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He L, Huang C, Wang H, Yang N, Zhang J, Xu L, Gu T, Li Z, Chen Y. Galanin ameliorates liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice by activating AMPK/ACC signaling and modifying macrophage inflammatory phenotype. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161676. [PMID: 37180164 PMCID: PMC10169601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Galanin is a naturally occurring peptide that plays a critical role in regulating inflammation and energy metabolism, with expression in the liver. The exact involvement of galanin in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and related fibrosis remains controversial. Methods The effects of subcutaneously administered galanin were studied in mice with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks, and in mice with liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 for 7 weeks. The underlying mechanism was also studied in vitro on murine macrophage cells (J774A.1 and RAW264.7). Results Galanin reduced inflammation, CD68-positive cell count, MCP-1 level, and mRNA levels of inflammation-related genes in the liver of NASH mice. It also mitigated liver injury and fibrosis caused by CCl4. In vitro, galanin had anti-inflammatory effects on murine macrophages, including reduced phagocytosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Galanin also activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) signaling. Conclusion Galanin ameliorates liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice, potentially by modifying macrophage inflammatory phenotype and activating AMPK/ACC signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingnan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endoscopic, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Naibin Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Leiming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanwen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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TAKMET M, TÜZÜN D, ŞAHİN M, DOĞANER A, KILINÇ M. OBEZİTENİN DOLAŞIMDAKİ GALANİN VE VASPİN DÜZEYLERİ İLE İLİŞKİSİ. KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNIVERSITESI TIP FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2022. [DOI: 10.17517/ksutfd.1140097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Our aim was to compare vaspin and galanin in obese and normal weight individuals, to reveal whether these parameters are related to obesity and other related parameters.
Material and Methods: Forty patients with obesity and 40 control subjects were included in the study. Biochemical parameters were recorded from patient’s files. Galanin and vaspin levels were studied by ELISA method, obtained as a result of centrifugation of these blood samples.
Results: The groups were similar to each other in terms of gender and age (p>0.05). Galanine levels were higher in the group with obesity compared to the control group (p0.05). Glucose, insulin, triglyceride and LDL-C levels were statistically significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p0.05). A statistically significant positive correlation was found with galanin and glucose, insulin, and BMI, respectively (p
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Guo Y, Schon L, Paudel S, Feltham T, Manandhar L, Zhang Z. Increased synovial expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its potential roles in Charcot Neuroarthropathy. Exp Mol Pathol 2022; 128:104835. [PMID: 36195300 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2022.104835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Joint destruction in Charcot neuroarthropathy (CNA) is accompanied with abundant hyperplastic synovium. This study aimed to characterize the expression patterns of a group of neuropeptides in the CNA synovium. METHODS Synovial specimens were collected during surgery from the CNA (n = 6) and non-CNA joints (n = 14). Tissue samples were processed for protein extraction and western blot for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Immunohistochemistry was performed to localize CGRP in the CNA synovium. Additionally, CGRP was applied to fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) isolated from CNA synovium for its effects on cell proliferation and collagenolysis in vitro. RESULTS Western blot detected light bands of VIP in the CNA samples but abundant galanin in both CNA and non-CNA samples. Most of the CNA samples (5/6) increased expression of CGRP, with an average band density about 2 times that in the non-CNA group (p < .05). Immunohistochemistry of CGRP demonstrated intense staining in the intimal layer of the CNA synovium. In tissue culture, adding CGRP (10 nM) in the medium promoted FLS proliferation. In combination with TNF-α, CGRP enhanced FLS-mediated collagenolysis in vitro. CONCLUSION This study revealed an increased expression of CGRP in the CNA synovium and demonstrated that CGRP regulates FLS proliferation and collagenolytic activity, suggesting CGRP may contribute to the bone and cartilage destruction in CNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lew Schon
- Institute for Foot and Ankle Reconstruction, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Orthopaedic Innovation, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharada Paudel
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tyler Feltham
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine-GA, Suwanee, GA, USA
| | | | - Zijun Zhang
- Center for Orthopaedic Innovation, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Nguyen HD, Kim MS. The protective effects of curcumin on metabolic syndrome and its components: In-silico analysis for genes, transcription factors, and microRNAs involved. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 727:109326. [PMID: 35728632 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms behind curcumin's therapeutic benefits for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components. METHODS The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, MIENTURNET, Metascape, GeneMania, and Cytoscape software were critical analytic tools. RESULTS Curcumin may have therapeutic effects on MetS and its components via the following genes: NOS3, IL6, INS, and ADIPOQ, particularly PPARG. Curcumin has higher docking scores than other genes with INS and PPARG (docking scores: -8.3 and -5.8, respectively). Physical interactions (56%) were found to be the most prevalent for dyslipidemia, co-expression for hypertension, obesity, T2DM, and MetS. "Galanin receptor pathway", "lipid particles composition", "IL-18 signaling pathway", "response to extracellular stimulus", and "insulin resistance" were listed in the first of the key pathways for MetS, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, respectively. The protein-protein interaction enrichment analysis study also identified "vitamin B12 metabolism," "folate metabolism," and "selenium micronutrient network" as three major molecular pathways linked to MetS targeted by curcumin. PPARG was the key transcription factor that regulated practically all curcumin-targeted genes linked to MetS and its components. Curcumin targeted hsa-miR-155-5p, which has been linked to T2DM, hypertension, and MetS, as well as hsa-miR-130b-3p and hsa-miR-22-3p, which have been linked to dyslipidemia and obesity, respectively. In silico, sponges that regulated hsa-miR-155-5p were developed and evaluated. Curcumin, MetS, and its components have been found to target adipocytes, cardiac myocytes, smooth muscle, the liver, and pancreas. Curcumin's physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetics are closely connected with its therapeutic advantages in MetS and its components due to its high gastrointestinal absorption, drug-likeness, water solubility, and lipophilic nature. Curcumin is a CYP1A9 and CYP3A4 inhibitor. Although curcumin has a low bioavailability, it can be synthesized and administered to increase its pharmacokinetic features. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin needs to undergo therapeutic optimization and further study into its pharmacological structure before it can be used to treat MetS and its components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Boal F, Cinato M, Timotin A, Münzberg H, Qualls-Creekmore E, Kramar S, Loi H, Roncalli J, Keita S, Tronchere H, Kunduzova O. Galanin Regulates Myocardial Mitochondrial ROS Homeostasis and Hypertrophic Remodeling Through GalR2. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:869179. [PMID: 35431947 PMCID: PMC9011366 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.869179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory peptide galanin is broadly distributed in the central nervous systems and peripheral tissues where it modulates numerous physiological and pathological processes through binding to its three G-protein-coupled receptors, GalR1-3. However, the function and identity of the galaninergic system in the heart remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the expression of the galanin receptors in cardiac cells and tissues and found that GalR2 is the dominant receptor subtype in adult mouse hearts, cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. In vivo, genetic suppression of GalR2 promotes cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and mitochondrial oxidative stress in the heart. In vitro, GalR2 silencing by siRNA abolished the beneficial effects of galanin on cell hypertrophy and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These findings unravel new insights into the role of galaninergic system in the heart and suggest novel therapeutic strategies in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Boal
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Cinato
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrei Timotin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Heike Münzberg
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, CA, United States
| | - Emily Qualls-Creekmore
- Neurobiology of Nutrition and Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, CA, United States
| | - Solomiia Kramar
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Halyna Loi
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Jerome Roncalli
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Sokhna Keita
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Helene Tronchere
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Oksana Kunduzova
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, Toulouse, France.,Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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Galanin mediates tumor-induced immunosuppression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:241-256. [PMID: 35267186 PMCID: PMC9050779 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) plays a significant role in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Since there is virtually no information on immunomodulation mediated by its ligand in the tumor microenvironment, we assessed the effects of galanin on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods After verification of GALR2 expression and it activity in PBMCs we evaluated the effect of galanin and conditioned media from HNSCC cell lines silenced for galanin or antibody-depleted, on proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine expression and activation/differentiation of immune cells. Results We found that galanin alone and as a component of the HNSCC secretome decreased HNSCC cell proliferation and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α), whilst increasing apoptosis and expression of pro-tumoral cytokines/growth factors (IL-10, IL-4, PDGF and GM-CSF). T cell activation (using CD69 as activation marker) and anti-tumoral phenotypes in CD4+ T cells (Th1 and Th17) were found to be suppressed. In vivo, tumor growth was found to be increased in the presence of galanin-stimulated PBMCs. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed that high expression of galanin was associated with a reduced overall survival of patients with HNSCC. Conclusion Our data indicate that galanin secreted by HNSCC cells exhibits immune-suppressive and pro-tumoral effects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13402-021-00631-y.
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Kawada M, Yokoi H, Kimura T, Matsumoto Y, Sakurai H, Matsumoto K, Fujiwara M, Saito K. Involvement of galanin and galanin receptor 2 in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Allergol Int 2022; 71:83-93. [PMID: 34412988 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis (AR) is caused by allergic reaction to allergens such as pollen. Galanin (GAL), a neuropeptide that regulates inflammatory processes, is widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Although neuropeptides are implicated in arthritis and chemically induced ileitis, their roles in AR remain unclear. METHODS We developed a murine model of AR and generated control, systemic sensitization, mild AR, and severe AR groups. We examined GAL and GAL receptor (GALR) mRNA and protein levels and localization patterns in each group using reverse transcription PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemical analyses. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of M871, a GALR2 antagonist, on mice with severe AR. RESULTS Gal and Galr2 are expressed in nasal mucosa and brain (control) samples from control and AR mice. GAL and GALR2 were expressed at similar levels and localized to ciliated epithelial and submucosal gland cells of the nasal mucosa in all four groups. Intranasal M871 administration significantly reduced the incidence of nose rubbing behaviors and sneezing (p < 0.001 in 30 min, respectively) in severe AR mice relative to that in controls. Mechanistically, we postulate that GALR2 is expressed in B cells, and M871 administration reduces IgE production, as well as the number of B cells in tissues. CONCLUSIONS GAL signaling may not change progressively with increasing nasal sensitization, suggesting that this signaling process exacerbates, rather than directly trigger, AR. GAL-GALR2 signaling likely mediates AR development, suggesting that its inhibition represents a novel therapeutic strategy for AR.
