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Cade S, Zhou XF, Bobrovskaya L. An Imbalance in the Pro/mature BDNF Ratio Occurs in Multiple Brain Regions During Normal Ageing in Wild-Type Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:469-484. [PMID: 37314606 PMCID: PMC10432372 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The early transition to Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a period of accelerated brain atrophy that exceeds normal ageing. Identifying the molecular basis of this atrophy could facilitate the discovery of novel drug targets. The precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a well characterized neurotrophin, is increased in the hippocampus of aged rodents, while its mature isoform is relatively stable. This imbalance could increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease by precipitating its pathological hallmarks. However, less is known about how relative levels of these isoforms change in middle-aged mice. In addition, the underlying mechanisms that might cause an imbalance are unknown. The main aim of this study was to determine how precursor brain-derived neurotrophic factor changes relative to its mature isoform with normal brain ageing in wild type mice. A secondary aim was to determine if signaling through the neurotrophin receptor, p75 influences this ratio. An increasing ratio was identified in several brain regions, except the hippocampus, suggesting a neurotrophic imbalance occurs as early as middle age. Some changes in receptors that mediate the isoforms effects were also identified, but these did not correspond with trends in the isoforms. Relative amounts of precursor brain-derived neurotrophic factor were mostly unchanged in mutant p75 mice. The lack of changes suggested that signaling through the receptor had no influence on the ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Cade
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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2
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Chrusch MJ, Fu S, Spanswick SC, Vecchiarelli HA, Patel PP, Hill MN, Dyck RH. Environmental Enrichment Engages Vesicular Zinc Signaling to Enhance Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060883. [PMID: 36980224 PMCID: PMC10046929 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is highly concentrated in synaptic vesicles throughout the mammalian telencephalon and, in particular, the hippocampal dentate gyrus. A role for zinc in modulating synaptic plasticity has been inferred, but whether zinc has a particular role in experience-dependent plasticity has yet to be determined. The aim of the current study was to determine whether vesicular zinc is important for modulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis in an experience-dependent manner and, consequently, hippocampal-dependent behaviour. We assessed the role of vesicular zinc in modulating hippocampal neurogenesis and behaviour by comparing ZnT3 knockout (KO) mice, which lack vesicular zinc, to wild-type (WT) littermates exposed to either standard housing conditions (SH) or an enriched environment (EE). We found that vesicular zinc is necessary for a cascade of changes in hippocampal plasticity following EE, such as increases in hippocampal neurogenesis and elevations in mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF), but was otherwise dispensable under SH conditions. Using the Spatial Object Recognition task and the Morris Water task we show that, unlike WT mice, ZnT3 KO mice showed no improvements in spatial memory following EE. These experiments demonstrate that vesicular zinc is essential for the enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and behaviour following enrichment, supporting a role for zincergic neurons in contributing to experience-dependent plasticity in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Chrusch
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (M.J.C.); (S.F.); (S.C.S.); (H.A.V.); (M.N.H.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Selena Fu
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (M.J.C.); (S.F.); (S.C.S.); (H.A.V.); (M.N.H.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Simon C. Spanswick
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (M.J.C.); (S.F.); (S.C.S.); (H.A.V.); (M.N.H.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Haley A. Vecchiarelli
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (M.J.C.); (S.F.); (S.C.S.); (H.A.V.); (M.N.H.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Payal P. Patel
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Matthew N. Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (M.J.C.); (S.F.); (S.C.S.); (H.A.V.); (M.N.H.)
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Richard H. Dyck
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (M.J.C.); (S.F.); (S.C.S.); (H.A.V.); (M.N.H.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Varangot A, Lebatard S, Bellemain-Sagnard M, Lebouvier L, Hommet Y, Vivien D. Modulations of the neuronal trafficking of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) influences glutamate release. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:34. [PMID: 36650132 PMCID: PMC9845363 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the neuronal expression of the serine protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) has opened new avenues of research, with important implications in the physiopathology of the central nervous system. For example, the interaction of tPA with synaptic receptors (NMDAR, LRP1, Annexin II, and EGFR) and its role in the maturation of BDNF have been reported to influence synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival. However, the mechanisms regulating the neuronal trafficking of tPA are unknown. Here, using high-resolution live cell imaging and a panel of innovative genetic approaches, we first unmasked the dynamic characteristics of the dendritic and axonal trafficking of tPA-containing vesicles under different paradigms of neuronal activation or inhibition. We then report a constitutive exocytosis of tPA- and VAMP2-positive vesicles, dramatically increased in conditions of neuronal activation, with a pattern which was mainly dendritic and thus post-synaptic. We also observed that the synaptic release of tPA led to an increase of the exocytosis of VGlut1 positive vesicles containing glutamate. Finally, we described alterations of the trafficking and exocytosis of neuronal tPA in cultured cortical neurons prepared from tau-22 transgenic mice (a preclinical model of Alzheimer's disease (AD)). Altogether, these data provide new insights about the neuronal trafficking of tPA, contributing to a better knowledge of the tPA-dependent brain functions and dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Varangot
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Simon Lebatard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Mathys Bellemain-Sagnard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Laurent Lebouvier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Yannick Hommet
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Cyceron, Institut Blood and Brain @ Caen-Normandie (BB@C), Caen, France.
- Department of clinical research, Caen-Normandie University Hospital, CHU, Caen, France.
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Environmental enrichment augments binge-like alcohol drinking in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol 2022; 105:1-7. [PMID: 36150612 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats to an enriched environment (EE) reduced different aspects of operant alcohol self-administration. The present study was aimed at expanding investigation of the effect of EE exposure upon a model of binge drinking composed of daily 1-h drinking sessions with unpredictable access to multiple alcohol concentrations; binge-like alcohol intakes were observed when the drinking session occurred at the last hours of the dark phase of the light/dark cycle. Starting from postnatal day (PND) 21, male sP rats were kept under three different housing conditions: impoverished environment (IE; single housing with no environmental enrichment); standard environment (SE; 3 rats/cage and no environmental enrichment); EE (6 rats/cage and multiple elements of environmental enrichment). From PND 69, rats were exposed daily to a 1-hour drinking session under the 4-bottle "alcohol (10%, 20%, and 30%, v/v) vs. water" choice regimen, during the dark phase, and with timing of alcohol exposure changed each day. In all three rat groups (IE, SE, and EE), alcohol intake increased progressively as the drinking session moved from the first to last hours of the dark phase. The slope of the regression line was steeper in EE than IE and SE rats, suggestive of higher intakes of alcohol in EE than IE and SE rats when the drinking session occurred over the last hours of the dark phase. These results are discussed hypothesizing that the stressful attributes of alcohol expectation were potentiated by the increased "emotionality" that rats living in a comfortable environment (i.e., EE) may experience when facing new, challenging events or environments. Blood alcohol levels, assessed at the end of a final drinking session occurring at the 12th hour of the dark phase, did not differ among the three rat groups and averaged approximately 150 mg%, confirming that this experimental procedure may generate intoxicating levels of alcohol drinking in sP rats.
