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Kunimura K, Nakamoto M, Ushijima M. S-1-Propenylcysteine Enhances Endurance Capacity of Mice by Stimulating Fatty Acid Metabolism via Muscle Isoform of Carnitine Acyltransferase-1. J Nutr 2024; 154:2707-2716. [PMID: 39053609 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endurance is an important capacity to sustain healthy lifestyles. Aged garlic extract (AGE) has been reported to exert an endurance-enhancing effect in clinical and animal studies, although little is known about its active ingredients and mechanism of action. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the potential effect of S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC), a characteristic sulfur amino acid in AGE, on the swimming endurance of mice, and examined its mechanism of action by a metabolomics-based approach. METHODS Male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice (6 wk old) were orally administered either water (control) or S1PC (6.5 mg/kg/d) for 2 wk. The swimming duration to exhaustion was measured at 24 h after the final administration. Nontargeted metabolomic analysis was conducted on the plasma samples obtained from mice after 40-min submaximal swimming bouts. Subsequently, the enzyme activity of carnitine acyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) and the content of malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA), acetyl-CoA, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were quantified in heart, skeletal muscles, and liver of mice. RESULTS The duration time of swimming was substantially increased in the S1PC-treated mice as compared with the control group. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant alterations in the plasma concentration of the metabolites involved in fatty acid metabolism, in particular medium- or long-chain acylcarnitines in the mice treated with S1PC. Moreover, the administration of S1PC significantly enhanced the CPT-1 activity with the concomitant decrease in the malonyl-CoA content in the heart and skeletal muscles. These effects of S1PC were accompanied by the elevation of the acetyl-CoA and ATP levels to enhance the energy production in those tissues. CONCLUSIONS S1PC is a key constituent responsible for the endurance-enhancing effect of AGE. This study suggests that S1PC helps provide energy during endurance exercise by increasing fatty acid metabolism via CPT-1 activation in the heart and skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Kunimura
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Masato Nakamoto
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Ushijima
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
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Cao S, Shi H, Garcia SF, Kito Y, Shi H, Goldberg HV, Ponce J, Ueberheide B, Lignitto L, Pagano M, Zheng N. Distinct Perception Mechanisms of BACH1 Quaternary Structure Degrons by Two F-box Proteins under Oxidative Stress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.03.594717. [PMID: 38895309 PMCID: PMC11185555 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.03.594717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The transcription factor BACH1 regulates heme homeostasis and oxidative stress responses and promotes cancer metastasis upon aberrant accumulation. Its stability is controlled by two F-box protein ubiquitin ligases, FBXO22 and FBXL17. Here we show that the homodimeric BTB domain of BACH1 functions as a previously undescribed quaternary structure degron, which is deciphered by the two F-box proteins via distinct mechanisms. After BACH1 is released from chromatin by heme, FBXO22 asymmetrically recognizes a cross-protomer interface of the intact BACH1 BTB dimer, which is otherwise masked by the co-repressor NCOR1. If the BACH1 BTB dimer escapes the surveillance by FBXO22 due to oxidative modifications, its quaternary structure integrity is probed by a pair of FBXL17, which simultaneously engage and remodel the two BTB protomers into E3-bound monomers for ubiquitination. By unveiling the multifaceted regulatory mechanisms of BACH1 stability, our studies highlight the abilities of ubiquitin ligases to decode high-order protein assemblies and reveal therapeutic opportunities to block cancer invasion via compound-induced BACH1 destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Box 357280, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Huigang Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Box 357280, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sheena Faye Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yuki Kito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Box 357280, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hailey V. Goldberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jackeline Ponce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Luca Lignitto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille (CRCM), CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ning Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Box 357280, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Lead contact
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Son J, Ding H, Farb TB, Efanov AM, Sun J, Gore JL, Syed SK, Lei Z, Wang Q, Accili D, Califano A. BACH2 inhibition reverses β cell failure in type 2 diabetes models. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:153876. [PMID: 34907913 DOI: 10.1172/jci153876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with defective insulin secretion and reduced β cell mass. Available treatments provide a temporary reprieve, but secondary failure rates are high, making insulin supplementation necessary. Reversibility of β cell failure is a key translational question. Here, we reverse engineered and interrogated pancreatic islet-specific regulatory networks to discover T2D-specific subpopulations characterized by metabolic inflexibility and endocrine progenitor/stem cell features. Single-cell gain- and loss-of-function and glucose-induced Ca2+ flux analyses of top candidate master regulatory (MR) proteins in islet cells validated transcription factor BACH2 and associated epigenetic effectors as key drivers of T2D cell states. BACH2 knockout in T2D islets reversed cellular features of the disease, restoring a nondiabetic phenotype. BACH2-immunoreactive islet cells increased approximately 4-fold in diabetic patients, confirming the algorithmic prediction of clinically relevant subpopulations. Treatment with a BACH inhibitor lowered glycemia and increased plasma insulin levels in diabetic mice, and restored insulin secretion in diabetic mice and human islets. The findings suggest that T2D-specific populations of failing β cells can be reversed and indicate pathways for pharmacological intervention, including via BACH2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsook Son
