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Khairnar P, Soni M, Handa M, Riadi Y, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. Recent highlights on Omicron as a new SARS-COVID-19 variant: evolution, genetic mutation, and future perspectives. J Drug Target 2022; 30:603-613. [PMID: 35311601 PMCID: PMC9115780 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2056187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has affected the lives of billions of people and is a causative agent for millions of deaths. After 23 months of the first reported case of COVID-19, on 25th November 2020, a new SARS-COVID-19 variant, i.e. Omicron was reported with a WHO tagline of VoC that trembled the world with its infectivity rate. This fifth VoC raised the concern about neutralising ability and adequate control of SARS-COVID-19 infection due to mass vaccination drive (nearly more than 4.7 billion individuals got vaccinated globally till December 2021). However, the present scenario of VoCs highlights the importance of vaccination and public health measures that need to be followed strictly to prevent the fatality from Omicron. The world still needs to overcome the hesitancy that poses a major barrier to the implementation of vaccination. This review highlights the SARS-COVID-19 situation and discusses in detail the mutational events that occurred at a cellular level in different variants over time. This article is dedicated to the scientific findings reported during the recent outbreak of 2019-2022 and describes their symptoms, disease, spread, treatment, and preventive action advised. The article also focuses on the treatment options available for Covid-19 and the update of Omicron by expert agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Khairnar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Mukesh Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Mayank Handa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Yassine Riadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
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2
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Ghosh N, Saha I, Sharma N, Sarkar JP. Human miRNAs to Identify Potential Regions of SARS-CoV-2. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:21086-21101. [PMID: 35755383 PMCID: PMC9219091 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is two years now but the world is still struggling against COVID-19 due to the havoc created by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its multiple variants. Considering this perspective, in this work, we have hypothesized a new approach in order to identify potential regions in SARS-CoV-2 similar to the human miRNAs. Thus, they may have similar consequences as caused by the human miRNAs in human body. Therefore, the same way by which human miRNAs are inhibited can be applied for such potential regions of virus as well by administering drugs to the interacting human proteins. In this regard, the multiple sequence alignment technique Clustal Omega is used to align 2656 human miRNAs with the SARS-CoV-2 reference genome to identify the potential regions within the virus reference genome which have high similarities with the human miRNAs. The potential regions in virus genome are identified based on the highest number of nucleotide match, greater than or equal to 5 at a genomic position, for the aligned miRNAs. As a result, 38 potential SARS-CoV-2 regions are identified consisting of 249 human miRNAs. Among these 38 potential regions, some top regions belong to nucleocapsid, RdRp, helicase, and ORF8. To understand the biological significance of these potential regions, the targets of the human miRNAs are considered for KEGG pathways and protein-protein and drug-protein interaction analysis as the human miRNAs are similar to the potential regions of SARS-CoV-2. Significant pathways are found which lead to comorbidities. Subsequently, drugs like emodin, bicalutamide, vorinostat, etc. are identified that may be used for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Ghosh
- Faculty
of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Stefana Banacha 2, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Department
of Computer Science and Information Technology, Institute of Technical
Education and Research, Siksha ‘O’
Anusandhan (Deemed to be) University, Jagamara Road, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
| | - Indrajit Saha
- Department
of Computer Science and Engineering, National
Institute of Technical Teachers’ Training and Research, FC Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, West Bengal, India
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A 10, A Block, Block A, Industrial
Area, Sector 62, Noida 201309, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jnanendra Prasad Sarkar
- Department
of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur
University, 188, Raja
S.C. Mallick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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Arévalo MT, Karavis MA, Katoski SE, Harris JV, Hill JM, Deshpande SV, Roth PA, Liem AT, Bernhards RC. A Rapid, Whole Genome Sequencing Assay for Detection and Characterization of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Clinical Specimens Using Nanopore Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:910955. [PMID: 35733956 PMCID: PMC9207459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.910955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China that caused a range of disease severities; including fever, shortness of breath, and coughing. This disease, now known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), quickly spread throughout the world, and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March of 2020. As the disease continues to spread, providing rapid characterization has proven crucial to better inform the design and execution of control measures, such as decontamination methods, diagnostic tests, antiviral drugs, and prophylactic vaccines for long-term control. Our work at the United States Army’s Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center (DEVCOM CBC) is focused on engineering workflows to efficiently identify, characterize, and evaluate the threat level of any potential biological threat in the field and more remote, lower resource settings, such as forward operating bases. While we have successfully established untargeted sequencing approaches for detection of pathogens for rapid identification, our current work entails a more in-depth sequencing analysis for use in evolutionary monitoring. We are developing and validating a SARS-CoV-2 nanopore sequencing assay, based on the ARTIC protocol. The standard ARTIC, Illumina, and nanopore sequencing protocols for SARS-CoV-2 are elaborate and time consuming. The new protocol integrates Oxford Nanopore Technology’s Rapid Sequencing Kit following targeted RT-PCR of RNA extracted from human clinical specimens. This approach decreases sample manipulations and preparation times. Our current bioinformatics pipeline utilizes Centrifuge as the classifier for quick identification of SARS-CoV-2 and RAMPART software for verification and mapping of reads to the full SARS-CoV-2 genome. ARTIC rapid sequencing results, of previous RT-PCR confirmed patient samples, showed that the modified protocol produces high quality data, with up to 98.9% genome coverage at >1,000x depth for samples with presumably higher viral loads. Furthermore, whole genome assembly and subsequent mutational analysis of six of these sequences identified existing and unique mutations to this cluster, including three in the Spike protein: V308L, P521R, and D614G. This work suggests that an accessible, portable, and relatively fast sample-to-sequence process to characterize viral outbreaks is feasible and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T. Arévalo
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
- United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Maria T. Arévalo,
| | - Mark A. Karavis
- United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Sarah E. Katoski
- United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Jacquelyn V. Harris
- United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | | | - Samir V. Deshpande
- United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | | | | | - R. Cory Bernhards
- United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
