The key odorants perceived from the retronasal cavity should be given more attention during food oral processing. Identification of the olfactory receptor activated by specific odorants and its binding mechanisms are still the bottleneck. Electrophysiology and image technology are the new noninvasive technologies in elucidating the brain signals among multisensory, which can fill the gap between aroma perception and other senses. Moreover, it is necessary to develop a new approach to integrate the relationship among aroma binding parameters, aroma concentration, aroma attributes and cross-modal reactions to make the aroma prediction model more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Pu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Yimeng Shan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Youqiang Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Wangang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
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Okada K, Hashimoto K, Kobayashi K. Cholinergic regulation of object recognition memory. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:996089. [PMID: 36248033 PMCID: PMC9557046 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.996089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Object recognition memory refers to a basic memory mechanism to identify and recall various features of objects. This memory has been investigated by numerous studies in human, primates and rodents to elucidate the neuropsychological underpinnings in mammalian memory, as well as provide the diagnosis of dementia in some neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Since Alzheimer's disease at the early stage is reported to be accompanied with cholinergic cell loss and impairment in recognition memory, the central cholinergic system has been studied to investigate the neural mechanism underlying recognition memory. Previous studies have suggested an important role of cholinergic neurons in the acquisition of some variants of object recognition memory in rodents. Cholinergic neurons in the medial septum and ventral diagonal band of Broca that project mainly to the hippocampus and parahippocampal area are related to recognition memory for object location. Cholinergic projections from the nucleus basalis magnocellularis innervating the entire cortex are associated with recognition memory for object identification. Especially, the brain regions that receive cholinergic projections, such as the perirhinal cortex and prefrontal cortex, are involved in recognition memory for object-in-place memory and object recency. In addition, experimental studies using rodent models for Alzheimer's disease have reported that neurodegeneration within the central cholinergic system causes a deficit in object recognition memory. Elucidating how various types of object recognition memory are regulated by distinct cholinergic cell groups is necessary to clarify the neuronal mechanism for recognition memory and the development of therapeutic treatments for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Okada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kouichi Hashimoto
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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10
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Yamashita G, Tanaka M, Horiuchi T. Analysis of harmony between color and fragrance in lighting environments by the reaction of the orbitofrontal area. Iperception 2022; 13:20416695221102191. [PMID: 35646301 PMCID: PMC9136570 DOI: 10.1177/20416695221102191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the analysis of the cross-modal effects between sight (color) and smell (fragrance). While most previous researches have studied the harmony of color and fragrance using small-field colors such as patches and display stimuli, this study analyzes harmony in lighting environments. In our experiments, we focused on the finding that emotional states manifest themselves in responses in the orbitofrontal cortex and used near-infrared spectroscopy to evaluate orbitofrontal responses. Five different aromas were prepared for fragmentation. Initially, the observers were asked to select the most pleasant and least unpleasant aromas. The two selected aromas were soaked in non-fat cotton cloth and placed in a light-shielding brown bottle, which was used as a scent stimulus. For the lighting environment, 36 different lighting colors were designed using a luminaire consisting of 14 LEDs. The results of the experiment showed that the lighting color that the observers judged to be harmonious by actually smelling the fragrance (sensory color) activated the orbitofrontal cortex more than the lighting color that they judged to be harmonious by recalling the name of the fragrance (imagery color).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Yamashita
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Midori Tanaka
- Graduate School of Global and Transdisciplinary Studies, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahiko Horiuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Noto T, Zhou G, Yang Q, Lane G, Zelano C. Human Primary Olfactory Amygdala Subregions Form Distinct Functional Networks, Suggesting Distinct Olfactory Functions. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:752320. [PMID: 34955769 PMCID: PMC8695617 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.752320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Three subregions of the amygdala receive monosynaptic projections from the olfactory bulb, making them part of the primary olfactory cortex. These primary olfactory areas are located at the anterior-medial aspect of the amygdala and include the medial amygdala (MeA), cortical amygdala (CoA), and the periamygdaloid complex (PAC). The vast majority of research on the amygdala has focused on the larger basolateral and basomedial subregions, which are known to be involved in implicit learning, threat responses, and emotion. Fewer studies have focused on the MeA, CoA, and PAC, with most conducted in rodents. Therefore, our understanding of the functions of these amygdala subregions is limited, particularly in humans. Here, we first conducted a review of existing literature on the MeA, CoA, and PAC. We then used resting-state fMRI and unbiased k-means clustering techniques to show that the anatomical boundaries of human MeA, CoA, and PAC accurately parcellate based on their whole-brain resting connectivity patterns alone, suggesting that their functional networks are distinct, relative both to each other and to the amygdala subregions that do not receive input from the olfactory bulb. Finally, considering that distinct functional networks are suggestive of distinct functions, we examined the whole-brain resting network of each subregion and speculated on potential roles that each region may play in olfactory processing. Based on these analyses, we speculate that the MeA could potentially be involved in the generation of rapid motor responses to olfactory stimuli (including fight/flight), particularly in approach/avoid contexts. The CoA could potentially be involved in olfactory-related reward processing, including learning and memory of approach/avoid responses. The PAC could potentially be involved in the multisensory integration of olfactory information with other sensory systems. These speculations can be used to form the basis of future studies aimed at clarifying the olfactory functions of these under-studied primary olfactory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Noto
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Qiaohan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gregory Lane
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Christina Zelano
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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12
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Recent evidence for the impacts of olfactory disorders on food enjoyment and ingestive behavior. Curr Opin Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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East BS, Fleming G, Vervoordt S, Shah P, Sullivan RM, Wilson DA. Basolateral amygdala to posterior piriform cortex connectivity ensures precision in learned odor threat. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21746. [PMID: 34741138 PMCID: PMC8571329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Odor perception can both evoke emotional states and be shaped by emotional or hedonic states. The amygdala complex plays an important role in recognition of, and response to, hedonically valenced stimuli, and has strong, reciprocal connectivity with the primary olfactory (piriform) cortex. Here, we used differential odor-threat conditioning in rats to test the role of basolateral amygdala (BLA) input to the piriform cortex in acquisition and expression of learned olfactory threat responses. Using local field potential recordings, we demonstrated that functional connectivity (high gamma band coherence) between the BLA and posterior piriform cortex (pPCX) is enhanced after differential threat conditioning. Optogenetic suppression of activity within the BLA prevents learned threat acquisition, as do lesions of the pPCX prior to threat conditioning (without inducing anosmia), suggesting that both regions are critical for acquisition of learned odor threat responses. However, optogenetic BLA suppression during testing did not impair threat response to the CS+ , but did induce generalization to the CS-. A similar loss of stimulus control and threat generalization was induced by selective optogenetic suppression of BLA input to pPCX. These results suggest an important role for amygdala-sensory cortical connectivity in shaping responses to threatening stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett S East
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Gloria Fleming
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Samantha Vervoordt
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Prachi Shah
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Regina M Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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14
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The human olfactory bulb processes odor valence representation and cues motor avoidance behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101209118. [PMID: 34645711 PMCID: PMC8545486 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101209118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the valence of an odor to guide rapid approach-avoidance behavior is thought to be one of the core tasks of the olfactory system, and yet little is known of the initial neural mechanisms supporting this process or of its subsequent behavioral manifestation in humans. In two experiments, we measured the functional processing of odor valence perception in the human olfactory bulb (OB)-the first processing stage of the olfactory system-using a noninvasive method as well as assessed the subsequent motor avoidance response. We demonstrate that odor valence perception is associated with both gamma and beta activity in the human OB. Moreover, we show that negative, but not positive, odors initiate an early beta response in the OB, a response that is linked to a preparatory neural motor response in the motor cortex. Finally, in a separate experiment, we show that negative odors trigger a full-body motor avoidance response, manifested as a rapid leaning away from the odor, within the time period predicted by the OB results. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the human OB processes odor valence in a sequential manner in both the gamma and beta frequency bands and suggest that rapid processing of unpleasant odors in the OB might underlie rapid approach-avoidance decisions.