- Department of Medicine and.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hongxu Ding
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas B Farb
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Alexander M Efanov
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jiajun Sun
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Julie L Gore
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Samreen K Syed
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Zhigang Lei
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Qidi Wang
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Chillappagari S, Garapati V, Mahavadi P, Naehrlich L, Schmeck BT, Schmitz ML, Guenther A. Defective BACH1/HO-1 regulatory circuits in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 20:140-148. [PMID: 32534959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stress-regulated enzyme hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) contributes to the cell response towards inflammation and oxidative stress. We previously reported on curtailed HO-1 expression in cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchial epithelial (CFBE41o-) cells and CF-mice, but the molecular mechanisms for this are not known. Here, we compared healthy and CF bronchial epithelial cells for regulatory circuits controlling HO-1 protein levels. METHODS In this study, we employed immunohistochemistry on CF and healthy lung sections to examine the BACH1 protein expression. Alteration of BACH1 protein levels in 16HBE14o- and CFBE41o- cells was achieved by using either siRNA-mediated knockdown of BACH1 or by increasing miRNA-155 levels. HO-1 luciferase reporter assay was chosen to examine the downstream affects after BACH1 modulation. RESULTS Human CF lungs and cells showed increased levels of the HO-1 transcriptional repressor, BACH1, and increased miR-155 expression. Knockdown studies using BACH1 siRNA and overexpression of miR-155 did not significantly rescue HO-1 expression in CFBE41o- cells. Elevated BACH1 expression detected in CF cells was refractory to the inhibitory function of miR-155 and was instead due to increased protein stability. CONCLUSION We observed defects in the inhibitory activities of miR-155 and BACH1 on HO-1 expression in CF cells. Thus various defective regulatory loops account for dysregulated BACH1 expression in CF, which in turn may contribute to low HO-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashipavan Chillappagari
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392, Giessen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.
| | - Virajith Garapati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Poornima Mahavadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Lutz Naehrlich
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Feulgenstrasse 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd T Schmeck
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Institute for Lung Research, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Marburg, Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), and the German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Marburg, Germany
| | - M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Lung Clinic Waldhof-Elgershausen, Greifenstein, Germany
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The preventive and therapeutic application of garlic and other plant ingredients in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1507-1510. [PMID: 32010331 PMCID: PMC6966117 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, pharmacologically active ingredients derived from natural sources, including plants and microbials have been used in the treatment of a wide array of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus and cancers. Herbal extracts and polyphenols are produced from herbs that contain a variety of ingredients, most of which exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-microbial actions. Gingivitis is triggered by the infection of the periodontal tissues with periodontal disease-causing pathogens present in the dental biofilm. This is accompanied by weak inflammatory immune reactions in the gingiva. In periodontitis, prolonged and excessive inflammation results in the destruction of gingival connective tissue and in the resorption of alveolar bone, leading to tooth loss. There are a number of clinical reports showing the effectiveness of both herbal extracts and polyphenols on periodontal diseases when applied as a mouthwash or dentifrice into the oral cavity. However, to date, at least to the best of our knowledge, there is no clinical report available on the therapeutic effects of garlic or its extract on periodontal diseases, apart from a recent study, which reported that the intake of aged garlic extract (AGE) containing various pharmacologically active sulfur compounds, alleviated the symptoms of gingivitis clinically. The finding suggests that AGE may be a promising candidate for use in the treatment of periodontal diseases, although additional clinical trials are warranted to confirm this. In addition, further studies are required for the clarification of the basic molecular mechanisms through which AGE attenuates gingivitis. In this review, we summarize the beneficial effects of several natural compounds on periodontal disease and describe the possible applications of garlic ingredients in detail.