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Aggarwal S, Ranjha R, Paul J. Neuroimmunomodulation by gut bacteria: Focus on inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2021; 12:25-39. [PMID: 34084590 PMCID: PMC8160600 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v12.i3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes colonize the gastrointestinal tract are considered as highest complex ecosystem because of having diverse bacterial species and 150 times more genes as compared to the human genome. Imbalance or dysbiosis in gut bacteria can cause dysregulation in gut homeostasis that subsequently activates the immune system, which leads to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Neuromediators, including both neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, may contribute to the development of aberrant immune response. They are emerging as a regulator of inflammatory processes and play a key role in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Neuromediators may influence immune cell’s function via the receptors present on these cells. The cytokines secreted by the immune cells, in turn, regulate the neuronal functions by binding with their receptors present on sensory neurons. This bidirectional communication of the enteric nervous system and the enteric immune system is involved in regulating the magnitude of inflammatory pathways. Alterations in gut bacteria influence the level of neuromediators in the colon, which may affect the gastrointestinal inflammation in a disease condition. Changed neuromediators concentration via dysbiosis in gut microbiota is one of the novel approaches to understand the pathogenesis of IBD. In this article, we reviewed the existing knowledge on the role of neuromediators governing the pathogenesis of IBD, focusing on the reciprocal relationship among the gut microbiota, neuromediators, and host immunity. Understanding the neuromediators and host-microbiota interactions would give a better insight in to the disease pathophysiology and help in developing the new therapeutic approaches for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Raju Ranjha
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
- Field Unit Raipur, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Raipur 492015, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Jaishree Paul
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi 110067, India
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Oliveira Volpe CM, Vaz T, Rocha-Silva F, Villar-Delfino PH, Nogueira-Machado JA. Is Galanin a Promising Therapeutic Resource for Neural and Nonneural Diseases? Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:922-929. [PMID: 32096740 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200225112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galanin (GAL) constitutes a family of neuropeptides composed of four peptides: (i) galanin (GAL), (ii) galanin-message associated peptide (GAMP), (iii) galanin-like peptide (GALP), and (iv) alarin. GAL contains 29/30 amino acids, and its biological action occurs through the interactions with its various receptors (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3). The neuropeptide GAL regulates several physiological and pathophysiological functions in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the peripheral organs. GAL is secreted mainly by oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and the gastrointestinal tract, and its effect depends on the interaction with its different receptors. These receptors are expressed mainly in the central, peripheral nervous systems and the intestines. OBJECTIVE The present review evaluates the role of GAL family in inflammatory diseases. An overview is given of the signaling and pharmacological effects due to the interaction between GAL and GALR in different cell types. The potential use of GAL as a therapeutic resource is critically discussed. CONCLUSION GAL is suggested to have an anti-inflammatory function in some situations and a proinflammatory function in others. The literature on GAL is controversial and currently not conclusive. This could be due to the complexity of the metabolic network signaling induced by the interactions between GAL and GALR. In the next future, GAL might be a promising therapeutic resource for several diseases, but its practical use for disease control is presently not advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Oliveira Volpe
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Vaz
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Rocha-Silva
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Villar-Delfino
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Nogueira-Machado
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Księżarczyk MM, Arciszewski MB. Immunohistochemical study on the expressions of neuropeptides in the superficial and deep gland of the third eyelid of pigs. Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 50:579-587. [PMID: 33559911 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The superficial gland of the third eyelid (SGTE) and deep gland of the third eyelid (DGTE) are classified as accessory lacrimal glands. The aim of the present study was to immunohistochemically investigate the expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DβH), substance P (SP), galanin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), somatostatin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the porcine SGTE and DGTE. We demonstrated the distribution patterns of VIP, DβH, SP, NPY and galanin in the nerve fibres in the SGTE and DGTE. None of somatostatin-, PACAP- and CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres were found in the SGTE and DGTE. The majority of VIP- and DβH-IR nerves fibres were found near to glandular acini, tubules, secretory ducts and blood vessels in the SGTE and DGTE. VIP-IR nerve fibres were found in external connective tissue in SGTE and DGTE and only in interlobular connective tissue in the SGTE. DβH-IR nerve fibres were found in interlobular and external connective tissue in the DGTE but not in the SGTE. Single galanin-, SP- and NPY-IR nerve fibres were observed in close proximity to acini and tubules in the SGTE and DGTE. Single galanin-, SP-, NPY-IR nerve fibres were found in close proximity to the secretory ducts in the DGTE, however only SP-IR nerve fibres were found near to the secretory ducts in SGTE. In conclusion, our research aims to highlight some aspects of SGTE and DGTE innervation in pigs and may also be a source of basic knowledge for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M Księżarczyk
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin B Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Protective Role of Galanin during Chemically Induced Inflammation in Zebrafish Larvae. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020099. [PMID: 33573348 PMCID: PMC7911020 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During a pathological condition, many different systems are involved in the response of an affected organism. Galanin is considered to be a neuropeptide that plays an important role in the central nervous system; however, it is involved in many other biological processes, including the immune response. During our studies, we showed that galanin became upregulated in zebrafish larvae when exposed to copper sulfate. Moreover, the presence of normal levels of galanin, administration of a galanin analog NAX 5055 or galanin overexpression led to lowered lateral line damage and enhanced expression of inflammatory markers compared to the knockout larvae. The results showed that the neuroendocrine system acts multifunctionally and should be considered as a part of the complex neuro-immune-endocrine axis.
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Martinelli I, Timotin A, Moreno-Corchado P, Marsal D, Kramar S, Loy H, Joffre C, Boal F, Tronchere H, Kunduzova O. Galanin promotes autophagy and alleviates apoptosis in the hypertrophied heart through FoxO1 pathway. Redox Biol 2021; 40:101866. [PMID: 33493902 PMCID: PMC7823211 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are powerful regulators of multiple facets of cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Here, we uncover that galanin, a pleiotropic peptide, regulates cardiac autophagy and deactivates apoptotic cell death through the Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) pathway. In hypertrophied heart, galanin promotes autophagy and metabolic shift from fatty acid (FA) to glucose oxidation and preserves mitochondrial integrity. In cardiomyoblasts, galanin triggers autophagosome formation and alleviates hypertrophy, apoptotic cell death, and mitochondrial stress. Mechanistically, galanin dictates cell autophagic and anti-apoptotic phenotypes through FoxO1 pathway. Together, these findings uncover a previously unknown role for galanin in the regulation of cardiac autophagy and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms supporting cell survival in the hypertrophic reprogramming of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Martinelli
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, 31432, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France; Paul Sabatier University, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Andrei Timotin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, 31432, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France; Paul Sabatier University, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Paula Moreno-Corchado
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, 31432, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France; Paul Sabatier University, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Dimitri Marsal
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, 31432, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France; Paul Sabatier University, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Solomiia Kramar
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, 31432, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France; Paul Sabatier University, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Halina Loy
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, 31432, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France; Paul Sabatier University, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Carine Joffre
- Paul Sabatier University, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France; Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037, Toulouse, France
| | - Frederic Boal
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, 31432, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France; Paul Sabatier University, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Helene Tronchere
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, 31432, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France; Paul Sabatier University, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Oksana Kunduzova
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, 31432, Toulouse, Cedex 4, France; Paul Sabatier University, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.
