1
|
Wang J, Liu X, Gou J, Deng J, Li M, Zhu Y, Wu Z. Role of neuropeptides in orofacial pain: A literature review. J Oral Rehabil 2024; 51:898-908. [PMID: 38213060 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptides play a critical role in regulating pain and inflammation. Despite accumulating evidence has further uncovered the novel functions and mechanisms of different neuropeptides in orofacial pain sensation and transmission, there is deficient systematic description of neuropeptides' pain modulation in the orofacial region, especially in the trigeminal system. OBJECTIVES The present review aims to summarise several key neuropeptides and gain a better understanding of their major regulatory roles in orofacial inflammation and pain. METHODS We review and summarise current studies related to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), opioid peptide (OP), galanin (GAL) and other neuropeptides' functions and mechanisms as well as promising targets for orofacial pain control. RESULTS A number of neuropeptides are clearly expressed in the trigeminal sensory system and have critical functions in the transduction and pathogenesis of orofacial pain. The functions, possible cellular and molecular mechanisms have been introduced and discussed. Neuropeptides and their agonists or antagonists which are widely studied to be potential treatment options of orofacial pain has been evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Various neuropeptides play important but distinct (pro-nociceptive or analgesic) roles in orofacial pain with different mechanisms. In summary, CGRP, SP, NPY, NKA, HK-1, VIP mainly play proinflammatory and pro-nociceptive effects while OP, GAL, OXT, OrxA mainly have inhibitory effects on orofacial pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junzhuo Gou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mujia Li
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhifang Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang S, Ko CC, Chung MK. Nociceptor mechanisms underlying pain and bone remodeling via orthodontic forces: toward no pain, big gain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1365194. [PMID: 38455874 PMCID: PMC10917994 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1365194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic forces are strongly associated with pain, the primary complaint among patients wearing orthodontic braces. Compared to other side effects of orthodontic treatment, orthodontic pain is often overlooked, with limited clinical management. Orthodontic forces lead to inflammatory responses in the periodontium, which triggers bone remodeling and eventually induces tooth movement. Mechanical forces and subsequent inflammation in the periodontium activate and sensitize periodontal nociceptors and produce orthodontic pain. Nociceptive afferents expressing transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) play central roles in transducing nociceptive signals, leading to transcriptional changes in the trigeminal ganglia. Nociceptive molecules, such as TRPV1, transient receptor potential ankyrin subtype 1, acid-sensing ion channel 3, and the P2X3 receptor, are believed to mediate orthodontic pain. Neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptides and substance P can also regulate orthodontic pain. While periodontal nociceptors transmit nociceptive signals to the brain, they are also known to modulate alveolar bone remodeling in periodontitis. Therefore, periodontal nociceptors and nociceptive molecules may contribute to the modulation of orthodontic tooth movement, which currently remains undetermined. Future studies are needed to better understand the fundamental mechanisms underlying neuroskeletal interactions in orthodontics to improve orthodontic treatment by developing novel methods to reduce pain and accelerate orthodontic tooth movement-thereby achieving "big gains with no pain" in clinical orthodontics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ching-Chang Ko
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Binda KH, Chacur M, Martins DO. Exercise Improves Orofacial Pain and Modifies Neuropeptide Expression in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:459-470. [PMID: 37266893 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD), which often occurs in the early disease stages. Despite the high prevalence, it remains inadequately treated. In a hemi-parkinsonian rat model, we aimed to investigate the neurochemical factors involved in orofacial pain development, with a specific focus on pain-related peptides and cannabinoid receptors. We also evaluated whether treadmill exercise could improve orofacial pain and modulate these mechanisms. Rats were unilaterally injected in the striatum with either 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or saline. Fifteen days after stereotactic surgery, the animals were submitted to treadmill exercise (EX), or remained sedentary (SED). Pain assessment was performed before the surgical procedure and prior to each training session. Pain-related peptides, substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) activation and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) were evaluated in the trigeminal nucleus. In order to confirm the possible involvement of cannabinoid receptors, we also injected antagonists of CB1 and CB2 receptors. We confirmed the presence of orofacial pain after unilateral 6-OHDA-injection, which improved after aerobic exercise training. We also observed increased pain-related expression of SP, CGRP and TRPV1 and decreased CB1 and CB2 in the trigeminal ganglion and caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus in animals with PD, which was reversed after aerobic exercise training. In addition, we confirm the involvement of cannabinoid receptors since both antagonists decreased the nociceptive threshold of PD animals. These data suggest that aerobic exercise effectively improved the orofacial pain associated with the PD model, and may be mediated by pain-related neuropeptides and cannabinoid receptors in the trigeminal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Henrique Binda
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marucia Chacur
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Martins
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Rua Daher Cutait, 69, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Anatomy, Laboratory of Functional Neuroanatomy of Pain, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Torkzadeh-Mahani S, Abbasnejad M, Raoof M, Aarab G, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Lobbezoo F. Aging exaggerates pulpal pain sensation by increasing the expression levels of nociceptive neuropeptides and inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine 2023; 169:156251. [PMID: 37406473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental pain is a main clinical problem in the elderly population and its assessment and treatment make special challenges for health care services. However, the age-induced alteration in dental pain perception and the underlying molecular mechanism(s) has not yet been fully clarified. METHODS Here, the effect of aging on nociceptive behaviors following inflammatory dental pulp pain was evaluated. Since prostaglandins, nociceptive neuropeptides, and inflammatory cytokines have critical roles in the development of aging as well as pain signaling, the expression levels of COX-2, CGRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and its converting enzyme TACE were assessed in the trigeminal ganglion of young and aged rats with dental pain. Dental pulp pain was induced by intradental application of capsaicin (100 μg). The immunofluorescence (COX-2 and CGRP) and western blot techniques were used. RESULTS The data showed that aged animals have different pattern of pain. So that, the mean of nociceptive scores was significantly greater in aged rats at 10 and 15 min after capsaicin injection. In aged rats, dental pain was persisting over 7 h, while it was disappeared at 300 min in young rats. Molecular data showed that dental pain significantly increased the expression of COX-2, CGRP, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and TACE in the trigeminal ganglion of the young and aged rats. In addition, the amount of those parameters, except TACE, in capsaicin-treated aged animals were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than those in capsaicin-treated young rats. CONCLUSION It seems that the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in an acute inflammatory pulpal pain model may contribute, at least in part to the increased nociceptive behaviors and pain perception in aged rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shima Torkzadeh-Mahani
