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Trost A, Motloch K, Koller A, Bruckner D, Runge C, Schroedl F, Bogner B, Kaser-Eichberger A, Strohmaier C, Ladek AM, Preishuber-Pfluegl J, Brunner SM, Aigner L, Reitsamer HA. Inhibition of the cysteinyl leukotriene pathways increases survival of RGCs and reduces microglial activation in ocular hypertension. Exp Eye Res 2021; 213:108806. [PMID: 34715090 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. This multifactorial, neurodegenerative group of diseases is characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, leading to irreversible visual impairment and blindness. There is a huge unmet and urging need for the development of new and translatable strategies and treatment options to prevent this progressive loss of RGC. Accumulating evidence points towards a critical role of neuroinflammation, in particular microglial cells, in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Leukotrienes are mediators of neuroinflammation and are involved in many neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we tested the leukotriene receptors CysLT1R/GPR17-selective antagonist Montelukast (MTK) for its efficacy to modulate the reactive state of microglia in order to ameliorate RGCs loss in experimental glaucoma. Ocular hypertension (OHT) was induced unilaterally by injection of 8 μm magnetic microbead (MB) into the anterior chamber of female Brown Norway rats. The contralateral, untreated eye served as control. Successful induction of OHT was verified by daily IOP measurement using a TonoLab rebound tonometer. Simultaneously to OHT induction, one group received daily MTK treatment and the control group vehicle solution by oral gavage. Animals were sacrificed 13-15 days after MB injection. Retina and optic nerves (ON) of OHT and contralateral eyes were analyzed by immunofluorescence with specific markers for RGCs (Brn3a), microglial cells/macrophages (Iba1 and CD68), and cysteinyl leukotriene pathway receptors (CysLT1R and GPR17). Protein labeling was documented by confocal microscopy and analyzed with ImageJ plugins. Further, mRNA expression of genes of the inflammatory and leukotriene pathway was analyzed in retinal tissue. MTK treatment resulted in a short-term IOP reduction at day 2, which dissipated by day 5 of OHT induction in MTK treated animals. Furthermore, MTK treatment resulted in a decreased activation of Iba1+ microglial cells in the retina and ON, and in a significantly increased RGC survival in OHT eyes. Within the retina, GPR17 and CysLT1R expression was demonstrated in single RCGs and in microglial cells respectively. Further, increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes was detected in OHT induced retinas. In the ON, OHT induction increased the number of GPR17+ cells, showing a trend of reduction following MTK treatment. This study shows for the first time a significantly increased RGC survival in an acute OHT model following treatment with the leukotriene receptor antagonist MTK. These results strongly suggest a neuroprotective effect of MTK and a potential new therapeutic strategy for glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Karolina Motloch
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Koller
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schroedl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Anja-Maria Ladek
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Preishuber-Pfluegl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Susanne Maria Brunner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert Anton Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
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Ladek AM, Trost A, Bruckner D, Schroedl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Lenzhofer M, Reitsamer HA, Strohmaier CA. Immunohistochemical Characterization of Neurotransmitters in the Episcleral Circulation in Rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3215-3220. [PMID: 31335947 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Episcleral venous pressure (EVP) greatly influences steady-state IOP and recent evidence suggests a neuronal influence on EVP. Yet little is known about the innervation of the episcleral circulation and, more specifically, the neurotransmitters involved. We identify possible neurotransmitter candidates in the episcleral circulation of rats. Methods Eight immersion-fixated rat eyes taken from four animals were cut into serial sections, followed by standard immunohistochemistry. Antibodies against choline acetyltransferase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, synaptophysine, PGP 9.5, VIP, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), substance P, CGRP, and galanin were used. Additionally, colocalization experiments with smooth muscle actin and neurofilament (200 kDa) were performed. Results In all specimens, the episcleral vessels showed immunoreactivity for smooth muscle actin and were reached by neurofilament (200 kDa)-positive structures. Furthermore, these structures colocalized with immunoreactivity for PGP 9.5, synaptophysine, choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), dopamine-β-hydroxylase, VIP, CGRP, nNOS, substance P and galanin. Conclusions These findings indicate that there is neuronal input to the episcleral circulation. ChAT and VIP as well as dopamine-β-hydroxylase suggest parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation. Further studies are needed on whether the positively-stained structures are of functional significance for the regulation of the episcleral venous pressure and thereby IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Maria Ladek
- Department of Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- Department of Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- Department of Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Department of Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Department of Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Lenzhofer
- Department of Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert Anton Reitsamer
- Department of Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens A Strohmaier
- Department of Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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Trost A, Runge C, Bruckner D, Kaser-Eichberger A, Bogner B, Strohmaier C, Reitsamer HA, Schroedl F. Response to the letter to the editor of Herwig-Carl et al. Exp Eye Res 2018; 176:267. [PMID: 30171856 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Trost
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria.