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13
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Markasz L, Olsson KW, Holmström G, Sindelar R. Cluster Analysis of Early Postnatal Biochemical Markers May Predict Development of Retinopathy of Prematurity. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:14. [PMID: 33344058 PMCID: PMC7726592 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.13.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Growth factors and inflammatory and angiogenetic proteins are involved in the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). However, no early biochemical markers are in clinical use to predict ROP. By performing cluster analysis of multiple biomarkers, we aimed to determine patient groups with high and low risk for developing ROP. Methods In total, 202 protein markers in plasma were quantified by proximity extension assay from 35 extremely preterm infants on day 2 of life. Infants were sorted in groups by automated two-dimensional hierarchical clustering of all biomarkers. ROP was classified as stages I to III with or without surgical treatment. Predictive biomarkers were evaluated by analysis of variance and detected differences by two-sided paired t-test with Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons. Results Differences in 39 biochemical markers divided infants without ROP into two control groups (control 1, n = 7; control 2, n = 5; P < 0.05). Sixty-six biochemical markers defined differences between the control groups (n = 13) and all ROP infants (n = 23; P < 0.05). PARK7, VIM, MPO, CD69, and NEMO were markedly increased in control 1 compared to all ROP infants (P < 0.001). Lower TNFRSF4 and higher HER2 and GAL appeared in infants with ROP as compared to control 1 and/or 2 (P < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions Our data suggest that early elevated levels of PARK7, VIM, MPO, CD69, and NEMO may be associated with lower risk of developing ROP. Lower levels of TNFRSF4 with higher levels of HER2 and GAL may predict ROP development. Translational Relevance Cluster analysis of early postnatal biomarkers may help to identify infants with low or high risk of developing ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Markasz
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl-Wilhelm Olsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerd Holmström
- Department of Neuroscience/Ophthalmology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Sindelar
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Zalecki M, Juranek J, Pidsudko Z, Mogielnicka-Brzozowska M, Kaleczyc J, Franke-Radowiecka A. Inferior vagal ganglion galaninergic response to gastric ulcers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242746. [PMID: 33227035 PMCID: PMC7682887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Galanin is a neuropeptide widely expressed in central and peripheral nerves and is known to be engaged in neuronal responses to pathological changes. Stomach ulcerations are one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. Impaired stomach function in peptic ulcer disease suggests changes in autonomic nerve reflexes controlled by the inferior vagal ganglion, resulting in stomach dysfunction. In this paper, changes in the galaninergic response of inferior vagal neurons to gastric ulceration in a pig model of the disease were analyzed based on the authors' previous studies. The study was performed on 24 animals (12 control and 12 experimental). Gastric ulcers were induced by submucosal injections of 40% acetic acid solution into stomach submucosa and bilateral inferior vagal ganglia were collected one week afterwards. The number of galanin-immunoreactive perikarya in each ganglion was counted to determine fold-changes between both groups of animals and Q-PCR was applied to verify the changes in relative expression level of mRNA encoding both galanin and its receptor subtypes: GalR1, GalR2, GalR3. The results revealed a 2.72-fold increase in the number of galanin-immunoreactive perikarya compared with the controls. Q-PCR revealed that all studied genes were expressed in examined ganglia in both groups of animals. Statistical analysis revealed a 4.63-fold increase in galanin and a 1.45-fold increase in GalR3 mRNA as compared with the controls. No differences were observed between the groups for GalR1 or GalR2. The current study confirmed changes in the galaninergic inferior vagal ganglion response to stomach ulcerations and demonstrated, for the first time, the expression of mRNA encoding all galanin receptor subtypes in the porcine inferior vagal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zalecki
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Judyta Juranek
- Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zenon Pidsudko
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Marzena Mogielnicka-Brzozowska
- Department of Animal Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Amelia Franke-Radowiecka
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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15
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Azin F, Khazali H. Neuropeptide galanin and its effects on metabolic and reproductive disturbances in female rats with estradiol valerate (EV) - Induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Neuropeptides 2020; 80:102026. [PMID: 32063381 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A functional role of the neuropeptide galanin, executed through the three G-protein coupled receptor subtypes GAL₁₋₃, has been demonstrated in many biological systems and under pathological circumstances. Galanin is involved in many central and peripheral actions, in particular associated with endocrine mechanisms such as anterior pituitary hormone regulation, reproduction, glucose metabolism and also inflammation. The role of galanin in the pathology of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and possible therapeutic effects are unknown. However, based on the well known neuroendocrine changes in PCOS patients, it may be assumed that galanin via effects on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretory neurons could play a significant role in the development of PCOS. The aim of this study was to examine possible therapeutic effects of galanin on hormonal, metabolic and molecular parameters in PCOS. Accordingly, intraperitoneal injection of galanin in a dose- dependent manner in female PCOS rats induced a significant reduction in inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6), an increase in FSH and a decrease in LH, insulin and testosterone (using ELISA kit) compared to the PCOS groups. Moreover, data from real-time quantitative PCR showed significantly ameliorated changes in the mRNA levels of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and aromatase cytochrome P450 (CYP19). Taken together, galanin has neuroendocrine, anti- and pro-inflammatory and metabolic effects, and we therefore suggest that treatment with this peptide could represent new therapeutic approach for managing hormonal and metabolic disturbances in the PCOS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Azin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Homayoun Khazali
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Gambaro SE, Zubiría MG, Giordano AP, Portales AE, Alzamendi A, Rumbo M, Giovambattista A. "Spexin improves adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage recruitment in obese mice". Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158700. [PMID: 32201217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a novel adipokine related to many metabolic effects, such as gastrointestinal movements, insulin and glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and energy balance. This study evaluates the role of SPX in the improvement of the metabolic and inflammatory profile in fructose-rich-diet obese mice. Adult Swiss mice were supplemented or not with fructose (20% in tap water, FRD and CTR, respectively) for 10 weeks. The last ten days, mice were treated or not with SPX (ip. 29 μg/Kg/day, FRD-SPX and CTR-SPX, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between body weight prior to treatment and weight loss after SPX challenge. Moreover, plasma and liver triglycerides and adipose tissue (AT) features (mass, adipocyte hypertrophy, mRNA of leptin) were improved. SPX also induced a reduction in epididymal AT (EAT) expression of TNFα, IL1β and IL6 and an improvement in IL10 and CD206. M1 macrophages in EAT, principally the Ly6C- populations (M1a and M1b), were decreased. Adipocytes from FRD-SPX mice induced less macrophage activation (IL6, mRNA and secretion) than FRD after overnight co-culture with the monocyte cell line (RAW264.7) in stimulated conditions (M1 activation, LPS 100 ng/mL). Finally, in vitro, monocytes pre-incubated with SPX and stimulated with LPS showed decreased inflammatory mRNA markers compared to monocytes with LPS alone. In conclusion, SPX decreased body weight and improved the metabolic profile and adipocyte hypertrophy. Inflammatory Ly6C- macrophages decreased, together with inflammatory marker expression. In vitro studies demonstrate that SPX induced a decrease in M1 macrophage polarization directly or through mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Eliana Gambaro
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), Calle 526, 10 y 11, La Plata 1900, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - María Guillermina Zubiría
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), Calle 526, 10 y 11, La Plata 1900, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Paula Giordano
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), Calle 526, 10 y 11, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Andrea Estefanía Portales
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), Calle 526, 10 y 11, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Ana Alzamendi
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), Calle 526, 10 y 11, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Martín Rumbo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos, CONICET-UNLP, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
| | - Andrés Giovambattista
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE, CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), Calle 526, 10 y 11, La Plata 1900, Argentina; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, Argentina.
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17
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Czajkowska M, Rychlik A, Całka J. Long-term treatment with naproxen changes the chemical coding of the porcine intramural duodenum neurons. Ann Anat 2019; 227:151425. [PMID: 31610253 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.151425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to numerous therapeutic applications and high availability, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most widely used drugs worldwide. However, long-term use of these drugs can lead to damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa. The enteric nervous system (ENS), which is part of the autonomic nervous system, controls most aspects of gastrointestinal activity. Enteric neurons are characterized by considerable chemical plasticity and the appearance of a pathological factor results in a change in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of naproxen on expression of biologically active substances by intramural neurons supplying the porcine duodenum. The study was performed on eight immature pigs of the Pietrain x Duroc race (approximately 20kg of body weight). The animals were divided into two groups - a control (C group) and an experimental group (N group). Group C (n=4) consisted of animals which received empty gelatine capsules. Group N (n=4) was composed of pigs who received naproxen orally for 28 days, approximately one hour before feeding. After this time, animals from both groups were euthanized. Frozen sections (14μm thickness) were then prepared from the collected duodenum and subjected to double immunofluorescence staining. Antibodies against the neuronal marker PGP 9.5 and against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), galanin (GAL), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript peptide (CART) were used as primary antibodies. The polyclonal donkey anti-rabbit, anti-mouse and anti-guinea pig IgG antibodies - Alexa Fluor 488 and 546 - were also used for staining. Analysis of the results obtained with a fluorescence microscope showed a significant increase in the number of nNOS-, VIP-, GAL-, PACAP- and CART-immunoreactive ganglionated neurons and a decrease in the number of SP-positive neurons in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the porcine duodenum. The obtained results indicate the participation of enteric neurotransmitters in the neuronal duodenal response to naproxen-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Czajkowska
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, Olsztyn, 10-718, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Rychlik
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 14, Olsztyn, 10-957, Poland
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, Olsztyn, 10-718, Poland
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18
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Szymanska K, Gonkowski S. Neurochemical characterization of the enteric neurons within the porcine jejunum in physiological conditions and under the influence of bisphenol A (BPA). Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13580. [PMID: 30838766 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is commonly used in the production of plastics and has multidirectional, negative effects on the living organisms. It may also affect the enteric nervous system (ENS) located in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. Enteric neurons express many active substances, which regulate majority of intestinal activities not only in physiological conditions but also under the impact of pathological factors. METHODS The influence of various doses of BPA on the ENS of jejunum has been investigated using the double immunofluorescence technique. The commercial antibodies against substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), galanin (GAL), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART) were used. KEY RESULTS Both doses of BPA studied changed the number of the enteric neurons immunoreactive to SP, VIP, GAL, VAChT, and CART, and the intensity of fluctuations depended on the BPA dose and on the type of the enteric plexus. Bisphenol A causes the increase in the number of neurons immunoreactive to the majority of substances studied. The only exception was VAChT-positive neurons, the number of which was lower under the impact of BPA in the comparison with physiological conditions. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Even low doses of BPA cause the changes in neurochemical characterization of the enteric neurons in the jejunum. These changes may be the first sign of subclinical BPA intoxication. The mechanisms of observed changes are probably connected with neurotoxic and/or pro-inflammatory activity of BPA, but their exact mechanisms are not fully explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Szymanska
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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19
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Ramspacher A, Neudert M, Koller A, Schlager S, Kofler B, Brunner SM. Influence of the regulatory peptide galanin on cytokine expression in human monocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1455:185-195. [PMID: 31074091 PMCID: PMC6899851 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Current research into neuropeptides is bringing to light many remarkable functions of these endocrine/neurocrine/paracrine factors, such as their roles in modulating immune responses. Galanin is a neuropeptide expressed in both neural and non‐neural tissues and exerts its effects through three G protein–coupled receptors, GAL1,2,3‐R. It has been demonstrated that galanin has modulatory effects on immune cells, including neutrophils and natural killer cells. Because monocytes express GAL2‐R, and therefore are expected to be a target of galanin, we analyzed the effect of galanin on the expression of cytokines and chemokines by monocytes. Galanin increased the expression of IL‐1β up to 1.5‐fold, TNF‐α, IL‐10, IL‐18, and CCL3 up to twofold, and CXCL8 up to fourfold in nonactivated monocytes, but had no major effect on activated monocytes. A cross‐correlation analysis of cytokine expression profiles, irrespective of the activation status of the monocytes, revealed that galanin changed the cross‐correlation of the expression of certain cytokines. Galanin abolished several significant correlations in IFN‐γ–stimulated monocytes. For example, treatment with 10 nM galanin changed the Spearman's rank coefficient of IL‐18 and CXCL8 from 0.622 (P ≤ 0.01) to 0.126. These results further emphasize the importance of neuroregulatory peptides, such as galanin and their therapeutic potential to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ramspacher
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Magdalena Neudert
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Koller
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlager
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Maria Brunner
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Subclinical lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella Enteritidis induces neuropeptide dysregulation in the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:18. [PMID: 31023212 PMCID: PMC6485123 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite increasing evidence that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affects the biological active substances of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) we have limited knowledge of the influence of a single low dose of LPS, which does not result in any clinical symptoms of disease (subclinical LPS) on neuropeptides connected with the sensory pathway. Accordingly, in this work, we investigated the influence of subclinical LPS from Salmonella Enteritidis on selected neuropeptides: substance P (SP), galanin (GAL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SOM) in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions of the DRG and spinal cord. Methods This study was performed on immature female pigs of the Pietrain × Duroc breed. Seven days after the intravenous injection of saline solution for control animals (n = 5) and 5 μg/kg b.w. LPS from S. Enteritidis for the experimental group (n = 5), the DRG and the spinal cord were collected to extract the neuropeptides using solid-phase extraction technology. Results Our results demonstrated that subclinical LPS in DRG was able to change the levels of all studied neuropeptides except SOM, whereas in the spinal cord it down-regulated all studied neuropeptides in the sacral spinal cord, maintaining the concentration of all studied neuropeptides in other regions similar to that observed in the control animals. The significant differences in the intensity and character of observed changes between particular regions of the DRG suggest that the exact functions of the studied neuropeptides and mechanisms of responses to subclinical LPS action depend on specific characteristics and functions of each examination region of DRG. Conclusions The mechanisms of observed changes are not fully understood and require further study of the molecular interactions between subclinical LPS from S. Enteritidis and neuronal and non-neuronal cells of DRG and spinal cord. The peripheral and central pain pathways must be analysed with the aspect of unknown long-term consequences of the influence of subclinical LPS from S. Enteritidis on neuropeptides in the spinal cord and the dorsal root ganglia.
