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Gu Y, Shan J, Huang T, Yu C, Wu H, Hu X, Tong X, Jia R, Noda Y, Du J, Yuan TF, Luo W, Zhao D. Exploring the interplay between addiction and time perception: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024:111104. [PMID: 39047859 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Prior studies have investigated the immediate impacts of substances on temporal perception, the impact of temporal outlook, and the consequences of modified temporal perception on addictive behaviors. These inquiries have provided valuable perspectives on the intricate associations between addiction and time perception, enriching the groundwork for forthcoming research and therapeutic strategies. This comprehensive review aims to further explore intricate correlation among diverse addictive substances-namely alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, opioids-and non-substance addictions such as internet gaming, elucidating their influence on temporal perception. Adhering to the PICOS method and adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed and critically evaluated all existing research concerning temporal perception in individuals with substance and non-substance use disorders. Specifically, our analyses involved 31 pertinent articles encompassing six unique groups-alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, stimulants, opioids, and internet-related addictions-sourced from a pool of 551 papers. The findings revealed differences in time perception between addicts and control groups, as indicated by medium to large effect sizes (Hedge's g = 0.8, p < 0.001). However, the nature of these differences-whether they predominantly involve time overestimation or underestimation-is not yet definitively clear. This variability underscores the complexity of the relationship between addiction and temporal perception, paving the way for further research to unravel these intricate dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Jiatong Shan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Department of Arts and Sciences, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Taicheng Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengchao Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China; HKU, Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuemei Tong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Psychiatry, International University of Health and Welfare, Mita Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiang Du
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.
| | - Di Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Psychology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Honda S, Noda Y, Matsushita K, Tarumi R, Nomiyama N, Tsugawa S, Tobari Y, Hondo N, Saito K, Mimura M, Fujii S, Nakajima S. Glutamatergic neurometabolite levels in the caudate are associated with the ability of rhythm production. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1196805. [PMID: 37600001 PMCID: PMC10436544 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1196805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glutamatergic neurometabolites play important roles in the basal ganglia, a hub of the brain networks involved in musical rhythm processing. We aimed to investigate the relationship between rhythm processing abilities and glutamatergic neurometabolites in the caudate. Methods We aquired Glutamatergic function in healthy individuals employing proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We targeted the right caudate and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) as a control region. Rhythm processing ability was assessed by the Harvard Beat Assessment Test (H-BAT). Results We found negative correlations between the production part of the Beat Saliency Test in the H-BAT and glutamate and glutamine levels in the caudate (r = -0.693, p = 0.002) whereas there was no such association in the dACC. Conclusion These results suggest that higher glutamatergic neurometabolite levels in the caudate may contribute to rhythm processing, especially the ability to produce meter in music precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Honda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karin Matsushita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tarumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Seikeikai Komagino Hospital, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Natsumi Nomiyama
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yui Tobari
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Hondo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Saito
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujii
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Honda S, Matsushita K, Noda Y, Tarumi R, Nomiyama N, Tsugawa S, Nakajima S, Mimura M, Fujii S. Music rhythm perception and production relate to treatment response in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2023; 252:69-76. [PMID: 36634450 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that pathophysiology of schizophrenia involves abnormalities in the dopamine and glutamatergic neuronal systems. Antipsychotic medications are currently used to normalize dopaminergic function for schizophrenia. However, approximately 30 % of the patients have no response to antipsychotic medications, which is classified as treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). Furthermore, dopamine and glutamate levels in the neural basis have been reported to differ between TRS and non-TRS. In this study, we assumed that these differences may affect music rhythm perception and production abilities between the two groups. We examined fifty-seven schizophrenia (26 TRS, 31 non-TRS) and thirty-one healthy controls (HCs) by using the Harvard Beat Assessment Test (H-BAT). As a result, we found that rhythm production was worse in patients with TRS compared to patients with non-TRS and HCs, while no difference was observed between patients with non-TRS and HCs. In addition, rhythm perception and production abilities were impaired in the whole patient group compared with HCs. Furthermore, in the patient group, the deficits were correlated with cognitive impairments. Collectively, these results suggest that patients with schizophrenia may have rhythm processing deficits, with particular a rhythm production problem in the TRS group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Honda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Karin Matsushita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Tarumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan; Seikei-Kai Komagino Hospital, Japan
| | - Natsumi Nomiyama
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Japan
| | - Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujii
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Japan.
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Children and adults rely on different heuristics for estimation of durations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1077. [PMID: 36658160 PMCID: PMC9852441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Time is a uniquely human yet culturally ubiquitous concept acquired over childhood and provides an underlying dimension for episodic memory and estimating durations. Because time, unlike distance, lacks a sensory representation, we hypothesized that subjects at different ages attribute different meanings to it when comparing durations; pre-kindergarten children compare the density of events, while adults use the concept of observer-independent absolute time. We asked groups of pre-kindergarteners, school-age children, and adults to compare the durations of an "eventful" and "uneventful" video, both 1-minute long but durations unknown to subjects. In addition, participants were asked to express the durations of both videos non-verbally with simple hand gestures. Statistical analysis has revealed highly polarized temporal biases in each group, where pre-kindergarteners estimated the duration of the eventful video as "longer." In contrast, the school-age group of children and adults claimed the same about the uneventful video. The tendency to represent temporal durations with a horizontal hand gesture was evident among all three groups, with an increasing prevalence with age. These results support the hypothesis that pre-kindergarten-age children use heuristics to estimate time, and they convert from availability to sampling heuristics between pre-kindergarten and school age.