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Chaintoutis SC, Siarkou VI, Mylonakis ME, Kazakos GM, Skeva P, Bampali M, Dimitriou M, Dovrolis N, Polizopoulou ZS, Karakasiliotis I, Dovas CI. Limited cross-species transmission and absence of mutations associated with SARS-CoV-2 adaptation in cats: A case study of infection in a small household setting. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1606-1616. [PMID: 33908152 PMCID: PMC8242912 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the course of SARS-CoV-2 natural infection in two asymptomatic cats, which were negative for immunosuppressive retroviral infections, is investigated. The source of the virus for the cats was their COVID-19-affected owner, with whom they were in continuous proximity in a small household setting. The owner's signs included fatigue, sneezing, anosmia and loss of taste, and diagnosis was confirmed 4 days after symptom onset. Oropharyngeal and faecal swabs were collected from the cats, to investigate the course of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations, as well as the directionality of the chain of virus transmission. Both infected cats were real-time RT-PCR-positive on various time-points. Pharyngeal shedding of at least 6 days was observed in them, with high SARS-CoV-2 titres (> 7 Log10 copies/swab) on the first sampling time-point, that is, 7 days after the onset of owner's clinical signs. In one cat, after the initial decline, slightly increasing virus titres were measured 3 to 6 days after the first real-time RT-PCR-positive swab. Serological testing of this cat revealed absence of seroconversion. The course of viral RNA concentrations in the faecal swabs of the other cat was similar to that in its pharynx. The detected SARS-CoV-2 strains, from both infected cats and their owner, underwent whole-genome sequencing, revealing the absence of emergence of cross-species adaptive mutations in cats. The results support the notion that human SARS-CoV-2 strains are relatively well-adapted to cats. It is still unclear whether asymptomatic animals could play a role in COVID-19 epidemiology, in case of interaction with naïve animals and/or people. Our findings highlight difficulties in SARS-CoV-2 transmission to cats, as neither the two infected cats nor their owner was able to transmit the virus to a third cat living in the same small flat, despite their very close contact during the days corresponding to high virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic LaboratorySchool of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Victoria I. Siarkou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesSchool of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Mathios E. Mylonakis
- Companion Animal ClinicSchool of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - George M. Kazakos
- Companion Animal ClinicSchool of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Panagiota‐Nefeli Skeva
- School of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Maria Bampali
- Laboratory of BiologyDepartment of MedicineDemocritus University of ThraceXanthiGreece
| | - Marios Dimitriou
- Laboratory of BiologyDepartment of MedicineDemocritus University of ThraceXanthiGreece
| | - Nikolaos Dovrolis
- Laboratory of BiologyDepartment of MedicineDemocritus University of ThraceXanthiGreece
| | - Zoe S. Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic LaboratorySchool of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | | | - Chrysostomos I. Dovas
- Diagnostic LaboratorySchool of Veterinary MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
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5
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Serpeloni JM, Lima Neto QA, Lucio LC, Ramão A, Carvalho de Oliveira J, Gradia DF, Malheiros D, Ferrasa A, Marchi R, Figueiredo DLA, Silva WA, Ribeiro EMSF, Cólus IMS, Cavalli LR. Genome interaction of the virus and the host genes and non-coding RNAs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunobiology 2021; 226:152130. [PMID: 34425415 PMCID: PMC8378551 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we highlight the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 virus and host genomes, reporting the current studies on the sequence analysis of SARS-CoV-2 isolates and host genomes from diverse world populations. The main genetic variants that are present in both the virus and host genomes were particularly focused on the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes, and their impact on the patients' susceptibility to the virus infection and severity of the disease. Finally, the interaction of the virus and host non-coding RNAs is described in relation to their regulatory roles in target genes and/or signaling pathways critically associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Altogether, these studies provide a significant contribution to the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis. The described genetic variants and molecular factors involved in host/virus genome interactions have significantly contributed to defining patient risk groups, beyond those based on patients' age and comorbidities, and they are promising candidates to be potentially targeted in treatment strategies for COVID-19 and other viral infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Serpeloni
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Quirino Alves Lima Neto
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, CCS, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Léia Carolina Lucio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, CCS, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil
| | - Anelisa Ramão
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Danielle Malheiros
- Departamento de Genética, SCB, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Adriano Ferrasa
- Departamento de Informática, SECATE, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael Marchi
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - David L A Figueiredo
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO e Instituto de Pesquisa para o Câncer, IPEC, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Wilson A Silva
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, SP, e Instituto de Pesquisa para o Câncer, IPEC, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ilce M S Cólus
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciane R Cavalli
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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6
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Ghanchi NK, Nasir A, Masood KI, Abidi SH, Mahmood SF, Kanji A, Razzak S, Khan W, Shahid S, Yameen M, Raza A, Ashraf J, Ansar Z, Dharejo MB, Islam N, Hasan Z, Hasan R. Higher entropy observed in SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the first COVID-19 wave in Pakistan. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256451. [PMID: 34464419 PMCID: PMC8407562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the genome diversity of SARS-CoV-2 associated with the early COVID-19 period to investigate evolution of the virus in Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied ninety SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated between March and October 2020. Whole genome sequences from our laboratory and available genomes were used to investigate phylogeny, genetic variantion and mutation rates of SARS-CoV-2 strains in Pakistan. Site specific entropy analysis compared mutation rates between strains isolated before and after June 2020. RESULTS In March, strains belonging to L, S, V and GH clades were observed but by October, only L and GH strains were present. The highest diversity of clades was present in Sindh and Islamabad Capital Territory and the least in Punjab province. Initial introductions of SARS-CoV-2 GH (B.1.255, B.1) and S (A) clades were associated with overseas travelers. Additionally, GH (B.1.255, B.1, B.1.160, B.1.36), L (B, B.6, B.4), V (B.4) and S (A) clades were transmitted locally. SARS-CoV-2 genomes clustered with global strains except for ten which matched Pakistani isolates. RNA substitution rates were estimated at 5.86 x10-4. The most frequent mutations were 5' UTR 241C > T, Spike glycoprotein D614G, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) P4715L and Orf3a Q57H. Strains up until June 2020 exhibited an overall higher mean and site-specific entropy as compared with sequences after June. Relative entropy was higher across GH as compared with GR and L clades. More sites were under selection pressure in GH strains but this was not significant for any particular site. CONCLUSIONS The higher entropy and diversity observed in early pandemic as compared with later strains suggests increasing stability of the genomes in subsequent COVID-19 waves. This would likely lead to the selection of site-specific changes that are advantageous to the virus, as has been currently observed through the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najia Karim Ghanchi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Nasir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Iqbal Masood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hani Abidi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, AKU, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Akbar Kanji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Safina Razzak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Waqasuddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, AKU, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saba Shahid