| | - C Runge
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - D Bruckner
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - A Kaser-Eichberger
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - B Bogner
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Strohmaier
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - H A Reitsamer
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Austria
| | - F Schroedl
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria; Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
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Bruckner D, Kaser-Eichberger A, Bogner B, Runge C, Schrödl F, Strohmaier C, Silva ME, Zaunmair P, Couillard-Despres S, Aigner L, Rivera FJ, Reitsamer HA, Trost A. Retinal Pericytes: Characterization of Vascular Development-Dependent Induction Time Points in an Inducible NG2 Reporter Mouse Model. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1274-1285. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1493130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schrödl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Elena Silva
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pia Zaunmair
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Mol. Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francisco J. Rivera
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Mol. Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A. Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
- Director of the Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
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Trost A, Runge C, Bruckner D, Kaser-Eichberger A, Bogner B, Strohmaier C, Reitsamer HA, Schroedl F. Lymphatic markers in the human optic nerve. Exp Eye Res 2018; 173:113-120. [PMID: 29746818 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissues of the central nervous system (CNS), including the optic nerve (ON), are considered a-lymphatic. However, lymphatic structures have been described in the dura mater of human ON sheaths. Since it is known that lymphatic markers are also expressed by single non-lymphatic cells, these results need confirmation according to the consensus statement for the use of lymphatic markers in ophthalmologic research. The aim of this study was to screen for the presence of lymphatic structures in the adult human ON using a combination of four lymphatic markers. Cross and longitudinal cryo-sections of human optic nerve tissue (n = 12, male and female, postmortem time = 15.8 ± 5.5 h, age = 66.5 ± 13.8 years), were obtained from cornea donors of the Salzburg eye bank, and analyzed using immunofluorescence with the following markers: FOXC2, CCL21, LYVE-1 and podoplanin (PDPN; lymphatic markers), Iba1 (microglia), CD68 (macrophages), CD31 (endothelial cell, EC), NF200 (neurofilament), as well as GFAP (astrocytes). Human skin sections served as positive controls and confocal microscopy in single optical section mode was used for documentation. In human skin, lymphatic structures were detected, showing a co-localization of LYVE-1/PDPN/FOXC2 and CCL21/LYVE-1. In the human ON however, single LYVE-1+ cells were detected, but were not co-localized with any other lymphatic marker tested. Instead, LYVE-1+ cells displayed immunopositivity for Iba1 and CD68, being more pronounced in the periphery of the ON than in the central region. However, Iba1+/LYVE-1- cells outnumbered Iba1+/LYVE-1+ cells. PDPN, revealed faint labeling in human ON tissue despite strong immunoreactivity in rat ON controls, showing co-localization with GFAP in the periphery. In addition, pronounced autofluorescent dots were detected in the ON, showing inter-individual differences in numbers. In the adult human ON no lymphatic structures were detected, although distinct lymphatic structures were identified in human skin tissue by co-localization of four lymphatic markers. However, single LYVE-1+ cells, also positive for Iba1 and CD68 were present, indicating LYVE-1+ macrophages. Inter-individual differences in the number of LYVE-1+ as well as Iba1+ cells were obvious within the ONs, most likely resulting from diverse medical histories of the donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trost
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria.
| | - C Runge
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - D Bruckner
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - A Kaser-Eichberger
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - B Bogner
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Strohmaier
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - H A Reitsamer
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Austria
| | - F Schroedl
- Dept Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria; Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
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Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Bruckner D, Hohberger B, Jünemann A, Kofler B, Reitsamer HA, Schrödl F. Distribution of the neuro-regulatory peptide galanin in the human eye. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:85-93. [PMID: 27914762 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galanin (GAL) is a neuro-regulatory peptide involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. While data of GAL origin/distribution in the human eye are rather fragmentary and since recently the presence of GAL-receptors in the normal human eye has been reported, we here systematically search for sources of ocular GAL in the human eye. Human eyes (n=14) were prepared for single- and double-immunohistochemistry of GAL and neurofilaments (NF). Cross- and flat-mount sections were achieved; confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used for documentation. In the anterior eye, GAL-immunoreactivity (GAL-IR) was detected in basal layers of corneal epithelium, endothelium, and in nerve fibers and keratinocytes of the corneal stroma. In the conjunctiva, GAL-IR was seen throughout all epithelial cell layers. In the iris, sphincter and dilator muscle and endothelium of iris vessels displayed GAL-IR. It was also detected in stromal cells containing melanin granules, while these were absent in others. In the ciliary body, ciliary muscle and pigmented as well as non-pigmented ciliary epithelium displayed GAL-IR. In the retina, GAL-IR was detected in cells associated with the ganglion cell layer, and in endothelial cells of retinal blood vessels. In the choroid, nerve fibers of the choroidal stroma as well as fibers forming boutons and surrounding choroidal blood vessels displayed GAL-IR. Further, the majority of intrinsic choroidal neurons were GAL-positive, as revealed by co-localization-experiments with NF, while a minority displayed NF- or GAL-IR only. GAL-IR was also detected in choroidal melanocytes, as identified by the presence of intracellular melanin-granules, as well as in cells lacking melanin-granules, most likely representing macrophages. GAL-IR was detected in numerous cells and tissues throughout the anterior and posterior eye and might therefore be an important regulatory peptide for many aspects of ocular control. Upcoming studies in diseased tissue will help to clarify the role of GAL in ocular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anselm Jünemann