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Yin B, Shi Z, Wang Y, Meck WH. Oscillation/Coincidence-Detection Models of Reward-Related Timing in Corticostriatal Circuits. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-bja10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The major tenets of beat-frequency/coincidence-detection models of reward-related timing are reviewed in light of recent behavioral and neurobiological findings. This includes the emphasis on a core timing network embedded in the motor system that is comprised of a corticothalamic-basal ganglia circuit. Therein, a central hub provides timing pulses (i.e., predictive signals) to the entire brain, including a set of distributed satellite regions in the cerebellum, cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus that are selectively engaged in timing in a manner that is more dependent upon the specific sensory, behavioral, and contextual requirements of the task. Oscillation/coincidence-detection models also emphasize the importance of a tuned ‘perception’ learning and memory system whereby target durations are detected by striatal networks of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) through the coincidental activation of different neural populations, typically utilizing patterns of oscillatory input from the cortex and thalamus or derivations thereof (e.g., population coding) as a time base. The measure of success of beat-frequency/coincidence-detection accounts, such as the Striatal Beat-Frequency model of reward-related timing (SBF), is their ability to accommodate new experimental findings while maintaining their original framework, thereby making testable experimental predictions concerning diagnosis and treatment of issues related to a variety of dopamine-dependent basal ganglia disorders, including Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Zhuanghua Shi
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Yaxin Wang
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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A proxy measure of striatal dopamine predicts individual differences in temporal precision. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 29:1307-1316. [PMID: 35318580 PMCID: PMC9436857 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-022-02077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The perception of time is characterized by pronounced variability across individuals, with implications for a diverse array of psychological functions. The neurocognitive sources of this variability are poorly understood, but accumulating evidence suggests a role for inter-individual differences in striatal dopamine levels. Here we present a pre-registered study that tested the predictions that spontaneous eyeblink rates, which provide a proxy measure of striatal dopamine availability, would be associated with aberrant interval timing (lower temporal precision or overestimation bias). Neurotypical adults (N = 69) underwent resting state eye tracking and completed visual psychophysical interval timing and control tasks. Elevated spontaneous eyeblink rates were associated with poorer temporal precision but not with inter-individual differences in perceived duration or performance on the control task. These results signify a role for striatal dopamine in variability in human time perception and can help explain deficient temporal precision in psychiatric populations characterized by elevated dopamine levels.
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Hallez Q, Baltenneck N, Galiano AR. When Dogs Shrink the Typical Lengthening Effect Caused by Negative Emotions. Exp Psychol 2021; 68:94-106. [PMID: 34405692 PMCID: PMC8820265 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. This paper examines how dogs can modulate the effects of
emotion on time perception. To this end, participants performed a temporal
bisection task with stimulus durations presented in the form of neutral or
emotional facial expressions (angry, sad, and happy faces). In the first
experiment, dog owners were compared with nondog owners, while in the second
experiment, students were randomly assigned to one of the three waiting groups
(waiting alone, with another person, or with a dog) before being confronted with
the temporal bisection task. The results showed that dogs allowed the
participants to regulate the intensity of negative emotional effects, while no
statistical differences emerged for the happy facial expressions. In certain
circumstances, dogs could even lead the subjects to generate underestimation of
time when faced with negative facial expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Hallez
- Department of Psychology, Unité de recherche DIPHE (Développement Individu Processus Handicap Education), University Lumiere Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | - Nicolas Baltenneck
- Department of Psychology, Unité de recherche DIPHE (Développement Individu Processus Handicap Education), University Lumiere Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | - Anna-Rita Galiano
- Department of Psychology, Unité de recherche DIPHE (Développement Individu Processus Handicap Education), University Lumiere Lyon 2, Bron, France
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Yousefzadeh SA, Youngkin AE, Lusk NA, Wen S, Meck WH. Bidirectional role of microtubule dynamics in the acquisition and maintenance of temporal information in dorsolateral striatum. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 183:107468. [PMID: 34058346 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and precise timing is crucial for complex and purposeful behaviors, such as foraging for food or playing a musical instrument. The brain is capable of processing temporal information in a coordinated manner, as if it contains an 'internal clock'. Similar to the need for the brain to orient itself in space in order to understand its surroundings, temporal orientation and tracking is an essential component of cognition as well. While there have been multiple models explaining the neural correlates of timing, independent lines of research appear to converge on the conclusion that populations of neurons in the dorsal striatum encode information relating to where a subject is in time relative to an anticipated goal. Similar to other learning processes, acquisition and maintenance of this temporal information is dependent on synaptic plasticity. Microtubules are cytoskeletal proteins that have been implicated in synaptic plasticity mechanisms and therefore are considered key elements in learning and memory. In this study, we investigated the role of microtubule dynamics in temporal learning by local infusions of microtubule stabilizing and destabilizing agents into the dorsolateral striatum. Our results suggested a bidirectional role for microtubules in timing, such that microtubule stabilization improves the maintenance of learned target durations, but impairs the acquisition of a novel duration. On the other hand, microtubule destabilization enhances the acquisition of novel target durations, while compromising the maintenance of previously learned durations. These findings suggest that microtubule dynamics plays an important role in synaptic plasticity mechanisms in the dorsolateral striatum, which in turn modulates temporal learning and time perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aryana Yousefzadeh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Anna E Youngkin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nicholas A Lusk
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Shufan Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Shields AK, Suarez M, Wakabayashi KT, Bass CE. Activation of VTA GABA neurons disrupts reward seeking by altering temporal processing. Behav Brain Res 2021; 410:113292. [PMID: 33836166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine in reward, cue processing, and interval timing is well characterized. Using a combinatorial viral approach to target activating DREADDs (Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs, hM3D) to GABAergic neurons in the VTA of male rats, we previously showed that activation disrupts responding to reward-predictive cues. Here we explored how VTA GABA neurons influence the perception of time in two fixed interval (FI) tasks, one where the reward or interval is not paired with predictive cues (Non-Cued FI), and another where the start of the FI is signaled by a constant tone that continues until the rewarded response is emitted (Cued FI). Under vehicle conditions in both tasks, responding was characterized by "scalloping" over the 30 s FI, in which responding increased towards the end of the FI. However, when VTA GABA neurons were activated in the Non-Cued FI, the time between the end of the 30 s interval and when the rats made a reinforced response increased. Additionally, post-reinforcement pauses and overall session length increased. In the Cued FI task, VTA GABA activation produced erratic responding, with a decrease in earned rewards. Thus, while both tasks were disrupted by VTA GABA activation, responding that is constrained by a cue was more sensitive to this manipulation, possibly due to convergent effects on timing and cue processing. Together these results demonstrate that VTA GABA activity disrupts the perception of interval timing, particularly when the timing is set by cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea K Shields
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, 14214, United States
| | - Mauricio Suarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, 14214, United States; Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14203, United States
| | - Ken T Wakabayashi
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1220 T. Street, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States
| | - Caroline E Bass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, 14214, United States; Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14203, United States.
