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Gürgen SG, Sayın O, Çeti̇n F, Sarsmaz HY, Yazıcı GN, Umur N, Yücel AT. The Effect of Monosodium Glutamate on Neuronal Signaling Molecules in the Hippocampus and the Neuroprotective Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3028-3037. [PMID: 34328736 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavoring substance added to many ready-to-eat foods and has known neurotoxic effects. This study was performed in order to examine the potential toxic effect of MSG on neurons in various regions of the hippocampus in prepubertal rats. It also investigated the protective effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), and neuropeptide-Y (NPY) expression in the brain, using immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. Six female prepubertal Wistar albino rats were used in each group. Group 1, the control group, received 0.9% saline solution subcutaneously (sc) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Group 2 received 4 mg/g MSG sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Group 3 received MSG + EPA (4 mg/g sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Oral 300 mg/kg for 9 d), while Group 4 received MSG + DHA (4 mg/g sc on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 and 300 mg/kg orally for 9 d, respectively). At the end of the ninth day the hippocampal regions of the brain were removed and either fixed for immunohistochemical staining or stored at -80 °C for biochemical parameter investigation. BDNF, NMDA-R, and NPY expression results were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. According to our findings, neurons in the control group hippocampal CA1 and DG regions exhibited strong BDNF, NPY, and NMDA-R reactions, while an expression in both regions decreased in the MSG group (p < 0.00). However, in the MSG-EPA and MSG-DHA groups, BDNF, NPY, and NMDA-R immunoreactions in neurons in the same region were similar to those of the control group (p = 0.00). No significant difference was observed in terms of expression in hippocampal neurons between the MSG-EPA and MSG-DHA groups (p > 0.00). In conclusion, since MSG caused a decrease in BDNF, NMDA-R, and NPY neural signaling molecules in the CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus of prepubertal rats compared to the control group, care is required over the consumption of MSG, since it may affect memory-related neurons in these age groups. In addition, we concluded that the use of omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA and DHA in addition to MSG may protect against the neurotoxic effects of MSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seren Gülşen Gürgen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Vocational Health Service, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Oya Sayın
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Vocational Health Service, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Ferihan Çeti̇n
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul 34700, Turkey
| | - Hayrunnisa Yeşil Sarsmaz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Health Science, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Gülce Naz Yazıcı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Umur
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Vocational Health Service, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Tuç Yücel
- Department of Anatomy, School of Vocational Health Service, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45140, Turkey
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Coêlho CFF, Souza ILS, Chagas VT, Ribeiro NLX, Pinto BAS, França LM, Paes AMDA. Myricetin improves metabolic outcomes but not cognitive deficit associated to metabolic syndrome in male mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:3586-3596. [PMID: 33900338 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Myricetin is a flavonol highly prevalent in edible vegetables and fruits, with recognized hypoglycemic and anti-obesity effects, besides great antioxidant capacity. Thus, this study sought to investigate whether myricetin is able to improve metabolic and behavioral outcomes found in monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) obese mice, a model of metabolic syndrome characterized by early hyperinsulinemia associated to obesity, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, anxiety and cognitive deficit. Newborn male mice received MSG (4 mg kg-1 day-1, s.c.) on alternate days during the first 10 days of life for obesity induction, while control pups received equimolar saline solution. From postnatal day 90 to 135, MSG mice were orally treated with myricetin (50 mg kg-1 day-1) or distilled water, while control animals received vehicle. During the last week of treatment, all groups were submitted to behavioral tests: open field maze, elevated plus maze and Morris water maze. At the end of treatment, animals were euthanized for collection of liver, serum and adipose tissue fat pads. Myricetin treatment reduced the elevated serum levels of glucose and triglycerides, typically found in MSG mice, as well as restored peripheral insulin sensitivity and liver steatosis. Moreover, myricetin ameliorated the lack of thigmotaxis and exploratory behavior, but did not improve the cognitive deficit presented by MSG mice. Therefore, this study contributes to the pharmacological validation of myricetin as an affordable and healthy therapeutic adjuvant for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and most of its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Fernando Ferreira Coêlho
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, 1966, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil.
| | - Ivana Letícia Santos Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, 1966, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil.