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Research Program of Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Dept. of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Director of the Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schrödl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Dept. of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Trost A, Bruckner D, Kaser-Eichberger A, Motloch K, Bogner B, Runge C, Strohmaier C, Couillard-Despres S, Reitsamer HA, Schroedl F. Lymphatic and vascular markers in an optic nerve crush model in rat. Exp Eye Res 2017; 159:30-39. [PMID: 28315338 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Only few tissues lack lymphatic supply, such as the CNS or the inner eye. However, if the scleral border is compromised due to trauma or tumor, lymphatics are detected in the eye. Since the situation in the optic nerve (ON), part of the CNS, is not clear, the aim of this study is to screen for the presence of lymphatic markers in the healthy and lesioned ON. Brown Norway rats received an unilateral optic nerve crush (ONC) with defined force, leaving the dura intact. Lesioned ONs and unlesioned contralateral controls were analyzed 7 days (n = 5) and 14 days (n = 5) after ONC, with the following markers: PDGFRb (pericyte), Iba1 (microglia), CD68 (macrophages), RECA (endothelial cell), GFAP (astrocyte) as well as LYVE-1 and podoplanin (PDPN; lymphatic markers). Rat skin sections served as positive controls and confocal microscopy in single optical section mode was used for documentation. In healthy ONs, PDGFRb is detected in vessel-like structures, which are associated to RECA positive structures. Some of these PDGFRb+/RECA+ structures are closely associated with LYVE-1+ cells. Homogenous PDPN-immunoreactivity (IR) was detected in healthy ON without vascular appearance, showing no co-localization with LYVE-1 or PDGFRb but co-localization with GFAP. However, in rat skin controls PDPN-IR was co-localized with LYVE-1 and further with RECA in vessel-like structures. In lesioned ONs, numerous PDGFRb+ cells were detected with network-like appearance in the lesion core. The majority of these PDGFRb+ cells were not associated with RECA-IR, but were immunopositive for Iba1 and CD68. Further, single LYVE-1+ cells were detected here. These LYVE-1+ cells were Iba1-positive but PDPN-negative. PDPN-IR was also clearly absent within the lesion site, while LYVE-1+ and PDPN+ structures were both unaltered outside the lesion. In the lesioned area, PDGFRb+/Iba1+/CD68+ network-like cells without vascular association might represent a subtype of microglia/macrophages, potentially involved in repair and phagocytosis. PDPN was detected in non-lymphatic structures in the healthy ON, co-localizing with GFAP but lacking LYVE-1, therefore most likely representing astrocytes. Both, PDPN and GFAP positive structures are absent in the lesion core. At both time points investigated, no lymphatic structures can be identified in the lesioned ON. However, single markers used to identify lymphatics, detected non-lymphatic structures, highlighting the importance of using a panel of markers to properly identify lymphatic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trost
- Dept Ophthalmology/ Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria.
| | - D Bruckner
- Dept Ophthalmology/ Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - A Kaser-Eichberger
- Dept Ophthalmology/ Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - K Motloch
- Dept Ophthalmology/ Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - B Bogner
- Dept Ophthalmology/ Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Runge
- Dept Ophthalmology/ Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Strohmaier
- Dept Ophthalmology/ Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - S Couillard-Despres
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Austria; Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - H A Reitsamer
- Dept Ophthalmology/ Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Austria
| | - F Schroedl
- Dept Ophthalmology/ Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria; Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
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Bogner B, Schroedl F, Trost A, Kaser-Eichberger A, Runge C, Strohmaier C, Motloch KA, Bruckner D, Hauser-Kronberger C, Bauer HC, Reitsamer HA. Aquaporin expression and localization in the rabbit eye. Exp Eye Res 2016; 147:20-30. [PMID: 27107794 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are important for ocular homeostasis and function. While AQP expression has been investigated in ocular tissues of human, mouse, rat and dog, comprehensive data in rabbits are missing. As rabbits are frequently used model organisms in ophthalmic research, the aim of this study was to analyze mRNA expression and to localize AQPs in the rabbit eye. The results were compared with the data published for other species. In cross sections of New Zealand White rabbit eyes AQP0 to AQP5 were labeled by immunohistology and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Immunohistological findings were compared to mRNA expression levels, which were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The primers used were homologous against conserved regions of AQPs. In the rabbit eye, AQP0 protein expression was restricted to the lens, while AQP1 was present in the cornea, the chamber angle, the iris, the ciliary body, the retina and, to a lower extent, in optic nerve vessels. AQP3 and AQP5 showed immunopositivity in the cornea. AQP3 was also present in the conjunctiva, which could not be confirmed for AQP5. However, at a low level AQP5 was also traceable in the lens. AQP4 protein was detected in the ciliary non-pigmented epithelium (NPE), the retina, optic nerve astrocytes and extraocular muscle fibers. For most tissues the qRT-PCR data confirmed the immunohistology results and vice versa. Although species differences exist, the AQP protein expression pattern in the rabbit eye shows that, especially in the anterior section, the AQP distribution is very similar to human, mouse, rat and dog. Depending on the ocular regions investigated in rabbit, different protein and mRNA expression results were obtained. This might be caused by complex gene regulatory mechanisms, post-translational protein modifications or technical limitations. However, in conclusion the data suggest that the rabbit is a useful in-vivo model to study AQP function and the effects of direct and indirect intervention strategies to investigate e. g. mechanisms for intraocular pressure modulation or cornea transparency regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schroedl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karolina A Motloch
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Hans Christian Bauer
- Department of Tendon-and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria.