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Mikhael JG, Lai L, Gershman SJ. Rational inattention and tonic dopamine. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008659. [PMID: 33760806 PMCID: PMC7990190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow-timescale (tonic) changes in dopamine (DA) contribute to a wide variety of processes in reinforcement learning, interval timing, and other domains. Furthermore, changes in tonic DA exert distinct effects depending on when they occur (e.g., during learning vs. performance) and what task the subject is performing (e.g., operant vs. classical conditioning). Two influential theories of tonic DA-the average reward theory and the Bayesian theory in which DA controls precision-have each been successful at explaining a subset of empirical findings. But how the same DA signal performs two seemingly distinct functions without creating crosstalk is not well understood. Here we reconcile the two theories under the unifying framework of 'rational inattention,' which (1) conceptually links average reward and precision, (2) outlines how DA manipulations affect this relationship, and in so doing, (3) captures new empirical phenomena. In brief, rational inattention asserts that agents can increase their precision in a task (and thus improve their performance) by paying a cognitive cost. Crucially, whether this cost is worth paying depends on average reward availability, reported by DA. The monotonic relationship between average reward and precision means that the DA signal contains the information necessary to retrieve the precision. When this information is needed after the task is performed, as presumed by Bayesian inference, acute manipulations of DA will bias behavior in predictable ways. We show how this framework reconciles a remarkably large collection of experimental findings. In reinforcement learning, the rational inattention framework predicts that learning from positive and negative feedback should be enhanced in high and low DA states, respectively, and that DA should tip the exploration-exploitation balance toward exploitation. In interval timing, this framework predicts that DA should increase the speed of the internal clock and decrease the extent of interference by other temporal stimuli during temporal reproduction (the central tendency effect). Finally, rational inattention makes the new predictions that these effects should be critically dependent on the controllability of rewards, that post-reward delays in intertemporal choice tasks should be underestimated, and that average reward manipulations should affect the speed of the clock-thus capturing empirical findings that are unexplained by either theory alone. Our results suggest that a common computational repertoire may underlie the seemingly heterogeneous roles of DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Mikhael
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lucy Lai
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samuel J. Gershman
- Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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De Pirro S, Lush P, Parkinson J, Duka T, Critchley HD, Badiani A. Effect of alcohol on the sense of agency in healthy humans. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12796. [PMID: 31222868 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Even at low to moderate doses, ingestion of the widely used recreational drug alcohol (ethanol) can impact cognitive and emotional processing. Recent studies show that the sense of agency (SoA; ie, the subjective experience of voluntary control over actions) can be modulated by specific pharmacological manipulations. The SoA, as quantified by the intentional binding (IB) paradigm, is enhanced by direct or indirect dopaminergic agonists in patients with Parkinson's disease and by ketamine (an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist) in healthy individuals. These findings implicate dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in mechanisms underlying SoA. Alcohol has a complex set of actions, including disinhibition of dopaminergic neurotransmission and allosteric antagonism at NMDA receptors. Here, we tested the hypothesis that low to moderate doses of alcohol would enhance SoA, and impact impulsivity and subjective emotional state. We conducted two experiments in 59 healthy male and female social drinkers, who ingested either a placebo "vehicle," or one of two doses of ethanol: 0.4 and 0.6 g/kg. In both experiments, we observed increased SoA/IB at both doses of alcohol exposure, relative to the placebo condition. We found no correlation between the effects of alcohol on IB and on impulsivity or subjective emotional state. Our findings might have implications for social and legal responsibility related to alcohol use, particularly in states prior to overt intoxication. Further studies are necessary to investigate the effects of alcohol and other addictive substances on the SoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana De Pirro
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Sussex Neuroscience University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Peter Lush
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science University of Sussex Brighton UK
| | - Jim Parkinson
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science University of Sussex Brighton UK
| | - Theodora Duka
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Sussex Neuroscience University of Sussex Brighton UK
| | - Hugo D. Critchley
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Sussex Neuroscience University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science University of Sussex Brighton UK
| | - Aldo Badiani
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Sussex Neuroscience University of Sussex Brighton UK
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
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12
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Subjective time estimation in Antarctica: The impact of extreme environments and isolation on a time production task. Neurosci Lett 2020; 725:134893. [PMID: 32147501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interval timing measures time estimation in the seconds-to-minutes range. Antarctica provides a real-world context to study the effect of extreme photoperiods and isolation on time perception. The aim of this study was to explore interval timing as a cognitive measure in the crew of Belgrano II Argentine Antarctic Station. A total of 13 subjects were assessed for interval timing in short (3 s), intermediate (6 s) and long (12 s) duration stimuli. Measures were taken during the morning and evening, five times along the year. Significant variations were found for 3 s and 6 s during the morning and 6 s during the evening. Results suggest an impact of isolation on morning performances and an effect of the polar night on evening measures. These findings shed some light on the use of interval timing as a cognitive test to assess performance in extreme environments.
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Yousefzadeh SA, Hesslow G, Shumyatsky GP, Meck WH. Internal Clocks, mGluR7 and Microtubules: A Primer for the Molecular Encoding of Target Durations in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells and Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:321. [PMID: 31998074 PMCID: PMC6965020 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of studies in the field of timing and time perception have generally focused on sub- and supra-second time scales, specific behavioral processes, and/or discrete neuronal circuits. In an attempt to find common elements of interval timing from a broader perspective, we review the literature and highlight the need for cell and molecular studies that can delineate the neural mechanisms underlying temporal processing. Moreover, given the recent attention to the function of microtubule proteins and their potential contributions to learning and memory consolidation/re-consolidation, we propose that these proteins play key roles in coding temporal information in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). The presence of microtubules at relevant neuronal sites, as well as their adaptability, dynamic structure, and longevity, makes them a suitable candidate for neural plasticity at both intra- and inter-cellular levels. As a consequence, microtubules appear capable of maintaining a temporal code or engram and thereby regulate the firing patterns of PCs and MSNs known to be involved in interval timing. This proposed mechanism would control the storage of temporal information triggered by postsynaptic activation of mGluR7. This, in turn, leads to alterations in microtubule dynamics through a "read-write" memory process involving alterations in microtubule dynamics and their hexagonal lattice structures involved in the molecular basis of temporal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Aryana Yousefzadeh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Germund Hesslow
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gleb P. Shumyatsky
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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14