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Podlasz P, Jakimiuk A, Kasica-Jarosz N, Czaja K, Wasowicz K. Neuroanatomical Localization of Galanin in Zebrafish Telencephalon and Anticonvulsant Effect of Galanin Overexpression. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:3049-3059. [PMID: 30095254 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Galanin is a neuropeptide widely expressed in the nervous system, but it is also present in non-neuronal locations. In the brain, galanin may function as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Several studies have shown that galanin is involved in seizure regulation and can modulate epileptic activity in the brain. The overall goal of the study was to establish zebrafish as a model to study the antiepileptic effect of galanin. The goal of this study was achieved by (1) determining neuroanatomical localization of galanin in zebrafish lateral pallium, which is considered to be the zebrafish homologue of the mammalian hippocampus, the brain region essential for initiation of seizures, and (2) testing the anticonvulsant effect of galanin overexpression. Whole mount immunofluorescence staining and pentylenotetrazole (PTZ)-seizure model in larval zebrafish using automated analysis of motor function and qPCR were used in the study. Immunohistochemical staining of zebrafish larvae revealed numerous galanin-IR fibers innervating the subpallium, but only scarce fibers reaching the dorsal parts of telencephalon, including lateral pallium. In three-month old zebrafish, galanin-IR innervation of the telencephalon was similar; however, many more galanin-IR fibers reached the dorsal telencephalon, but in the lateral pallium only scarce galanin-IR fibers were visible. qRT-PCR revealed, as expected, a strong increase in the expression of galanin in the Tg(hsp70l:galn) line after heat shock; however, also without heat shock, the galanin expression was several-fold higher than in the control animals. Galanin overexpression resulted in downregulation of c-fos after PTZ treatment. Behavioral analysis showed that galanin overexpression inhibited locomotor activity in PTZ-treated and control larvae. The obtained results show that galanin overexpression reduced the incidence of seizure-like behavior episodes and their intensity but had no significant effect on their duration. The findings indicate that in addition to antiepileptic action, galanin modulates arousal behavior and demonstrates a sedative effect. The current study showed that galanin overexpression correlated with a potent anticonvulsant effect in the zebrafish PTZ-seizure model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Jakimiuk
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Natalia Kasica-Jarosz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czaja
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States
| | - Krzysztof Wasowicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Fang P, He B, Yu M, Shi M, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Bo P. Central galanin receptor 2 mediates galanin action to promote systemic glucose metabolism of type 2 diabetic rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:241-247. [PMID: 30170096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although recent results of our and other studies have showed that galanin (GAL) is an antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory neuropeptide, the molecular mechanism how central GAL regulates energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity is still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether central type 2 of GAL receptors (GALR2) are involved in the regulation of systemic glucose metabolism and its underlying mechanisms. In the present study, type 2 diabetic rats were intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) given 100 nM/kg/d GALR2 agonist M1145 or GALR2 antagonist M871 in 5 μl artificial cerebrospinal fluid once a day for consecutive 21 days. Then insulin resistance indexes, inflammatory factor and many genes associated with the function of glucose metabolism were examined in peripheral tissues. The present findings showed that the intracerebroventricular injection of M1145 or M871 respectively increased or decreased glucose infusion rates in hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp tests, but attenuated or enhanced the plasma inflammatory factors and glucose concentration in type 2 diabetic rats. Moreover, administration of M1145 markedly increased PGC-1α and GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscles and adipocytes of type 2 diabetic rats. In conclusion, activation of central GALR2 promotes glucose metabolism and ameliorates insulin resistance mainly through the PGC-1α/GLUT4 pathways. The central GALR2 is crucial to whole-body insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou 225300, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Biao He
- College of Physical Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Physiology, Hanlin College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Mingyi Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Ping Bo
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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23
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Mikołajczyk A, Kozłowska A, Gonkowski S. Distribution and Neurochemistry of the Porcine Ileocaecal Valve Projecting Sensory Neurons in the Dorsal Root Ganglia and the Influence of Lipopolysaccharide from Different Serotypes of Salmonella spp. on the Chemical Coding of DRG Neurons in the Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092551. [PMID: 30154361 PMCID: PMC6163640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ileocecal valve (ICV)—a sphincter muscle between small and large intestine—plays important roles in the physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but many aspects connected with the innervation of the ICV remain unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the localization and neurochemical characterization of neurons located in the dorsal root ganglia and supplying the ICV of the domestic pig. The results have shown that such neurons mainly located in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of thoracic and lumbar neuromers show the presence of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and galanin (GAL). The second part of the experiment consisted of a study on the influence of a low dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis Minnesota and Typhimurium on DRG neurons. It has been shown that the LPS of these serotypes in studied doses does not change the number of DRG neurons in the cell cultures, but influences the immunoreactivity to SP and GAL. The observed changes in neurochemical characterization depend on the bacterial serotype. The results show that DRG neurons take part in the innervation of the ICV and may change their neurochemical characterization under the impact of LPS, which is probably connected with direct actions of this substance on the nervous tissue and/or its pro-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Mikołajczyk
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30 Str., 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Kozłowska
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30 Str., 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13 Str., 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Ferrin J, Kirakodu S, Jensen D, Al-Attar A, Peyyala R, Novak MJ, Dawson D, Al-Sabbagh M, Stromberg AJ, Orraca L, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Burgos A, Ebersole JL, Gonzalez OA. Gene expression analysis of neuropeptides in oral mucosa during periodontal disease in non-human primates. J Periodontol 2018; 89:858-866. [PMID: 29676776 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptides (NPs) are innate pivotal regulators of the immunoinflammatory response. Nevertheless, their role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease remains unknown. Changes in gene expression of 10 NPs and 16 NP receptors (NPRs) coincident with the initiation, progression, and resolution of periodontitis were determined. METHODS The ligature-induced periodontitis model was used in rhesus monkeys (n = 18). Gingival tissue samples were taken at baseline (preligatures), at 2 weeks and at 1 month (initiation), and at 3 months (progression) postligation. Ligatures were removed and samples taken 2 months later (resolution). Total RNA was isolated from tissues and NP/NPR gene expression microarray analysis was performed. Gene expression changes were validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Unexpectedly, the expression of pro-inflammatory NPs/NPRs did not change during periodontitis or with resolution. However, increased expression of the anti-inflammatory NPs adrenomedullin (ADM) and galanin (GAL), and the NPRs calcitonin receptor-like (CALCRL) and receptor activity-modifying protein-2 and -3 (RAMP2 and RAMP3) were observed during initiation and progression of disease. The expression of the same NPs/NPRs exhibited a significant positive correlation with both molecular (interleukin-1ß, matrix mettaloproteinase-9, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand) and clinical measures of gingival inflammation and tissue destruction. CONCLUSION Initiation and progression of periodontitis involve significant overexpression of ADM, GAL, CALCRL, RAMP2, and RAMP3. These anti-inflammatory NPs/NPRs could play a role in the unresolved infection and inflammation that normally drives tissue destruction in periodontitis. Both ADM and GAL potentially are new candidates to consider as biomolecules associated with periodontal disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ferrin
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sreenatha Kirakodu
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky
| | - David Jensen
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky
| | - Ahmad Al-Attar
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky
| | - Rebecca Peyyala
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky
| | - M John Novak
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky
| | - Dolph Dawson
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Mohanad Al-Sabbagh
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Arnold J Stromberg
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky
| | - Luis Orraca
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR
| | | | - Armando Burgos
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Toa Baja, PR
| | - Jeffrey L Ebersole
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Octavio A Gonzalez
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.,Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky
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25
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Zalecki M, Pidsudko Z, Franke-Radowiecka A, Wojtkiewicz J, Kaleczyc J. Galaninergic intramural nerve and tissue reaction to antral ulcerations. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13360. [PMID: 29717796 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well-developed galaninergic gastric intramural nerve system is known to regulate multiple stomach functions in physiological and pathological conditions. Stomach ulcer, a disorder commonly occurring in humans and animals, is accompanied by inflammatory reaction. Inflammation can cause intramural neurons to change their neurochemical profile. Galanin and its receptors are involved in inflammation of many organs, however, their direct participation in stomach reaction to ulcer is not known. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate adaptive changes in the chemical coding of galaninergic intramural neurons and mRNA expression encoding Gal, GalR1, GalR2, GalR3 receptors in the region of the porcine stomach directly adjacent to the ulcer location. METHODS The experiment was performed on 24 pigs, divided into control and experimental groups. In 12 experimental animals, stomach antrum ulcers were experimentally induced by submucosal injection of acetic acid solution. Stomach wall directly adjacent to the ulcer was examined by: (1) double immunohistochemistry-to verify the changes in the number of galaninergic neurons (submucosal, myenteric) and fibers; (2) real-time PCR to verify changes in mRNA expression encoding galanin, GalR1, GalR2, GalR3 receptors. KEY RESULTS In the experimental animals, the number of Gal-immunoreactive submucosal perikarya was increased, while the number of galaninergic myenteric neurons and fibers (in all the stomach wall layers) remained unchanged. The expression of mRNA encoding all galanin receptors was increased. CONCLUSIONS & INTERFERENCES The results obtained unveiled the participation of galanin and galanin receptors in the stomach tissue response to antral ulcerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zalecki