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Maccioni P, Bratzu J, Lobina C, Acciaro C, Corrias G, Capra A, Carai MAM, Agabio R, Muntoni AL, Gessa GL, Colombo G. Exposure to an enriched environment reduces alcohol self-administration in Sardinian alcohol-preferring rats. Physiol Behav 2022; 249:113771. [PMID: 35247441 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Living in an enriched environment (EE) produces a notable impact on several rodent behaviors, including those motivated by drugs of abuse. This picture is somewhat less clear when referring to alcohol-motivated behaviors. With the intent of contributing to this research field with data from one of the few rat lines selectively bred for excessive alcohol consumption, the present study investigated the effect of EE on operant oral alcohol self-administration in Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats. Starting from Postnatal Day (PND) 21, male sP rats were kept under 3 different housing conditions: impoverished environment (IE; single housing in shoebox-like cages with no environmental enrichment); standard environment (SE; small colony cages with 3 rats and no environmental enrichment); EE (large colony cages with 6 rats and multiple elements of environmental enrichment, including 2 floors, ladders, maze, running wheels, and shelter). From PND 60, rats were exposed to different phases of shaping and training of alcohol self-administration. IE, SE, and EE rats were then compared under (i) fixed ratio (FR) 4 (FR4) schedule of alcohol reinforcement for 20 daily sessions and (ii) progressive ratio (PR) schedule of alcohol reinforcement in a final single session. Acquisition of the lever-responding task (shaping) was slower in EE than IE and SE rats, as the likely consequence of a "devaluation" of the novel stimuli provided by the operant chamber in comparison to those to which EE rats were continuously exposed in their homecage or an alteration, induced by EE, of the rat "emotionality" state when facing the novel environment represented by the operant chamber. Training of alcohol self-administration was slower in EE than IE rats, with SE rats displaying intermediate values. A similar ranking order (IE>SE>EE) was also observed in number of lever-responses for alcohol, amount of self-administered alcohol, and breakpoint for alcohol under FR4 and PR schedules of reinforcement. These data suggest that living in a complex environment reduced the reinforcing and motivational properties of alcohol in sP rats. These results are interpreted in terms of the reinforcing and motivational properties of the main components of EE (i.e., social interactions, physical activities, exploration, novelty) substituting, at least partially, for those of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Maccioni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Jessica Bratzu
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Carla Lobina
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Carla Acciaro
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Gianluigi Corrias
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Alessandro Capra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Mauro A M Carai
- Cagliari Pharmacological Research, I-09127 Cagliari (CA), Italy
| | - Roberta Agabio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Muntoni
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Giancarlo Colombo
- Neuroscience Institute, Section of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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PKCδ-positive GABAergic neurons in the central amygdala exhibit tissue-type plasminogen activator: role in the control of anxiety. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2197-2205. [PMID: 35145231 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease expressed in several brain regions and reported to be involved in the control of emotional and cognitive functions. Nevertheless, little is known about the structure-function relationships of these tPA-dependent behaviors. Here, by using a new model of constitutive tPA-deficient mice (tPAnull), we first show that tPA controls locomotor activity, spatial cognition and anxiety. To investigate the brain structures involved in these tPA-dependent behavioral phenotypes, we next generated tPAflox mice allowing conditional tPA deletion (cKO) following stereotaxic injections of adeno-associated virus driving Cre-recombinase expression (AAV-Cre-GFP). We demonstrate that tPA removal in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus induces hyperactivity and partial spatial memory deficits. Moreover, the deletion of tPA in the central nucleus of the amygdala, but not in the basolateral nucleus, induces hyperactivity and reduced anxiety-like level. Importantly, we prove that these behaviors depend on the tPA present in the adult brain and not on neurodevelopmental disorders. Also, interestingly, our data show that tPA from Protein kinase-C delta-positive (PKCδ) GABAergic interneurons of the lateral/ capsular part of adult mouse central amygdala controls emotional functions through neuronal activation of the medial central amygdala. Together, our study brings new data about the critical central role of tPA in behavioral modulations in adult mice.
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Cade S, Zhou XF, Bobrovskaya L. The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR in age-related brain atrophy and the transition to Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:515-529. [PMID: 34982865 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition that is potentially mediated by synaptic dysfunction before the onset of cognitive impairments. The disease mostly affects elderly people and there is currently no therapeutic which halts its progression. One therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease is to regenerate lost synapses by targeting mechanisms involved in synaptic plasticity. This strategy has led to promising drug candidates in clinical trials, but further progress needs to be made. An unresolved problem of Alzheimer's disease is to identify the molecular mechanisms that render the aged brain susceptible to synaptic dysfunction. Understanding this susceptibility may identify drug targets which could halt, or even reverse, the disease's progression. Brain derived neurotrophic factor is a neurotrophin expressed in the brain previously implicated in Alzheimer's disease due to its involvement in synaptic plasticity. Low levels of the protein increase susceptibility to the disease and post-mortem studies consistently show reductions in its expression. A desirable therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease is to stimulate the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor and potentially regenerate lost synapses. However, synthesis and secretion of the protein are regulated by complex activity-dependent mechanisms within neurons, which makes this approach challenging. Moreover, the protein is synthesised as a precursor which exerts the opposite effect of its mature form through the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. This review will evaluate current evidence on how age-related alterations in the synthesis, processing and signalling of brain derived neurotrophic factor may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Cade
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Larisa Bobrovskaya
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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de Siqueira Mendes FDCC, Paixão LTVB, Diniz DG, Anthony DC, Brites D, Diniz CWP, Sosthenes MCK. Sedentary Life and Reduced Mastication Impair Spatial Learning and Memory and Differentially Affect Dentate Gyrus Astrocyte Subtypes in the Aged Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:632216. [PMID: 33935629 PMCID: PMC8081835 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.632216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the impact of reduced mastication and a sedentary lifestyle on spatial learning and memory in the aged mice, as well as on the morphology of astrocytes in the molecular layer of dentate gyrus (MolDG), different masticatory regimens were imposed. Control mice received a pellet-type hard diet, while the reduced masticatory activity group received a pellet diet followed by a powdered diet, and the masticatory rehabilitation group received a pellet diet, followed by powder diet and then a pellet again. To mimic sedentary or active lifestyles, mice were housed in an impoverished environment of standard cages or in an enriched environment. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) test showed that masticatory-deprived group, regardless of environment, was not able to learn and remember the hidden platform location, but masticatory rehabilitation combined with enriched environment recovered such disabilities. Microscopic three-dimensional reconstructions of 1,800 glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunolabeled astrocytes from the external third of the MolDG were generated using a stereological systematic and random sampling approach. Hierarchical cluster analysis allowed the characterization into two main groups of astrocytes with greater and lower morphological complexities, respectively, AST1 and AST2. When compared to compared to the hard diet group subjected to impoverished environment, deprived animals maintained in the same environment for 6 months showed remarkable shrinkage of astrocyte branches. However, the long-term environmental enrichment (18-month-old) applied to the deprived group reversed the shrinkage effect, with significant increase in the morphological complexity of AST1 and AST2, when in an impoverished or enriched environment. During housing under enriched environment, complexity of branches of AST1 and AST2 was reduced by the powder diet (pellet followed by powder regimes) in young but not in old mice, where it was reversed by pellet diet (pellet followed by powder and pellet regime again). The same was not true for mice housed under impoverished environment. Interestingly, we were unable to find any correlation between MWM data and astrocyte morphological changes. Our findings indicate that both young and aged mice subjected to environmental enrichment, and under normal or rehabilitated masticatory activity, preserve spatial learning and memory. Nonetheless, data suggest that an impoverished environment and reduced mastication synergize to aggravate age-related cognitive decline; however, the association with morphological diversity of AST1 and AST2 at the MolDG requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola de Carvalho Chaves de Siqueira Mendes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Curso de Medicina, Centro Universitário do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luisa Taynah Vasconcelos Barbosa Paixão
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guerreiro Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.,Laboratório de Microscopia Eletrônica, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Brazil
| | - Daniel Clive Anthony
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dora Brites
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristovam Wanderley Picanço Diniz
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Marcia Consentino Kronka Sosthenes
- Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Xiong LL, Chen J, Du RL, Liu J, Chen YJ, Hawwas MA, Zhou XF, Wang TH, Yang SJ, Bai X. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its related enzymes and receptors play important roles after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1453-1459. [PMID: 33433458 PMCID: PMC8323702 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.303033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates many neurological functions and plays a vital role during the recovery from central nervous system injuries. However, the changes in BDNF expression and associated factors following hypoxia-ischemia induced neonatal brain damage, and the significance of these changes are not fully understood. In the present study, a rat model of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage was established through the occlusion of the right common carotid artery, followed by 2 hours in a hypoxic-ischemic environment. Rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage presented deficits in both sensory and motor functions, and obvious pathological changes could be detected in brain tissues. The mRNA expression levels of BDNF and its processing enzymes and receptors (Furin, matrix metallopeptidase 9, tissue-type plasminogen activator, tyrosine Kinase receptor B, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and Sortilin) were upregulated in the ipsilateral hippocampus and cerebral cortex 6 hours after injury; however, the expression levels of these mRNAs were found to be downregulated in the contralateral hippocampus and cerebral cortex. These findings suggest that BDNF and its processing enzymes and receptors may play important roles in the pathogenesis and recovery from neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of South Australia (approval No. U12-18) on July 30, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Lin Xiong
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Western Medicine Translational Medicine Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China; Cinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jie Chen
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Western Medicine Translational Medicine Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Du
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yan-Jun Chen
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mohammed Al Hawwas
- Cinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- Cinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Animal Zoology Department, Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province; Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Si-Jin Yang
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Western Medicine Translational Medicine Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xue Bai
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Western Medicine Translational Medicine Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