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Ohtani M, Nishimura T. Sulfur-containing amino acids in aged garlic extract inhibit inflammation in human gingival epithelial cells by suppressing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and IL-6 secretion. Biomed Rep 2019; 12:99-108. [PMID: 32042418 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged garlic extract (AGE) contains various biologically active sulfur-containing amino acids, such as S-allylcysteine (SAC), S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC) and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC). These amino acids have been demonstrated to lower hypertension, improve atherosclerosis and enhance immunity through their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. It was recently reported that the administration of AGE alleviated gingivitis in a clinical trial. In this study, to gain insight into this effect of AGE, the authors examined whether AGE and the three above-mentioned sulfur compounds influence the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in inducing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion in Ca9-22 human gingival epithelial cells. It was found that S1PC reduced the level of ICAM-1 protein induced by TNF-α possibly through post-translational levels without affecting the TNF-α-induced mRNA expression. However, SAC and SAMC had no effect. It was also confirmed the inhibitory effect of an antimicrobial peptide [human-β defensin-3 (hβD3)] and found that the inhibitory effects of hbD3 and S1PC were synergistic. On the other hand, the TNF-α-induced IL-6 secretion was attenuated by SAC and SAMC in a dose-dependent manner, whereas S1PC was ineffective. In addition, SAC and SAMC, but not S1PC inhibited the phosphorylation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), which is involved in the expression of inflammatory molecules, suggesting that the anti-inflammatory effects of SAC and SAMC are mediated, at least partly, by NF-κB. On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that the three sulfur amino acids in AGE function synergistically in alleviating inflammation in human gingival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ohtani
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Nishimura
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
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Tsuneyoshi T. BACH1 mediates the antioxidant properties of aged garlic extract. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1500-1503. [PMID: 32010329 PMCID: PMC6966178 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical studies, aged garlic extract (AGE) has been shown to improve endothelial dysfunction. The activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2)-dependent gene expression is a proposed mechanism for maintaining vascular homeostasis. S-1-propenylcysteine (S1PC) and S-allylcysteine (SAC) are two predominant sulfur-containing amino acids present in AGE. However, it remains unclear as to whether the two sulfur amino acids activate Nrf2 in cells. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule and one of the activators of the Nrf2 pathway. In a previous study, we examined the effects of the two sulfur amino acids on NO signaling for modulating the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response. Neither S1PC nor SAC were found to affect the expression of Nrf2-regulated genes, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. However, S1PC was found to augment HMOX1 expression, induced by NO donors, such as NOR3. NOR3 was found to induce the nuclear accumulation of NRF2 protein and concomitantly enhance the degradation of BTB domain and CNC homolog 1 (BACH1), a transcriptional repressor that competes with NRF2. Notably, on our previous study, S1PC enhanced the NOR3-induced downregulation of BACH1, but did not further enhance the NOR3-induced accumulation of NRF2. The findings of that study indicated that the S1PC-induced degradation of BACH1 may provide a basis for the antioxidant effects of AGE. Thus, in this review, we aimed to provide a current overview of the antioxidant effects of AGE and sulfur-containing amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadamitsu Tsuneyoshi
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Akitakata, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
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Miki S, Suzuki JI, Kunimura K, Morihara N. Mechanisms underlying the attenuation of chronic inflammatory diseases by aged garlic extract: Involvement of the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:1462-1467. [PMID: 32010323 PMCID: PMC6966139 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase and an important regulator of energy metabolism. The decreased activity of AMPK induced by low-grade chronic inflammation has been implicated in several diseases, including type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. However, the activation of AMPK by natural and synthetic products can ameliorate these diseases through the inhibition of inflammation. For example, aged garlic extract (AGE) has been shown to enhance the phosphorylation of Thr172 of the α-subunit of AMPK in several tissues of disease model animals. In addition, AGE has been reported to suppress the progression of atherosclerotic plaque formation in an animal model of atherosclerosis. Moreover, AGE has been found to decrease the level of plasma glycated albumin and to improve hyperglycemia in an animal model of type 2 diabetes. These inhibitory effects of AGE are induced by the suppression of the inflammatory response. In the present review, we discuss the mechanisms through which AGE activates AMPK, as well as the mechanisms through which the activation of AMPK by AGE modulates the inflammatory response in disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Miki
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Suzuki
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Kayo Kunimura
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
| | - Naoaki Morihara
- Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Akitakata-shi, Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan.,Research and Development, Wakunaga of America Co., Ltd., Mission Viejo, CA 92691, USA
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