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Mikhael JG, Gershman SJ. Adapting the flow of time with dopamine. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:1748-1760. [PMID: 30864882 PMCID: PMC6589719 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00817.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulation of interval timing by dopamine (DA) has been well established over decades of research. The nature of this modulation, however, has remained controversial: Although the pharmacological evidence has largely suggested that time intervals are overestimated with higher DA levels, more recent optogenetic work has shown the opposite effect. In addition, a large body of work has asserted DA's role as a "reward prediction error" (RPE), or a teaching signal that allows the basal ganglia to learn to predict future rewards in reinforcement learning tasks. Whether these two seemingly disparate accounts of DA may be related has remained an open question. By taking a reinforcement learning-based approach to interval timing, we show here that the RPE interpretation of DA naturally extends to its role as a modulator of timekeeping and furthermore that this view reconciles the seemingly conflicting observations. We derive a biologically plausible, DA-dependent plasticity rule that can modulate the rate of timekeeping in either direction and whose effect depends on the timing of the DA signal itself. This bidirectional update rule can account for the results from pharmacology and optogenetics as well as the behavioral effects of reward rate on interval timing and the temporal selectivity of striatal neurons. Hence, by adopting a single RPE interpretation of DA, our results take a step toward unifying computational theories of reinforcement learning and interval timing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY How does dopamine (DA) influence interval timing? A large body of pharmacological evidence has suggested that DA accelerates timekeeping mechanisms. However, recent optogenetic work has shown exactly the opposite effect. In this article, we relate DA's role in timekeeping to its most established role, as a critical component of reinforcement learning. This allows us to derive a neurobiologically plausible framework that reconciles a large body of DA's temporal effects, including pharmacological, behavioral, electrophysiological, and optogenetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Mikhael
- Program in Neuroscience and MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel J Gershman
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Psychology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts
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15
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Ueda N, Maruo K, Sumiyoshi T. Positive symptoms and time perception in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2018; 13:3-6. [PMID: 30105211 PMCID: PMC6083898 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia may be related to distortions in time perception. To examine this issue, we conducted a meta-analysis to determine whether positive symptoms are associated with deficits in time processing performance. MEDLINE and Web of Science were searched from January 1980 through March 2017, and all related articles and their references were scrutinized to find relevant studies. Studies were selected if they included participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and reported data from behavioral measures of interval timing (e.g. duration discrimination and temporal order judgement). The results indicated that positive symptoms of schizophrenia are related with overestimation of interval timing (i.e., acceleration of the “internal clock”), and suggest that time perception may be associated with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Ueda
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Maruo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomiki Sumiyoshi
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Translational Medical Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Gür E, Duyan YA, Balcı F. Spontaneous integration of temporal information: implications for representational/computational capacity of animals. Anim Cogn 2017; 21:3-19. [PMID: 29027025 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-017-1137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
How do animals adapt their behaviors to changing conditions? This question relates to the debate between associative versus representational/computational approaches in cognitive science. An influential line of research that has significantly shaped the conceptual development of animal learning over decades has primarily focused on the role of associative dynamics with little-to-no ascription of representational/combinatorial capacities. The common assumption of these models is that behavioral adjustments are incremental and they result from updating of associations based on actions and their outcomes, without encoding the critical information serving as the determinant(s) of such contingencies (e.g., time in interval schedules, number in ratio schedules). On the other hand, an independent line of research provides evidence for behavioral phenomena that cannot be readily accounted for by the conventional associationist approach. In this paper, we will review different sets of findings particularly in the area of interval timing that suggest the ability of animals to make swift spontaneous computations on subjective quantities and incorporate them into their behavior. Findings of these studies constitute empirical challenges for the associationist approaches to behavioral flexibility. We argue that interval timing is a fertile ground for the formulation of critical tests of different theoretical approaches to animal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Gür
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Rumelifeneri yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Yalçın Akın Duyan
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Rumelifeneri yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Fuat Balcı
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Rumelifeneri yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey. .,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey.
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17
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Thoenes S, Oberfeld D. Meta-analysis of time perception and temporal processing in schizophrenia: Differential effects on precision and accuracy. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 54:44-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Gonidis L, Sharma D. Internet and Facebook related images affect the perception of time. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lazaros Gonidis
- School of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Kent; Canterbury Kent, CT2 7NP
| | - Dinkar Sharma
- School of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Kent; Canterbury Kent, CT2 7NP
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19
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Interactive roles of the cerebellum and striatum in sub-second and supra-second timing: Support for an initiation, continuation, adjustment, and termination (ICAT) model of temporal processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:739-755. [PMID: 27773690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Turgeon M, Lustig C, Meck WH. Cognitive Aging and Time Perception: Roles of Bayesian Optimization and Degeneracy. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:102. [PMID: 27242513 PMCID: PMC4870863 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review outlines the basic psychological and neurobiological processes associated with age-related distortions in timing and time perception in the hundredths of milliseconds-to-minutes range. The difficulty in separating indirect effects of impairments in attention and memory from direct effects on timing mechanisms is addressed. The main premise is that normal aging is commonly associated with increased noise and temporal uncertainty as a result of impairments in attention and memory as well as the possible reduction in the accuracy and precision of a central timing mechanism supported by dopamine-glutamate interactions in cortico-striatal circuits. Pertinent to these findings, potential interventions that may reduce the likelihood of observing age-related declines in timing are discussed. Bayesian optimization models are able to account for the adaptive changes observed in time perception by assuming that older adults are more likely to base their temporal judgments on statistical inferences derived from multiple trials than on a single trial's clock reading, which is more susceptible to distortion. We propose that the timing functions assigned to the age-sensitive fronto-striatal network can be subserved by other neural networks typically associated with finely-tuned perceptuo-motor adjustments, through degeneracy principles (different structures serving a common function).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Turgeon
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cindy Lustig
- Department of Psychology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
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21
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22
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Cheng RK, Tipples J, Narayanan NS, Meck WH. Clock Speed as a Window into Dopaminergic Control of Emotion and Time Perception. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-00002064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although fear-producing treatments (e.g., electric shock) and pleasure-inducing treatments (e.g., methamphetamine) have different emotional valences, they both produce physiological arousal and lead to effects on timing and time perception that have been interpreted as reflecting an increase in speed of an internal clock. In this commentary, we review the results reported by Fayolle et al. (2015):Behav. Process., 120, 135–140) and Meck (1983: J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process., 9, 171–201) using electric shock and by Maricq et al. (1981: J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process., 7, 18–30) using methamphetamine in a duration-bisection procedure across multiple duration ranges. The psychometric functions obtained from this procedure relate the proportion ‘long’ responses to signal durations spaced between a pair of ‘short’ and ‘long’ anchor durations. Horizontal shifts in these functions can be described in terms of attention or arousal processes depending upon whether they are a fixed number of seconds independent of the timed durations (additive) or proportional to the durations being timed (multiplicative). Multiplicative effects are thought to result from a change in clock speed that is regulated by dopamine activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. These dopaminergic effects are discussed within the context of the striatal beat frequency model of interval timing (Matell & Meck, 2004:Cogn. Brain Res.,21, 139–170) and clinical implications for the effects of emotional reactivity on temporal cognition (Parker et al., 2013:Front. Integr. Neurosci., 7, 75).