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Raoof
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ghizlane Aarab
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Frank Lobbezoo
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nakatani A, Kunimatsu R, Tsuka Y, Sakata S, Ito S, Kado I, Putranti NAR, Terayama R, Tanimoto K. High-frequency near-infrared semiconductor laser irradiation suppressed experimental tooth movement-induced inflammatory pain markers in the periodontal ligament tissues of rats. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:109. [PMID: 37081363 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03761-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency near-infrared (NIR) semiconductor laser-irradiation has an unclear effect on nociception in the compressed lateral periodontal ligament region, a peripheral nerve region. This study aimed to investigate the effects of NIR semiconductor laser irradiation, with a power of 120 J, on inflammatory pain markers and neuropeptides induced in the compressed lateral periodontal ligament area during ETM. A NIR semiconductor laser [910 nm wavelength, 45 W maximum output power, 300 mW average output power, 30 kHz frequency, and 200 ns pulse width (Lumix 2; Fisioline, Verduno, Italy)] was used. A nickel-titanium closed coil that generated a 50-g force was applied to the maxillary left-side first molars and incisors in 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley (280-300 g) rats to induce experimental tooth movement (ETM) for 24 h. Ten rats were divided into two groups (ETM + laser, n = 5; ETM, n = 5). The right side of the ETM group (i.e., the side without induced ETM) was evaluated as the untreated group. We performed immunofluorescent histochemistry analysis to quantify the interleukin (IL)-1β, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and neuropeptide [calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)] expression in the compressed region of the periodontal tissue. Post-hoc Tukey-Kramer tests were used to compare the groups. Compared with the ETM group, the ETM + laser group showed significant suppression in IL-1β (176.2 ± 12.3 vs. 310.8 ± 29.5; P < 0.01), PGE2 (104.4 ± 14.34 vs. 329.6 ± 36.52; P < 0.01), and CGRP (36.8 ± 4.88 vs. 78.0 ± 7.13; P < 0.01) expression. High-frequency NIR semiconductor laser irradiation exerts significant effects on ETM-induced inflammation. High-frequency NIR semiconductor laser irradiation can reduce periodontal inflammation during orthodontic tooth movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Nakatani
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Ryo Kunimatsu
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Yuji Tsuka
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shuzo Sakata
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shota Ito
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Isamu Kado
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Nurul Aisyah Rizky Putranti
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Ryuji Terayama
- Department of Maxillofacial Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tanimoto
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Developmental Biology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Büyükbayraktar ZÇ, Kuruca TÖ. The effects of orthodontic treatment type, depression, and treatment need on perceived pain intensity. APOS TRENDS IN ORTHODONTICS 2023. [DOI: 10.25259/apos_21_2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Objectives:
The objectives of this study were to evaluate how orthodontic treatment type, treatment need, and depression affect perceived pain intensity (PPI).
Material and Methods:
This prospective study included 172 patients (80 girls and 92 boys, mean age 14.32 ± 1.57 years) treated at the Sivas Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics. The patients were divided into three groups: the first group was treated with fixed orthodontic appliances, the second group was treated with twin blocks, and the third group was treated with rapid maxillary expansion and reverse headgear (RME/RH). Data were collected and classified with the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need-Dental Health Component (DHC), Children’s Depression Scale, and Visual Analog Scale. PPI was recorded in the 1st week (T0), 2nd week (T1), the 1st month (T2), 2nd month (T3), 3rd month (T4), and the 6th month (T5).
Results:
PPI was higher in boys at T1 (P = 0.005) compared with girls. There was a significant difference of PPI between the treatment groups at T2 (P = 0.036), T3 (P = 0.012), T4 (P = 0.000), and T5 (P = 0.006). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between DHC and PPI at T3 (r = 0.182; P = 0.000), T4 (r = 0.161; P = 0.03), and T5 (r = 0.189; P = 0.000) time periods. There was no significant correlation between depression and PPI.
Conclusion:
Girls were more resistant to pain than boys. The type of treatment and the need for treatment both had an effect on PPI. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of psychological states on PPI during orthodontic treatment.
Collapse
|
7
|
Shan Z, Ren C, Gu M, Lin Y, Sum FHKMH, McGrath C, Jin L, Zhang C, Yang Y. Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Dentin Hypersensitivity in Periodontally Compromised Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2023; 12:1419. [PMID: 36835953 PMCID: PMC9961942 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on dentin hypersensitivity (DH) in periodontally compromised patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. METHODS This triple-blinded randomised controlled trial included 143 teeth with DH from 23 periodontally compromised patients. Teeth on one side of the dental arch were randomly assigned to the LLLT group (LG), while those on the contralateral side were allocated to the non-LLLT group (NG). After orthodontic treatment commenced, patients' orthodontic pain (OP) perceptions were documented in pain diaries. DH was assessed chairside by a visual analogue scale (VASDH) at fifteen timepoints across the orthodontic treatment and retention. VASDH scores were compared among timepoints by the Friedman test, among patients with varying OP perceptions using the Kruskal-Wallis tests, and between the LG and NG with the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS DH generally decreased over the observation (p < 0.001). The VASDH scores differed among patients with varying OP perceptions at multiple timepoints (p < 0.05). The generalized estimating equation model showed teeth in the LG had a significantly lower VASDH score than the NG at the 3rd month of treatment (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION LLLT could be potentially beneficial in managing DH in periodontally compromised patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanqi Yang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao Y, Min Q, Li X, Liu L, Lv Y, Xu W, Liu X, Wang H. Immune System Acts on Orthodontic Tooth Movement: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9668610. [PMID: 36330460 PMCID: PMC9626206 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9668610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a tissue remodeling process based on orthodontic force loading. Compressed periodontal tissues have a complicated aseptic inflammatory cascade, which are considered the initial factor of alveolar bone remodeling. Since skeletal and immune systems shared a wide variety of molecules, osteoimmunology has been generally accepted as an interdisciplinary field to investigate their interactions. Unsurprisingly, OTM is considered a good mirror of osteoimmunology since it involves immune reaction and bone remolding. In fact, besides bone remodeling, OTM involves cementum resorption, soft tissue remodeling, orthodontic pain, and relapse, all correlated with immune cells and/or immunologically active substance. The aim of this paper is to review the interaction of immune system with orthodontic tooth movement, which helps gain insights into mechanisms of OTM and search novel method to short treatment period and control complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Gao
- Department of Endodontics, Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Qingqing Min
- Department of Endodontics, Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingjia Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Linxiang Liu
- Department of Implantology, Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Yangyang Lv
- Department of Endodontics, Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Wuxi Stomatology Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | | | - Hua Wang