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10
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Breitenbach JS, Rinnerthaler M, Trost A, Weber M, Klausegger A, Gruber C, Bruckner D, Reitsamer HA, Bauer JW, Breitenbach M. Transcriptome and ultrastructural changes in dystrophic Epidermolysis bullosa resemble skin aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:389-411. [PMID: 26143532 PMCID: PMC4505166 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aging process of skin has been investigated recently with respect to mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. We have here observed striking phenotypic and clinical similarity between skin aging and recessive dystrophic Epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), which is caused by recessive mutations in the gene coding for collagen VII, COL7A1. Ultrastructural changes, defects in wound healing, and inflammation markers are in part shared with aged skin. We have here compared the skin transcriptomes of young adults suffering from RDEB with that of sex‐ and age‐matched healthy probands. In parallel we have compared the skin transcriptome of healthy young adults with that of elderly healthy donors. Quite surprisingly, there was a large overlap of the two gene lists that concerned a limited number of functional protein families. Most prominent among the proteins found are a number of proteins of the cornified envelope or proteins mechanistically involved in cornification and other skin proteins. Further, the overlap list contains a large number of genes with a known role in inflammation. We are documenting some of the most prominent ultrastructural and protein changes by immunofluorescence analysis of skin sections from patients, old individuals, and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny S Breitenbach
- Department of Dermatology and EB House Austria, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Fachbereich Zellbiologie der Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Manuela Weber
- Fachbereich Zellbiologie der Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alfred Klausegger
- Department of Dermatology and EB House Austria, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christina Gruber
- Department of Dermatology and EB House Austria, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann W Bauer
- Department of Dermatology and EB House Austria, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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11
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Trost A, Lange S, Schroedl F, Bruckner D, Motloch KA, Bogner B, Kaser-Eichberger A, Strohmaier C, Runge C, Aigner L, Rivera FJ, Reitsamer HA. Brain and Retinal Pericytes: Origin, Function and Role. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:20. [PMID: 26869887 PMCID: PMC4740376 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes are specialized mural cells located at the abluminal surface of capillary blood vessels, embedded within the basement membrane. In the vascular network these multifunctional cells fulfil diverse functions, which are indispensable for proper homoeostasis. They serve as microvascular stabilizers, are potential regulators of microvascular blood flow and have a central role in angiogenesis, as they for example regulate endothelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, pericytes, as part of the neurovascular unit, are a major component of the blood-retina/brain barrier. CNS pericytes are a heterogenic cell population derived from mesodermal and neuro-ectodermal germ layers acting as modulators of stromal and niche environmental properties. In addition, they display multipotent differentiation potential making them an intriguing target for regenerative therapies. Pericyte-deficiencies can be cause or consequence of many kinds of diseases. In diabetes, for instance, pericyte-loss is a severe pathological process in diabetic retinopathy (DR) with detrimental consequences for eye sight in millions of patients. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of CNS pericyte origin and function, with a special focus on the retina in the healthy and diseased. Finally, we highlight the role of pericytes in de- and regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Trost
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and OptometrySalzburg, Austria; Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Simona Lange
- Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and OptometrySalzburg, Austria; Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karolina A Motloch
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria; Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University SalzburgSalzburg, Austria; Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and OptometrySalzburg, Austria; Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
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12
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Mayr C, Wagner A, Loeffelberger M, Bruckner D, Jakab M, Berr F, Di Fazio P, Ocker M, Neureiter D, Pichler M, Kiesslich T. The BMI1 inhibitor PTC-209 is a potential compound to halt cellular growth in biliary tract cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:745-58. [PMID: 26623561 PMCID: PMC4808030 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BMI1 is a core component of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and is up-regulated in biliary tract cancer (BTC), contributing to aggressive clinical features. In this study we investigated the cytotoxic effects of PTC-209, a recently developed inhibitor of BMI1, in BTC cells. PTC-209 reduced overall viability in BTC cell lines in a dose-dependent fashion (0.04 - 20 µM). Treatment with PTC-209 led to slightly enhanced caspase activity and stop of cell proliferation. Cell cycle analysis revealed that PTC-209 caused cell cycle arrest at the G1/S checkpoint. A comprehensive investigation of expression changes of cell cycle-related genes showed that PTC-209 caused significant down-regulation of cell cycle-promoting genes as well as of genes that contribute to DNA synthesis initiation and DNA repair, respectively. This was accompanied by significantly elevated mRNA levels of cell cycle inhibitors. In addition, PTC-209 reduced sphere formation and, in a cell line-dependent manner, aldehyde dehydrogease-1 positive cells. We conclude that PTC-209 might be a promising drug for future in vitro and in vivo studies in BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mayr
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine I, Salzburger Landeskliniken – SALK, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- 2 Laboratory for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapies, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrej Wagner