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23
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Examination of clozapine and haloperidol in improving ketamine-induced deficits in an incremental repeated acquisition procedure in BALB/c mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:485-98. [PMID: 26514554 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, causes locomotor hyperactivity, aberrant prepulse inhibition and impaired reversal learning among other deficits. There are numerous clinical and pre-clinically uses of NMDAR antagonists and a growing need to characterize their neurobehavioral effects. OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to characterize 1) ketamine's effect on incremental repeated acquisition (IRA), a procedure that taps multiple neurobehavioral functions and has performance measures correlated with IQ in humans, and 2) the extent to which clozapine (CLZ) and haloperidol (HAL) block ketamine's detrimental effects. METHODS AND RESULTS In experiment 1 (Exp. 1), BALB/c mice nose-poked under an IRA procedure for sucrose pellets. Systemic ketamine (1-30 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased measures of cognitive and motor function. CLZ pretreatment (CLZ 0.1-4.0 mg/kg) dose-dependently attenuated ketamine-induced (30 mg/kg) deficits; the effective dose range of CLZ was 0.3-1.0 mg/kg. HAL pretreatment (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) did not attenuate any ketamine-induced deficits. In experiment 2 (Exp. 2), BALB/c mice lever-pressed under an IRA procedure for sweetened condensed milk. Ketamine (30 mg/kg) produced a global impairment in the IRA procedure and CLZ pretreatment (0.3-1.0 mg/kg) dose-dependently attenuated that impairment; motor-based performance recovered to a greater extent than cognitive performance. When tested alone, these doses of CLZ had little effect on IRA performance. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the notion that CLZ is more effective than HAL at blocking ketamine-induced deficits. The IRA procedure may be beneficial for distinguishing the efficacy of drugs that seek to alleviate deficits in complex behavior that result from acute NMDAR antagonism.
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24
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Thönes S, Oberfeld D. Time perception in depression: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2015; 175:359-72. [PMID: 25665496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive patients frequently report to perceive time as going by very slowly. Potential effects of depression on duration judgments have been investigated mostly by means of four different time perception tasks: verbal time estimation, time production, time reproduction, and duration discrimination. Ratings of the subjective flow of time have also been obtained. METHODS By means of a classical random-effects meta-regression model and a robust variance estimation model, this meta-analysis aims at evaluating the inconsistent results from 16 previous studies on time perception in depression, representing data of 433 depressive patients and 485 healthy control subjects. RESULTS Depressive patients perceive time as going by less quickly relative to control subjects (g=0.66, p=0.033). However, the analyses showed no significant effects of depression in the four time perception tasks. There was a trend towards inferior time discrimination performance in depression (g=0.38, p=0.079). The meta-regression also showed no significant effects of interval duration. Thus, the lack of effects of depression on timing does not depend on interval duration. However, for time production, there was a tendency towards overproduction of short and underproduction of long durations in depressive patients compared to healthy controls. LIMITATIONS Several aspects, such as influences of medication and the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system on time perception in depression, have not been investigated in sufficient detail yet and were therefore not addressed by this meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Depression has medium effects on the subjective flow of time whereas duration judgments basically remain unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Thönes
- Section Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Daniel Oberfeld
- Section Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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25
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Sucala M, David D. Slowing down the clock: a review of experimental studies investigating psychological time dilation. The Journal of General Psychology 2015; 139:230-43. [PMID: 24837175 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2012.695410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A review of 24 experiments investigated the factors that produce a subjective time dilation. The aim of this review was to investigate the magnitude of the obtained time dilation. The mean time duration judgment ratio of subjective time to objective time for the selected studies was 1.31, SD = .24. The analyses revealed that experimental studies investigating subjective time dilation tend to obtain small to moderate time dilation and that several factors can be manipulated in order to make a specific time interval appear longer than it is. Highlighting the factors that lead to a subjective time dilation has both research implications, by pointing to the underlying cognitive mechanisms of time perception, and practical implications, by indicating the factors that can be manipulated in order to control how we perceive time.
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26
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Daniels CW, Watterson E, Garcia R, Mazur GJ, Brackney RJ, Sanabria F. Revisiting the effect of nicotine on interval timing. Behav Brain Res 2015; 283:238-50. [PMID: 25637907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the evidence for nicotine-induced acceleration of the internal clock when timing in the seconds-to-minutes timescale, and proposes an alternative explanation to this evidence: that nicotine reduces the threshold for responses that result in more reinforcement. These two hypotheses were tested in male Wistar rats using a novel timing task. In this task, rats were trained to seek food at one location after 8s since trial onset and at a different location after 16s. Some rats received the same reward at both times (group SAME); some received a larger reward at 16s (group DIFF). Steady baseline performance was followed by 3 days of subcutaneous nicotine administration (0.3mg/kg), baseline recovery, and an antagonist challenge (mecamylamine, 1.0mg/kg). Nicotine induced a larger, immediate reduction in latencies to switch (LTS) in group DIFF than in group SAME. This effect was sustained throughout nicotine administration. Mecamylamine pretreatment and nicotine discontinuation rapidly recovered baseline performance. These results support a response-threshold account of nicotinic disruption of timing performance, possibly mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. A detailed analysis of the distribution of LTSs suggests that anomalous effects of nicotine on LTS dispersion may be due to loss of temporal control of behavior.