- Wuhu Stomatology Hospital, Wuhu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neural regulation of alveolar bone remodeling and periodontal ligament metabolism during orthodontic tooth movement in response to therapeutic loading. J World Fed Orthod 2022; 11:139-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejwf.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Teruel A, Romero-Reyes M. Interplay of Oral, Mandibular, and Facial Disorders and Migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2022; 26:517-523. [PMID: 35567662 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-022-01054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Migraine and other primary headache disorders can be localized in the face resembling facial or dental pain, indicating the influence of the trigeminovascular system in the structures innervated by the maxillary (V2) and mandibulary (V3) branches of the trigeminal nerve. Disorders of oral and craniofacial structures may influence primary headache disorders. In the current article, we review the potential links of this interplay. RECENT FINDINGS This interplay may be related to anatomy, with the trigeminal pathway and the involvement of both peripheral and central mechanisms, and the presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a key mediator in migraine pathophysiology. CGRP is also involved in the pathophysiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and their comorbidity with migraine and is also implicated in dental and periodontal pathology. Inflammatory and pathological processes of these structures and their trigeminal nociceptive pathways may influence the trigeminovascular system and consequently may exacerbate or even potentially trigger migraine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Teruel
- Head Pain Institute, 9481 E Ironwood Square Dr. Scottsdale, Scottsdale, AZ, 85258, USA
| | - Marcela Romero-Reyes
- Brotman Facial Pain Clinic, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Dentistry, 650 W. Baltimore St. 8th Floor, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kondo H, Kondo M, Hayashi K, Kusafuka S, Hamamura K, Tanaka K, Kodama D, Hirai T, Sato T, Ariji Y, Miyazawa K, Ariji E, Goto S, Togari A. Orthodontic tooth movement-activated sensory neurons contribute to enhancing osteoclast activity and tooth movement through sympathetic nervous signalling. Eur J Orthod 2021; 44:404-411. [PMID: 34642757 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) increases sympathetic and sensory neurological markers in periodontal tissue. However, the relationship between the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems during OTM remains unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between the sympathetic and sensory nervous systems activated by OTM using pharmacological methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared the effects of sympathectomy and sensory nerve injury during OTM in C57BL6/J mice. Capsaicin (CAP) was used to induce sensory nerve injury. Sympathectomy was performed using 6-hydroxydopamine. To investigate the effects of a β-agonist on sensory nerve injury, isoproterenol (ISO) was administered to CAP-treated mice. Furthermore, to examine the role of the central nervous system in OTM, the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) was ablated using gold thioglucose. RESULTS Sensory nerve injury and sympathectomy both suppressed OTM and decreased the percent of the alveolar socket covered with osteoclasts (Oc.S/AS) in periodontal tissue. Sensory nerve injury inhibited increases in OTM-induced calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity (IR), a marker of sensory neurons, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) IR, a marker of sympathetic neurons, in periodontal tissue. Although sympathectomy did not decrease the number of CGRP-IR neurons in periodontal tissue, OTM-induced increases in the number of TH-IR neurons were suppressed. The ISO treatment restored sensory nerve injury-inhibited tooth movement and Oc.S/AS. Furthermore, the ablation of VMH, the centre of the sympathetic nervous system, suppressed OTM-induced increases in tooth movement and Oc.S/AS. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that OTM-activated sensory neurons contribute to enhancements in osteoclast activity and tooth movement through sympathetic nervous signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kondo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mayo Kondo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaori Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sae Kusafuka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunori Hamamura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kodama
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takao Hirai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuma Sato
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ariji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Ariji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigemi Goto
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akifumi Togari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tang Z, Zhou J, Long H, Gao Y, Wang Q, Li X, Wang Y, Lai W, Jian F. Molecular mechanism in trigeminal nerve and treatment methods related to orthodontic pain. J Oral Rehabil 2021; 49:125-137. [PMID: 34586644 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthodontic treatment is the main treatment approach for malocclusion. Orthodontic pain is an inevitable undesirable adverse reaction during orthodontic treatment. It is reported orthodontic pain has become one of the most common reason that patients withdraw from orthodontic treatment. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanism and finding treatment of orthodontic pain are in urgent need. AIMS This article aims to sort out the mechanisms and treatments of orthodontic pain, hoping to provide some ideas for future orthodontic pain relief. MATERIALS Tooth movement will cause local inflammation. Certain inflammatory factors and cytokines stimulating the trigeminal nerve and further generating pain perception, as well as drugs and molecular targeted therapy blocking nerve conduction pathways, will be reviewed in this article. METHOD We review and summaries current studies related to molecular mechanisms and treatment approaches in orthodontic pain control. RESULTS Orthodontics pain related influencing factors and molecular mechanisms has been introduced. Commonly used clinical methods in orthodontic pain control has been evaluated. DISCUSSION With the clarification of more molecular mechanisms, the direction of orthodontic pain treatment will shift to targeted drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanzi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang S, Chung MK. Orthodontic force induces nerve injury-like transcriptomic changes driven by TRPV1-expressing afferents in mouse trigeminal ganglia. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920973141. [PMID: 33215551 PMCID: PMC7686596 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920973141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic force produces mechanical irritation and localized inflammation in
the periodontium, which causes pain in most patients. Nocifensive behaviors
resulting from orthodontic force in mice can be substantially attenuated by
intraganglionic injection of resiniferatoxin (RTX), a neurotoxin that
specifically ablates a subset of neurons expressing transient receptor potential
vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). In the current study, we determined changes in the
transcriptomic profiles in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) following the application
of orthodontic force, and assessed the roles of TRPV1-expressing afferents in
these transcriptomic changes. RTX or vehicle was injected into the TG of mice a
week before the placement of an orthodontic spring exerting 10 g of force. After
2 days, the TG were collected for RNA sequencing. The application of orthodontic
force resulted in 1279 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the TG. Gene
ontology analysis showed downregulation of gliogenesis and ion channel
activities, especially of voltage-gated potassium channels. DEGs produced by
orthodontic force correlated more strongly with DEGs resulting from nerve injury
than from inflammation. Orthodontic force resulted in the differential
expression of multiple genes involved in pain regulation, including upregulation
of Atf3, Adcyap1, Bdnf, and
Csf1, and downregulation of Scn10a,
Kcna2, Kcnj10, and P2ry1.