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Maliha Yameen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Javaria Ashraf
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ansar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Nazneen Islam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Hasan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rumina Hasan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi, Pakistan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Molina-Mora JA, Cordero-Laurent E, Godínez A, Calderón-Osorno M, Brenes H, Soto-Garita C, Pérez-Corrales C, Drexler JF, Moreira-Soto A, Corrales-Aguilar E, Duarte-Martínez F. SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance in Costa Rica: Evidence of a divergent population and an increased detection of a spike T1117I mutation. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 92:104872. [PMID: 33905892 PMCID: PMC8065237 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome sequencing is a key strategy in the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Latin America is the hardest-hit region of the world, accumulating almost 20% of COVID-19 cases worldwide. In Costa Rica, from the first detected case on March 6th to December 31st almost 170,000 cases have been reported. We analyzed the genomic variability during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Costa Rica using 185 sequences, 52 from the first months of the pandemic, and 133 from the current wave. Three GISAID clades (G, GH, and GR) and three PANGOLIN lineages (B.1, B.1.1, and B.1.291) were predominant, suggesting multiple re-introductions from other regions. The whole-genome variant calling analysis identified a total of 283 distinct nucleotide variants, following a power-law distribution with 190 single nucleotide mutations in a single sequence, and only 16 mutations were found in >5% sequences. These mutations were distributed through the whole genome. The prevalence of worldwide-found variant D614G in the Spike (98.9% in Costa Rica), ORF8 L84S (1.1%) is similar to what is found elsewhere. Interestingly, the frequency of mutation T1117I in the Spike has increased during the current pandemic wave beginning in May 2020 in Costa Rica, reaching 29.2% detection in the full genome analyses in November 2020. This variant has been observed in less than 1% of the GISAID reported sequences worldwide in 2020. Structural modeling of the Spike protein with the T1117I mutation suggests a potential effect on the viral oligomerization needed for cell infection, but no differences with other genomes on transmissibility, severity nor vaccine effectiveness are predicted. In conclusion, genome analyses of the SARS-CoV-2 sequences over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica suggest the introduction of lineages from other countries and the detection of mutations in line with other studies, but pointing out the local increase in the detection of Spike-T1117I variant. The genomic features of this virus need to be monitored and studied in further analyses as part of the surveillance program during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Arturo Molina-Mora
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET) & Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica.
| | - Estela Cordero-Laurent
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
| | - Adriana Godínez
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
| | - Melany Calderón-Osorno
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
| | - Hebleen Brenes
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
| | - Claudio Soto-Garita
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
| | - Cristian Pérez-Corrales
- Hospital Nacional De Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS), Costa Rica
| | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andres Moreira-Soto
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET) & Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica.
| | - Francisco Duarte-Martínez
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica.
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8
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Pirnay JP, Selhorst P, Hong SL, Cochez C, Potter B, Maes P, Petrillo M, Dudas G, Claes V, Van der Beken Y, Verbeken G, Degueldre J, Dellicour S, Cuypers L, T’Sas F, Van den Eede G, Verhasselt B, Weuts W, Smets C, Mertens J, Geeraerts P, Ariën KK, André E, Neirinckx P, Soentjens P, Baele G. Variant Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes from Belgian Military Personnel Engaged in Overseas Missions and Operations. Viruses 2021; 13:1359. [PMID: 34372565 PMCID: PMC8310367 DOI: 10.3390/v13071359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
More than a year after the first identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as the causative agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China, the emergence and spread of genomic variants of this virus through travel raise concerns regarding the introduction of lineages in previously unaffected regions, requiring adequate containment strategies. Concomitantly, such introductions fuel worries about a possible increase in transmissibility and disease severity, as well as a possible decrease in vaccine efficacy. Military personnel are frequently deployed on missions around the world. As part of a COVID-19 risk mitigation strategy, Belgian Armed Forces that engaged in missions and operations abroad were screened (7683 RT-qPCR tests), pre- and post-mission, for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, including the identification of viral lineages. Nine distinct viral genotypes were identified in soldiers returning from operations in Niger, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Afghanistan, and Mali. The SARS-CoV-2 variants belonged to major clades 19B, 20A, and 20B (Nextstrain nomenclature), and included "variant of interest" B.1.525, "variant under monitoring" A.27, as well as lineages B.1.214, B.1, B.1.1.254, and A (pangolin nomenclature), some of which are internationally monitored due to the specific mutations they harbor. Through contact tracing and phylogenetic analysis, we show that isolation and testing policies implemented by the Belgian military command appear to have been successful in containing the influx and transmission of these distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants into military and civilian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Pirnay
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (C.C.); (G.V.)
| | - Philippe Selhorst
- Unit of Virology and Outbreak Research Team, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Samuel L. Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.L.H.); (B.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Christel Cochez
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (C.C.); (G.V.)
| | - Barney Potter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.L.H.); (B.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Piet Maes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.L.H.); (B.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Mauro Petrillo
- European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy;
| | - Gytis Dudas
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, 08410 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vincent Claes
- Clinical Laboratory, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (V.C.); (Y.V.d.B.); (J.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Yolien Van der Beken
- Clinical Laboratory, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (V.C.); (Y.V.d.B.); (J.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Gilbert Verbeken
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (C.C.); (G.V.)
| | - Julie Degueldre
- Clinical Laboratory, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (V.C.); (Y.V.d.B.); (J.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.L.H.); (B.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Lize Cuypers
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven Hospital, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.C.); (E.A.)
| | - France T’Sas
- Clinical Laboratory, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (V.C.); (Y.V.d.B.); (J.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Guy Van den Eede
- European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research Centre (JRC), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Wouter Weuts
- Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium;
| | | | - Jan Mertens
- Medical Component, Ministry of Defense, 1140 Brussels, Belgium; (J.M.); (P.G.); (P.N.)
| | - Philippe Geeraerts
- Medical Component, Ministry of Defense, 1140 Brussels, Belgium; (J.M.); (P.G.); (P.N.)