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27
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Pasquereau B, Turner RS. Dopamine neurons encode errors in predicting movement trigger occurrence. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:1110-23. [PMID: 25411459 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00401.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to anticipate the timing of events in a dynamic environment allows us to optimize the processes necessary for perceiving, attending to, and responding to them. Such anticipation requires neuronal mechanisms that track the passage of time and use this representation, combined with prior experience, to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur (i.e., the event's "hazard rate"). Although hazard-like ramps in activity have been observed in several cortical areas in preparation for movement, it remains unclear how such time-dependent probabilities are estimated to optimize response performance. We studied the spiking activity of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of monkeys during an arm-reaching task for which the foreperiod preceding the "go" signal varied randomly along a uniform distribution. After extended training, the monkeys' reaction times correlated inversely with foreperiod duration, reflecting a progressive anticipation of the go signal according to its hazard rate. Many dopamine neurons modulated their firing rates as predicted by a succession of hazard-related prediction errors. First, as time passed during the foreperiod, slowly decreasing anticipatory activity tracked the elapsed time as if encoding negative prediction errors. Then, when the go signal appeared, a phasic response encoded the temporal unpredictability of the event, consistent with a positive prediction error. Neither the anticipatory nor the phasic signals were affected by the anticipated magnitudes of future reward or effort, or by parameters of the subsequent movement. These results are consistent with the notion that dopamine neurons encode hazard-related prediction errors independently of other information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pasquereau
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience and The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert S Turner
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neuroscience and The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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28
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Gu BM, van Rijn H, Meck WH. Oscillatory multiplexing of neural population codes for interval timing and working memory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 48:160-85. [PMID: 25454354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interval timing and working memory are critical components of cognition that are supported by neural oscillations in prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal circuits. In this review, the properties of interval timing and working memory are explored in terms of behavioral, anatomical, pharmacological, and neurophysiological findings. We then describe the various neurobiological theories that have been developed to explain these cognitive processes - largely independent of each other. Following this, a coupled excitatory - inhibitory oscillation (EIO) model of temporal processing is proposed to address the shared oscillatory properties of interval timing and working memory. Using this integrative approach, we describe a hybrid model explaining how interval timing and working memory can originate from the same oscillatory processes, but differ in terms of which dimension of the neural oscillation is utilized for the extraction of item, temporal order, and duration information. This extension of the striatal beat-frequency (SBF) model of interval timing (Matell and Meck, 2000, 2004) is based on prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal circuit dynamics and has direct relevance to the pathophysiological distortions observed in time perception and working memory in a variety of psychiatric and neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Mi Gu
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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29
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Yin B, Meck WH. Comparison of interval timing behaviour in mice following dorsal or ventral hippocampal lesions with mice having δ-opioid receptor gene deletion. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20120466. [PMID: 24446500 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with cytotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) underestimated 15 s and 45 s target durations in a bi-peak procedure as evidenced by proportional leftward shifts of the peak functions that emerged during training as a result of decreases in both 'start' and 'stop' times. In contrast, mice with lesions of the ventral hippocampus (VH) displayed rightward shifts that were immediately present and were largely limited to increases in the 'stop' time for the 45 s target duration. Moreover, the effects of the DH lesions were congruent with the scalar property of interval timing in that the 15 s and 45 s functions superimposed when plotted on a relative timescale, whereas the effects of the VH lesions violated the scalar property. Mice with DH lesions also showed enhanced reversal learning in comparison to control and VH lesioned mice. These results are compared with the timing distortions observed in mice lacking δ-opioid receptors (Oprd1(-/-)) which were similar to mice with DH lesions. Taken together, these results suggest a balance between hippocampal-striatal interactions for interval timing and demonstrate possible functional dissociations along the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus in terms of motivation, timed response thresholds and encoding in temporal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, , Durham, NC 27708, USA
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30
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Gershman SJ, Moustafa AA, Ludvig EA. Time representation in reinforcement learning models of the basal ganglia. Front Comput Neurosci 2014; 7:194. [PMID: 24409138 PMCID: PMC3885823 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinforcement learning (RL) models have been influential in understanding many aspects of basal ganglia function, from reward prediction to action selection. Time plays an important role in these models, but there is still no theoretical consensus about what kind of time representation is used by the basal ganglia. We review several theoretical accounts and their supporting evidence. We then discuss the relationship between RL models and the timing mechanisms that have been attributed to the basal ganglia. We hypothesize that a single computational system may underlie both RL and interval timing—the perception of duration in the range of seconds to hours. This hypothesis, which extends earlier models by incorporating a time-sensitive action selection mechanism, may have important implications for understanding disorders like Parkinson's disease in which both decision making and timing are impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Gershman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elliot A Ludvig
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University Princeton, NJ, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Warwick Coventry, UK
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31
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Allman MJ, Teki S, Griffiths TD, Meck WH. Properties of the Internal Clock: First- and Second-Order Principles of Subjective Time. Annu Rev Psychol 2014; 65:743-71. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Allman
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823;
| | - Sundeep Teki
- Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG United Kingdom;
| | - Timothy D. Griffiths
- Wellcome Trust Center for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG United Kingdom;
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE2 4HH United Kingdom;
| | - Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701;
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Jones CR, Jahanshahi M. Contributions of the Basal Ganglia to Temporal Processing: Evidence from Parkinson’s Disease. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-00002009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The motor and perceptual timing deficits documented in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have heavily influenced the theory that the basal ganglia play an important role in temporal processing. This review is a systematic exploration of the findings from behavioural and neuroimaging studies of motor and perceptual timing in PD. In particular, we consider the influence of a variety of task factors and of patient heterogeneity in explaining the mixed results. We also consider the effect of basal ganglia dysfunction on the non-temporal cognitive factors that contribute to successful motor and perceptual timing. Although there is convincing evidence from PD that the basal ganglia are critical to motor and perceptual timing, further work is needed to characterize the precise contribution of this complex structure to temporal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R. G. Jones
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Tower Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Abstract
The dopamine clock hypothesis suggests that the dopamine level determines the speed of the hypothetical internal clock. However, dopaminergic function has also been implicated for motivation and thus the effect of dopaminergic manipulations on timing behavior might also be independently mediated by altered motivational state. Studies that investigated the effect of motivational manipulations on peak responding are reviewed in this paper. The majority of these studies show that a higher reward magnitude leads to a leftward shift, whereas reward devaluation leads to a rightward shift in the initiation of timed anticipatory behavior, typically in the absence of an effect on the timing of response termination. Similar behavioral effects are also present in a number of studies that investigated the effect of dopamine agonists and dopamine-related genetic factors on peak responding. These results can be readily accounted for by independent modulation of decision-thresholds for the initiation and termination of timed responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Balcı
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Rumelifeneri yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
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Heilbronner SR, Meck WH. Dissociations between interval timing and intertemporal choice following administration of fluoxetine, cocaine, or methamphetamine. Behav Processes 2014; 101:123-34. [PMID: 24135569 PMCID: PMC4081038 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The goal of our study was to characterize the relationship between intertemporal choice and interval timing, including determining how drugs that modulate brain serotonin and dopamine levels influence these two processes. In Experiment 1, rats were tested on a standard 40-s peak-interval procedure following administration of fluoxetine (3, 5, or 8 mg/kg) or vehicle to assess basic effects on interval timing. In Experiment 2, rats were tested in a novel behavioral paradigm intended to simultaneously examine interval timing and impulsivity. Rats performed a variant of the bi-peak procedure using 10-s and 40-s target durations with an additional "defection" lever that provided the possibility of a small, immediate reward. Timing functions remained relatively intact, and 'patience' across subjects correlated with peak times, indicating a negative relationship between 'patience' and clock speed. We next examined the effects of fluoxetine (5 mg/kg), cocaine (15 mg/kg), or methamphetamine (1 mg/kg) on task performance. Fluoxetine reduced impulsivity as measured by defection time without corresponding changes in clock speed. In contrast, cocaine and methamphetamine both increased impulsivity and clock speed. Thus, variations in timing may mediate intertemporal choice via dopaminergic inputs. However, a separate, serotonergic system can affect intertemporal choice without affecting interval timing directly. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Associative and Temporal Learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Heilbronner
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Dedicated clock/timing-circuit theories of time perception and timed performance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 829:75-99. [PMID: 25358706 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1782-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Scalar Timing Theory (an information-processing version of Scalar Expectancy Theory) and its evolution into the neurobiologically plausible Striatal Beat-Frequency (SBF) theory of interval timing are reviewed. These pacemaker/accumulator or oscillation/coincidence detection models are then integrated with the Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT-R) cognitive architecture as dedicated timing modules that are able to make use of the memory and decision-making mechanisms contained in ACT-R. The different predictions made by the incorporation of these timing modules into ACT-R are discussed as well as the potential limitations. Novel implementations of the original SBF model that allow it to be incorporated into ACT-R in a more fundamental fashion than the earlier simulations of Scalar Timing Theory are also considered in conjunction with the proposed properties and neural correlates of the "internal clock".