Orthodontic force-induced DEGs correlated with DEGs specific to multiple
neuronal and non-neuronal subtypes following nerve injury. These transcriptomic
changes were abolished in the mice that received the RTX injection. These
results suggest that orthodontic force produces transcriptomic changes
resembling nerve injury in the TG and that nociceptive inputs through
TRPV1-expressing afferents leads to subsequent changes in gene expression not
only in TRPV1-positive neurons, but also in TRPV1-negative neurons and
non-neuronal cells throughout the ganglia. Orthodontic force-induced
transcriptomic changes might be an active regenerative program of trigeminal
ganglia in response to axonal injury following orthodontic force.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thammanichanon P, Kaewpitak A, Binlateh T, Leethanakul C. Interval Vibration Reduces Orthodontic Pain Via a Mechanism Involving Down-regulation of TRPV1 and CGRP. In Vivo 2021; 34:2389-2399. [PMID: 32871764 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion receptor is involved in the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a major contributor to orthodontic pain. Approaches that attenuate expression of TRPV1 and CGRP may reduce orthodontic pain. We explored the ability of high-frequency interval vibration to reduce orthodontic pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Orthodontic force (50 g) was applied to both maxillary first molars in 8-week-old Wistar rats (n=72). Vibration was applied at 125 Hz for 15 min/day. Duration of face grooming was assessed as a measure of orthodontic pain. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to assess TRPV1 and CGRP in the trigeminal ganglia. RESULTS Compared to orthodontic force alone, application of vibration significantly decreased the duration of face grooming at 24 h and day 3 and reduced expression of TRPV1 and CGRP at 24 h. CONCLUSION Vibration represents a promising mechanical approach to reduce orthodontic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peungchaleoy Thammanichanon
- Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Aunwaya Kaewpitak
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Thunwa Binlateh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Chidchanok Leethanakul
- Orthodontic Section, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gao M, Yan X, Lu Y, Ren L, Zhang S, Zhang X, Kuang Q, Liu L, Zhou J, Wang Y, Lai W, Long H. Retrograde nerve growth factor signaling modulates tooth mechanical hyperalgesia induced by orthodontic tooth movement via acid-sensing ion channel 3. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:18. [PMID: 34088898 PMCID: PMC8178420 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement elicits alveolar bone remodeling and orofacial pain that is manifested by tooth mechanical hyperalgesia. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is upregulated in periodontium and may modulate tooth mechanical hyperalgesia. The objectives were to examine the role of NGF in tooth mechanical hyperalgesia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Tooth mechanical hyperalgesia was induced by ligating closed coil springs between incisors and molars in Sprague-Dawley rats. Retrograde labeling was performed by periodontal administration of fluor-conjugated NGF and the detection of fluorescence in trigeminal ganglia (TG). Lentivirus vectors carrying NGF shRNA were employed to knockdown the expression of NGF in TG. The administration of agonists, antagonists, and virus vectors into TG and periodontium was conducted. Tooth mechanical hyperalgesia was examined through the threshold of biting withdrawal. Our results revealed that tooth movement elicited tooth mechanical hyperalgesia that could be alleviated by NGF neutralizing antibody and that NGF was upregulated in periodontium (mainly in periodontal fibroblasts) and TG. Retrograde labeling revealed that periodontal NGF was retrogradely transported to TG after day 1. Acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) and NGF were co-expressed in trigeminal neurons and the percentage of co-expression was significantly higher following tooth movement. The administration of NGF and NGF neutralizing antibody into TG could upregulate and downregulate the expression of ASIC3 in TG, respectively. NGF aggravated tooth mechanical hyperalgesia that could be alleviated by ASIC3 antagonist (APETx2). Moreover, NGF neutralizing antibody mitigated tooth mechanical hyperalgesia that could be recapitulated by ASIC3 agonist (GMQ). NGF-based gene therapy abolished tooth mechanical hyperalgesia and downregulated ASIC3 expression. Taken together, in response to force stimuli, periodontal fibroblasts upregulated the expressions of NGF that was retrogradely transported to TG, where NGF elicited tooth mechanical hyperalgesia through upregulating ASIC3. NGF-based gene therapy is a viable method in alleviating tooth-movement-induced mechanical hyperalgesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linghuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianyun Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guo R, Chen Y, Liu L, Wen J, Yang H, Zhu Y, Gao M, Liang H, Lai W, Long H. Nerve Growth Factor Enhances Tooth Mechanical Hyperalgesia Through C-C Chemokine Ligand 19 in Rats. Front Neurol 2021; 12:540660. [PMID: 34149584 PMCID: PMC8211465 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.540660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) plays an important role in the regulation of neuropathic pain. It has been demonstrated that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a well-known contributor to neurogenic inflammation, increases neuroinflammatory pain induced by NGF. The inflammatory mediator that NGF most strongly induces is C-C chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19), which can recruit inflammatory cells by binding to the receptor CCR7 followed by promoting the response of neuroinflammation. However, the regulatory mechanism of NGF and CCL19 in tooth movement orofacial pain and the interaction between both are still unclear. In this study, male Sprague–Dawley rats were used to study the modulation of NGF on orofacial pain through CCL19 and the role of each in tooth movement pain in rats. The expression levels of CCL19 mRNA and protein were determined by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. Pain levels were assessed by measuring the rats' bite force, which drops as pain rises. Meanwhile, by verifying the relationship between CGRP and CCL19, it was laterally confirmed that NGF could modulate tooth movement-induced mechanical hyperalgesia through CCL19. The results showed that the expression level of CCL19 rose with the increased NGF, and neurons expressing CGRP can express stronger CCL19. Compared with the baseline level, the bite force for all rats dropped sharply on day 1, reached its lowest level on day 3, and recovered gradually on day 5. All results indicated that NGF played an important role in tooth movement orofacial pain via positively regulating CCL19 expression in the trigeminal ganglia of rats. Additionally, CCL19 increased the sensitivity to experimental tooth movement orofacial pain. NGF can regulate CCL19 expression, although it may regulate other inflammatory pathways as well. This is the first report on the interactions and modulations of tooth movement orofacial pain by NGF through CCL19 in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thammanichanon P, Kaewpitak A, Binlateh T, Pavasant P, Leethanakul C. Varied temporal expression patterns of trigeminal TRPA1 and TRPV1 and the neuropeptide CGRP during orthodontic force-induced pain. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 128:105170. [PMID: 34082374 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify the temporal changes in inflammation and TRPA1, TRPV1 and CGRP expression in the trigeminal ganglion during force-induced orthodontic pain. DESIGN Orthodontic force was applied to both maxillary first molars in 8-week-old Wistar rats for 12 h, 24 h, 3 d or 7 d. The rat grimace scale (RGS) score and duration of face grooming were used to measure orthodontic pain. Western blotting was performed to assess TRPA1, TRPV1 and CGRP expression in trigeminal ganglia. NF-кB levels and colocalization of TRPA1, TRPV1 and CGRP were evaluated by immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Application of continuous force significantly increased pain behaviours at 1 and 3 d. NF-кB significantly increased in periodontal ligament at 12 h until 3 d. TRPV1 was significantly elevated within 1 d; TRPA1 significantly increased from 1-3 d; CGRP expression significantly increased from 12 h to 3 d. The TRPV1/TRPA1 expression ratio was highest at 12 h; the TRPA1/TRPV1 ratio peaked at 3 d. The percentages of trigeminal neurons co-expressing TRPA1/TRPV1, TRPA1/CGRP, and TRPV1/CGRP significantly increased by 12 h and peaked at 24 h. CGRP expression had a stronger positive correlation with TRPV1 than TRPA1. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation induced by application of orthodontic force sensitizes trigeminal TRPV1 and TRPA1; TRPV1 is primarily activated as an early response, whereas TRPA1 is activated as a late response. Activation of both nociceptors results in CGRP release. Thus, blocking both TRPV1 and TRPA1 may represent a primary therapeutic target for relief of orthodontic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peungchaleoy Thammanichanon
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Aunwaya Kaewpitak
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Thunwa Binlateh