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Unit of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel André
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven Hospital, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.C.); (E.A.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre Neirinckx
- Medical Component, Ministry of Defense, 1140 Brussels, Belgium; (J.M.); (P.G.); (P.N.)
| | - Patrick Soentjens
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (S.L.H.); (B.P.); (P.M.); (S.D.); (G.B.)
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Saha O, Islam I, Shatadru RN, Rakhi NN, Hossain MS, Rahaman MM. Temporal landscape of mutational frequencies in SARS-CoV-2 genomes of Bangladesh: possible implications from the ongoing outbreak in Bangladesh. Virus Genes 2021; 57:413-425. [PMID: 34251592 PMCID: PMC8274265 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Along with intrinsic evolution, adaptation to selective pressure in new environments might have resulted in the circulatory SARS-CoV-2 strains in response to the geoenvironmental conditions of a country and the demographic profile of its population. With this target, the current study traced the evolutionary route and mutational frequency of 198 Bangladesh-originated SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences available in the GISAID platform over a period of 13 weeks as of 14 July 2020. The analyses were performed using MEGA X, Swiss Model Repository, Virus Pathogen Resource and Jalview visualization. Our analysis identified that majority of the circulating strains strikingly differ from both the reference genome and the first sequenced genome from Bangladesh. Mutations in nonspecific proteins (NSP2-3, NSP-12(RdRp), NSP-13(Helicase)), S-Spike, ORF3a, and N-Nucleocapsid protein were common in the circulating strains with varying degrees and the most unique mutations (UM) were found in NSP3 (UM-18). But no or limited changes were observed in NSP9, NSP11, Envelope protein (E) and accessory factors (NSP7a, ORF 6, ORF7b) suggesting the possible conserved functions of those proteins in SARS-CoV-2 propagation. However, along with D614G mutation, more than 20 different mutations in the Spike protein were detected basically in the S2 domain. Besides, mutations in SR-rich region of N protein and P323L in RDRP were also present. However, the mutation accumulation showed a significant association (p = 0.003) with sex and age of the COVID-19-positive cases. So, identification of these mutational accumulation patterns may greatly facilitate vaccine development deciphering the age and the sex-dependent differential susceptibility to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otun Saha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Islam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mizanur Rahaman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
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10
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Elmunzer BJ, Spitzer RL, Foster LD, Merchant AA, Howard EF, Patel VA, West MK, Qayed E, Nustas R, Zakaria A, Piper MS, Taylor JR, Jaza L, Forbes N, Chau M, Lara LF, Papachristou GI, Volk ML, Hilson LG, Zhou S, Kushnir VM, Lenyo AM, McLeod CG, Amin S, Kuftinec GN, Yadav D, Fox C, Kolb JM, Pawa S, Pawa R, Canakis A, Huang C, Jamil LH, Aneese AM, Glamour BK, Smith ZL, Hanley KA, Wood J, Patel HK, Shah JN, Agarunov E, Sethi A, Fogel EL, McNulty G, Haseeb A, Trieu JA, Dixon RE, Yang JY, Mendelsohn RB, Calo D, Aroniadis OC, LaComb JF, Scheiman JM, Sauer BG, Dang DT, Piraka CR, Shah ED, Pohl H, Tierney WM, Mitchell S, Condon A, Lenhart A, Dua KS, Kanagala VS, Kamal A, Singh VK, Pinto-Sanchez MI, Hutchinson JM, Kwon RS, Korsnes SJ, Singh H, Solati Z, Willingham FF, Yachimski PS, Conwell DL, Mosier E, Azab M, Patel A, Buxbaum J, Wani S, Chak A, Hosmer AE, Keswani RN, DiMaio CJ, Bronze MS, Muthusamy R, Canto MI, Gjeorgjievski VM, Imam Z, Odish F, Edhi AI, Orosey M, Tiwari A, Patwardhan S, Brown NG, Patel AA, Ordiah CO, Sloan IP, Cruz L, Koza CL, Okafor U, Hollander T, Furey N, Reykhart O, Zbib NH, Damianos JA, Esteban J, Hajidiacos N, Saul M, Mays M, Anderson G, Wood K, Mathews L, Diakova G, Caisse M, Wakefield L, Nitchie H, Waljee AK, Tang W, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Deshpande AR, Rockey DC, Alford TB, Durkalski V. Digestive Manifestations in Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:1355-1365.e4. [PMID: 33010411 PMCID: PMC7527302 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The prevalence and significance of digestive manifestations in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain uncertain. We aimed to assess the prevalence, spectrum, severity, and significance of digestive manifestations in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. METHODS Consecutive patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were identified across a geographically diverse alliance of medical centers in North America. Data pertaining to baseline characteristics, symptomatology, laboratory assessment, imaging, and endoscopic findings from the time of symptom onset until discharge or death were abstracted manually from electronic health records to characterize the prevalence, spectrum, and severity of digestive manifestations. Regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between digestive manifestations and severe outcomes related to COVID-19. RESULTS A total of 1992 patients across 36 centers met eligibility criteria and were included. Overall, 53% of patients experienced at least 1 gastrointestinal symptom at any time during their illness, most commonly diarrhea (34%), nausea (27%), vomiting (16%), and abdominal pain (11%). In 74% of cases, gastrointestinal symptoms were judged to be mild. In total, 35% of patients developed an abnormal alanine aminotransferase or total bilirubin level; these were increased to less than 5 times the upper limit of normal in 77% of cases. After adjusting for potential confounders, the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms at any time (odds ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.76-1.15) or liver test abnormalities on admission (odds ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.80-2.12) were not associated independently with mechanical ventilation or death. CONCLUSIONS Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, gastrointestinal symptoms and liver test abnormalities were common, but the majority were mild and their presence was not associated with a more severe clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Joseph Elmunzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina.