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Pasquet N, Douceau S, Naveau M, Lesept F, Louessard M, Lebouvier L, Hommet Y, Vivien D, Bardou I. Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Controlled Corticogenesis Through a Mechanism Dependent of NMDA Receptors Expressed on Radial Glial Cells. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2482-2498. [PMID: 29878094 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifications of neuronal migration during development, including processes that control cortical lamination are associated with functional deficits at adult stage. Here, we report for the first time that the lack of the serine protease tissue-type Plasminogen Activator (tPA), previously characterized as a neuromodulator and a gliotransmitter, leads to an altered cortical lamination in adult. This results in a neuronal migration defect of tPA deficient neurons which are stopped in the intermediate zone at E16. This phenotype is rescued by re-expressing a wild-type tPA in cortical neurons at E14 but not by a tPA that cannot interact with NMDAR. We thus hypothetized that the tPA produced by cortical neuronal progenitors can control their own radial migration through a mechanism dependent of NMDAR expressed at the surface of radial glial cells (RGC). Accordingly, conditional deletion of tPA in neuronal progenitors at E14 or overexpression of a dominant-negative NMDAR that cannot bind tPA in RGC also delayed neuronal migration. Moreover, the lack of tPA lead to an impaired maturation and orientation of RGC. These data provide the first demonstration that the neuronal serine protease tPA is an actor of a proper corticogenesis by its ability to control NMDAR signaling in RGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Pasquet
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U 1237, "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Sara Douceau
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U 1237, "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Mickael Naveau
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U 1237, "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Flavie Lesept
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U 1237, "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Morgane Louessard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U 1237, "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Laurent Lebouvier
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U 1237, "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Yannick Hommet
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U 1237, "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U 1237, "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", GIP Cyceron, Caen, France.,CHU Caen, Clinical Research Department, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Isabelle Bardou
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U 1237, "Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological Disorders", GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
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11
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Lu Y, Chen L, Ye J, Chen C, Zhou Y, Li K, Zhang Z, Peng M. Surgery/Anesthesia disturbs mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics in the brain of aged mice with postoperative delirium. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:844-865. [PMID: 31929114 PMCID: PMC6977661 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common complication following surgery and anesthesia (Surgery/Anesthesia). Mitochondrial dysfunction, which is demonstrated by energy deficits and excessively activated oxidative stress, has been reported to contribute to POD. The dynamic balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission processes is critical in regulating mitochondrial function. However, the impact of Surgery/Anesthesia on mitochondrial fusion/fission dynamics remains unclear. Here, we evaluate the effects of laparotomy under 1.4% isoflurane anesthesia for 2 hours on mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics in the brain of aged mice. Mice in Surgery/Anesthesia group showed unbalanced fission/fusion dynamics, with decreased DISC1 expression and increased expression of Drp1 and Mfn2 in the mitochondrial fraction, leading to excessive mitochondrial fission and disturbed mitochondrial morphogenesis in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In addition, surgical mice presented mitochondrial dysfunction, demonstrated by abnormally activated oxidative stress (increased ROS level, decreased SOD level) and energy deficits (decreased levels of ATP and MMP). Surgery/Anesthesia also decreased the expression of neuronal/synaptic plasticity-related proteins such as PSD-95 and BDNF. Furthermore, Surgery/Anesthesia induced delirium-like behavior in aged mice. In conclusion, Surgery/Anesthesia disturbed mitochondrial fission/fusion dynamics and then impaired mitochondrial function in the brain of aged mice; these effects may be involved in the underlying mechanism of POD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jishi Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zongze Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mian Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Writers and Readers of DNA Methylation/Hydroxymethylation in Physiological Aging and Its Impact on Cognitive Function. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:5982625. [PMID: 31396272 PMCID: PMC6664507 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5982625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin landscape has acquired deep attention from several fields ranging from cell biology to neurological and psychiatric diseases. The role that DNA modifications have on gene expression regulation has become apparent in several physiological processes, and numerous efforts have been performed to establish a relationship between DNA modifications and physiological conditions, such as cognitive performance and aging. DNA modifications are incorporated by specific sets of enzymes-the writers-and the modified DNA-interacting partners-the readers-are ultimately responsible for maintaining a functional epigenetic landscape. Therefore, understanding how these epigenetic mediators-writers and readers-are modulated in physiological aging will contribute to unraveling how aging-associated neuronal disturbances arise and contribute to the cognitive decline associated with this period of life. In this review, we focused on DNA modifications, writers and readers, highlighting that despite some methodological disparities, the evidence suggests a critical role for epigenetic mediators in the aging-associated neuronal dysfunction.
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13
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Yu P, Venkat P, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Shen Y, Liang L, Landschoot-Ward J, Liu Z, Jiang R, Chen J. Deficiency of tPA Exacerbates White Matter Damage, Neuroinflammation, Glymphatic Dysfunction and Cognitive Dysfunction in Aging Mice. Aging Dis 2019; 10:770-783. [PMID: 31440383 PMCID: PMC6675536 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease primarily involved in mediating thrombus breakdown and regulating catabolism of amyloid-beta (Aβ). The aim of this study is to investigate age-dependent decline of endogenous tPA and the effects of tPA decline on glymphatic function and cognitive outcome in mice. Male, young (3m), adult (6m) and middle-aged (12m) C57/BL6 (wild type) and tPA knockout (tPA-/-) mice were subject to a battery of cognitive tests and white matter (WM) integrity, neuroinflammation, and glymphatic function were evaluated. Adult WT mice exhibit significantly decreased brain tPA level compared to young WT mice and middle-aged WT mice have significantly lower brain tPA levels than young and adult WT mice. Middle-aged WT mice exhibit significant neuroinflammation, reduced WM integrity and increased thrombin deposition compared to young and adult mice, and increased blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and reduced cognitive ability compared to young WT mice. In comparison to adult WT mice, adult tPA-/- mice exhibit significant BBB leakage, decreased dendritic spine density, increased thrombin deposition, neuroinflammation, and impaired functioning of the glymphatic system. Compared to age-matched WT mice, adult and middle-aged tPA-/- mice exhibit significantly increased D-Dimer expression and decreased perivascular Aquaporin-4 expression. Compared to age-matched WT mice, young, adult and middle-aged tPA-/- mice exhibit significant cognitive impairment, axonal damage, and increased deposition of amyloid precursor protein (APP), Aβ, and fibrin. Endogenous tPA may play an important role in contributing to aging induced cognitive decline, axonal/WM damage, BBB disruption and glymphatic dysfunction in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, and Tianjin Neurological institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.,2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,3Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Michael Chopp
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,4Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | | | - Yi Shen
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Linlin Liang
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,5Reproductive Medical Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Julie Landschoot-Ward
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, and Tianjin Neurological institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, and Tianjin Neurological institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- 2Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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14
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Liao Y, Bae HJ, Zhang J, Kwon Y, Koo B, Jung IH, Kim HM, Park JH, Lew JH, Ryu JH. The Ameliorating Effects of Bee Pollen on Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:379-388. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Liao
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | - Ho Jung Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | - Yubeen Kwon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | - Bokyung Koo
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | - In Ho Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | | | - Jong Hun Park
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | - Jae Hwan Lew
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University
| | - Jong Hoon Ryu
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University
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15
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Yuan ZY, Yang J, Ma XW, Wang YY, Wang MW. Enriched environment elevates expression of growth associated protein-43 in the substantia nigra of SAMP8 mice. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1988-1994. [PMID: 30233074 PMCID: PMC6183044 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.239447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An enriched environment protects dopaminergic neurons from 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neuronal injury, but the underlying mechanism for this is not clear. Growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) is closely associated with neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration during neural development. We speculate that an enriched environment can reduce damage to dopaminergic neurons by affecting the expression of GAP-43. This study is designed to test this hypothesis. Three-month-old female senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice were housed for 3 months in an enriched environment or a standard environment. These mice were then subcutaneously injected in the abdomen with 14 mg/kg MPTP four times at 2-hour intervals. Morris water maze testing demonstrated that learning and memory abilities were better in the enriched environment group than in the standard environment group. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blot assays showed that mRNA and protein levels of GAP-43 in the substantia nigra were higher after MPTP application in the enriched environment group compared with the standard environment group. These findings indicate that an enriched environment can increase GAP-43 expression in SAMP8 mice. The upregulation of GAP-43 may be a mechanism by which an enriched environment protects against MPTP-induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yun Yuan
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jie Yang
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ma
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan-Yong Wang
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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16
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Environmental Enrichment Induces Changes in Long-Term Memory for Social Transmission of Food Preference in Aged Mice through a Mechanism Associated with Epigenetic Processes. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:3725087. [PMID: 30123245 PMCID: PMC6079387 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3725087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decline in declarative learning and memory performance is a typical feature of normal aging processes. Exposure of aged animals to an enriched environment (EE) counteracts this decline, an effect correlated with reduction of age-related changes in hippocampal dendritic branching, spine density, neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and neural plasticity, including its epigenetic underpinnings. Declarative memories depend on the medial temporal lobe system, including the hippocampus, for their formation, but, over days to weeks, they become increasingly dependent on other brain regions such as the neocortex and in particular the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a process known as system consolidation. Recently, it has been shown that early tagging of cortical networks is a crucial neurobiological process for remote memory formation and that this tagging involves epigenetic mechanisms in the recipient orbitofrontal (OFC) areas. Whether EE can enhance system consolidation in aged animals has not been tested; in particular, whether the early tagging mechanisms in OFC areas are deficient in aged animals and whether EE can ameliorate them is not known. This study aimed at testing whether EE could affect system consolidation in aged mice using the social transmission of food preference paradigm, which involves an ethologically based form of associative olfactory memory. We found that only EE mice successfully performed the remote memory recall task, showed neuronal activation in OFC, assessed with c-fos immunohistochemistry and early tagging of OFC, assessed with histone H3 acetylation, suggesting a defective system consolidation and early OFC tagging in aged mice which are ameliorated by EE.