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine I, Salzburger Landeskliniken – SALK, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Magdalena Loeffelberger
- 2 Laboratory for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapies, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- 3 Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Salzburger Landeskliniken – SALK, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Jakab
- 4 Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Membrane Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frieder Berr
- 2 Laboratory for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapies, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Pietro Di Fazio
- 5 Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- 6 Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- 7 Present address: Experimental Medicine Oncology, Bayer Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany
- 8 Present address: Department of Gastroenterology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- 9 Institute of Pathology, Salzburger Landeskliniken – SALK, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- 10 Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Graz, Austria
| | - Tobias Kiesslich
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine I, Salzburger Landeskliniken – SALK, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- 2 Laboratory for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapies, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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13
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Schrödl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Motloch K, Bruckner D, Laimer M, Heindl LM, Reitsamer HA. Lymphatic Markers in the Adult Human Choroid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 56:7406-16. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schrödl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK, Salzburg, Austria 2Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karolina Motloch
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Laimer
- University Clinic of Dermatology, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig M. Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Herbert A. Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
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14
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Kaser-Eichberger A, Schrödl F, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Motloch K, Bruckner D, Laimer M, Schlereth SL, Heindl LM, Reitsamer HA. Topography of Lymphatic Markers in Human Iris and Ciliary Body. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schrödl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, SALK, Salzburg, Austria 2Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karolina Motloch
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Laimer
- University Clinic of Dermatology, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Ludwig M. Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Herbert A. Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, SALK, Salzburg, Austria
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15
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Schrödl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Bruckner D, Motloch K, Holub B, Kofler B, Reitsamer HA. Distribution of galanin receptors in the human eye. Exp Eye Res 2015; 138:42-51. [PMID: 26122049 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) is widely distributed within intrinsic and extrinsic sources supplying the eye. It is involved in regulation of the vascular tone, thus important for ocular homeostasis. Since the presence/distribution of its receptors is unknown, we here screen for the presence of the various GAL receptors in the human eye. Meeting the Helsinki-Declaration, human eyes (n = 6; 45-83 years of age, of both sex, post mortem time 10-19 h) were obtained from the cornea bank and prepared for immunohistochemistry against GAL receptors 1-3 (GALR1-GALR3). Over-expressing cell assays served as positive controls and confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used for documentation. Cell assays reliably detected immunoreactivity for GALR1-3 and cross-reactions between antibodies used were not observed. In the cornea, GALR1-3 were detected in basal layers of the epithelium, stroma, endothelium, as well as in adjacent conjunctiva. In the iris, GALR1-3 were detected in iris sphincter and dilator, while iris vessels displayed immunoreactivity for GALR1 and GALR3. In the ciliary body, GALR1 was exclusively found in the non-pigmented epithelium while GALR3 was detected in the ciliary muscle and vessels. In the retina, GALR1 was present in fibers of the IPL, OPL, NFL, many cells of the INL and few cells of the ONL. GALR2 and GALR3 were present in few neurons of the INL, while GALR2 was also found surrounding retinal vessels. RPE displayed weak immunoreactivity for GALR2 but intense immunoreactivity for GALR3. In the choroid, GALR1-3 were detectable in intrinsic choroidal neurons and nerve fibers of the choroidal stroma, and all three receptors were detected surrounding choroidal blood vessels, while the choriocapillaris was immunoreactive for GALR3 only. This is the first report of the various GALRs in the human eye. While the presence of GALRs in cornea and conjunctiva might be relevant for wound healing or inflammatory processes, the detection in iris vessels (GALR1, 2) and choroidal vessels (GALR1-3) highlights the role of GAL in vessel dynamics. Presence of GALR1 in ciliary body epithelium and GALR3 in ciliary vessels indicates involvement in aqueous humor production, whereas retinal GALR distribution might contribute to signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schrödl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karolina Motloch
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Holub
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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16