| | - Rebecca L Spitzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lydia D Foster
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ambreen A Merchant
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric F Howard
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Vaishali A Patel
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mary K West
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Emad Qayed
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rosemary Nustas
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ali Zakaria
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Ascension Providence Hospital/Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Southfield, Michigan
| | - Marc S Piper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Ascension Providence Hospital/Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Southfield, Michigan
| | - Jason R Taylor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lujain Jaza
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nauzer Forbes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Millie Chau
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luis F Lara
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Georgios I Papachristou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael L Volk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Liam G Hilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Selena Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Vladimir M Kushnir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Alexandria M Lenyo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Caroline G McLeod
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sunil Amin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Gabriela N Kuftinec
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charlie Fox
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer M Kolb
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Swati Pawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Rishi Pawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Andrew Canakis
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher Huang
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laith H Jamil
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan; Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan
| | - Andrew M Aneese
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Benita K Glamour
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Zachary L Smith
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Katherine A Hanley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jordan Wood
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Harsh K Patel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Janak N Shah
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Emil Agarunov
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Amrita Sethi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Evan L Fogel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gail McNulty
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Judy A Trieu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rebekah E Dixon
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jeong Yun Yang
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Robin B Mendelsohn
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Delia Calo
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Olga C Aroniadis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Joseph F LaComb
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - James M Scheiman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Bryan G Sauer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Duyen T Dang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Cyrus R Piraka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Eric D Shah
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Heiko Pohl
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire; Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont
| | - William M Tierney
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Stephanie Mitchell
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Ashwinee Condon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adrienne Lenhart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kulwinder S Dua
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Vikram S Kanagala
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ayesha Kamal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vikesh K Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria Ines Pinto-Sanchez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joy M Hutchinson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard S Kwon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sheryl J Korsnes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Harminder Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Zahra Solati
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Field F Willingham
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patrick S Yachimski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Darwin L Conwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Evan Mosier
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Mohamed Azab
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Anish Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - James Buxbaum
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sachin Wani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amitabh Chak
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amy E Hosmer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rajesh N Keswani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christopher J DiMaio
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michael S Bronze
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Raman Muthusamy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marcia I Canto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - V Mihajlo Gjeorgjievski
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Zaid Imam
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Fadi Odish
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Ahmed I Edhi
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Molly Orosey
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Abhinav Tiwari
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Soumil Patwardhan
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Nicholas G Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Anish A Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Collins O Ordiah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ian P Sloan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lilian Cruz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Casey L Koza
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Uchechi Okafor
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas Hollander
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nancy Furey
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Olga Reykhart
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Natalia H Zbib
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - John A Damianos
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - James Esteban
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Nick Hajidiacos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Melissa Saul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Melanie Mays
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gulsum Anderson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelley Wood
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura Mathews
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Galina Diakova
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Molly Caisse
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Lauren Wakefield
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Haley Nitchie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Akbar K Waljee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Weijing Tang
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yueyang Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ji Zhu
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amar R Deshpande
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Don C Rockey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Teldon B Alford
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Valerie Durkalski
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Palghadmal SB, Kulkarni PS, Makadia V, Deshmukh MJ, Gondhale PS, Padmanabhan S. Tackling Complications of Coronavirus Infection with Quercetin: Observations and Hypotheses. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2021; 000:000-000. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2021.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Sevillano G, Ortega-Paredes D, Loaiza K, Zurita-Salinas C, Zurita J. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection within the same clade in Ecuador: A case study. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:53-56. [PMID: 33930542 PMCID: PMC8078048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To date, reported SARS-CoV-2 reinfection cases are mainly from strains belonging to different clades. As the pandemic advances, a few lineages have become dominant in certain areas leading to reinfections by similar strains. Here, we report a reinfection case within the same clade of the initial infection in a symptomatic 28-year-old-male in Quito-Ecuador. Methods Infection was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and immune response evaluated by antibody testing. Whole-genome sequencing was performed and phylogenetic analysis conducted to determine relatedness. Results Both the infection and the reinfection strains were assigned as Nextstrain 20B, Pangolin lineage B.1.1 and GISAID clade O. Our analysis indicated 4–6 fold more nucleotide changes than are expected for reactivation or persistence compared with the natural rate of SARS-CoV-2 mutation (∼2–3 nucleotide changes per month), thus supporting reinfection. Furthermore, approximately 3 months after the second infection, COVID-19 antibodies were not detectable in the patient, suggesting potential vulnerability to a third infection. Conclusions Our results showed evidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection within the same clade in Ecuador, indicating that previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 does not guarantee immunity in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Sevillano
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita and Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador
| | - David Ortega-Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Karen Loaiza
- Research Unit, Life Science Initiative, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Camilo Zurita-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita and Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jeannete Zurita
- Unidad de Investigaciones en Biomedicina, Zurita and Zurita Laboratorios, Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
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13
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Hasan MM, Das R, Rasheduzzaman M, Hussain MH, Muzahid NH, Salauddin A, Rumi MH, Mahbubur Rashid SM, Siddiki AZ, Mannan A. Global and local mutations in Bangladeshi SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Virus Res 2021; 297:198390. [PMID: 33737154 PMCID: PMC7959702 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) warrants comprehensive investigations of publicly available Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes to gain new insight about their epidemiology, mutations, and pathogenesis. Nearly 0.4 million mutations have been identified so far among the ∼60,000 SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences. In this study, we compared a total of 371 SARS-CoV-2 published whole genomes reported from different parts of Bangladesh with 467 sequences reported globally to understand the origin of viruses, possible patterns of mutations, and availability of unique mutations. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that SARS-CoV-2 viruses might have transmitted through infected travelers from European countries, and the GR clade was found as predominant in Bangladesh. Our analyses revealed 4604 mutations at the RNA level including 2862 missense mutations, 1192 synonymous mutations, 25 insertions and deletions and 525 other types of mutation. In line with the global trend, D614G mutation in spike glycoprotein was predominantly high (98 %) in Bangladeshi isolates. Interestingly, we found the average number of mutations in ORF1ab, S, ORF3a, M, and N were significantly higher (p < 0.001) for sequences containing the G614 variant compared to those having D614. Previously reported frequent mutations, such as R203K, D614G, G204R, P4715L and I300F at protein levels were also prevalent in Bangladeshi isolates. Additionally, 34 unique amino acid changes were revealed and categorized as originating from different cities. These analyses may increase our understanding of variations in SARS-CoV-2 virus genomes, circulating in Bangladesh and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbub Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Rasel Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Foy's Lake, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rasheduzzaman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hamed Hussain
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Asma Salauddin
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Meheadi Hasan Rumi
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - S M Mahbubur Rashid
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Amam Zonaed Siddiki
- Genomics Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - Adnan Mannan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh.