- Institute of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhonratchasima, Thailand
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Excellence Center in Regenerative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chidchanok Leethanakul
- Section of Orthodontics, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yan X, Han H, Zhang S, Lu Y, Ren L, Tang Y, Li X, Jian F, Wang Y, Long H, Lai W. N/OFQ modulates orofacial pain induced by tooth movement through CGRP-dependent pathways. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:25. [PMID: 33836649 PMCID: PMC8034138 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) has been revealed to play bidirectional roles in orofacial pain modulation. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a well-known pro-nociceptive molecule that participates in the modulation of orofacial pain. We aimed to determine the effects of N/OFQ on the modulation of orofacial pain and on the release of CGRP. METHODS Orofacial pain model was established by ligating springs between incisors and molars in rats for the simulation of tooth movement. The expression level of N/OFQ was determined and pain level was scored in response to orofacial pain. Both agonist and antagonist of N/OFQ receptor were administered to examine their effects on pain and the expression of CGRP in trigeminal ganglia (TG). Moreover, gene therapy based on the overexpression of N/OFQ was delivered to validate the modulatory role of N/OFQ on pain and CGRP expression. RESULTS Tooth movement elicited orofacial pain and an elevation in N/OFQ expression. N/OFQ exacerbated orofacial pain and upregulated CGRP expression in TG, while UFP-101 alleviated pain and downregulated CGRP expression. N/OFQ-based gene therapy was successful in overexpressing N/OFQ in TG, which resulted in pain exacerbation and elevation of CGRP expression in TG. CONCLUSIONS N/OFQ exacerbated orofacial pain possibly through upregulating CGRP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanzhu Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Linghuan Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yufei Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fan Jian
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hu Long
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wenli Lai
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lovrenčić L, Matak I, Lacković Z. Association of Intranasal and Neurogenic Dural Inflammation in Experimental Acute Rhinosinusitis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:586037. [PMID: 33178025 PMCID: PMC7593566 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.586037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nasal cavity and sinus disorders, such as allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, or certain anatomical defects, are often associated with transient or ongoing headaches. On the other hand, migraine headache patients often exhibit pain referral over the area of nasal sinuses and typical nasal autonomic symptoms involving congestion and rhinorrhea. Mechanism for convergence of nasal or sinus disorders and headaches is unknown. Herein, we examined the association of sino-nasal inflammatory pain with common preclinical indicators of trigeminovascular system activation such as dural neurogenic inflammation (DNI) and neuronal activation in brainstem nociceptive nuclei. Methods Nasal and paranasal cavity inflammation and pain was induced by formalin (2.5%/10 μl) or capsaicin (0.1%/10 μl) instillation at the border of maxillary sinus and nasal cavity in rats. Quantification of inflammation of nasal mucosa and DNI was performed by spectrophotometric measurement of Evans blue - plasma protein complex extravasation. Pain behavior was quantified by rat grimace scale (RGS). Nociceptive neuronal activation in caudal part of spinal trigeminal nucleus (TNC) was assessed by c-Fos protein immunohistochemistry. Results Capsaicin and formalin administered into rat nasal cavity increased plasma protein extravasation in the nasal mucosa and dura mater. Intensity of plasma protein extravasation in nasal mucosa correlated with extravasation in dura. Similarly, facial pain intensity correlated with nociceptive neuronal c-Fos activation in the TNC. Conclusion Present data show that inflammatory stimuli in deep nasal and paranasal structures provoke distant intracranial changes related to trigeminovascular system activation. We hypothesize that this phenomenon could explain overlapping symptoms and comorbidity of nasal/paranasal inflammatory disorders with migraine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luka Lovrenčić
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Matak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zdravko Lacković
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Allison JR, Stone SJ, Pigg M. The painful tooth: mechanisms, presentation and differential diagnosis of odontogenic pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ors.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Allison
- School of Dental Sciences Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - S. J. Stone
- School of Dental Sciences Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - M. Pigg
- Department of Endodontics Faculty of Odontology Scandinavian Centre for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON) Malmö University Malmö Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Horinuki E, O'Hashi K, Kobayashi M. In Vivo Ca 2+ Imaging of the Insular Cortex during Experimental Tooth Movement. J Dent Res 2020; 100:276-282. [PMID: 33030090 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520962465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain and discomfort are common problems for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. We have demonstrated that cortical excitation propagation in the somatosensory and insular cortices (IC) induced by electrical stimulation of the periodontal ligament (PDL) is facilitated 1 d after experimental tooth movement (ETM). However, it is necessary to examine ETM-induced changes in neural responses at a single-cell level to understand the mechanisms of cortical plastic changes, in which excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic neurons are intermingled to form cortical local circuits. We performed in vivo 2-photon Ca2+ imaging by loading the Ca2+ indicator Oregon Green BAPTA with the astrocyte marker sulforhodamine. We focused on the IC region that exhibited the largest neural response to maxillary PDL (mxPDL) stimulation using a VGAT-Venus transgenic rat that expresses venus fluorescent protein in GABAergic neurons and discerned changes in the neural activities of each cortical neuronal subtype before and during ETM treatment of the maxillary incisor and first molar. Notably, 1 d after ETM treatment (1d-ETM), the number of neurons responding to mxPDL stimulation increased from 47.6% to 64.2% in excitatory neurons and from 44.5% to 66.2% in inhibitory neurons. On the other hand, only 3% to 4% of excitatory and inhibitory neurons responded to mandibular molar PDL (mbPDL) stimulation in control rats, and the 1d-ETM group showed significant increases in excitatory (14.0%) and inhibitory neurons (22.5%) responding to mbPDL stimulation. Interestingly, most mbPDL-responding neurons also responded to mxPDL stimulation. The population of excitatory and inhibitory neurons that responded only to mxPDL stimulation was comparable between the control and 1d-ETM groups. The facilitative responses in the 1d-ETM group had almost recovered 7 d after ETM treatment. These results suggest that ETM induces parallel increases in PDL-responding neurons and changes some insensitive neurons to respond to both mxPDL and mbPDL stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Horinuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K O'Hashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, RIKEN, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Grimace Scores: Tools to Support the Identification of Pain in Mammals Used in Research. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101726. [PMID: 32977561 PMCID: PMC7598254 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3Rs, Replacement, Reduction and Refinement, is a framework to ensure the ethical and justified use of animals in research. The implementation of refinements is required to alleviate and minimise the pain and suffering of animals in research. Public acceptability of animal use in research is contingent on satisfying ethical and legal obligations to provide pain relief along with humane endpoints. To fulfil this obligation, staff, researchers, veterinarians, and technicians must rapidly, accurately, efficiently and consistently identify, assess and act on signs of pain. This ability is paramount to uphold animal welfare, prevent undue suffering and mitigate possible negative impacts on research. Identification of pain may be based on indicators such as physiological, behavioural, or physical ones. Each has been used to develop different pain scoring systems with potential benefits and limitations in identifying and assessing pain. Grimace scores are a promising adjunctive behavioural technique in some mammalian species to identify and assess pain in research animals. The use of this method can be beneficial to animal welfare and research outcomes by identifying animals that may require alleviation of pain or humane intervention. This paper highlights the benefits, caveats, and potential applications of grimace scales.