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Abstract
In 1984, there was considerable evidence that the hippocampus was important for spatial learning and some evidence that it was also involved in duration discrimination. The article "Hippocampus, Time, and Memory" (Meck, Church, & Olton, 1984), however, was the first to isolate the effects of hippocampal damage on specific stages of temporal processing. In this review, to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Behavioral Neuroscience, we look back on factors that contributed to the long-lasting influence of this article. The major results were that a fimbria-fornix lesion (a) interferes with the ability to retain information in temporal working memory, and (b) distorts the content of temporal reference memory, but (c) did not decrease sensitivity to signal duration. This was the first lesion experiment in which the results were interpreted by a well-developed theory of behavior (scalar timing theory). It has led to extensive research on the role of the hippocampus in temporal processing by many investigators. The most important ones are the development of computational models with plausible neural mechanisms (such as the striatal beat-frequency model of interval timing), the use of multiple behavioral measures of timing, and empirical research on the neural mechanisms of timing and temporal memory using ensemble recording of neurons in prefrontal-striatal-hippocampal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Russell M. Church
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences,
Brown University
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Agostino PV, Cheng RK, Williams CL, West AE, Meck WH. Acquisition of response thresholds for timed performance is regulated by a calcium-responsive transcription factor, CaRF. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:633-44. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. V. Agostino
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Department of Science and Technology; National University of Quilmes; Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - R.-K. Cheng
- A*STAR/Duke-NUS Neuroscience Research Partnership; Singapore; Singapore
| | | | - A. E. West
- Department of Neurobiology; Duke University; Durham; NC; USA
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Merchant H, Harrington DL, Meck WH. Neural Basis of the Perception and Estimation of Time. Annu Rev Neurosci 2013; 36:313-36. [PMID: 23725000 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Merchant
- Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla, México;
| | - Deborah L. Harrington
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161;
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Warren H. Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701;
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39
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Abstract
Neuroscientific studies of intertemporal choice (IC) have focused mainly on the neural representation of self-control mechanisms and valuation. This reflects what has been considered as the core of the IC phenomenon. The claim of this paper is that deviations from exponential reward discounting as a function of time might be fully accounted for by the deviation of subjective time from calendar time. This claim is based on evidence that specificities of time perception can modulate discounting. Consequently, time perception is fundamental to IC and it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying time processing in different situations; to investigate when human time perception differs from time as represented by the calendar metric system; and to study how time perception predicts choices. This paper surveys the recent literature on time perception in order to discuss the measuring of IC through time-perception specificities. The notion of self is also discussed within this temporal perspective. If time perception modulates discounting, and time perception is related to self, the relationship between self and time perception becomes a new path to be explored in the IC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Retz Lucci
- Institut Jean Nicod, UMR 8129 CNRS, Institut d'Étude de la Cognition, Ecole Normale Supérieure - Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales , Paris , France ; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, INSERM U960, Institut d'Étude de la Cognition, Ecole Normale Supérieure , Paris , France
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40
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Sewell RA, Schnakenberg A, Elander J, Radhakrishnan R, Williams A, Skosnik PD, Pittman B, Ranganathan M, D’Souza DC. Acute effects of THC on time perception in frequent and infrequent cannabis users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013. [PMID: 23179965 PMCID: PMC3581701 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cannabinoids have been shown to alter time perception, but existing literature has several limitations. Few studies have included both time estimation and production tasks, few control for subvocal counting, most had small sample sizes, some did not record subjects' cannabis use, many tested only one dose, and used either oral or inhaled administration of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), leading to variable pharmacokinetics, and some used whole-plant cannabis containing cannabinoids other than THC. Our study attempted to address these limitations. OBJECTIVES This study aims to characterize the acute effects of THC and frequent cannabis use on seconds-range time perception. THC was hypothesized to produce transient, dose-related time overestimation and underproduction. Frequent cannabis smokers were hypothesized to show blunted responses to these alterations. METHODS IV THC was administered at doses from 0.015 to 0.05 mg/kg to 44 subjects who participated in several double-blind, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover, placebo-controlled studies. Visual time estimation and production tasks in the seconds range were presented to subjects three times on each test day. RESULTS All doses induced time overestimation and underproduction. Chronic cannabis use had no effect on baseline time perception. While infrequent/nonsmokers showed temporal overestimation at medium and high doses and temporal underproduction at all doses, frequent cannabis users showed no differences. THC effects on time perception were not dose related. CONCLUSIONS A psychoactive dose of THC increases internal clock speed as indicated by time overestimation and underproduction. This effect is not dose related and is blunted in chronic cannabis smokers who did not otherwise have altered baseline time perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Andrew Sewell
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ashley Schnakenberg
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jacqueline Elander
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rajiv Radhakrishnan
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ashley Williams
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Patrick D. Skosnik
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Brian Pittman
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mohini Ranganathan
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - D. Cyril D’Souza
- Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States,Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, New Haven, CT, United States
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41
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Lake JI, Meck WH. Differential effects of amphetamine and haloperidol on temporal reproduction: Dopaminergic regulation of attention and clock speed. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:284-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gil S, Chambres P, Hyvert C, Fanget M, Droit-Volet S. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders have "the working raw material" for time perception. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49116. [PMID: 23185299 PMCID: PMC3504053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have a deficit in time perception. Twelve ASD children of normal intelligence and twelve typically developing children (TD) - matched on sex, chronological age, and mental age - performed four temporal bisection tasks that were adapted to the population. Two short (0.5 to 1 s and 1.25 to 2.5 s) and two long duration ranges (3.12 to 6.25 s and 7.81 to 16.62 s) were thus examined. The findings suggested that the perception of time in bisection is not impaired in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Gil
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, UMR CNRS 7295, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
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43
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Macdonald CJ, Cheng RK, Meck WH. Acquisition of "Start" and "Stop" response thresholds in peak-interval timing is differentially sensitive to protein synthesis inhibition in the dorsal and ventral striatum. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:10. [PMID: 22435054 PMCID: PMC3303086 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-based decision-making in peak-interval timing procedures involves the setting of response thresholds for the initiation (“Start”) and termination (“Stop”) of a response sequence that is centered on a target duration. Using intracerebral infusions of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, we report that the acquisition of the “Start” response depends on normal functioning (including protein synthesis) in the dorsal striatum (DS), but not the ventral striatum (VS). Conversely, disruption of the VS, but not the DS, impairs the acquisition of the “Stop” response. We hypothesize that the dorsal and ventral regions of the striatum function as a competitive neural network that encodes the temporal boundaries marking the beginning and end of a timed response sequence.