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Trost A, Motloch K, Bruckner D, Schroedl F, Bogner B, Kaser-Eichberger A, Runge C, Strohmaier C, Klein B, Aigner L, Reitsamer HA. Time-dependent retinal ganglion cell loss, microglial activation and blood-retina-barrier tightness in an acute model of ocular hypertension. Exp Eye Res 2015; 136:59-71. [PMID: 26001526 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, and is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure is a well known risk factor for the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy and pharmacological or surgical lowering of intraocular pressure represents a standard procedure in glaucoma treatment. However, the treatment options are limited and although lowering of intraocular pressure impedes disease progression, glaucoma cannot be cured by the currently available therapy concepts. In an acute short-term ocular hypertension model in rat, we characterize RGC loss, but also microglial cell activation and vascular alterations of the retina at certain time points. The combination of these three parameters might facilitate a better evaluation of the disease progression, and could further serve as a new model to test novel treatment strategies at certain time points. Acute ocular hypertension (OHT) was induced by the injection of magnetic microbeads into the rat anterior chamber angle (n = 22) with magnetic position control, leading to constant elevation of IOP. At certain time points post injection (4d, 7d, 10d, 14d and 21d), RGC loss, microglial activation, and microvascular pericyte (PC) coverage was analyzed using immunohistochemistry with corresponding specific markers (Brn3a, Iba1, NG2). Additionally, the tightness of the retinal vasculature was determined via injections of Texas Red labeled dextran (10 kDa) and subsequently analyzed for vascular leakage. For documentation, confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used, followed by cell counts, capillary length measurements and morphological and statistical analysis. The injection of magnetic microbeads led to a progressive loss of RGCs at the five time points investigated (20.07%, 29.52%, 41.80%, 61.40% and 76.57%). Microglial cells increased in number and displayed an activated morphology, as revealed by Iba1-positive cell number (150.23%, 175%, 429.25%,486.72% and 544.78%) and particle size analysis (205.49%, 203.37%, 412.84%, 333.37% and 299.77%) compared to contralateral control eyes. Pericyte coverage (NG2-positive PC/mm) displayed a significant reduction after 7d of OHT in central, and after 7d and 10d in peripheral retina. Despite these alterations, the tightness of the retinal vasculature remained unaltered at 14 and 21 days after OHT induction. While vascular tightness was unchanged in the course of OHT, a progressive loss of RGCs and activation of microglial cells was detected. Since a significant loss in RGCs was observed already at day 4 of experimental glaucoma, and since activated microglia peaked at day 10, we determined a time frame of 7-14 days after MB injection as potential optimum to study glaucoma mechanisms in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - K Motloch
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - D Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - F Schroedl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - B Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - A Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - C Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - B Klein
- Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - L Aigner
- Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria
| | - H A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria.
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17
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Schrödl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Bruckner D, Krefft K, Kofler B, Brandtner H, Reitsamer HA. Alarin in cranial autonomic ganglia of human and rat. Exp Eye Res 2014; 131:63-8. [PMID: 25497346 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Extrinsic and intrinsic sources of the autonomic nervous system contribute to choroidal innervation, thus being responsible for the control of choroidal blood flow, aqueous humor production or intraocular pressure. Neuropeptides are involved in this autonomic control, and amongst those, alarin has been recently introduced. While alarin is present in intrinsic choroidal neurons, it is not clear if these are the only source of neuronal alarin in the choroid. Therefore, we here screened for the presence of alarin in human cranial autonomic ganglia, and also in rat, a species lacking intrinsic choroidal innervation. Cranial autonomic ganglia (i.e., ciliary, CIL; pterygopalatine, PPG; superior cervical, SCG; trigeminal ganglion, TRI) of human and rat were prepared for immunohistochemistry against murine and human alarin, respectively. Additionally, double staining experiments for alarin and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), tyrosine hydroxilase (TH), substance P (SP) were performed in human and rat ganglia for unequivocal identification of ganglia. For documentation, confocal laser scanning microscopy was used, while quantitative RT-PCR was applied to confirm immunohistochemical data and to detect alarin mRNA expression. In humans, alarin-like immunoreactivity (alarin-LI) was detected in intrinsic neurons and nerve fibers of the choroidal stroma, but was lacking in CIL, PPG, SCG and TRI. In rat, alarin-LI was detected in only a minority of cranial autonomic ganglia (CIL: 3.5%; PPG: 0.4%; SCG: 1.9%; TRI: 1%). qRT-PCR confirmed the low expression level of alarin mRNA in rat ganglia. Since alarin-LI was absent in human cranial autonomic ganglia, and only present in few neurons of rat cranial autonomic ganglia, we consider it of low impact in extrinsic ocular innervation in those species. Nevertheless, it seems important for intrinsic choroidal innervation in humans, where it could serve as intrinsic choroidal marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schrödl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasase 21, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karolina Krefft
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herwig Brandtner
- Department of Legal Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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18
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Wesselmann D, Davidson M, Armstrong S, Schweitzer C, Bruckner D, Potter A. EMDR as a treatment for improving attachment status in adults and children. European Review of Applied Psychology 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Leroy S, Guigonis V, Bruckner D, Emal-Aglae V, Deschênes G, Bensman A, Ulinski T. Successful anti-TNFalpha treatment in a child with posttransplant recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Am J Transplant 2009; 9:858-61. [PMID: 19344472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Posttransplant recurrence of focal and segmental glomulosclerosis (FSGS) occurs in approximately 30% of patients, and remains after uncontrolled despite increased immunosuppression and plasma exchanges (PE) in approximately 30% of cases. New immunosuppressive drugs might then be warranted. We report the case of a 15-year-old boy with FSGS leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who presented with an early posttransplant recurrence of disease. Reinforced immunosuppression and PE resulted in partial and transient disease control, but proteinuria significantly decreased with anti-TNFalpha treatment (infliximab then etanercep). This is the first case report of successful anti-TNFalpha treatment despite a constant high activity of FSGS, as demonstrated by relapse after discontinuation of anti-TNFalpha agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Leroy