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Z Pidsudko
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A Franke-Radowiecka
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - J Wojtkiewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - J Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Szymanska K, Makowska K, Gonkowski S. The Influence of High and Low Doses of Bisphenol A (BPA) on the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Ileum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030917. [PMID: 29558425 PMCID: PMC5877778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A, used in the production of plastic, is able to leach from containers into food and cause multidirectional adverse effects in living organisms, including neurodegeneration and metabolic disorders. Knowledge of the impact of BPA on enteric neurons is practically non-existent. The destination of this study was to investigate the influence of BPA at a specific dose (0.05 mg/kg body weight/day) and at a dose ten times higher (0.5 mg/kg body weight/day), given for 28 days, on the porcine ileum. The influence of BPA on enteric neuron immunoreactive to selected neuronal active substances, including substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), galanin (GAL), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT—used here as a marker of cholinergic neurons), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (CART), was studied by the double immunofluorescence method. Both doses of BPA affected the neurochemical characterization of the enteric neurons. The observed changes depended on the type of enteric plexus but were generally characterized by an increase in the number of cells immunoreactive to the particular substances. More visible fluctuations were observed after treatment with higher doses of BPA. The results confirm that even low doses of BPA may influence the neurochemical characterization of the enteric neurons and are not neutral for living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Szymanska
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Bruckner D, Hohberger B, Jünemann A, Kofler B, Reitsamer HA, Schrödl F. Distribution of the neuro-regulatory peptide galanin in the human eye. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:85-93. [PMID: 27914762 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galanin (GAL) is a neuro-regulatory peptide involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. While data of GAL origin/distribution in the human eye are rather fragmentary and since recently the presence of GAL-receptors in the normal human eye has been reported, we here systematically search for sources of ocular GAL in the human eye. Human eyes (n=14) were prepared for single- and double-immunohistochemistry of GAL and neurofilaments (NF). Cross- and flat-mount sections were achieved; confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used for documentation. In the anterior eye, GAL-immunoreactivity (GAL-IR) was detected in basal layers of corneal epithelium, endothelium, and in nerve fibers and keratinocytes of the corneal stroma. In the conjunctiva, GAL-IR was seen throughout all epithelial cell layers. In the iris, sphincter and dilator muscle and endothelium of iris vessels displayed GAL-IR. It was also detected in stromal cells containing melanin granules, while these were absent in others. In the ciliary body, ciliary muscle and pigmented as well as non-pigmented ciliary epithelium displayed GAL-IR. In the retina, GAL-IR was detected in cells associated with the ganglion cell layer, and in endothelial cells of retinal blood vessels. In the choroid, nerve fibers of the choroidal stroma as well as fibers forming boutons and surrounding choroidal blood vessels displayed GAL-IR. Further, the majority of intrinsic choroidal neurons were GAL-positive, as revealed by co-localization-experiments with NF, while a minority displayed NF- or GAL-IR only. GAL-IR was also detected in choroidal melanocytes, as identified by the presence of intracellular melanin-granules, as well as in cells lacking melanin-granules, most likely representing macrophages. GAL-IR was detected in numerous cells and tissues throughout the anterior and posterior eye and might therefore be an important regulatory peptide for many aspects of ocular control. Upcoming studies in diseased tissue will help to clarify the role of GAL in ocular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anselm Jünemann
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Research Program of Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Dept. of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Director of the Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schrödl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Dept. of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Koller A, Bianchini R, Schlager S, Münz C, Kofler B, Wiesmayr S. The neuropeptide galanin modulates natural killer cell function. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:109-115. [PMID: 27837916 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system and combat pathogens and tumors by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines like interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and by their cytotoxic action. Galanin is a neuropeptide also expressed in peripheral tissue where it impacts several physiological functions, including inflammation. The effects of galanin are mediated via three receptors, GAL1-3. Since other neuropeptides have been shown to regulate NK cell activity, we investigated the potential of galanin to modulate human NK cell function. NK cells were isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. mRNA expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The dynamic mass redistribution of NK cells upon regulatory peptide stimulation was determined by label-free biochip technology. IFN-γ producing NK cells were identified by flow cytometry analysis and IFN-γ secretion was measured by ELISA. NK cell cytotoxicity was analyzed by flow cytometry via CD107a mobilization. NK cells were found to express the receptor GAL2 but not GAL1, GAL3 or galanin. Galanin per se did not affect the dynamic mass redistribution of NK cells, but significantly enhanced the response of NK cells to IL-18. Galanin significantly modulated the IFN-γ production of the CD56bright NK cell population upon IL-12 and IL-18 stimulation. Furthermore, galanin significantly modulated the IL-12 and IL-18 stimulated IFN-γ secretion. NK cell cytotoxicity was not modulated by galanin treatment. Galanin can be classified as an immunomodulatory peptide as it is able to sensitize NK cells toward specific cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koller
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rodolfo Bianchini
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sandra Schlager
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Rämistraße 71, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Silke Wiesmayr
- Department of Neonatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Ihnatko R, Theodorsson E. Short N-terminal galanin fragments are occurring naturally in vivo. Neuropeptides 2017; 63:1-13. [PMID: 28434790 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The galanin family currently consists of four peptides, namely galanin, galanin-message associated peptide, galanin-like peptide and alarin. Unlike galanin that signals through three different G protein-coupled receptors; GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, binding at its N-terminal end, the cognate receptors for other members of the galanin family are currently unknown. Research using short N-terminal galanin fragments generated either by enzymatic cleavage or solid-phase synthesis has revealed differences in their receptor binding properties exerting numerous biological effects distinct from galanin(1-29) itself. Our studies on tissue extracts derived from rat small intestine and bovine gut using chromatographic techniques and sensitive galanin(1-16)-specific radioimmunoassay revealed the presence of immunoreactive compounds reacting with antiserum against galanin(1-16) distributed in distinct elution volumes. These results suggested a possible presence of short N-terminal galanin fragments also in vivo. Moreover, employing immunoaffinity chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by mass spectrometry allowed specific enrichment of these immunoreactive compounds from rat tissues and identification of their molecular structure. Indeed, our study revealed presence of several distinct short N-terminal galanin sequences in rat tissue. To prove their receptor binding, four of the identified sequences were synthetized, namely, galanin(1-13), galanin(1-16), galanin(1-20), galanin(6-20), and tested on coronal rat brain sections competing with 125I-labeled galanin(1-29). Our autoradiographs confirmed that galanin(1-13), galanin(1-16), and galanin(1-20) comprehensively displaced 125I-galanin(1-29) but galanin(6-20) did not. Here we show, for the first time, that short N-terminal galanin fragments occur naturally in rat tissues and that similar or identical galanin sequences can be present also in tissues of other species. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study is first to provide an evidence of the presence of short N-terminal galanin fragments in vivo in a biological system and provides further foundations for the previous studies using synthetized short N-terminal galanin fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ihnatko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58285 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58285 Linköping, Sweden
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30
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Lee MJ, Oh JH, Park CH, Kim KH, Lee DH, Chung JH. Galanin contributes to ultraviolet irradiation-induced inflammation in human skin. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:744-747. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research; Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology; Medical Research Center; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Oh
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research; Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology; Medical Research Center; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Chi-Hyun Park
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research; Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology; Medical Research Center; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyu Han Kim
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research; Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology; Medical Research Center; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research; Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology; Medical Research Center; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jin Ho Chung
- Department of Dermatology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging Research; Biomedical Research Institute; Seoul National University Hospital; Seoul Korea
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology; Medical Research Center; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
- Institute on Aging; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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31
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Etemadi L, Pettersson LME, Danielsen N. UVB irradiation induces rapid changes in galanin, substance P and c-fos immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord. Peptides 2017; 87:71-83. [PMID: 27923581 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that UVB irradiation induces primary and secondary hyperalgesia in rats and humans peaking about 24h after UVB exposure. In the present study we investigated the changes in galanin, substance P and c-fos immunoreactivity in rat DRG and spinal cord at the L5 level 2-96h after UVB irradiation. UVB irradiation of the heel area in rats almost increased the skin blood flow two-fold 24h after irradiation as measured by laser Doppler technique. UVB irradiation induced a significant reduction of the proportion of galanin positive DRG neurons for all time points, except at 12h. In the spinal cord, UVB irradiation induced increased immunoreactivity for galanin in the dorsal horn, the area around the central canal and interestingly also in the lateral spinal nucleus 12-96h after exposure. For substance P the proportion of substance P positive neurons was unchanged but UVB irradiation induced increased substance P immunoreactivity in the dorsal part of the spinal cord 48h after irradiation. UVB irradiation also induced c-fos immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn and the area around the central canal 24 and 48h after exposure. This translational model of UVB irradiation will induce rapid changes of neuropeptides implicated in nociceptive signaling in areas known to be of importance for nociception in a time frame, about 24h after exposure, where also neurophysiological alteration have been described in humans and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Etemadi