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15
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Peter MG, Mårtensson G, Postma EM, Engström Nordin L, Westman E, Boesveldt S, Lundström JN. Seeing Beyond Your Nose? The Effects of Lifelong Olfactory Sensory Deprivation on Cerebral Audio-visual Integration. Neuroscience 2021; 472:1-10. [PMID: 34311017 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lifelong auditory and visual sensory deprivation have been demonstrated to alter both perceptual acuity and the neural processing of remaining senses. Recently, it was demonstrated that individuals with anosmia, i.e. complete olfactory sensory deprivation, displayed enhanced multisensory integration performance. Whether this ability is due to a reorganization of olfactory processing regions to focus on cross-modal multisensory information or whether it is due to enhanced processing within multisensory integration regions is not known. To dissociate these two outcomes, we investigated the neural processing of dynamic audio-visual stimuli in individuals with congenital anosmia and matched controls (both groups, n = 33) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Specifically, we assessed whether the previously demonstrated multisensory enhancement is related to cross-modal processing of multisensory stimuli in olfactory associated regions, the piriform and olfactory orbitofrontal cortices, or enhanced multisensory processing in established multisensory integration regions, the superior temporal and intraparietal sulci. No significant group differences were found in the a priori hypothesized regions using region of interest analyses. However, exploratory whole-brain analysis suggested higher activation related to multisensory integration within the posterior superior temporal sulcus, in close proximity to the multisensory region of interest, in individuals with congenital anosmia. No group differences were demonstrated in olfactory associated regions. Although results were outside our hypothesized regions, combined, they tentatively suggest that enhanced processing of audio-visual stimuli in individuals with congenital anosmia may be mediated by multisensory, and not primary sensory, cerebral regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa G Peter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gustav Mårtensson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elbrich M Postma
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Smell and Taste Centre, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, Ede, the Netherlands
| | - Love Engström Nordin
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Diagnostic Medical Physics, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Westman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan N Lundström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States; Stockholm University Brain Imaging Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Porada DK, Regenbogen C, Freiherr J, Seubert J, Lundström JN. Trimodal processing of complex stimuli in inferior parietal cortex is modality-independent. Cortex 2021; 139:198-210. [PMID: 33878687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In humans, multisensory mechanisms facilitate object processing through integration of sensory signals that match in their temporal and spatial occurrence as well as their meaning. The generalizability of such integration processes across different sensory modalities is, however, to date not well understood. As such, it remains unknown whether there are cerebral areas that process object-related signals independently of the specific senses from which they arise, and whether these areas show different response profiles depending on the number of sensory channels that carry information. To address these questions, we presented participants with dynamic stimuli that simultaneously emitted object-related sensory information via one, two, or three channels (sight, sound, smell) in the MR scanner. By comparing neural activation patterns between various integration processes differing in type and number of stimulated senses, we showed that the left inferior frontal gyrus and areas within the left inferior parietal cortex were engaged independently of the number and type of sensory input streams. Activation in these areas was enhanced during bimodal stimulation, compared to the sum of unimodal activations, and increased even further during trimodal stimulation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that activation of the inferior parietal cortex during processing and integration of meaningful multisensory stimuli is both modality-independent and modulated by the number of available sensory modalities. This suggests that the processing demand placed on the parietal cortex increases with the number of sensory input streams carrying meaningful information, likely due to the increasing complexity of such stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danja K Porada
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christina Regenbogen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA Institute Brain Structure Function Relationship, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Seubert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan N Lundström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA; Stockholm University Brain Imaging Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Sabiniewicz A. Smells Influence Perceived Pleasantness but Not Memorization of a Visual Virtual Environment. Iperception 2021; 12:2041669521989731. [PMID: 33868626 PMCID: PMC8020408 DOI: 10.1177/2041669521989731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether the perception of still scenes in a virtual environment in congruent versus incongruent condition can be influenced by odors. Ninety healthy participants were divided into three groups, including two experimental virtual reality (VR) environments: a rose garden, an orange basket, and a control condition. In each VR condition, participants were exposed to a rose odor, an orange odor, or no odor, resulting in congruent, incongruent, and control conditions. Participants were asked to describe (a) the content of the VR scene and rate its overall pleasantness and (b) the smell and to rate its intensity and pleasantness. For each condition, participants were tested twice. During the second test, participants provided ratings and descriptions of the content of the VR scenes without being exposed to odors or VR environments. Virtual scenarios tended to be remembered as more pleasant when presented with congruent odors. Furthermore, participants used more descriptors in congruent scenarios than in incongruent scenarios. Eventually, rose odor appeared to be remembered as more pleasant when presented within congruent scenarios. These findings show that olfactory stimuli in congruent versus incongruent conditions can possibly modulate the perception of the pleasantness of visual scenes but not the memorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sabiniewicz
- Interdisciplinary Center “Smell & Taste”, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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18