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17
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Hébert M, Anfray A, Chevilley A, Martinez de Lizarrondo S, Quenault A, Louessard M, Roussel BD, Obiang P, Save E, Orset C, Maubert E, Vivien D, Agin V. Distant Space Processing is Controlled by tPA-dependent NMDA Receptor Signaling in the Entorhinal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4783-4796. [PMID: 27613436 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, spatial cognition and navigation impairments are a frequent situation during physiological and pathological aging, leading to a dramatic deterioration in the quality of life. Despite the discovery of neurons with location-specific activity in rodents, that is, place cells in the hippocampus and later on grid cells in the entorhinal cortex (EC), the molecular mechanisms underlying spatial cognition are still poorly known. Our present data bring together in an unusual combination 2 molecules of primary biological importance: a major neuronal excitatory receptor, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), and an extracellular protease, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), in the control of spatial navigation. By using tPA-deficient mice and a structure-selective pharmacological approach, we demonstrate that the tPA-dependent NMDAR signaling potentiation in the EC plays a key and selective role in the encoding and the subsequent use of distant landmarks during spatial learning. We also demonstrate that this novel function of tPA in the EC is reduced during aging. Overall, these results argue for the concept that encoding of proximal versus distal landmarks is mediated not only by different anatomical pathways but also by different molecular mechanisms, with the tPA-dependent potentiation of NMDAR signaling in the EC that plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hébert
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Antoine Anfray
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Chevilley
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Sara Martinez de Lizarrondo
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Aurélien Quenault
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Morgane Louessard
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Benoit D Roussel
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Pauline Obiang
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Etienne Save
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience UMR 7291, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France
| | - Cyrille Orset
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Eric Maubert
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France.,Biology Department, Clinical Research Department Medical Center, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Véronique Agin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, Sérine protéases et physiopathologie de l'unité neurovasculaire, 14000 Caen, France
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18
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Gusev EI, Martynov MY, Yasamanova AN, Nikonov AA, Markin SS, Semenov AM. Thrombolytic therapy of ischemic stroke. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:4-14. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20181181224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Soares RO, Horiquini-Barbosa E, Almeida SS, Lachat JJ. Environmental enrichment protects spatial learning and hippocampal neurons from the long-lasting effects of protein malnutrition early in life. Behav Brain Res 2017; 335:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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20
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Hébert M, Bulla J, Vivien D, Agin V. Are Distal and Proximal Visual Cues Equally Important during Spatial Learning in Mice? A Pilot Study of Overshadowing in the Spatial Domain. Front Behav Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28634446 PMCID: PMC5459897 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals use distal and proximal visual cues to accurately navigate in their environment, with the possibility of the occurrence of associative mechanisms such as cue competition as previously reported in honey-bees, rats, birds and humans. In this pilot study, we investigated one of the most common forms of cue competition, namely the overshadowing effect, between visual landmarks during spatial learning in mice. To this end, C57BL/6J × Sv129 mice were given a two-trial place recognition task in a T-maze, based on a novelty free-choice exploration paradigm previously developed to study spatial memory in rodents. As this procedure implies the use of different aspects of the environment to navigate (i.e., mice can perceive from each arm of the maze), we manipulated the distal and proximal visual landmarks during both the acquisition and retrieval phases. Our prospective findings provide a first set of clues in favor of the occurrence of an overshadowing between visual cues during a spatial learning task in mice when both types of cues are of the same modality but at varying distances from the goal. In addition, the observed overshadowing seems to be non-reciprocal, as distal visual cues tend to overshadow the proximal ones when competition occurs, but not vice versa. The results of the present study offer a first insight about the occurrence of associative mechanisms during spatial learning in mice, and may open the way to promising new investigations in this area of research. Furthermore, the methodology used in this study brings a new, useful and easy-to-use tool for the investigation of perceptive, cognitive and/or attentional deficits in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hébert
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological DisordersCaen, France.,Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of TrentoRovereto, Italy
| | - Jan Bulla
- Department of Mathematics, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Denis Vivien
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological DisordersCaen, France.,CHU Caen, Clinical Research Department, CHU Caen Côte de Nacre, UNICAENCaen, France
| | - Véronique Agin
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INSERM, Physiopathology and Imaging of Neurological DisordersCaen, France
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21
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Campêlo CL, Santos JR, Silva AF, Dierschnabel AL, Pontes A, Cavalcante JS, Ribeiro AM, Silva RH. Exposure to an enriched environment facilitates motor recovery and prevents short-term memory impairment and reduction of striatal BDNF in a progressive pharmacological model of parkinsonism in mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 328:138-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Idell RD, Florova G, Komissarov AA, Shetty S, Girard RBS, Idell S. The fibrinolytic system: A new target for treatment of depression with psychedelics. Med Hypotheses 2017; 100:46-53. [PMID: 28236848 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current understanding of the neurobiology of depression has grown over the past few years beyond the traditional monoamine theory of depression to include chronic stress, inflammation and disrupted synaptic plasticity. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a key factor that not only promotes fibrinolysis via the activation of plasminogen, but also contributes to regulation of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis through plasmin-mediated activation of a probrain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to mature BDNF. ProBDNF activation could potentially be supressed by competition with fibrin for plasmin and tPA. High affinity binding of plasmin and tPA to fibrin could result in a decrease of proBDNF activation during brain inflammation leading to fibrosis further perpetuating depressed mood. There is a paucity of data explaining the possible role of the fibrinolytic system or aberrant extravascular fibrin deposition in depression. We propose that within the brain, an imbalance between tPA and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and neuroserpin favors the inhibitors, resulting in changes in neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and neuroinflammation that result in depressive behavior. Our hypothesis is that peripheral inflammation mediates neuroinflammation, and that cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) can inhibit the fibrinolytic system by up- regulating PAI-1 and potentially neuroserpin. We propose that the decrement of the activity of tPA and uPA occurs with downregulation of uPA in part involving the binding and clearance from the surface of neural cells of uPA/PAI-1 complexes by the urokinase receptor uPAR. We infer that current antidepressants and ketamine mitigate depressive symptoms by restoring the balance of the fibrinolytic system with increased activity of tPA and uPA with down-regulated intracerebral expression of their inhibitors. We lastly hypothesize that psychedelic 5-ht2a receptor agonists, such as psilocybin, can improve mood through anti- inflammatory and pro-fibrinolytic effects that include blockade of TNF-α activity leading to decreased PAI-1 activity and increased clearance. The process involves disinhibition of tPA and uPA with subsequent increased cleavage of proBDNF which promotes neurogenesis, decreased neuroinflammation, decreased fibrin deposition, normalized glial-neuronal cross-talk, and optimally functioning neuro-circuits involved in mood. We propose that psilocybin can alleviate deleterious changes in the brain caused by chronic stress leading to restoration of homeostatic brain fibrinolytic capacity leading to euthymia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Idell
- Department of Behavioral Health, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, United States.