Collapse
|
23
|
Klune CB, Robbins HN, Leung VS, Pang DS. Hypothermia During General Anesthesia Interferes with Pain Assessment in Laboratory Rats ( Rattus norvegicus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:719-725. [PMID: 32907696 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Accurate pain assessment methods are necessary to ensure animal welfare and reliable data collection in animal research. The Rat Grimace Scale (RGS), a facial expression pain scale, allows effective identification of pain. However, the potential confounds of this method remain mostly unexplored. General anesthesia, which is used in many laboratory procedures, suppresses thermoregulation and results in hypothermia. We investigated the effects of isoflurane-induced hypothermia on RGS scores. Twenty (10 male and 10 female) Sprague-Dawley rats each received 30 min of anesthesia, followed by 30 min of observation after the return of sternal recumbency. Rats were randomized to receive warming with an electric heating pad or no warming during both periods. Unwarmed rats became hypothermic within 15 min after isoflurane exposure began and returned to normothermia within 15 min after returning to sternal recumbency. Warmed rats did not deviate from the normothermic range. The RGS scores of unwarmed rats were significantly higher than baseline levels for 3 h after anesthesia and were higher than those of warmed rats at 5 and 180 min after anesthesia. Hypothermia resulted in a larger proportion of rats crossing a predetermined analgesic intervention threshold. Our findings show that hypothermia induced by isoflurane anesthesia presents a confound to accurate RGS scoring. These results emphasize the importance of maintaining normothermia to avoid inflated pain scores and to obtain accurate pain assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra B Klune
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hayley Nk Robbins
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vivian Sy Leung
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel Sj Pang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada;,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lyu J, Wen J, Guo R, Zhu Y, Liang H, Gao M, Wang H, Lai W, Long H. Botulinum toxin A alleviates orofacial nociception induced by orthodontic tooth movement through nociceptin/orphanin-FQ pathway in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 117:104817. [PMID: 32603879 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect and mechanism of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) in the modulation of orofacial nociception induced by orthodontic tooth movement in rats. METHODS An orofacial nociception model was established in male Sprague-Dawley rats by ligating closed-coil springs between incisors and ipsilateral molars. There were two group sets of animals. For the first group set, 120 rats were randomly divided into four groups: no-force group (n = 30), force + saline group (n = 30), force + low dose BoNT/A group (1U/6 μL, n = 30), and force + high dose BoNT/A group (1U/6 μL, n = 30). BoNT/A and saline were injected into periodontal ligament to explore the nociceptive effect of BoNT/A. Ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia (TG) were harvested for detecting the expression levels of nociceptin/orphanin-FQ (N/OFQ). For the second group set, 36 rats were randomly divided into three force groups: BoNT/A + saline group (n = 12), BoNT/A + UFP-101 group (n = 12), and saline + UFP-101 group (n = 12). A potent N/OFQ receptor (NOP) antagonist (UFP-101) was used to examine the role of N/OFQ in BoNT/A-induced antinociception. Tooth-movement nociception level of all groups was evaluated by bite force and rat grimace scale (RGS) at baseline, day 1, day 3, day 5, day 7, day 14. RESULTS The behavioral assessments showed the orofacial nociception level in the force + low dose BoNT/A group and force + high dose BoNT/A group were lower than that in the force + saline group. No significant difference was observed in orofacial nociception among no-force group, force + low dose and force + high dose group. The expression levels of N/OFQ in TG were elevated from day 1 and maintained a high level, presenting in descending order among the force + high dose, force + low dose, force + saline and no-force group, respectively. The nociception level of the BoNT/A + UFP-101 group was higher than that of the BoNT/A + saline group. No significant difference was observed between the BoNT/A + UFP-101 group and the saline + UFP-101 group. CONCLUSIONS BoNT/A can exert an antinociceptive effect on orofacial nociception induced by tooth movement by stimulating the expression of N/OFQ in TG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Lyu
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyan Liang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiya Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Wang
- The Plastic and Cosmetic Center, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Long
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liang H, Hu H, Shan D, Lyu J, Yan X, Wang Y, Jian F, Li X, Lai W, Long H. CGRP Modulates Orofacial Pain through Mediating Neuron-Glia Crosstalk. J Dent Res 2020; 100:98-105. [PMID: 32853530 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520950296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a crucial role in the modulation of orofacial pain, and we hypothesized that CGRP mediated a neuron-glia crosstalk in orofacial pain. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms whereby CGRP mediated trigeminal neuron-glia crosstalk in modulating orofacial pain. Orofacial pain was elicited by ligating closed-coil springs between incisors and molars. Trigeminal neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs) were cultured for mechanistic exploration. Gene and protein expression were determined through immunostaining, polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. Orofacial pain was evaluated through the rat grimace scale. Our results revealed that the expressions of CGRP were elevated in both trigeminal neurons and SGCs following the induction of orofacial pain. Intraganglionic administration of CGRP and olcegepant exacerbated and alleviated orofacial pain, respectively. The knockdown of CGRP through viral vector-mediated RNA interference was able to downregulate CGRP expressions in both neurons and SGCs and to alleviate orofacial pain. CGRP upregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase through the p38 signaling pathway in cultured SGCs. In turn, L-arginine (nitric oxide donor) was able to enhance orofacial pain by upregulating CGRP expressions in vivo. In cultured trigeminal neurons, L-arginine upregulated the expression of CGRP, and this effect was diminished by cilnidipine (N-type calcium channel blocker) while not by mibefradil (L-type calcium channel blocker). In conclusion, CGRP modulated orofacial pain through upregulating the expression of nitric oxide through the p38 signaling pathway in SGCs, and the resulting nitric oxide in turn stimulated CGRP expression through N-type calcium channel in neurons, building a CGRP-mediated positive-feedback neuron-glia crosstalk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, Northwest Minzu University; Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - H Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - D Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - F Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mogil JS, Pang DSJ, Silva Dutra GG, Chambers CT. The development and use of facial grimace scales for pain measurement in animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:480-493. [PMID: 32682741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of pain in animals is surprisingly complex, and remains a critical issue in veterinary care and biomedical research. Based on the known utility of pain measurement via facial expression in verbal and especially non-verbal human populations, "grimace scales" were first developed a decade ago for use in rodents and now exist for 10 different mammalian species. This review details the background context, historical development, features (including duration), psychometric properties, modulatory factors, and impact of animal grimace scales for pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Mogil
- Depts. of Psychology and Anesthesia, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Daniel S J Pang
- Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Guanaes Silva Dutra
- Depts. of Psychology and Anesthesia, Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Morii A, Miyamura Y, Sago MI, Mizuhara M, Shikayama T, Naniwa M, Hitomi S, Ujihara I, Kuroishi KN, Gunjigake KK, Shiga M, Morimoto Y, Kawamoto T, Ono K. Orthodontic force-induced oxidative stress in the periodontal tissue and dental pulp elicits nociception via activation/sensitization of TRPA1 on nociceptive fibers. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 147:175-186. [PMID: 31866360 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic patients complain of pain for the first few days after insertion of appliances. Mechanical force has been reported to produce oxidants in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. It has not been studied whether orthodontic force-induced oxidative stress elicits nociception. Herein, we focused on the role of the oxidant-sensitive channel TRPA1 on nociception in orthodontic pain. In a rat model of loaded orthodontic force between the maxillary first molar and incisor, the behavioral signs of orofacial nociception, facial rubbing and wiping, increased to a peak on day 1 and gradually diminished to the control level on day 5. Administration of free radical scavengers (Tempol and PBN) and TRPA1 antagonist (HC-030031) inhibited nociceptive behaviors on day 1. In the PDL, the oxidative stress marker 8-OHdG was highly detected on day 1 and recovered on day 5 to the sham-operated level. The dental pulp showed similar results as the PDL. TRPA1 mRNA was abundantly expressed in the trigeminal ganglion relative to PDL tissue, and there were TRPA1-immunopositive neuronal fibers in the PDL and pulp. In dissociated trigeminal ganglion neurons, H2O2 at 5 mM induced a Ca2+ response that was inhibited by HC-030031. Although H2O2 at 100 μM did not yield any response, it enhanced the mechanically activated TRPA1-dependent Ca2+ response. These results suggest that oxidative stress in the PDL and dental pulp following orthodontic force activates and/or mechanically sensitizes TRPA1 on nociceptive fibers, resulting in orthodontic nociception. Later, the disappearance of nociception seems to be related to a decrease in oxidative stress, probably due to tissue remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Morii