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14
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The Worldwide Search for the New Mutations in the RNA-Directed RNA Polymerase Domain of SARS-CoV-2. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/macvetrev-2020-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an RNA virus, responsible for the current pandemic outbreak. In total, 200 genomes of the SARS-CoV-2 strains from four host organisms have been analyzed. To investigate the presence of the new mutations in the RNA-directed RNA Polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2, we analyzed sequences isolated from different hosts, with particular emphasis on human isolates. We performed a search for the new mutations of the RdRp proteins and study how those newly identified mutations could influence RdRp protein stability. Our results revealed 25 mutations in Rhinolophus sinicus, 1 in Mustela lutreola, 6 in Homo sapiens, and none in Mus musculus RdRp proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 isolates. We found that P323L is the most common stabilising radical mutation in human isolates. Also, we described several unique mutations, specific for studied hosts. Therefore, our data suggest that new and emerging variants of the SARS-CoV-2 RdRp have to be considered for the development of effective therapeutic agents and treatments.
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15
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Singh J, Samal J, Kumar V, Sharma J, Agrawal U, Ehtesham NZ, Sundar D, Rahman SA, Hira S, Hasnain SE. Structure-Function Analyses of New SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and B.1.1.28.1: Clinical, Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Public Health Implications. Viruses 2021; 13:439. [PMID: 33803400 PMCID: PMC8000172 DOI: 10.3390/v13030439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2) has accumulated multiple mutations during its global circulation. Recently, three SARS-CoV-2 lineages, B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1), B.1.351 (501Y.V2) and B.1.1.28.1 (P.1), have emerged in the United Kingdom, South Africa and Brazil, respectively. Here, we have presented global viewpoint on implications of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants based on structural-function impact of crucial mutations occurring in its spike (S), ORF8 and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. While the N501Y mutation was observed in all three lineages, the 501Y.V1 and P.1 accumulated a different set of mutations in the S protein. The missense mutational effects were predicted through a COVID-19 dedicated resource followed by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Current findings indicate that some mutations in the S protein might lead to higher affinity with host receptors and resistance against antibodies, but not all are due to different antibody binding (epitope) regions. Mutations may, however, result in diagnostic tests failures and possible interference with binding of newly identified anti-viral candidates against SARS-CoV-2, likely necessitating roll out of recurring "flu-like shots" annually for tackling COVID-19. The functional relevance of these mutations has been described in terms of modulation of host tropism, antibody resistance, diagnostic sensitivity and therapeutic candidates. Besides global economic losses, post-vaccine reinfections with emerging variants can have significant clinical, therapeutic and public health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep Singh
- JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Jasmine Samal
- ICMR National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India; (J.S.); (J.S.); (U.A.); (N.Z.E.)
| | - Vipul Kumar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- ICMR National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India; (J.S.); (J.S.); (U.A.); (N.Z.E.)
| | - Usha Agrawal
- ICMR National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India; (J.S.); (J.S.); (U.A.); (N.Z.E.)
| | - Nasreen Z. Ehtesham
- ICMR National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi 110029, India; (J.S.); (J.S.); (U.A.); (N.Z.E.)
| | - Durai Sundar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Syed Asad Rahman
- BioInception Pvt. Ltd., Swift House Ground Floor, 18 Hoffmanns Way, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1GU, UK
| | - Subhash Hira
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington-Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Seyed E. Hasnain
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India;
- Dr Reddy’s Institute of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500049, India
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16
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Mustapha JO, Abdullahi IN, Ajagbe OO, Emeribe AU, Fasogbon SA, Onoja SO, Ugwu CE, Umeozuru CM, Ajayi FO, Tanko WN, Omosigho PO, Aliyu AS, Shuwa HA, Nwofe JO, Dangana A, Alaba O, Ghamba PE, Ibrahim Y, Aliyu D, Animasaun OS, Ugboaja NB, Baba Mallam MA, Abubakar SD, Aminu MS, Yahaya H, Oyewusi S. Understanding the implications of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections on immune response milieu, laboratory tests and control measures against COVID-19. Heliyon 2021; 7:e05951. [PMID: 33490695 PMCID: PMC7810769 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several months after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cases of re-infection after recovery were reported. The extent and duration of protective immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection is not fully understood. As such, the possibility of re-infection with SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, cases of re-infection were mainly due to different variants or mutant SARS-CoV-2. Following the fast and pandemic-scale spread of COVID-19, mutations in SARS-CoV-2 have raised new diagnostic challenges which include the redesign of the oligonucleotide sequences used in RT-PCR assays to avoid potential primer-sample mismatches, and decrease sensitivities. Since the initial wave of the pandemic, some regions had experienced fresh outbreaks, predisposing people to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 re-infection. Hence, this article sought to offer detailed biology of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections and their implications on immune response milieu, diagnostic laboratory tests and control measures against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelili Olaide Mustapha
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Medical Laboratory Services Department, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Odunayo O.R. Ajagbe
- Solina Center for International Development and Research (SCIDaR), Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Uchenna Emeribe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Samuel Ayobami Fasogbon
- Public Health In-vitro Diagnostic Control Laboratory, Medical Laboratory Science Council of Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Oloche Onoja
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Charles Egede Ugwu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Chikodi Modesta Umeozuru
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, African Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Folake Olubunmi Ajayi
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, African Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Wudi Natasha Tanko
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, African Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Abdulmumuni Samuel Aliyu
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Halima Ali Shuwa
- Department of Community Health, University Health Service, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
| | | | - Amos Dangana
- Department of Medical Laboratory Services, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ovye Alaba
- Department of Medical Laboratory Services, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Peter Elisha Ghamba
- WHO National Polio Laboratory, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Yakubu Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Dorcas Aliyu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Olawale Sunday Animasaun
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, African Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nkechi Blessing Ugboaja
- Department of Strategic Information and Research, Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Sharafudeen Dahiru Abubakar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Maijidda Saidu Aminu
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Maryam Abacha American University of Niger, Maradi, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza Yahaya
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Maryam Abacha American University of Niger, Maradi, Nigeria
| | - Silifat Oyewusi
- Department of Nursing Sciences, Maryam Abacha American University of Niger, Maradi, Nigeria
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17