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lina M E Pettersson
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nils Danielsen
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Webling K, Runesson J, Lang A, Saar I, Kofler B, Langel Ü. Ala 5-galanin (2-11) is a GAL 2R specific galanin analogue. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:75-82. [PMID: 27592409 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is over 30years since the regulatory peptide galanin was discovered by Professor Mutt and co-workers. Galanin exerts its effects by binding to three galanin G-protein coupled receptors, namely GAL1R, GAL2R and GAL3R. Each galanin receptor has a different distribution in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system as well as distinctive signaling pathways, which implicates that the receptors are involved in different biological- and pathological effects. The delineation of the galaninergic system is however difficult due to a lack of stable, specific galanin receptor ligands. Herein, a new short GAL2R specific ligand, Ala5-galanin (2-11), is presented. The galanin (2-11) modified analogue Ala5-galanin (2-11) was tested in 125I-galanin competitive binding studies for the three galanin receptors and the G-protein coupled receptor signaling properties was tested by the ability to influence second-messenger molecules like inositol phosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In addition, two different label-free real-time assays, namely EnSpire® based on an optical biosensor and xCELLigence® based on an electric biosensor, were used for evaluating the signaling properties using cell lines with different levels of receptor expression. Ala5-galanin (2-11) was subsequently found to be a full agonist for GAL2R with more than 375-fold preference for GAL2R compared to both GAL1R and GAL3R. The single amino acid substitution of serine to alanine at position 5 in the short ligand galanin (2-11) resulted in a ligand subsequently unable to bind neither GAL3R nor GAL1R, even at concentrations as high as 0.1mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Webling
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johan Runesson
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lang
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Indrek Saar
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Botz B, Kemény Á, Brunner SM, Sternberg F, Csepregi J, Mócsai A, Pintér E, McDougall JJ, Kofler B, Helyes Z. Lack of Galanin 3 Receptor Aggravates Murine Autoimmune Arthritis. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:260-9. [PMID: 26941032 PMCID: PMC4884566 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenic inflammation mediated by peptidergic sensory nerves has a crucial impact on the pathogenesis of various joint diseases. Galanin is a regulatory sensory neuropeptide, which has been shown to attenuate neurogenic inflammation, modulate neutrophil activation, and be involved in the development of adjuvant arthritis, but our current understanding about its targets and physiological importance is incomplete. Among the receptors of galanin (GAL1-3), GAL3 has been found to be the most abundantly expressed in the vasculature and on the surface of some immune cells. However, since there are minimal in vivo data on the role of GAL3 in joint diseases, we analyzed its involvement in different inflammatory mechanisms of the K/BxN serum transfer-model of autoimmune arthritis employing GAL 3 gene-deficient mice. After arthritis induction, GAL3 knockouts demonstrated increased clinical disease severity and earlier hindlimb edema than wild types. Vascular hyperpermeability determined by in vivo fluorescence imaging was also elevated compared to the wild-type controls. However, neutrophil accumulation detected by in vivo luminescence imaging or arthritic mechanical hyperalgesia was not altered by the lack of the GAL3 receptor. Our findings suggest that GAL3 has anti-inflammatory properties in joints by inhibiting vascular hyperpermeability and consequent edema formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Botz
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Neuroscience Centre and János Szentágothai Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kemény
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Neuroscience Centre and János Szentágothai Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Susanne M Brunner
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise-THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Felix Sternberg
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise-THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Janka Csepregi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine and MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine and MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Neuroscience Centre and János Szentágothai Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jason J McDougall
- Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesia, Pain Management & Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise-THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Team, Neuroscience Centre and János Szentágothai Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- MTA-PTE NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, Pécs, Hungary
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Zalecki M, Sienkiewicz W, Franke-Radowiecka A, Klimczuk M, Kaleczyc J. The Influence of Gastric Antral Ulcerations on the Expression of Galanin and GalR1, GalR2, GalR3 Receptors in the Pylorus with Regard to Gastric Intrinsic Innervation of the Pyloric Sphincter. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155658. [PMID: 27175780 PMCID: PMC4866767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric antrum ulcerations are common disorders occurring in humans and animals. Such localization of ulcers disturbs the gastric emptying process, which is precisely controlled by the pylorus. Galanin (Gal) and its receptors are commonly accepted to participate in the regulation of inflammatory processes and neuronal plasticity. Their role in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility is also widely described. However, there is lack of data considering antral ulcerations in relation to changes in the expression of Gal and GalR1, GalR2, GalR3 receptors in the pyloric wall tissue and galaninergic intramural innervation of the pylorus. Two groups of pigs were used in the study: healthy gilts and gilts with experimentally induced antral ulcers. By double immunocytochemistry percentages of myenteric and submucosal neurons expressing Gal-immunoreactivity were determined in the pyloric wall tissue and in the population of gastric descending neurons supplying the pyloric sphincter (labelled by retrograde Fast Blue neuronal tracer). The percentage of Gal-immunoreactive neurons increased only in the myenteric plexus of the pyloric wall (from 16.14±2.06% in control to 25.5±2.07% in experimental animals), while no significant differences in other neuronal populations were observed between animals of both groups. Real-Time PCR revealed the increased expression of mRNA encoding Gal and GalR1 receptor in the pyloric wall tissue of the experimental animals, while the expression(s) of GalR2 and GalR3 were not significantly changed. The results obtained suggest the involvement of Gal, GalR1 and galaninergic pyloric myenteric neurons in the response of pyloric wall structures to antral ulcerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zalecki
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Waldemar Sienkiewicz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Amelia Franke-Radowiecka
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klimczuk
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Koller A, Rid R, Beyreis M, Bianchini R, Holub BS, Lang A, Sternberg F, Brodowicz B, Velickovic O, Jakab M, Kerschbaum H, Önder K, Kofler B. In vitro toxicity of the galanin receptor 3 antagonist SNAP 37889. Neuropeptides 2016; 56:83-8. [PMID: 26725588 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Galanin and its receptors (GAL1, GAL2, GAL3) modulate a range of neuronal, immune and vascular activities. In vivo administration of SNAP 37889 (1-phenyl-3-[[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]imino]-1H-indol-2-one), a potent small non-peptidergic antagonist of GAL3, was reported to reduce anxiety- and depression-related behavior, ethanol consumption, and antagonizes the effect of galanin on plasma extravasation in rodent models. Accordingly, SNAP 37889 has been proposed as a potential therapeutic agent to treat anxiety and depression disorders. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicity of SNAP 37889 to different cell types. Our experiments revealed that SNAP 37889 (≥10μM) induced apoptosis in epithelial (HMCB) and microglial (BV-2) cell lines expressing endogenous GAL3, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) expressing GAL2, and in a neuronal cell line (SH-SY5Y) lacking galanin receptor expression altogether. In conclusion, SNAP 37889 is toxic to a variety of cell types independent of GAL3 expression. We caution that the clinical use of SNAP 37889 at doses that might be used to treat anxiety- or depression- related diseases could have unexpected non-galanin receptor-mediated toxicity, especially on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koller
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Raphaela Rid
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marlena Beyreis
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rodolfo Bianchini
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara S Holub
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Lang
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Felix Sternberg
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Brodowicz
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ognjen Velickovic
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Jakab
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hubert Kerschbaum
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kamil Önder
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Procomcure Biotech GmbH, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Fang P, He B, Shi M, Kong G, Dong X, Zhu Y, Bo P, Zhang Z. The regulative effect of galanin family members on link of energy metabolism and reproduction. Peptides 2015; 71:240-9. [PMID: 26188174 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is essential for the species survival that an efficient coordination between energy storage and reproduction through endocrine regulation. The neuropeptide galanin, one of the endocrine hormones, can potently coordinate energy metabolism and the activities of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal reproductive axis to adjust synthesis and release of metabolic and reproductive hormones in animals and humans. However, few papers have summarized the regulative effect of the galanin family members on the link of energy storage and reproduction as yet. To address this issue, this review attempts to summarize the current information available about the regulative effect of galanin, galanin-like peptide and alarin on the metabolic and reproductive events, with special emphasis on the interactions between galanin and hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone, pituitary luteinizing hormone and ovarian hormones. This research line will further deepen our understanding of the physiological roles of the galanin family in regulating the link of energy metabolism and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghua Fang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Hanlin College, Taizhou 225300, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Biao He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Mingyi Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Guimei Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Xiaoyun Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China
| | - Ping Bo
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Zhenwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China.