| | - G Florova
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, United States
| | - A A Komissarov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, United States
| | - S Shetty
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, United States
| | - R B S Girard
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, United States
| | - S Idell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US HWY 271, Tyler, TX 75708, United States
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Bruckert G, Vivien D, Docagne F, Roussel BD. Normalization of Reverse Transcription Quantitative PCR Data During Ageing in Distinct Cerebral Structures. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:1540-1550. [PMID: 25663136 PMCID: PMC5639144 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Reverse transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has become a routine method in many laboratories. Normalization of data from experimental conditions is critical for data processing and is usually achieved by the use of a single reference gene. Nevertheless, as pointed by the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines, several reference genes should be used for reliable normalization. Ageing is a physiological process that results in a decline of many expressed genes. Reliable normalization of RT-qPCR data becomes crucial when studying ageing. Here, we propose a RT-qPCR study from four mouse brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum) at different ages (from 8 weeks to 22 months) in which we studied the expression of nine commonly used reference genes. With the use of two different algorithms, we found that all brain structures need at least two genes for a good normalization step. We propose specific pairs of gene for efficient data normalization in the four brain regions studied. These results underline the importance of reliable reference genes for specific brain regions in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bruckert
- INSERM, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, University Caen Basse Normandie, boulevard Becquerel, 14074, Caen, France
| | - D Vivien
- INSERM, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, University Caen Basse Normandie, boulevard Becquerel, 14074, Caen, France
| | - F Docagne
- INSERM, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, University Caen Basse Normandie, boulevard Becquerel, 14074, Caen, France
| | - B D Roussel
- INSERM, INSERM U919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP CYCERON, University Caen Basse Normandie, boulevard Becquerel, 14074, Caen, France.
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24
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Pusic KM, Pusic AD, Kraig RP. Environmental Enrichment Stimulates Immune Cell Secretion of Exosomes that Promote CNS Myelination and May Regulate Inflammation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:313-325. [PMID: 26993508 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) consists of increased physical, intellectual, and social activity, and has wide-ranging effects, including enhancing cognition, learning and memory, and motor coordination. Animal studies have demonstrated that EE improves outcome of brain trauma and neurodegenerative disorders, including demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis, making it a promising therapeutic option. However, the complexity of applying a robust EE paradigm makes clinical use difficult. A better understanding of the signaling involved in EE-based neuroprotection may allow for development of effective mimetics as an alternative. In prior work, we found that exosomes isolated from the serum of rats exposed to EE impact CNS myelination. Exosomes are naturally occurring nanovesicles containing mRNA, miRNA, and protein, which play important roles in cell function, disease, and immunomodulation. When applied to hippocampal slice cultures or nasally administered to naïve rats, EE-serum exosomes significantly increase myelin content, oligodendrocyte precursor (OPC) and neural stem cell levels, and reduce oxidative stress (OS). We found that rat EE exosomes were enriched in miR-219, which is necessary and sufficient for OPC differentiation into myelinating cells. Thus, peripherally produced exosomes may be a useful therapy for remyelination. Here, we aim to better characterize the impact of EE on CNS health and to determine the cellular source of nutritive exosomes found in serum. We found that exosomes isolated from various circulating immune cell types all increased slice culture myelin content, contained miR-219, and reduced OS, suggesting that EE globally alters immune function in a way that supports brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae M Pusic
- Department of Neurology The University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aya D Pusic
- Department of Neurology The University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Neurobiology The University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard P Kraig
- Department of Neurology The University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Neurobiology The University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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25
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Hébert M, Lesept F, Vivien D, Macrez R. The story of an exceptional serine protease, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 172:186-97. [PMID: 26626577 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The only acute treatment of ischemic stroke approved by the health authorities is tissue recombinant plasminogen activator (tPA)-induced thrombolysis. Under physiological conditions, tPA, belonging to the serine protease family, is secreted by endothelial and brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes). Although revascularisation induced by tPA is beneficial during a stroke, research over the past 20 years shows that tPA can also be deleterious for the brain parenchyma. Thus, in this review of the literature, after a brief history on the discovery of tPA, we reviewed current knowledge of mechanisms by which tPA can influence brain function in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hébert
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - F Lesept
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - D Vivien
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France
| | - R Macrez
- Inserm, UMR-S U919 serine proteases and pathophysiology of the neurovascular unit, 14000 Caen, France.
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26
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TrkB reduction exacerbates Alzheimer's disease-like signaling aberrations and memory deficits without affecting β-amyloidosis in 5XFAD mice. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e562. [PMID: 25942043 PMCID: PMC4471286 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) significantly decrease early in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unclear whether BDNF/TrkB reductions may be mechanistically involved in the pathogenesis of AD. To address this question, we generated 5XFAD transgenic mice with heterozygous TrkB knockout (TrkB(+/-)·5XFAD), and tested the effects of TrkB reduction on AD-like features in this mouse model during an incipient stage that shows only modest amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology and retains normal mnemonic function. TrkB(+/-) reduction exacerbated memory declines in 5XFAD mice at 4-5 months of age as assessed by the hippocampus-dependent spontaneous alternation Y-maze task, while the memory performance was not affected in TrkB(+/-) mice. Meanwhile, TrkB(+/-)·5XFAD mice were normal in nest building, a widely used measure for social behavior, suggesting the memory-specific aggravation of AD-associated behavioral impairments. We found no difference between TrkB(+/-)·5XFAD and 5XFAD control mice in cerebral plaque loads, Aβ concentrations including total Aβ42 and soluble oligomers and β-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein. Interestingly, reductions in hippocampal expression of AMPA/NMDA glutamate receptor subunits as well as impaired signaling pathways downstream to TrkB such as CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) and Akt/GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β) were observed in TrkB(+/-)·5XFAD mice but not in 5XFAD mice. Among these signaling aberrations, only Akt/GSK-3β dysfunction occurred in TrkB(+/-) mice, while others were synergistic consequences between TrkB reduction and subthreshold levels of Aβ in TrkB(+/-)·5XFAD mice. Collectively, our results indicate that reduced TrkB does not affect β-amyloidosis but exacerbates the manifestation of hippocampal mnemonic and signaling dysfunctions in early AD.