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP & University, Paris, France
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20
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21
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Bergner R, Henrich DM, Hoffmann M, Bruckner D, Uppenkamp M. [Therapy of hypercalcemia with ibandronate in case of acute renal failure]. Internist (Berl) 2006; 47:293-6. [PMID: 16470360 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-005-1547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypercalcaemia is a common complication of malignancies associated with bone destruction. Besides, benign diseases as sarcoidosis or hyperparathyroidism may lead to hypercalcaemia. The main principles of modern therapy contain a forced diuresis as well as the application of bisphosphonates. Latter substances bear the danger of developing a renal insufficiency. Here, we report the case of a female patient, suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism with severe hypercalcaemia and calcium levels up to 6 mmol/l, who developed acute renal failure. We treated the patient with forced diuresis and repeated infusions of ibandronate (5 x 6 mg ibandronate). Even if lowering the serum levels of calcium only for a short time after each application, yet we could improve renal function by these means. Only after performing a parathyroidectomy, we could see a sustained decline of calcium levels. This case report supports the results of other publications, that have reported the missing nephrotoxic effect of ibandronate compared to other bisphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bergner
- Medizinische Klinik A, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen gGmbH, Bremserstrasse 49, Ludwigshafen.
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22
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Wei B, Dalwadi H, Gordon LK, Landers C, Bruckner D, Targan SR, Braun J. Molecular cloning of a Bacteroides caccae TonB-linked outer membrane protein identified by an inflammatory bowel disease marker antibody. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6044-54. [PMID: 11553542 PMCID: PMC98733 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.10.6044-6054.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal enteric bacteria are a required pathogenic factor in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the identity of the pertinent bacterial species is unresolved. Using an IBD-associated pANCA monoclonal antibody, a 100-kDa protein was recently characterized from an IBD clinical isolate of Bacteroides caccae (p2Lc3). In this study, consensus oligonucleotides were designed from 100-kDa peptides and used to identify a single-copy gene from the p2Lc3 genome. Sequence analysis of the genomic clone revealed a 2,844-bp (948 amino acid) open reading frame encoding features typical of the TonB-linked outer membrane protein family. This gene, termed ompW, was detected by Southern analysis only in B. caccae and was absent in other species of Bacteroides and gram-negative coliforms. The closest homologues of OmpW included the outer membrane proteins SusC of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and RagA of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Recombinant OmpW protein was immunoreactive with the monoclonal antibody, and serum anti-OmpW immunoglobulin A levels were elevated in a Crohn's disease patient subset. These findings suggest that OmpW may be a target of the IBD-associated immune response and reveal its structural relationship to a bacterial virulence factor of P. gingivalis and periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wei
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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23
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Cohavy O, Bruckner D, Gordon LK, Misra R, Wei B, Eggena ME, Targan SR, Braun J. Colonic bacteria express an ulcerative colitis pANCA-related protein epitope. Infect Immun 2000; 68:1542-8. [PMID: 10678972 PMCID: PMC97313 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.3.1542-1548.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are a suspected pathogenic factor in inflammatory bowel disease, but the identity of the relevant microbial species remains unresolved. The pANCA autoantibody is associated with most cases of ulcerative colitis (UC) and hence reflects an immune response associated with the disease process. This study addresses the hypothesis that pANCA identifies an antigen(s) expressed by bacteria resident in the human colonic mucosa. Libraries of colonic bacteria were generated using aerobic and anaerobic microbiologic culture conditions, and bacterial pools and clonal isolates were evaluated for cross-reactive antigens by immunoblot analysis using the pANCA monoclonal antibody Fab 5-3. Two major species of proteins immunoreactive to pANCA monoclonal antibodies were detected in bacteria from the anaerobic libraries. Colony isolates of the expressing bacteria were identified as Bacteroides caccae and Escherichia coli. Isolation and partial sequencing of the B. caccae antigen identified a 100-kDa protein without database homologous sequences. The E. coli protein was biochemically and genetically identified as the outer membrane porin OmpC. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with human sera demonstrated elevated immunoglobulin G anti-OmpC in UC patients compared to healthy controls. These findings demonstrate that a pANCA monoclonal antibody detects a recurrent protein epitope expressed by colonic bacteria and implicates colonic bacterial proteins as a target of the disease-associated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cohavy