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyamura
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Misa I Sago
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mizuhara
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takemi Shikayama
- Division of Periodontology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mako Naniwa
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Suzuro Hitomi
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Izumi Ujihara
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kayoko N Kuroishi
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaori K Gunjigake
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Momotoshi Shiga
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morimoto
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kawamoto
- Division of Orofacial Functions and Orthodontics, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Division of Physiology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Turner PV, Pang DS, Lofgren JL. A Review of Pain Assessment Methods in Laboratory Rodents. Comp Med 2019; 69:451-467. [PMID: 31896391 PMCID: PMC6935698 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ensuring that laboratory rodent pain is well managed underpins the ethical acceptability of working with these animals in research. Appropriate treatment of pain in laboratory rodents requires accurate assessments of the presence or absence of pain to the extent possible. This can be challenging some situations because laboratory rodents are prey species that may show subtle signs of pain. Although a number of standard algesiometry assays have been used to assess evoked pain responses in rodents for many decades, these methods likely represent an oversimplification of pain assessment and many require animal handling during testing, which can result in stress-induced analgesia. More recent pain assessment methods, such as the use of ethograms, facial grimace scoring, burrowing, and nest-building, focus on evaluating changes in spontaneous behaviors or activities of rodents in their home environments. Many of these assessment methods are time-consuming to conduct. While many of these newer tests show promise for providing a more accurate assessment of pain, most require more study to determine their reliability and sensitivity across a broad range of experimental conditions, as well as between species and strains of animals. Regular observation of laboratory rodents before and after painful procedures with consistent use of 2 or more assessment methods is likely to improve pain detection and lead to improved treatment and care-a primary goal for improving overall animal welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V Turner
- Charles River, Wilmington , Massachusetts Dept of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada;,
| | - Daniel Sj Pang
- Dept of Clinical Sciences, Université de Montréal, Quebec, J2S 2M2, Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu S, Liu L, Jiang Y, Zhou J, Hu H, Wu Z, Long H, Lai W. Effect of endomorphin-2 on orofacial pain induced by orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2019; 127:408-416. [PMID: 31365768 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Endomorphin-2 demonstrates potent antinociceptive effects in various pain models. The objectives of the present study were to explore the role of endomorphin-2 in the modulation of orofacial pain induced by orthodontic tooth movement in rats. An orthodontic pain model was established in male Sprague-Dawley rats by ligating coiled springs to mimic orthodontic force (40 g). On days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 following orthodontic tooth movement, bite force was recorded as a surrogate measure of orthodontic pain. Ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia, trigeminal nucleus caudalis, and periodontal tissues were harvested for immunostaining. Endomorphin-2, endomorphin-2 + naloxone (a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist), naloxone, and saline were injected into trigeminal ganglia and periodontal tissues to explore the role of endomorphin-2 on orthodontic pain. The results showed that following orthodontic tooth movement, endomorphin-2 expression levels in trigeminal ganglia were elevated on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Orthodontic pain levels were increased on days 1, 3, and 5. The administration of endomorphin-2 into both trigeminal ganglia and periodontal tissues alleviated orthodontic pain. Moreover, the effects of endomorphin-2 could be blocked by naloxone completely in trigeminal ganglia but only partially in periodontal tissues. Therefore, endomorphin-2 plays an important role in the modulation of orthodontic pain both centrally and peripherally, probably through different pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanlu Jiang
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhouqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Long H, Shan D, Huang R, Liu H, Zhou Y, Gao M, Jian F, Wang Y, Lai W. Bite force measurements for objective evaluations of orthodontic tooth movement-induced pain in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 101:1-7. [PMID: 30836256 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the reliability of bite force for evaluating orthodontic tooth movement-induced pain in rats. DESIGN Orthodontic tooth movement-induced pain was induced by mounting springs (40 g) between incisors and ipsilateral molars in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Five group sets of animals were used: for the first group set, 20 rats were randomly divided into a force group (n = 10) and a sham group (n = 10); for the second group set, 20 rats were divided into a 20-g group and a 80-g group; for the third group set, 20 rats were randomly divided into either a CFA group (complete freund's adjuvant) (n = 10) receiving periodontal injections of CFA at baseline or a control group (n = 10) receiving periodontal injections of saline at baseline; for the forth group set, 24 rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: force + saline, control + saline, force + antiNGF and control + NGF (NGF: nerve growth factor). Rats in the fifth group set were used for immunostaining against CGRP. Bite force and bite frequency were measured at baseline (day 0) and following interventions (day 1, day 3, day 5, day 7 and day 14). Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis and a p value less than 0.05 was considered statistical significance. RESULTS Our results revealed that bite force was significantly smaller in the force group than in the sham group at all time points (p < .001). As compared to the control group, periodontal injections of CFA significantly decreased bite force on the 3rd day (p < .01). Moreover, bite force was significantly higher in the force + antiNGF group than in the force + saline group (p = .01 < .05) while significantly smaller in the control + NGF group than in the control + saline group (p < .05). Bite force was similar between the force + antiNGF group and the control + saline group (p = .71 > .05) and between the control + NGF group and the force + saline group (p = .58 > .05). Similar results were found for bite frequency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Long
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Shan
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renhuan Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Muyun Gao
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - Fan Jian
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xiang L, Zhang X, Yu H, Wang B, Lin Z, Gong P. Overexpression of αCGRP promotes osteogenesis of periodontal ligament cells by regulation of YAP signaling. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5077-5085. [PMID: 30256408 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Oral Implantology West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Oral Implantology West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Hui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Oral Implantology West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zhihui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Oral Implantology West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Oral Implantology West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement is accompanied by inflammatory responses in the periodontal ligament. Chemical mediators such as interleukin-1β have key roles in nociception around teeth. Such nociceptive inputs to the periodontal ligament continue for several days and potentially induce plastic changes in higher brain regions, including the cerebral cortex. This review summarizes research on orthodontic treatment-induced modulation of neural activities in the central nervous system. Furthermore, we describe our recent findings on the spatiotemporal effects of orthodontic treatment in the somatosensory and insular cortices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Research, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Molecular Imaging Research Center, RIKEN