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Saha O, Hossain MS, Rahaman MM. Genomic exploration light on multiple origin with potential parsimony-informative sites of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Bangladesh. GENE REPORTS 2020; 21:100951. [PMID: 33163695 PMCID: PMC7603978 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain of beta coronavirus that has spread worldwide within a short period of time and has been responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. This novel virus shows high transmission and adaptability frequency into the host with rapid changes in genomic sequences. In this study, we analyzed the complete genome of 41 strains isolated in Bangladesh to understand the evolutionary route and genetic variations of this rapidly evolving virus. The phylogenetics, parsimony informative sites and mutation analyses were performed using MEGA X, Multiple sequence alignment program (MAFFT), and Virus Pathogen Resource. The phylogenetic analysis of the studied genomes along with the reference genome suggested that the viral strains found in Bangladesh might be coming from multiple countries such as France, Germany, India, the USA, and Brazil. After entering into the country, intra-cluster and inter-cluster began to circulate in the 8 individual divisions of Bangladesh. We also identified 26 parsimony-informative sites along with the 9 most important sites for virus evolution. Genome-wide annotations revealed 256 mutations, of which 10 were novel (NSP3, RdRp, Spike) in Bangladeshi strains where I120F(NSP2), P323L(RdRp), D614G (Spike), R203K, G204R(N) are the most prominent. Most importantly, numerous mutations were flourishing in the N protein gene (67) followed by S (45), RdRp (38), NSP2 (34), NSP3 (20), and ORF8 (6) gene. Moreover, nucleotide deletion analysis found nine deletions throughout the genomes including in ORF7a (8), ORF8 (1) with one insertion (G) at 265 positions in only one genome. The underlying mechanism of disease severity, molecular evolution, and epidemiology lie in genomic sequences that are not fully understood yet. Identification of the evolutionary history, parsimony-informative sites and others genetic variations of this deadly virus will facilitate the development of new strategies to control the local transmission and provide deep insight in the identification of potential therapeutic targets for controlling COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otun Saha
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
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18
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Jakhmola S, Indari O, Kashyap D, Varshney N, Rani A, Sonkar C, Baral B, Chatterjee S, Das A, Kumar R, Jha HC. Recent updates on COVID-19: A holistic review. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05706. [PMID: 33324769 PMCID: PMC7729279 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are large positive-sense RNA viruses with spike-like peplomers on their surface. The Coronaviridae family's strains infect different animals and are popularly associated with several outbreaks, namely SARS and MERS epidemic. COVID-19 is one such recent outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 identified first in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by WHO on 11th March 2020. Our review provides information covering various facets of the disease starting from its origin, transmission, mutations in the virus to pathophysiological changes in the host upon infection followed by diagnostics and possible therapeutics available to tackle the situation. We have highlighted the zoonotic origin of SARS-CoV-2, known to share 96.2% nucleotide similarity with bat coronavirus. Notably, several mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, PLpro, and ORF3a are reported across the globe. These mutations could alter the usual receptor binding function, fusion process with the host cell, virus replication, and the virus's assembly. Therefore, studying these mutations could help understand the virus's virulence properties and design suitable therapeutics. Moreover, the aggravated immune response to COVID-19 can be fatal. Hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are comorbidities substantially associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The review article discusses these aspects, stating the importance of various comorbidities in disease outcomes. Furthermore, medications' unavailability compels the clinicians to opt for atypical drugs like remdesivir, chloroquine, etc. The current diagnostics of COVID-19 include qRT-PCR, CT scan, serological tests, etc. We have described these aspects to expose the information to the scientific community and to accelerate the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Jakhmola
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Omkar Indari
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Dharmendra Kashyap
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Nidhi Varshney
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Annu Rani
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Charu Sonkar
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Budhadev Baral
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Ayan Das
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, India
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19
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Durmaz B, Abdulmajed O, Durmaz R. Mutations Observed in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein and Their Effects in the Interaction of Virus with ACE-2 Receptor. Medeni Med J 2020; 35:253-260. [PMID: 33110678 PMCID: PMC7584268 DOI: 10.5222/mmj.2020.98048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) classified in the Coronaviridae family infect a very large spectrum of vertebrate group. Seven CoVs that cause human disease consist of Alpha-CoVs, which are HCoV-229E, and NL63 and beta-CoVs, which are MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, and SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, positive-polarity, single-stranded RNA virus responsible for a new Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The mutagenic ability of the SARS-CoV-2 directs its evolution and genome variability, thus allowing viruses to escape from host immunity and develop drug resistance. Tracing viral mutations is also important for the development of new vaccines, antiviral drugs, and diagnostic systems. During replication in the host cell, genomic mutations occur in the virus and these mutations are transferred to new generations. For this reason, systematic monitoring of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome allows observation of the national and international molecular epidemiology of the virus. SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein is vital in the binding of the virus to the host cell receptor that is angiotensin converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2), membrane fusion, vaccine studies and immune response to the virus. Therefore, mutations in the gene encoding the S glycoprotein and especially the possible variations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) in S gene are important issues to be emphasized. In this article, information about the mutations observed in the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein and their possible effects are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengül Durmaz
- Yuksek Ihtisas University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Olkar Abdulmajed
- Yuksek Ihtisas University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rıza Durmaz
- Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Pirnay JP, Selhorst P, Cochez C, Petrillo M, Claes V, Van der Beken Y, Verbeken G, Degueldre J, T’Sas F, Van den Eede G, Weuts W, Smets C, Mertens J, Geeraerts P, Ariën KK, Neirinckx P, Soentjens P. Study of a SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in a Belgian Military Education and Training Center in Maradi, Niger. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090949. [PMID: 32867108 PMCID: PMC7552053 DOI: 10.3390/v12090949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) compromises the ability of military forces to fulfill missions. At the beginning of May 2020, 22 out of 70 Belgian soldiers deployed to a military education and training center in Maradi, Niger, developed mild COVID-19 compatible symptoms. Immediately upon their return to Belgium, and two weeks later, all seventy soldiers were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (RT-qPCR) and antibodies (two immunoassays). Nine soldiers had at least one positive COVID-19 diagnostic test result. Five of them exhibited COVID-19 symptoms (mainly anosmia, ageusia, and fever), while four were asymptomatic. In four soldiers, SARS-CoV-2 viral load was detected and the genomes were sequenced. Conventional and genomic epidemiological data suggest that these genomes have an African most recent common ancestor and that the Belgian military service men were infected through contact with locals. The medical military command implemented testing of all Belgian soldiers for SARS-CoV-2 viral load and antibodies, two to three days before their departure on a mission abroad or on the high seas, and for specific missions immediately upon their return in Belgium. Some military operational settings (e.g., training camps in austere environments and ships) were also equipped with mobile infectious disease (COVID-19) testing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Pirnay
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (C.C.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-244-32172
| | - Philippe Selhorst
- Unit of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Christel Cochez
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (C.C.); (G.V.)