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27
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Petzold A, Psotta L, Brigadski T, Endres T, Lessmann V. Chronic BDNF deficiency leads to an age-dependent impairment in spatial learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 120:52-60. [PMID: 25724412 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a crucial mediator of neural plasticity and, consequently, of memory formation. In hippocampus-dependent learning tasks BDNF also seems to play an essential role. However, there are conflicting results concerning the spatial learning ability of aging BDNF(+/-) mice in the Morris water maze paradigm. To evaluate the effect of chronic BDNF deficiency in the hippocampus on spatial learning throughout life, we conducted a comprehensive study to test differently aged BDNF(+/-) mice and their wild type littermates in the Morris water maze and to subsequently quantify their hippocampal BDNF protein levels as well as expression levels of TrkB receptors. We observed an age-dependent learning deficit in BDNF(+/-) animals, starting at seven months of age, despite stable hippocampal BDNF protein expression and continual decline of TrkB receptor expression throughout aging. Furthermore, we detected a positive correlation between hippocampal BDNF protein levels and learning performance during the probe trial in animals that showed a good learning performance during the long-term memory test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Petzold
- Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Laura Psotta
- Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Brigadski
- Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Endres
- Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Volkmar Lessmann
- Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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28
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Galeano P, Blanco E, Logica Tornatore TMA, Romero JI, Holubiec MI, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Capani F. Life-long environmental enrichment counteracts spatial learning, reference and working memory deficits in middle-aged rats subjected to perinatal asphyxia. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 8:406. [PMID: 25601829 PMCID: PMC4283640 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous environmental stimulation induced by exposure to enriched environment (EE) has yielded cognitive benefits in different models of brain injury. Perinatal asphyxia results from a lack of oxygen supply to the fetus and is associated with long-lasting neurological deficits. However, the effects of EE in middle-aged rats suffering perinatal asphyxia are unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess whether life-long exposure to EE could counteract the cognitive and behavioral alterations in middle-aged asphyctic rats. Experimental groups consisted of rats born vaginally (CTL), by cesarean section (C+), or by C+ following 19 min of asphyxia at birth (PA). At weaning, rats were assigned to standard (SE) or enriched environment (EE) for 18 months. During the last month of housing, animals were submitted to a behavioral test battery including Elevated Plus Maze, Open Field, Novel Object Recognition and Morris water maze (MWM). Results showed that middle-aged asphyctic rats, reared in SE, exhibited an impaired performance in the spatial reference and working memory versions of the MWM. EE was able to counteract these cognitive impairments. Moreover, EE improved the spatial learning performance of middle-aged CTL and C+ rats. On the other hand, all groups reared in SE did not differ in locomotor activity and anxiety levels, while EE reduced locomotion and anxiety, regardless of birth condition. Recognition memory was altered neither by birth condition nor by housing environment. These results support the importance of environmental stimulation across the lifespan to prevent cognitive deficits induced by perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Galeano
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (CONICET), Fundación Instituto Leloir Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga - Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (UGC Salud Mental) Málaga, Spain ; Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Tamara M A Logica Tornatore
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan I Romero
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana I Holubiec
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Investigación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga - Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga (UGC Salud Mental) Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Capani
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas "Prof. Dr. Alberto C. Taquini" (ININCA), Universidad de Buenos Aires (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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29
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Transformation of cortical and hippocampal neural circuit by environmental enrichment. Neuroscience 2014; 280:282-98. [PMID: 25242640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It has been half a century since brain volume enlargement was first reported in animals reared in an enriched environment (EE). As EE animals show improved memory task performance, exposure to EE has been a useful model system for studying the effects of experience on brain plasticity. We review EE-induced neural changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus focusing mainly on works published in the recent decade. The review is organized in three large domains of changes: anatomical, electrophysiological, and molecular changes. Finally, we discuss open issues and future outlook toward better understanding of EE-induced neural changes.
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30
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Meng Y, Chopp M, Zhang Y, Liu Z, An A, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. Subacute intranasal administration of tissue plasminogen activator promotes neuroplasticity and improves functional recovery following traumatic brain injury in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106238. [PMID: 25184365 PMCID: PMC4153585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and long-term disability worldwide. To date, there are no effective pharmacological treatments for TBI. Recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the effective drug for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. In addition to its thrombolytic effect, tPA is also involved in neuroplasticity in the central nervous system. However, tPA has potential adverse side effects when administered intravenously including brain edema and hemorrhage. Here we report that tPA, administered by intranasal delivery during the subacute phase after TBI, provides therapeutic benefit. Animals with TBI were treated intranasally with saline or tPA initiated 7 days after TBI. Compared with saline treatment, subacute intranasal tPA treatment significantly 1) improved cognitive (Morris water maze test) and sensorimotor (footfault and modified neurological severity score) functional recovery in rats after TBI, 2) reduced the cortical stimulation threshold evoking ipsilateral forelimb movement, 3) enhanced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and axonal sprouting of the corticospinal tract originating from the contralesional cortex into the denervated side of the cervical gray matter, and 4) increased the level of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Our data suggest that subacute intranasal tPA treatment improves functional recovery and promotes brain neurogenesis and spinal cord axonal sprouting after TBI, which may be mediated, at least in part, by tPA/plasmin-dependent maturation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yanlu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aaron An
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Asim Mahmood
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Meloni EG, Gillis TE, Manoukian J, Kaufman MJ. Xenon impairs reconsolidation of fear memories in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PLoS One 2014; 9:e106189. [PMID: 25162644 PMCID: PMC4146606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenon (Xe) is a noble gas that has been developed for use in people as an inhalational anesthestic and a diagnostic imaging agent. Xe inhibits glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors involved in learning and memory and can affect synaptic plasticity in the amygdala and hippocampus, two brain areas known to play a role in fear conditioning models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Because glutamate receptors also have been shown to play a role in fear memory reconsolidation--a state in which recalled memories become susceptible to modification--we examined whether Xe administered after fear memory reactivation could affect subsequent expression of fear-like behavior (freezing) in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained for contextual and cued fear conditioning and the effects of inhaled Xe (25%, 1 hr) on fear memory reconsolidation were tested using conditioned freezing measured days or weeks after reactivation/Xe administration. Xe administration immediately after fear memory reactivation significantly reduced conditioned freezing when tested 48 h, 96 h or 18 d after reactivation/Xe administration. Xe did not affect freezing when treatment was delayed until 2 h after reactivation or when administered in the absence of fear memory reactivation. These data suggest that Xe substantially and persistently inhibits memory reconsolidation in a reactivation and time-dependent manner, that it could be used as a new research tool to characterize reconsolidation and other memory processes, and that it could be developed to treat people with PTSD and other disorders related to emotional memory.
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MESH Headings
- Amygdala/drug effects
- Animals
- Conditioning, Classical/drug effects
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Cues
- Disease Models, Animal
- Emotions/physiology
- Extinction, Psychological/drug effects
- Fear/drug effects
- Fear/psychology
- Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/drug effects
- Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic/physiology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Male
- Memory/drug effects
- Memory/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/drug therapy
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/physiopathology
- Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
- Tranquilizing Agents/pharmacology
- Xenon/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Meloni
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy E. Gillis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jasmine Manoukian
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marc J. Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
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32
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Pusic KM, Pusic AD, Kemme J, Kraig RP. Spreading depression requires microglia and is decreased by their M2a polarization from environmental enrichment. Glia 2014; 62:1176-94. [PMID: 24723305 PMCID: PMC4081540 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in fine-tuning neuronal activity. In part, this involves their production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), which increases neuronal excitability. Excessive synaptic activity is necessary to initiate spreading depression (SD). Increased microglial production of proinflammatory cytokines promotes initiation of SD, which, when recurrent, may play a role in conversion of episodic to high frequency and chronic migraine. Previous work shows that this potentiation of SD occurs through increased microglial production of TNFα and reactive oxygen species, both of which are associated with an M1-skewed microglial population. Hence, we explored the role of microglia and their M1 polarization in SD initiation. Selective ablation of microglia from rat hippocampal slice cultures confirmed that microglia are essential for initiation of SD. Application of minocycline to dampen M1 signaling led to increased SD threshold. In addition, we found that SD threshold was increased in rats exposed to environmental enrichment. These rats had increased neocortical levels of interleukin-11 (IL-11), which decreases TNFα signaling and polarized microglia to an M2a-dominant phenotype. M2a microglia reduce proinflammatory signaling and increase production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and therefore may protect against SD. Nasal administration of IL-11 to mimic effects of environmental enrichment likewise increased M2a polarization and increased SD threshold, an effect also seen in vitro. Similarly, application of conditioned medium from M2a polarized primary microglia to slice cultures also increased SD threshold. Thus, microglia and their polarization state play an essential role in SD initiation, and perhaps by extension migraine with aura and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae M. Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Aya D. Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jordan Kemme
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard P. Kraig
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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33