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Giladi M, Szold O, Elami A, Bruckner D, Johnson BL. Microbiological cultures of heart valves and valve tags are not valuable for patients without infective endocarditis who are undergoing valve replacement. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24:884-8. [PMID: 9142787 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/24.5.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the significance of the results of microbiological cultures of heart valves and identification tags from newly inserted prosthetic valves that were removed from patients with valvular heart disease; none of these patients had a preoperative diagnosis of endocarditis. We reviewed the charts of patients with positive cultures for evidence of infections before or after surgery. Cultures were positive for 11.9% of 219 valves (206 native valves and 13 prosthetic or bioprosthetic valves) and 11.6% of 224 tags. The most common isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci. Typical agents of endocarditis--viridans streptococcus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus--were cultured from five specimens, and Mycobacterium avium complex was identified in six valves. None of the patients with positive valve or tag cultures developed postsurgical endocarditis or wound infection. Findings on histopathologic examination of the valves were not consistent with endocarditis. We conclude that the results of cultures of valves from patients without preoperative diagnoses of endocarditis lack clinical significance, and positive tag cultures are not predictive of postsurgical infection. Positive cultures are most likely a result of contamination during surgery or thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giladi
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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25
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Summanen PH, Jousimies-Somer H, Manley S, Bruckner D, Marina M, Goldstein EJ, Finegold SM. Bilophila wadsworthia isolates from clinical specimens. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20 Suppl 2:S210-1. [PMID: 7548555 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/20.supplement_2.s210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P H Summanen
- Microbial Diseases Research Laboratory, VA Wadsworth Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA
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26
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Panosian CB, Cohen L, Bruckner D, Berlin G, Hardy WD. Fever, leukopenia, and a cutaneous lesion in a man who had recently traveled in Africa. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13:1131-8. [PMID: 1775846 DOI: 10.1093/clinids/13.6.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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27
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Wiesmeier E, Bruckner D, Black M. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis infection by direct immunofluorescence staining of genital secretion. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69:347-9. [PMID: 3547210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody specific for Chlamydia trachomatis (Syva Microtrak) was used to stain directly 249, 127, and 67 specimens obtained from the cervix, and the female and the male urethra, respectively. The Microtrak system identified 100% or 23 culture-positive cases from the cervix (prevalence 9.2), 100% or seven culture-positive cases from the female urethra (prevalence 5.5%), and 93% or 14 culture-positive cases from the male urethra (prevalence 22.4%). Because the Microtrak system is readily available, relatively inexpensive, and easy to read with a fluorescent microscope, it should become a valuable tool to assess objectively both men and women suspect for this common sexually transmitted disease.
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Abstract
From January 1979, to July 1981, blood from each patient suspected of having bacteremia was collected in two bottles of commercially prepared tryptic soy broth; one bottle was vented for 24 hr to the atmosphere. Bottles were incubated at 37 degrees C for a maximum of seven days and were examined daily for signs of growth. Blind subcultures onto chocolate-agar plates were performed 18-24 hr after collection and again at 48 hr. For 63,106 bottles inoculated, a total of 4,788 strains were isolated, for a rate of 6.4% (excluding contaminants). Two hundred and thirty (4.8%) isolates were anaerobes, of which 75 (33%) were identified as Bacteroides fragilis. It is significant that 20 of these anaerobic isolates (approximately 9%) were recovered only from the vented bottles. These included eight strains of B. fragilis; three strains of Clostridium perfringens; and one strain each of Bacteroides distasonis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptococcus saccharolyticus, and Eubacterium species. These results emphasize the need to check vented bottles for anaerobes, since significant numbers of these bacteria could be missed by failing to do so. These data further show the desirability of holding anaerobic blood cultures for a minimum of one week.
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30
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Voge M, Bruckner D, Bruce JI. Schistosoma mekongi sp. n. from man and animals, compared with four geographic strains of Schistosoma japonicum. J Parasitol 1978; 64:577-84. [PMID: 682060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mekongi sp. n. is described from man and animals in Cambodia. It is compared to 4 geographic strains of Schistosoma japonicum. It differs from S. japonicum in the size of embryonated eggs, in the length of the prepatent peroid in the mammalian host, and in its utilization of a different snail host. The relative usefulness of conventional morphologic criteria in the differentiation of Asian schistosomes is discussed.
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31
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32
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Raghunathan L, Bruckner D. Identification of sex in Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. J Parasitol 1975; 61:66-8. [PMID: 1117373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method for determining the sex of larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni involved cytological demonstration of sex chromatin (heterochromatin) in the interphase and prophase nuclei of cercariae. Cerariae from unimiracidial infections were fixed, and permanent slides were stained with thionin, Giemsa, or fuchsin. On examination, a given cercaria showed either 1 or 2 sex chromatin bodies in the nuclei, the female with 1 and the male with 2 bodies. The results of observation on the sex of cercariae from the slides were matched with those of worms obtained from mice injected with the corresponding batch of cercariae. The accuracy of cytologic sex identification was greater than 80% in these experiments. The sex chromatin in both adult and larval stages was in the form of large, dark purplish bodies usually situated towards the periphery of the nuclei and could be easily distinguished from the other chromatin granules present in the nuclei.
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