| | - Mauro Petrillo
- European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research Centre (JRC), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.P.); (G.V.d.E.)
| | - Vincent Claes
- Clinical Laboratory, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (V.C.); (Y.V.d.B.); (J.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Yolien Van der Beken
- Clinical Laboratory, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (V.C.); (Y.V.d.B.); (J.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Gilbert Verbeken
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (C.C.); (G.V.)
| | - Julie Degueldre
- Clinical Laboratory, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (V.C.); (Y.V.d.B.); (J.D.); (F.T.)
| | - France T’Sas
- Clinical Laboratory, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (V.C.); (Y.V.d.B.); (J.D.); (F.T.)
| | - Guy Van den Eede
- European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research Centre (JRC), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (M.P.); (G.V.d.E.)
| | - Wouter Weuts
- Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium;
| | | | - Jan Mertens
- Medical Component, Ministry of Defense, 1140 Brussels, Belgium; (J.M.); (P.G.); (P.N.)
| | - Philippe Geeraerts
- Medical Component, Ministry of Defense, 1140 Brussels, Belgium; (J.M.); (P.G.); (P.N.)
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Neirinckx
- Medical Component, Ministry of Defense, 1140 Brussels, Belgium; (J.M.); (P.G.); (P.N.)
| | - Patrick Soentjens
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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21
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Abstract
To review the data regarding the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine-2 (TMPRSS2) in head and neck tissue. Scopus, Cochrane Library, Medrxiv, Google Scholar and PubMED/MEDLINE were searched by four independent investigators for studies investigating ACE2 or TMPRSS2 expressions in head and neck tissues. The following outcomes were considered: sample origin (animal versus human); detection method; anatomical location and cell types. PRISMA checklist and modified population, intervention, comparison, outcome, timing and setting (PICOTS) framework were used to perform the review. Of the 24 identified studies, 17 met our inclusion criteria. Thirteen studies were conducted during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were expressed in oral, pharyngeal, sinusonasal human mucosa. The following cell types expressed ACE2: basal, apical, goblet, minor salivary, and endothelial cells. TMPRSS2 was found in goblet and apical respiratory cells. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were found in the olfactory region, especially in sustentacular non-neural and neural stem cells. Animal studies suggested that ACE2 expression may vary regarding age. There was an important heterogeneity between studies in the methods used to detect ACE2 and TMPRSS2, leading to a potential identification bias. The SARS-CoV-2 receptors, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, are both expressed in many head and neck tissues, enabling the viral entry into the host organism.
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22
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Kaushal N, Gupta Y, Goyal M, Khaiboullina SF, Baranwal M, Verma SC. Mutational Frequencies of SARS-CoV-2 Genome during the Beginning Months of the Outbreak in USA. Pathogens 2020; 9:E565. [PMID: 32668692 PMCID: PMC7400123 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has spread very quickly from its first reported case on 19 January 2020 in the United Stated of America, leading WHO to declare pandemic by 11 March 2020. RNA viruses accumulate mutations following replication and passage in human population, which prompted us to determine the rate and the regions (hotspots) of the viral genome with high rates of mutation. We analyzed the rate of mutation accumulation over a period of 11 weeks (submitted between 19th January to 15 April 2020) in USA SARS-CoV-2 genome. Our analysis identified that majority of the viral genes accumulated mutations, although with varying rates and these included NSP2, NSP3, RdRp, helicase, Spike, ORF3a, ORF8, and Nucleocapsid protein. Sixteen mutations accumulated in Spike protein in which four mutations are located in the receptor binding domain. Intriguingly, we identified a fair number of viral proteins (NSP7, NSP9, NSP10, NSP11, Envelop, ORF6, and ORF7b proteins), which did not accumulate any mutation. Limited changes in these proteins may suggest that they have conserved functions, which are essential for virus propagation. This provides a basis for a better understanding of the genetic variation in SARS-CoV-2 circulating in the US, which could help in identifying potential therapeutic targets for controlling COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kaushal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India; (N.K.); (Y.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Yogita Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India; (N.K.); (Y.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Mehendi Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India; (N.K.); (Y.G.); (M.G.)
- Talwar and Talwar Consultants, Mohali 160055, India
| | - Svetlana F. Khaiboullina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420008 Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India; (N.K.); (Y.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Subhash C. Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA;
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23
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Lechien JR, Hsieh J, Barillari MR, Cammaroto G, Hans S, Chiesa-Estomba CM, Saussez S. Patient-Reported Outcome Questionnaires for the evaluation of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 277:2393-2394. [PMID: 32494948 PMCID: PMC7268976 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome R Lechien
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France. .,Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium. .,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Julien Hsieh
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.,Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rosaria Barillari
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.,Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammaroto
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forli, Italy
| | - Stephane Hans
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France
| | - Carlos M Chiesa-Estomba
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sven Saussez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Bruxelles, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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