| | - Eri Horinuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhou Y, Long H, Ye N, Liao L, Yang X, Jian F, Wang Y, Lai W. The effect of capsaicin on expression patterns of CGRP in trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal nucleus caudalis following experimental tooth movement in rats. J Appl Oral Sci 2017; 24:597-606. [PMID: 28076465 PMCID: PMC5161258 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720160150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the effect of capsaicin on expression patterns of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) following experimental tooth movement. Material and Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study and divided into small-dose capsaicin+force group, large-dose capsaicin+force group, saline+force group, and no force group. Closed coil springs were used to mimic orthodontic forces in all groups except for the no force group, in which springs were inactivated. Capsaicin and saline were injected into periodontal tissues. Rats were euthanized at 0 h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, and 7 d following experimental tooth movement. Then, TG and Vc were obtained for immunohistochemical staining and western blotting against CGRP. Results Immunohistochemical results indicated that CGRP positive neurons were located in the TG, and CGRP immunoreactive fibers were distributed in the Vc. Immunohistochemical semiquantitative analysis and western blotting analysis demonstrated that CGRP expression levels both in TG and Vc were elevated at 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 5 d, and 7 d in the saline + force group. However, both small-dose and large-dose capsaicin could decrease CGRP expression in TG and Vc at 1 d and 3 d following experimental tooth movement, as compared with the saline + force group. Conclusions These results suggest that capsaicin could regulate CGRP expression in TG and Vc following experimental tooth movement in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Long
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Niansong Ye
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Lina Liao
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Jian
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Long H, Liao L, Zhou Y, Shan D, Gao M, Huang R, Yang X, Lai W. A novel technique of delivering viral vectors to trigeminal ganglia in rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2017; 125:1-7. [PMID: 28067416 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Long
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Lina Liao
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Di Shan
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Meiya Gao
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Renhuan Huang
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Stomatology; Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Wenli Lai
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhu Y, Wang S, Long H, Zhu J, Jian F, Ye N, Lai W. Effect of static magnetic field on pain level and expression of P2X3 receptors in the trigeminal ganglion in mice following experimental tooth movement. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 38:22-30. [PMID: 27770441 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafen Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Shengguo Wang
- Department of Stomatology; Second Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Hu Long
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Fan Jian
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Niansong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics; Ninth People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Wenli Lai
- Department of Orthodontics; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Long H, Wang Y, Jian F, Liao LN, Yang X, Lai WL. Current advances in orthodontic pain. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8:67-75. [PMID: 27341389 PMCID: PMC4932774 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic pain is an inflammatory pain that is initiated by orthodontic force-induced vascular occlusion followed by a cascade of inflammatory responses, including vascular changes, the recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells, and the release of neurogenic and pro-inflammatory mediators. Ultimately, endogenous analgesic mechanisms check the inflammatory response and the sensation of pain subsides. The orthodontic pain signal, once received by periodontal sensory endings, reaches the sensory cortex for pain perception through three-order neurons: the trigeminal neuron at the trigeminal ganglia, the trigeminal nucleus caudalis at the medulla oblongata and the ventroposterior nucleus at the thalamus. Many brain areas participate in the emotion, cognition and memory of orthodontic pain, including the insular cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, locus coeruleus and hypothalamus. A built-in analgesic neural pathway—periaqueductal grey and dorsal raphe—has an important role in alleviating orthodontic pain. Currently, several treatment modalities have been applied for the relief of orthodontic pain, including pharmacological, mechanical and behavioural approaches and low-level laser therapy. The effectiveness of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain relief has been validated, but its effects on tooth movement are controversial. However, more studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of other modalities. Furthermore, gene therapy is a novel, viable and promising modality for alleviating orthodontic pain in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Na Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Li Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gao Y, Liu Y, Zhu K, Zhang Z, Qiao H, Lu Z, Zhong T, Liu Y, Zhou H. Blocking of TRPV-1 in the parodontium relieves orthodontic pain by inhibiting the expression of TRPV-1 in the trigeminal ganglion during experimental tooth movement in rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 628:67-72. [PMID: 27267133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Orthodontic pain has confused the orthodontics for a long time, and recent research demonstrated that transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) had crucial functions in transduction of painful stimuli. The present research investigated the analgesia effects of the blocking TRPV1 on orthodontic pain during experimental tooth movement. Under challenge with experimental tooth movement, the expression of TRPV1 in the parodontium was increased in a time-dependent and force-dependent manner. And treatment with selective TRPV1 antagonist AMG-9810 in the parodontium reduced the expression of TRPV1 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and decreased the secretion of IL-1β in the gingival crevicular fluid. Furthermore, AMG-9810 could relieve orthodontic pain arising from experimental tooth movement in rats. We suggest that TRPV1 both in the parodontium and trigeminal ganglion are involved in orthodontic pain, and TRPV1 in the parodontium influence on orthodontic pain through reducing the expression of TRPV1 in trigeminal ganglion. Our finding may help to develop strategies for relieving orthodontic pain after orthodontics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yingfei Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Hu Qiao
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shan D, He Y, Long H, Zhou Y, Liu H, Xu R, Huang R, Lai W. The effects of blocking N/OFQ receptors on orofacial pain following experimental tooth movement in rats. AUSTRALASIAN ORTHODONTIC JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.21307/aoj-2020-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor (N/OFQ receptor) antagonist on orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats.
Methods
A total of 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200–300 g were divided into six groups: a control group, force group, force+saline intraperitoneal group, force+saline periodontal group, force+UFP-101 ([Nphe1,Arg14,Lys15]N/OFQ-NH2; antagonist for N/OFQ receptor) intraperitoneal group, and force+UFP-101 periodontal group. Closed coil springs were ligated between the upper incisors and first molar to exert an orthodontic force (40 g) between the teeth. Injectable administration dosages were 30 μl saline or 30 μl saline containing 0.03 mg/kg UFP-101. Following the injections, orofacial pain levels were assessed through directed face grooming (mouth wiping). Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS 17.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and p values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
Results
Orofacial pain levels were significantly higher in the force group than in the control group. Orofacial pain levels differed significantly between the force group, force+saline periodontal group and force+UFP-101 periodontal group, but were similar between the control group, force+UFP-101 intraperitoneal group and force+saline intraperitoneal group. Moreover, orofacial pain levels did not differ between the force group, force+saline intraperitoneal group and force+UFP-101 intraperitoneal group.
Conclusions
Periodontal, but not intraperitoneal, administration of UFP-101 could alleviate orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats, suggesting that periodontal N/OFQ receptors participate in orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yuwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - He Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Renhuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gao M, Long H, Ma W, Liao L, Yang X, Zhou Y, Shan D, Huang R, Jian F, Wang Y, Lai W. The role of periodontal ASIC3 in orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats. Eur J Orthod 2015; 38:577-583. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|