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Zhou G, Olofsson JK, Koubeissi MZ, Menelaou G, Rosenow J, Schuele SU, Xu P, Voss JL, Lane G, Zelano C. Human hippocampal connectivity is stronger in olfaction than other sensory systems. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 201:102027. [PMID: 33640412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During mammalian evolution, primate neocortex expanded, shifting hippocampal functional networks away from primary sensory cortices, towards association cortices. Reflecting this rerouting, human resting hippocampal functional networks preferentially include higher association cortices, while those in rodents retained primary sensory cortices. Research on human visual, auditory and somatosensory systems shows evidence of this rerouting. Olfaction, however, is unique among sensory systems in its relative structural conservation throughout mammalian evolution, and it is unknown whether human primary olfactory cortex was subject to the same rerouting. We combined functional neuroimaging and intracranial electrophysiology to directly compare hippocampal functional networks across human sensory systems. We show that human primary olfactory cortex-including the anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory tubercle and piriform cortex-has stronger functional connectivity with hippocampal networks at rest, compared to other sensory systems. This suggests that unlike other sensory systems, olfactory-hippocampal connectivity may have been retained in mammalian evolution. We further show that olfactory-hippocampal connectivity oscillates with nasal breathing. Our findings suggest olfaction might provide insight into how memory and cognition depend on hippocampal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Jonas K Olofsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua Rosenow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephan U Schuele
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Center for Neuroimaging, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Research Institute for Neuroscience and Neurotechnologies, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joel L Voss
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gregory Lane
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christina Zelano
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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19
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Peter MG, Fransson P, Mårtensson G, Postma EM, Nordin LE, Westman E, Boesveldt S, Lundström JN. Normal Olfactory Functional Connectivity Despite Lifelong Absence of Olfactory Experiences. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:159-168. [PMID: 32810869 PMCID: PMC7727390 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital blindness is associated with atypical morphology and functional connectivity within and from visual cortical regions; changes that are hypothesized to originate from a lifelong absence of visual input and could be regarded as a general (re) organization principle of sensory cortices. Challenging this is the fact that individuals with congenital anosmia (lifelong olfactory sensory loss) display little to no morphological changes in the primary olfactory cortex. To determine whether olfactory input from birth is essential to establish and maintain normal functional connectivity in olfactory processing regions, akin to the visual system, we assessed differences in functional connectivity within the olfactory cortex between individuals with congenital anosmia (n = 33) and matched controls (n = 33). Specifically, we assessed differences in connectivity between core olfactory processing regions as well as differences in regional homogeneity and homotopic connectivity within the primary olfactory cortex. In contrast to congenital blindness, none of the analyses indicated atypical connectivity in individuals with congenital anosmia. In fact, post-hoc Bayesian analysis provided support for an absence of group differences. These results suggest that a lifelong absence of olfactory experience has a limited impact on the functional connectivity in the olfactory cortex, a finding that indicates a clear difference between sensory modalities in how sensory cortical regions develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa G Peter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Fransson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustav Mårtensson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elbrich M Postma
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Smell and Taste Centre, Hospital Gelderse Vallei, 6716 RP Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Love Engström Nordin
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Diagnostic Medical Physics, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Solna, Sweden
| | - Eric Westman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan N Lundström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.,Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Stockholm University Brain Imaging Centre, Stockholm University, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Seubert J, Kalpouzos G, Larsson M, Hummel T, Bäckman L, Laukka EJ. Temporolimbic cortical volume is associated with semantic odor memory performance in aging. Neuroimage 2020; 211:116600. [PMID: 32018003 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory function, and specifically semantic olfactory memory (i.e., odor identification), has frequently been shown to predict cognitive functioning across multiple domains in old age. This observation suggests that olfactory function can serve as a marker for the integrity of temporolimbic cortical networks, but a clear delineation of this association is still missing. To address this issue, the present study employed voxel-based morphometry in a region of interest-based design to determine the extent to which gray matter volumes of core olfactory and memory areas are associated with olfactory memory performance in an aging population free from neurodegenerative disease. We further aimed to determine potential overlap in structural anatomical correlates, and differences in association strength, for semantic and episodic olfactory memory. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), episodic and semantic odor memory and episodic and semantic verbal memory data were collected in 422 participants from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K), all aged ≥ 60 years. Controlling for age and education, semantic, but not episodic, olfactory memory was positively related to gray matter volume in a cluster extending from the anterior hippocampus and amygdala into the posterior piriform cortex. The observed associations remained even when verbal memory performance was controlled for, supporting a link between the olfactory memory domain and cortical volume over and above more generalized memory abilities. As such, our data provide evidence for distinct functional-structural associations for semantic odor memory, supporting the idea of temporolimbic integrity as a neurobiological substrate linking olfactory function to cognitive health in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Seubert
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Grégoria Kalpouzos
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Gösta Ekman's Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lars Bäckman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika J Laukka
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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