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Gan L, England E, Yang JY, Toulme N, Ambati S, Hartzell DL, Meagher RB, Baile CA. A 72-hour high fat diet increases transcript levels of the neuropeptide galanin in the dorsal hippocampus of the rat. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:51. [PMID: 26260473 PMCID: PMC4531388 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence identifies the hippocampus, a brain structure commonly associated with learning and memory, as key to the regulation of food intake and the development and consequences of obesity. Intake of a high fat diet (HFD) results in altered consumptive behavior, hippocampal damage, and cognitive deficits. While many studies report the effects of HFD after chronic consumption and in the instance of obesity, few examine the events that occur following acute HFD consumption. In this study, male rats were fed either a control diet (10% fat by kcal) or HFD (45% fat by kcal) for 72 h. At the end of the 72-h period, serum and tissues were collected and weighed. Brains were rapidly frozen or formalin-fixed in preparation for qRT-PCR or immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results Acute intake of HFD resulted in higher serum levels of leptin and cholesterol, with no significant changes in final body weight or adipose tissue mass. In the dorsal hippocampus, transcription of the neuroprotective peptide galanin was significantly upregulated along with a trend for an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and histone deacetylase 2 in the rats fed HFD. In the ventral hippocampus, there was a significant increase in histone deacetylase 4 and a decrease in galanin receptor 1 in this group. Results from immunohistochemistry validate strong presence of the galanin peptide in the CA1/CA2 region of the dorsal hippocampus. Conclusions These results provide evidence for a distinct response in specific functional regions of the hippocampus following acute HFD intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Gan
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Rongchang Campus, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, People's Republic of China. .,Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Emily England
- Neuroscience Division Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Jeong-Yeh Yang
- Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Natalie Toulme
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Suresh Ambati
- Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Diane L Hartzell
- Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | | | - Clifton A Baile
- Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Lang R, Gundlach AL, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Wynick D, Hökfelt T, Kofler B. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: three decades of emerging diversity. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:118-75. [PMID: 25428932 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin was first identified 30 years ago as a "classic neuropeptide," with actions primarily as a modulator of neurotransmission in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Other structurally-related peptides-galanin-like peptide and alarin-with diverse biologic actions in brain and other tissues have since been identified, although, unlike galanin, their cognate receptors are currently unknown. Over the last two decades, in addition to many neuronal actions, a number of nonneuronal actions of galanin and other galanin family peptides have been described. These include actions associated with neural stem cells, nonneuronal cells in the brain such as glia, endocrine functions, effects on metabolism, energy homeostasis, and paracrine effects in bone. Substantial new data also indicate an emerging role for galanin in innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Galanin has been shown to regulate its numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes through interactions with three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cAMP/PKA (GAL1, GAL3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GAL2). In this review, we emphasize the importance of novel galanin receptor-specific agonists and antagonists. Also, other approaches, including new transgenic mouse lines (such as a recently characterized GAL3 knockout mouse) represent, in combination with viral-based techniques, critical tools required to better evaluate galanin system physiology. These in turn will help identify potential targets of the galanin/galanin-receptor systems in a diverse range of human diseases, including pain, mood disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Sally A Hobson
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - David Wynick
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
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Scanlon CS, Banerjee R, Inglehart RC, Liu M, Russo N, Hariharan A, van Tubergen EA, Corson SL, Asangani IA, Mistretta CM, Chinnaiyan AM, D'Silva NJ. Galanin modulates the neural niche to favour perineural invasion in head and neck cancer. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6885. [PMID: 25917569 PMCID: PMC4476386 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is an indicator of poor survival in multiple cancers. Unfortunately, there is no targeted treatment for PNI since the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. PNI is an active process, suggesting that cancer cells communicate with nerves. However, nerve-tumour crosstalk is understudied due to the lack of in vivo models to investigate the mechanisms. Here, we developed an in vivo model of PNI to characterise this interaction. We show that the neuropeptide galanin (GAL) initiates nerve-tumour crosstalk via activation of its G-protein-coupled receptor, GALR2. Our data reveal a novel mechanism by which GAL from nerves stimulates GALR2 on cancer cells to induce NFATC2-mediated transcription of cyclooxygenase-2 and GAL. Prostaglandin E2 promotes cancer invasion, and in a feedback mechanism, GAL released by cancer induces neuritogenesis, facilitating PNI. This study describes a novel in vivo model for PNI and reveals the dynamic interaction between nerve and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Springstead Scanlon
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Rajat Banerjee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ronald C Inglehart
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nickole Russo
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Amirtha Hariharan
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth A van Tubergen
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Sara L Corson
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Irfan A Asangani
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [3] Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Charlotte M Mistretta
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [3] Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- 1] Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [2] Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA [3] Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Czujkowska A, Arciszewski MB. Galanin is Co-Expressed with Substance P, Calbindin and Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) in The Enteric Nervous System of the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Small Intestine. Anat Histol Embryol 2015; 45:115-23. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Czujkowska
- Municipal Zoological Garden in Warsaw; Ratuszowa 1/3 03-461 Warsaw Poland
| | - M. B. Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Life Sciences; Akademicka 12 20-033 Lublin Poland
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Flynn SP, White HS. Regulation of glucose and insulin release following acute and repeated treatment with the synthetic galanin analog NAX-5055. Neuropeptides 2015; 50:35-42. [PMID: 25690510 PMCID: PMC4402648 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin is widely expressed in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. However there is limited understanding of how individual galanin receptor (GalR1, 2, and 3) subtypes mediate the physiological activity of galanin in vivo. To address this issue we utilized NAX-5055, a systemically available, metabolically stable galanin analog. NAX-5055 displays a preference for GalR1 receptors and possesses potent anticonvulsant activity in vivo, suggesting that NAX-5055 engages central galanin receptors. To determine if NAX-5055 also modulates the activity of peripheral galanin receptors, we evaluated the effect of NAX-5055 on blood glucose and insulin levels in mice. Acute and repeated (once daily for four days) systemic administration of NAX-5055 (4 mg/kg) significantly increased blood glucose levels compared to vehicle treated mice. However, a hyperglycemic response was not observed following systemic administration of NAX-805-1, a scrambled analog of NAX-5055, with critical receptor binding residues, Trp(2) and Tyr(9), reversed. These results suggest that chemical modifications independent of the galanin backbone of NAX-5055 are not responsible for the hyperglycemic response. The effect of NAX-5055 on glucose homeostasis was further evaluated with a glucose tolerance test (GTT). Mice administered either acute or repeated (once daily for four days) injections of NAX-5055 (4 mg/kg) displayed impaired glucose handling and reduced insulin response to an acute glucose (1g/kg) challenge. Here we have shown that systemic administration of a centrally active GalR1-preferring galanin analog produces acute hyperglycemia and an inhibition of insulin release in vivo and that these effects are not attenuated with repeated administration. NAX-5055 thus provides a new pharmacological tool to further the understanding of function of both central and peripheral GalR1 receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Flynn
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - H Steve White
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Locker F, Lang AA, Koller A, Lang R, Bianchini R, Kofler B. Galanin modulates human and murine neutrophil activation in vitro. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:595-602. [PMID: 25545502 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are key players in innate immunity. The innate immune system needs to be tightly controlled to ensure proper activation but also no overactivation. Galanin has been shown to regulate inflammatory reactions, and therefore, we aimed to elucidate the expression of galanin and its three receptors (GAL1 -GAL3 ) in polymorphonuclear neutrophils and to evaluate whether galanin exerts direct or indirect effects on human and murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils. METHODS Human peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophils were isolated from fresh blood of healthy donors, and murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils were isolated from bone marrow of C57BL/6N mice. Gene expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR. As a marker for polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation, CD11b integrin surface expression was measured by FACS analysis. Furthermore, a label-free technology measuring ligand-induced dynamic mass redistribution was used to evaluate the response of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to galanin. RESULTS GAL2 receptor expression was found in both human and murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils, galanin and GAL3 receptor were exclusively expressed in murine bone marrow polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and GAL1 receptor was not detectable in polymorphonuclear neutrophils of either species. Galanin treatment was not able to induce CD11b integrin surface expression or dynamic mass redistribution in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils and murine bone marrow polymorphonuclear neutrophils. However, galanin treatment significantly enhanced the response of polymorphonuclear neutrophils of both species to interleukin-8. CONCLUSION Galanin can be regarded as an immunomodulatory peptide as it can sensitize polymorphonuclear neutrophils towards pro-inflammatory cytokines in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Locker
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP; Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism; Department of Pediatrics; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - A. A. Lang
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP; Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism; Department of Pediatrics; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - A. Koller
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP; Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism; Department of Pediatrics; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - R. Lang
- Department of Dermatology; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - R. Bianchini
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP; Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism; Department of Pediatrics; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
| | - B. Kofler
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP; Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism; Department of Pediatrics; Paracelsus Medical University; Salzburg Austria