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44
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Meck WH, Cheng RK, MacDonald CJ, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG, Çevik MÖ. Gene-dose dependent effects of methamphetamine on interval timing in dopamine-transporter knockout mice. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1221-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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45
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Abstract
An emotion-based lengthening effect on the perception of durations of emotional pictures has been assumed to result from an arousal-based mechanism, involving the activation of an internal clock system. The aim of this study was to systematically examine the arousal effect on time perception when different discrete emotions were considered. The participants were asked to verbally estimate the duration of emotional pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). The pictures varied either in arousal level, i.e., high/low-arousal, for the same discrete emotion (disgust or sadness) or in the depicted emotion, e.g., disgust/fear for pictures matched for arousal (high-arousal). The results systematically revealed a lengthening effect on the perception of the duration of the emotional compared to the neutral pictures and indicated that the magnitude of this effect increased with arousal level. Nevertheless, variations in time perception were observed for one and the same arousal level, with the duration of disgust-inducing pictures (e.g., body mutilation) being judged longer than that of fear-inducing pictures (e.g., snake). These results suggest that arousal is a fundamental mechanism mediating the effect of emotion on time perception. However, the effect cannot be reduced to arousal, since the impact of the content of pictures also plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Gil
- Psychology Department, University of Poitiers, CNRS, Poitiers, France.
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46
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Williams CL. Sex differences in counting and timing. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 5:88. [PMID: 22319476 PMCID: PMC3251826 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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47
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Coull JT, Morgan H, Cambridge VC, Moore JW, Giorlando F, Adapa R, Corlett PR, Fletcher PC. Ketamine perturbs perception of the flow of time in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:543-56. [PMID: 21603893 PMCID: PMC3210361 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Disturbances in the subjective experience of time have been observed both in schizophrenia and following acute administration of ketamine. However, effects of ketamine on more objective timing tasks have not yet been measured in humans, nor has it been established that timing effects are not merely secondary to a more general dysfunction in working memory (WM). OBJECTIVE AND METHODS In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study, we characterised the effects of ketamine (100 ng/ml blood plasma level) on performance of perceptual timing and colour discrimination tasks, which were matched for WM and attentional demands. To test the ubiquity of ketamine's effects on timing, we also examined two distinct measures of temporal predictability. RESULTS Ketamine significantly distorted the subjective experience of time as measured by the Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scales. Critically, ketamine also impaired accuracy on the perceptual timing task while having no effect on performance of the colour perception task. Although ketamine did not impair the ability to use prelearned temporal (or spatial) cues to predict target onset (or location), it did slow reaction times at long delays following non-informative neutral cues, suggesting an impaired ability to use the unidirectional flow of time itself to make temporal predictions. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine induced selective impairments in timing, which could not be explained by more fundamental effects on the ability to hold information in WM. Rather our collected findings suggest that ketamine may disturb timing by selectively impairing the way in which information is temporally manipulated within WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Coull
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, Université de Provence & CNRS, Pôle 3C, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France.
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48
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Jones CRG, Jahanshahi M. Dopamine Modulates Striato-Frontal Functioning during Temporal Processing. Front Integr Neurosci 2011; 5:70. [PMID: 22046150 PMCID: PMC3200491 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of NeurologyLondon, UK
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49
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Agostino PV, Golombek DA, Meck WH. Unwinding the molecular basis of interval and circadian timing. Front Integr Neurosci 2011; 5:64. [PMID: 22022309 PMCID: PMC3196210 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural timing mechanisms range from the millisecond to diurnal, and possibly annual, frequencies. Two of the main processes under study are the interval timer (seconds-to-minute range) and the circadian clock. The molecular basis of these two mechanisms is the subject of intense research, as well as their possible relationship. This article summarizes data from studies investigating a possible interaction between interval and circadian timing and reviews the molecular basis of both mechanisms, including the discussion of the contribution from studies of genetically modified animal models. While there is currently no common neurochemical substrate for timing mechanisms in the brain, circadian modulation of interval timing suggests an interaction of different frequencies in cerebral temporal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Agostino
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Buenos Aires, Argentina
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50
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Pleil KE, Cordes S, Meck WH, Williams CL. Rapid and acute effects of estrogen on time perception in male and female rats. Front Integr Neurosci 2011; 5:63. [PMID: 22016725 PMCID: PMC3192991 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in the rapid and acute effects of estradiol on time perception were investigated in adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Because estradiol has been shown to increase striatal dopamine release, it may be able to modify time perception and timed performance by increasing the speed of an internal clock in a manner similar to indirect dopamine agonists such as amphetamine and cocaine. Two groups of females (neonatally estradiol-treated/adult ovariectomized and neonatally oil-treated/adult ovariectomized) and two groups of males (neonatally castrated and adult castrated) were trained in a 2 vs. 8-s duration bisection procedure and tested using intermediate signal durations. After obtaining oil-injected baseline psychometric functions over several days, rats were administered 5 μg of estradiol for 4 days and behaviorally evaluated 30 min following each injection. This oil-estradiol administration cycle was subsequently repeated three times following the re-establishment of baseline training. Results revealed significant sex differences in the initial baseline functions that were not modifiable by organizational hormones, with males' duration bisection functions shifted horizontally to the left of females'. Upon the first administration of estradiol, females, but not males, showed a significant, transient leftward shift in their bisection functions, indicative of an increase in clock speed. After extensive retraining in the duration bisection procedure, rats that were exposed to gonadal hormones during the first week of life showed a significant rightward shift in their bisection functions on the fourth day of estradiol administration during each cycle, suggesting a decrease in clock speed. Taken together, our results support the view that there are multiple mechanisms of estrogens' action in the striatum that modulate dopaminergic activity and are differentially organized by gonadal steroids during early brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Pleil
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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