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Rodier M, Prigent-Tessier A, Béjot Y, Jacquin A, Mossiat C, Marie C, Garnier P. Exogenous t-PA administration increases hippocampal mature BDNF levels. plasmin- or NMDA-dependent mechanism? PLoS One 2014; 9:e92416. [PMID: 24670989 PMCID: PMC3966802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through TrkB activation is central for brain functioning. Since the demonstration that plasmin is able to process pro-BDNF to mature BDNF and that these two forms have opposite effects on neuronal survival and plasticity, a particular attention has been paid to the link between tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasmin system and BDNF metabolism. However, t-PA via its action on different N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits is also considered as a neuromodulator of glutamatergic transmission. In this context, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of recombinant (r)t-PA administration on brain BDNF metabolism in rats. In the hippocampus, we found that rt-PA (10 mg/kg) administration induced a progressive increase in mature BDNF levels associated with TrkB activation. In order to delineate the mechanistic involved, plasmin activity was assessed and its inhibition was attempted using tranexamic acid (30 or 300 mg/kg, i.v.) while NMDA receptors were antagonized with MK801 (0.3 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) in combination with rt-PA treatment. Our results showed that despite a rise in rt-PA activity, rt-PA administration failed to increase hippocampal plasmin activity suggesting that the plasminogen/plasmin system is not involved whereas MK801 abrogated the augmentation in mature BDNF levels observed after rt-PA administration. All together, our results show that rt-PA administration induces increase in hippocampal mature BDNF expression and suggests that rt-PA contributes to the control of brain BDNF synthesis through a plasmin-independent potentiation of NMDA receptors signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rodier
- Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Prigent-Tessier
- Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Béjot
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Centre d’Epidémiologie des Populations, EA4184, Dijon, France
| | - Agnès Jacquin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
- Centre d’Epidémiologie des Populations, EA4184, Dijon, France
| | - Claude Mossiat
- Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Marie
- Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Garnier
- Unité INSERM U1093 Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Département Génie Biologique, IUT, Dijon, France
- * E-mail:
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34
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Sale A, Berardi N, Maffei L. Environment and Brain Plasticity: Towards an Endogenous Pharmacotherapy. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:189-234. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity refers to the remarkable property of cerebral neurons to change their structure and function in response to experience, a fundamental theoretical theme in the field of basic research and a major focus for neural rehabilitation following brain disease. While much of the early work on this topic was based on deprivation approaches relying on sensory experience reduction procedures, major advances have been recently obtained using the conceptually opposite paradigm of environmental enrichment, whereby an enhanced stimulation is provided at multiple cognitive, sensory, social, and motor levels. In this survey, we aim to review past and recent work concerning the influence exerted by the environment on brain plasticity processes, with special emphasis on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms and starting from experimental work on animal models to move to highly relevant work performed in humans. We will initiate introducing the concept of brain plasticity and describing classic paradigmatic examples to illustrate how changes at the level of neuronal properties can ultimately affect and direct key perceptual and behavioral outputs. Then, we describe the remarkable effects elicited by early stressful conditions, maternal care, and preweaning enrichment on central nervous system development, with a separate section focusing on neurodevelopmental disorders. A specific section is dedicated to the striking ability of environmental enrichment and physical exercise to empower adult brain plasticity. Finally, we analyze in the last section the ever-increasing available knowledge on the effects elicited by enriched living conditions on physiological and pathological aging brain processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sale
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Department of Psychology, Florence University, Florence, Italy; and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Berardi
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Department of Psychology, Florence University, Florence, Italy; and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lamberto Maffei
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy; Department of Psychology, Florence University, Florence, Italy; and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
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Pusic AD, Kraig RP. Youth and environmental enrichment generate serum exosomes containing miR-219 that promote CNS myelination. Glia 2013; 62:284-99. [PMID: 24339157 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although commonly considered a disease of white matter, gray matter demyelination is increasingly recognized as an important component of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis, particularly in the secondary progressive disease phase. Extent of damage to gray matter is strongly correlated to decline in memory and cognitive dysfunction in MS patients. Aging likewise occurs with cognitive decline from myelin loss, and age-associated failure to remyelinate significantly contributes to MS progression. However, recent evidence demonstrates that parabiotic exposure of aged animals to a youthful systemic milieu can promote oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation and improve remyelination. In the current study, we focus on this potential for stimulating remyelination, and show it involves serum exosomes that increase OPCs and their differentiation into mature myelin-producing cells-both under control conditions and after acute demyelination. Environmental enrichment (EE) of aging animals produced exosomes that mimicked this promyelinating effect. Additionally, stimulating OPC differentiation via exosomes derived from environmentally enriched animals is unlikely to deplete progenitors, as EE itself promotes proliferation of neural stem cells. We found that both young and EE serum-derived exosomes were enriched in miR-219, which is necessary and sufficient for production of myelinating oligodendrocytes by reducing the expression of inhibitory regulators of differentiation. Accordingly, protein transcript levels of these miR-219 target mRNAs decreased following exosome application to slice cultures. Finally, nasal administration of exosomes to aging rats also enhanced myelination. Thus, peripheral circulating cells in young or environmentally enriched animals produce exosomes that may be a useful therapy for remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya D Pusic
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Calabrese F, Guidotti G, Racagni G, Riva MA. Reduced neuroplasticity in aged rats: a role for the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2768-76. [PMID: 23870838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a physiological process characterized by a significant reduction of neuronal plasticity that might contribute to the functional defects observed in old subjects. Even if the neurobiological mechanisms that contribute to such impairment remain largely unknown, a role for neurotrophic molecules, such as the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), has been postulated. On this basis, the purpose of this study was to provide a detailed investigation of the BDNF system, at transcriptional and translational levels, in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus and in the prefrontal cortex of middle-aged and old rats, compared with in adult animals. The expression of major players in BDNF regulation and response, including the transcription factors, calcium-responsive transcription factor, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responsive element-binding protein (CREB), and neuronal Per Arnt Sim (PAS) domain protein 4, and the high-affinity receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), was also analyzed. Our results demonstrate that the BDNF system is affected at different levels in aged rats with global impairment including reduced transcription, impaired protein synthesis and processing, and decreased activation of the TrkB receptors. These modifications might contribute to the cognitive deficits associated with aging and suggest that pharmacological strategies aimed at restoring reduced neurotrophism might be useful to counteract age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Calabrese
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Mendes FDCCDS, de Almeida MNF, Felício APG, Fadel AC, Silva DDJ, Borralho TG, da Silva RP, Bento-Torres J, Vasconcelos PFDC, Perry VH, Ramos EMLS, Picanço-Diniz CW, Sosthenes MCK. Enriched environment and masticatory activity rehabilitation recover spatial memory decline in aged mice. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:63. [PMID: 23805920 PMCID: PMC3706212 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To measure the impact of masticatory reduction on learning and memory, previous studies have produced experimental masticatory reduction by modified diet or molar removal. Here we induced spatial learning impairment in mice by reducing masticatory activity and then tested the effect of a combination of environmental enrichment and masticatory rehabilitation in recovering spatial learning at adulthood and in later life. For 6 months (6M) or 18 months (18M), we fed three groups of mice from postnatal day 21 respectively with a hard diet (HD) of pellets; pellets followed by a powdered, soft diet (HD/SD, divided into equal periods); or pellets followed by powder, followed by pellets again (HD/SD/HD, divided into equal periods). To mimic sedentary or active lifestyles, half of the animals from each group were raised from weaning in standard cages (impoverished environment; IE) and the other half in enriched cages (enriched environment; EE). To evaluate spatial learning, we used the Morris water maze. Results IE6M-HD/SD mice showed lower learning rates compared with control (IE6M-HD) or masticatory rehabilitated (IE6MHD/SD/HD) animals. Similarly, EE-HD/SD mice independent of age showed lower performance than controls (EE-HD) or rehabilitated mice (EE-HD/SD/HD). However, combined rehabilitation and EE in aged mice improved learning rate up to control levels. Learning rates did not correlate with swim speed. Conclusions Reduction in masticatory activity imposed on mice previously fed a hard diet (HD/SD) impaired spatial learning in the Morris water maze. In adults, masticatory rehabilitation recovered spatial abilities in both sedentary and active mice, and rehabilitation of masticatory activity combined with EE recovered these losses in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola de Carvalho Chaves de Siqueira Mendes
- Universidade Federal do Pará/UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Investigações em Neurodegeneração e Infecção, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Rua dos Mundurucus, 4487 - Guamá Belém, Pará, Brasil
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Sallaberry C, Nunes F, Costa MS, Fioreze GT, Ardais AP, Botton PHS, Klaudat B, Forte T, Souza DO, Elisabetsky E, Porciúncula LO. Chronic caffeine prevents changes in inhibitory avoidance memory and hippocampal BDNF immunocontent in middle-aged rats. Neuropharmacology 2013; 64:153-9. [PMID: 22841916 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of caffeine on memory processes have been observed in animal models relevant to neurodegenerative diseases and aging, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Because brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is associated with memory formation and BDNF's actions are modulated by adenosine receptors, the molecular targets for the psychostimulant actions of caffeine, we here compare the effects of chronic caffeine (1 mg/mL drinking solution for 30 days) on short- and long term memory and on levels of hippocampal proBDNF, mature BDNF, TrkB and CREB in young (3 month old) and middle-aged (12 month old) rats. Caffeine treatment substantially reduced i) age-related impairments in the two types of memory in an inhibitory avoidance paradigm, and ii) parallel increases in hippocampal BDNF levels. In addition, chronic caffeine increased proBDNF and CREB concentrations, and decreased TrkB levels, in hippocampus regardless of age. These data provide new evidence in favor of the hypothesis that modifications in BDNF and related proteins in the hippocampus contribute to the pro-cognitive effects of caffeine on age-associated losses in memory encoding. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássia Sallaberry
- Laboratory of Studies on the Purinergic System, Department of Biochemistry, Health and Basic Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-anexo, Porto Alegre, RS 90035 003, Brazil
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GluN2D subunit-containing NMDA receptors control tissue plasminogen activator-mediated spatial memory. J Neurosci 2012; 32:12726-34. [PMID: 22972996 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6202-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a serine protease with pleiotropic actions in the CNS, such as synaptic plasticity and neuronal death. Some effects of tPA require its interaction with the GluN1 subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), leading to a potentiation of NMDAR signaling. We have reported previously that the pro-neurotoxic effect of tPA is mediated through GluN2D subunit-containing NMDARs. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine whether GluN2D subunit-containing NMDARs drive tPA-mediated cognitive functions. To address this issue, a strategy of immunization designed to prevent the in vivo interaction of tPA with NMDARs and GluN2D-deficient mice were used in a set of behavioral tasks. Altogether, our data provide the first evidence that tPA influences spatial memory through its preferential interaction with GluN2D subunit-containing NMDARs.