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Nergiz S, Altınkaya ÖS, Küçük M, Yüksel H, Sezer SD, Kurt Ömürlü İ, Odabaşı AR. Circulating galanin and IL-6 concentrations in gestational diabetes mellitus. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014; 30:236-40. [PMID: 24397394 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2013.871519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare galanin and IL-6 levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Also association of insulin resistance markers, galanin and IL-6 was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study registered 30 pregnant women with GDM and 30 pregnant women with NGT. Fasting venous blood samples were collected from all patients. Galanin and IL-6 levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Galanin and IL-6 levels were found higher in pregnant women with GDM (p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was determined between galanin concentrations and glucose (r = 0.240, p = 0.065), insulin (r = 0.681, p < 0.001), HbA1c (r = -0.644, p < 0.001), IL-6 (r = 0.783, p < 0.05) and oral glucose challenge test results (r = 0.745, p < 0.001) in pregnant women included in study, whereas no significant association was determined between galanin and gestational age (r = 0.058, p = 0.662), body mass index (r = -0.019, p = 0.886). CONCLUSION Galanin and IL-6 were found to be significantly associated with insulin resistance markers in GDM, thus may play important roles in regulation of glucose hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sümeyra Nergiz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University , Aydin , Turkey
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Sobrino Crespo C, Perianes Cachero A, Puebla Jiménez L, Barrios V, Arilla Ferreiro E. Peptides and food intake. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:58. [PMID: 24795698 PMCID: PMC4005944 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms for controlling food intake involve mainly an interplay between gut, brain, and adipose tissue (AT), among the major organs. Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and other systems are required for communication between the brain satiety center, gut, and AT. These neuronal circuits include a variety of peptides and hormones, being ghrelin the only orexigenic molecule known, whereas the plethora of other factors are inhibitors of appetite, suggesting its physiological relevance in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Nutrients generated by food digestion have been proposed to activate G-protein-coupled receptors on the luminal side of enteroendocrine cells, e.g., the L-cells. This stimulates the release of gut hormones into the circulation such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, pancreatic polypeptides, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and cholecystokinin, which inhibit appetite. Ghrelin is a peptide secreted from the stomach and, in contrast to other gut hormones, plasma levels decrease after a meal and potently stimulate food intake. Other circulating factors such as insulin and leptin relay information regarding long-term energy stores. Both hormones circulate at proportional levels to body fat content, enter the CNS proportionally to their plasma levels, and reduce food intake. Circulating hormones can influence the activity of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurons of the hypothalamus, after passing across the median eminence. Circulating factors such as gut hormones may also influence the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) through the adjacent circumventricular organ. On the other hand, gastrointestinal vagal afferents converge in the NTS of the brainstem. Neural projections from the NTS, in turn, carry signals to the hypothalamus. The ARC acts as an integrative center, with two major subpopulations of neurons influencing appetite, one of them coexpressing neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein (AgRP) that increases food intake, whereas the other subpopulation coexpresses pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript that inhibits food intake. AgRP antagonizes the effects of the POMC product, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Both populations project to areas important in the regulation of food intake, including the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which also receives important inputs from other hypothalamic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sobrino Crespo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Perianes Cachero
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Lilian Puebla Jiménez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Arilla Ferreiro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Arilla Ferreiro, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28871, Spain e-mail:
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Chiu IM, Heesters BA, Ghasemlou N, Von Hehn CA, Zhao F, Tran J, Wainger B, Strominger A, Muralidharan S, Horswill AR, Wardenburg JB, Hwang SW, Carroll MC, Woolf CJ. Bacteria activate sensory neurons that modulate pain and inflammation. Nature 2013; 501:52-7. [PMID: 23965627 PMCID: PMC3773968 DOI: 10.1038/nature12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptor sensory neurons are specialized to detect potentially damaging stimuli, protecting the organism by initiating the sensation of pain and eliciting defensive behaviours. Bacterial infections produce pain by unknown molecular mechanisms, although they are presumed to be secondary to immune activation. Here we demonstrate that bacteria directly activate nociceptors, and that the immune response mediated through TLR2, MyD88, T cells, B cells, and neutrophils and monocytes is not necessary for Staphylococcus aureus-induced pain in mice. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in mice is correlated with live bacterial load rather than tissue swelling or immune activation. Bacteria induce calcium flux and action potentials in nociceptor neurons, in part via bacterial N-formylated peptides and the pore-forming toxin α-haemolysin, through distinct mechanisms. Specific ablation of Nav1.8-lineage neurons, which include nociceptors, abrogated pain during bacterial infection, but concurrently increased local immune infiltration and lymphadenopathy of the draining lymph node. Thus, bacterial pathogens produce pain by directly activating sensory neurons that modulate inflammation, an unsuspected role for the nervous system in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M. Chiu
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Balthasar A. Heesters
- Boston Children's Hospital, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Christian A. Von Hehn
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Fan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Quantitative Biology Program, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
| | - Johnathan Tran
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Brian Wainger
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Amanda Strominger
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sriya Muralidharan
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Microbiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | - Sun Wook Hwang
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Korea University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul 136-705, Korea
| | - Michael C. Carroll
- Boston Children's Hospital, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J. Woolf
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Hagen CJ, Newmyer BA, Webster RI, Gilbert ER, Siegel PB, Tachibana T, Cline MA. Stimulation of food intake after central galanin is associated with arcuate nucleus activation and does not differ between genetically selected low and high body weight lines of chickens. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:281-5. [PMID: 23369300 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Galanin, a 29 residue peptide found in the hypothalamus, causes orexigenic effects in a variety of species. In the present study, we investigated appetite-associated effects of galanin in chicks from lines which have been selected from a common founder population for either low or high body weight. The low line consists of some anorexic individuals and there are obese individuals in the high line. Central galanin caused increased food intake in both lines with the magnitude of response similar in both lines. We also quantified the number of c-Fos immunoreactive cells in several hypothalamic nuclei that are associated with appetite. Only the arcuate nucleus had an increase in the number of reactive cells, a response that was similar for both lines. From these results we concluded that selection for body weight likely did not affect galanin function on induction of feeding in either lines, and that the effect of galanin is associated with arcuate nucleus activation in chicks.
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Ding YN, Li ZH, Xu LM, Xiong JP, Chen YW, Fan JG. Newly expressed galanin type 2 receptor suppresses proliferation of activated hepatic stellate cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:1205-1210. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i13.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of galanin receptors in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their role in HSC proliferation.
METHODS: HSCs were isolated from rats by in situ liver perfusion with collagenase and pronase E and cultured for 1 wk. Cells were then harvested and the mRNA expression of galanin and its three receptors (GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3) was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. HSC-T6, an immortalized and activated rat liver stellate cell line, was cultured in vitro to confirm the presence of GalR2 protein by immunocytofluorescence. Cultured HSC-T6 cells were then treated with galanin at concentrations from 0 to 10000 nmol/L for 24 h, in the presence or absence of a GalR2 neutralization antibody (5 μg/mL). Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay.
RESULTS: Galanin mRNA and GalR3 mRNA were expressed by both quiescent and activated HSCs. GalR2 mRNA was undetectable in quiescent HSCs but was markedly expressed by activated HSCs. GalR1 mRNA was not detected in either quiescent or activated HSCs. The presence of GalR2 protein in activated HSC was further confirmed by immunocytofluorescence in HSC-T6 cells. Treatment with galanin at a concentration of 1, 10, 100 or 1000 nmol/L resulted in a reduction of cell proliferation to 86.7% (t = 3.976, P = 0.028), 83.1% (t = 4.45, P = 0.012), 78.1% (t = 5.75, P = 0.006) and 73.1% (t = 5.38, P= 0.008) of that of controls. Complete GalR2 neutralization enhanced the inhibitory effect of galanin, and the proliferation of cells treated with 1 or 10 nmol/L of galanin was reduced to 67.9% (t = 5.11, P = 0.015) and 73.1% (t = 6.56, P = 0.003) of that of controls. There was a further reduction of 21.7% (t = 3.35, P = 0.028) and 12.6% (t = 2.78, P = 0.049) compared with the corresponding galanin-treated group.
CONCLUSION: Newly expressed GalR2 counteracts GalR1-mediated inhibitory effect of galanin on the proliferation of activated HSCs.
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Different responses of galanin and calcitonin gene-related peptide to capsaicin stimulation on dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 184:68-74. [PMID: 23499803 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Both galanin (Gal) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are sensory neuropeptides which expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and are involved in nociceptive processing. Capsaicin (CAP) influences nociceptive processing via influencing the expression of sensory neuropeptides in primary sensory neurons. However, little is known about the alterations of Gal and CGRP expression at the same condition stimulated by CAP. In the present study, primary cultured DRG neurons were used to determine the different responses of Gal and CGRP to CAP stimulation. DRG neurons were cultured for 48 hours and then exposed to CAP (2 μmol/L), capsazepine (CPZ) (2 μmol/L) plus CAP (2 μmol/L), or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) inhibitor PD98059 (10 μmol/L) plus CAP (2 μmol/L) for an additional 24hours. The DRG neurons were continuously exposed to culture media as a control. After that, the levels of Gal mRNA and CGRP mRNA of DRG neurons were determined using real time-PCR analysis. Gal and CGRP expression in situ was detected by an immunofluorescent labeling technique. The levels of phosphorylated-ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) protein were detected using a Western blot assay. The results showed that CAP evoked increases of Gal and its mRNA and decreases of CGRP and its mRNA in DRG neurons. Administration of either CPZ or PD98059 blocked the effects of CAP. These data indicate that Gal and CGRP shared different responses to CAP stimulation. Gal and CGRP may have different effects in nociceptive processing during neurogenic inflammation.
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Porzionato A, Macchi V, De Caro R, Di Giulio C. Inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms in the carotid body. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2013; 187:31-40. [PMID: 23485800 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is available about the role of inflammatory/immunological factors in the physiology and plasticity of the carotid body, with potential clinical implications in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and sudden infant death syndrome. In humans, lymphomonocytic aggregations (chronic carotid glomitis) have been reported in aging and opiate addiction. Glomus cells produce prostaglandin E2 and the cytokines interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and TNF-α, with corresponding receptors. These factors modulate glomus cell excitability, catecholamine release and/or chemoreceptor discharge. The above cytokines are up-regulated in chronic sustained or intermittent hypoxia, and prevention of these changes, with ibuprofen or dexamethasone, may modulate hypoxia-induced changes in carotid body chemosensitivity. The main transcription factors considered to be involved are NF-kB and HIFs. Circulating immunogens (lipopolysaccharide) and cytokines may also affect peripheral arterial chemoreception, with the carotid body exerting an immunosensing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Porzionato
- Section of Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Eleventh Eilat Conference (EILAT XI). Epilepsy Res 2013; 103:2-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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