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Vezatin is essential for dendritic spine morphogenesis and functional synaptic maturation. J Neurosci 2012; 32:9007-22. [PMID: 22745500 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3084-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vezatin is an integral membrane protein associated with cell-cell adhesion complex and actin cytoskeleton. It is expressed in the developing and mature mammalian brain, but its neuronal function is unknown. Here, we show that Vezatin localizes in spines in mature mouse hippocampal neurons and codistributes with PSD95, a major scaffolding protein of the excitatory postsynaptic density. Forebrain-specific conditional ablation of Vezatin induced anxiety-like behavior and impaired cued fear-conditioning memory response. Vezatin knock-down in cultured hippocampal neurons and Vezatin conditional knock-out in mice led to a significantly increased proportion of stubby spines and a reduced proportion of mature dendritic spines. PSD95 remained tethered to presynaptic terminals in Vezatin-deficient hippocampal neurons, suggesting that the reduced expression of Vezatin does not compromise the maintenance of synaptic connections. Accordingly, neither the amplitude nor the frequency of miniature EPSCs was affected in Vezatin-deficient hippocampal neurons. However, the AMPA/NMDA ratio of evoked EPSCs was reduced, suggesting impaired functional maturation of excitatory synapses. These results suggest a role of Vezatin in dendritic spine morphogenesis and functional synaptic maturation.
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Environmental enrichment restores neurogenesis and rapid acquisition in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:263-74. [PMID: 22795793 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Strategies combatting cognitive decline among the growing aging population are vital. We tested whether environmental enrichment could reverse age-impaired rapid spatial search strategy acquisition concomitantly with hippocampal neurogenesis in rats. Young (5-8 months) and aged (20-22 months) male Fischer 344 rats were pair-housed and exposed to environmental enrichment (n = 7 young, 9 aged) or housed individually (n = 7 young, 7 aged) for 10 weeks. After 5 weeks, hidden platform trials (5 blocks of 3 trials; 15 m inter-block interval), a probe trial, and then visible platform trials (5 blocks of 3 trials; 15 m inter-block interval) commenced in the water maze. One week after testing, rats were given 5 daily intraperitoneal bromodeoxyuridine (50 mg/kg) injections and perfused 4 weeks later to quantify neurogenesis. Although young rats outperformed aged rats, aged enriched rats outperformed aged individually housed rats on all behavioral measures. Neurogenesis decreased with age but enrichment enhanced new cell survival, regardless of age. The novel correlation between new neuron number and behavioral measures obtained in a rapid water maze task among aged rats, suggests that environmental enrichment increases their ability to rapidly acquire and flexibly use spatial information along with neurogenesis.
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Glutamate controls tPA recycling by astrocytes, which in turn influences glutamatergic signals. J Neurosci 2012; 32:5186-99. [PMID: 22496564 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5296-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) regulates physiological processes in the brain, such as learning and memory, and plays a critical role in neuronal survival and neuroinflammation in pathological conditions. Here we demonstrate, by combining mouse in vitro and in vivo data, that tPA is an important element of the cross talk between neurons and astrocytes. The data show that tPA released by neurons is constitutively endocytosed by astrocytes via the low-density lipoprotein-related protein receptor, and is then exocytosed in a regulated manner. The exocytotic recycling of tPA by astrocytes is inhibited in the presence of extracellular glutamate. Kainate receptors of astrocytes act as sensors of extracellular glutamate and, via a signaling pathway involving protein kinase C, modulate the exocytosis of tPA. Further, by thus capturing extracellular tPA, astrocytes serve to reduce NMDA-mediated responses potentiated by tPA. Overall, this work provides the first demonstration that the neuromodulator, tPA, may also be considered as a gliotransmitter.
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Murugesan N, Demarest TG, Madri JA, Pachter JS. Brain regional angiogenic potential at the neurovascular unit during normal aging. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:1004.e1-16. [PMID: 22019053 PMCID: PMC3266473 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Given strong regional specialization of the brain, cerebral angiogenesis may be regionally modified during normal aging. To test this hypothesis, expression of a broad cadre of angiogenesis-associated genes was assayed at the neurovascular unit (NVU) in discrete brain regions of young versus aged mice by laser capture microdissection coupled to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Complementary quantitative capillary density/branching studies were performed as well. Effects of physical exercise were also assayed to determine if age-related trends could be reversed. Additionally, gene response to hypoxia was probed to highlight age-associated weaknesses in adapting to this angiogenic stress. Aging impacted resting expression of angiogenesis-associated genes at the NVU in a region-dependent manner. Physical exercise reversed some of these age-associated gene trends, as well as positively influenced cerebral capillary density/branching in a region-dependent way. Lastly, hypoxia revealed a weaker angiogenic response in aged brain. These results suggest heterogeneous changes in angiogenic capacity of the brain during normal aging, and imply a therapeutic benefit of physical exercise that acts at the level of the NVU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivetha Murugesan
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington CT 06030
| | - Tyler G. Demarest
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington CT 06030
| | - Joseph A. Madri
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St., LH115, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Joel S. Pachter
- Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington CT 06030
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Vivien D, Gauberti M, Montagne A, Defer G, Touzé E. Impact of tissue plasminogen activator on the neurovascular unit: from clinical data to experimental evidence. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:2119-34. [PMID: 21878948 PMCID: PMC3210341 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
About 15 million strokes occur each year worldwide. As the number one cause of morbidity and acquired disability, stroke is a major drain on public health-care funding, due to long hospital stays followed by ongoing support in the community or nursing-home care. Although during the last 10 years we have witnessed a remarkable progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke, reperfusion induced by recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA-Actilyse) remains the only approved acute treatment by the health authorities. The objective of the present review is to provide an overview of our present knowledge about the impact of tPA on the neurovascular unit during acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Vivien
- Inserm UMR-S 919, Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, GIP Cyceron, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen Cedex, France.
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Fidalgo AR, Cibelli M, White JPM, Nagy I, Noormohamed F, Benzonana L, Maze M, Ma D. Peripheral orthopaedic surgery down-regulates hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and impairs remote memory in mouse. Neuroscience 2011; 190:194-9. [PMID: 21699962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral orthopaedic surgery induces a profound inflammatory response. This includes a substantial increase in cytokines and, especially, in the level of interleukin (IL)-1β in the hippocampus, which has been shown to impair hippocampal-dependent memory in mice. We have employed two tests of contextual remote memory to demonstrate that the inflammatory response to surgical insult in mice also results in impairment of remote memory associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC). We have also found that, under the conditions presented in the social interaction test, peripheral orthopaedic surgery does not increase anxiety-like behaviour in our animal model. Although such surgery induces an increase in the level of IL-1β in the hippocampus, it fails to do so in the PFC. Peripheral orthopaedic surgery also results in a reduction in the level of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and this may contribute, in part, to the memory impairment found after such surgery. Our data suggest that a reduction in the level of hippocampal BDNF and an increase in the level of hippocampal IL-1β following surgery may affect the transference of fear memory in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Fidalgo
- Anaesthesia, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Section, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, Imperial College School of Medicine, 369 Fulham Road, London SW10 9NH, UK
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