| | - Vinicyus Teles Chagas
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, 1966, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil. and Department of Morphological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, 1966, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Nathalee Liberal Xavier Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, 1966, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Araújo Serra Pinto
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, 1966, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil. and Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, 1966, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Lucas Martins França
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, 1966, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil. and Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, 1966, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcus de Andrade Paes
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, 1966, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil. and Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, 1966, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
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Sasaki-Hamada S, Hojyo Y, Mizumoto R, Koyama H, Yanagisawa S, Oka JI. Cognitive and hippocampal synaptic profiles in monosodium glutamate-induced obese mice. Neurosci Res 2020; 170:201-207. [PMID: 32949668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a growing worldwide public health issue and is associated with a range of comorbidities, including cognitive deficits. The present study investigated synaptic changes in the hippocampus during the development of obesity. The treatment of newborn mice with monosodium-L-glutamate (MSG, 2 mg/g) induced obesity and recognition memory deficits in the novel object recognition (NOR) test at 16-17 weeks, but not at 8-9 weeks. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), and excitatory synaptic transmission at Schaffer collateral-CA1 (SC-CA1) synapses were compared between MSG-treated mice and age-matched control mice. LTP and fiber volley amplitudes were enhanced in MSG-treated mice at 16-17 weeks, but not at 8-9 weeks. Furthermore, the strength of paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) changed in MSG-treated mice at 16-17 weeks, but not at 8-9 weeks. These results suggest that enhanced LTP in the SC-CA1 synapses of MSG-induced obese mice involves presynaptic rather than postsynaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachie Sasaki-Hamada
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan; Department of Physiology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yuki Hojyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Mizumoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hajime Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shoko Yanagisawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Oka
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ. Dietary glutamate and the brain: In the footprints of a Jekyll and Hyde molecule. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:93-104. [PMID: 32687843 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is a crucial neurotransmitter of the mammalian central nervous system, a molecular component of our diet, and a popular food-additive. However, for decades, concerns have been raised about the issue of glutamate's safety as a food additive; especially, with regards to its ability (or otherwise) to cross the blood-brain barrier, cause excitotoxicity, or lead to neuron death. Results of animal studies following glutamate administration via different routes suggest that an array of effects can be observed. While some of the changes appear deleterious, some are not fully-understood, and the impact of others might even be beneficial. These observations suggest that with regards to the mammalian brain, exogenous glutamate might exert a double-sided effect, and in essence be a two-faced molecule whose effects may be dependent on several factors. This review draws from the research experiences of the authors and other researchers regarding the effects of exogenous glutamate on the brain of rodents. We also highlight the possible implications of such effects on the brain, in health and disease. Finally, we deduce that beyond the culinary effects of exogenous glutamate, there is the possibility of a beneficial role in the understanding and management of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
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López-Vázquez MÁ, Gama-García CE, Estrada-Reyes Y, Gaytán-Tocavén L, Alfaro JMC, Olvera-Cortés ME. Neonatal Monosodium Glutamate Administration Disrupts Place Learning and Alters Hippocampal-Prefrontal Learning-Related Theta Activity in the Adult Rat. Neuroscience 2019; 414:228-244. [PMID: 31299349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate causes profound deficits in place learning and memory in adult rats evaluated in the Morris maze. Theta activity has been related to hippocampal learning, and increased high-frequency theta activity occurs through efficient place learning training in the Morris maze. We wondered whether the place learning deficits observed in adult rats that had been neonatally treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG), were related to altered theta patterns in the hippocampus and prelimbic cortex, which were recorded during place learning training in the Morris maze. The MSG-treated group had a profound deficit in place learning ability, with a marginal reduction in escape latencies during the final days of training. Learning-related changes were observed in the relative power distribution in control and MSG-treated groups in the hippocampal EEG, but not in the prelimbic cortex. Increased prefrontal and reduced hippocampal absolute power that appeared principally during the final days of training, and reduced coherence between regions throughout the training (4-12 Hz), were observed in the MSG-treated rats, thereby suggesting a misfunction of the circuits rather than a hyperexcitable general state. In conclusion, neonatal administration of MSG, which caused a profound deficit in place learning at the adult age, also altered the theta pattern both in the hippocampus and prelimbic cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel López-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad de los Procesos Cognitivos, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Camino de la Arboleda 300, Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, C.P., 58341, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
| | - Carla Estefanía Gama-García
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Experimental, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Camino de la Arboleda 300, Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, C.P., 58341, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Yoana Estrada-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad de los Procesos Cognitivos, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Camino de la Arboleda 300, Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, C.P., 58341, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Lorena Gaytán-Tocavén
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Experimental, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Camino de la Arboleda 300, Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, C.P., 58341, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - José Miguel Cervantes Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Postgrado, Facultad de Medicina "Dr. Ignacio Chávez", Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Rafael Carrillo esq. Salvador González Herrejón S/N. C.P., 58000, Colonia Centro, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - María Esther Olvera-Cortés
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Experimental, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Camino de la Arboleda 300, Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, C.P., 58341, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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Madhavadas S, Subramanian S, Kutty BM. Environmental enrichment improved cognitive deficits more in peri-adolescent than in adult rats after postnatal monosodium glutamate treatment. Physiol Int 2018; 104:271-290. [PMID: 29278027 DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to enriched environment (EE) is known to promote sensory, cognitive, and motor stimulation with intensified levels of novelty and complexity. In this study, we investigated the positive regulatory effect of short-term exposure to EE on establishing functional recovery in monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obese rats. Unless treated, MSG rats exhibited peripheral insulin resistance, cognitive deficits, and a reduction in the total hippocampal volume with decreased neuron count in the DG, CA3, and CA1 subfields. These MSG rats were exposed to short-term EE for 15 days for a period of 6 h/day, beginning either at 45 or at 75 days of age. EE exposure has improved insulin sensitivity, yielded a significant increase in total hippocampal volume along with increase in neuron number in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus in both age groups. However, as assessed by radial arm maze task, which relies upon the positive reinforcement to test spatial memory, and the Barnes maze task, which utilizes an aversive learning strategy, a complete recovery of cognitive function could be achieved in 2-month-old rats only and not among 3-month-old rats, thus highlighting the importance of critical window period for EE interventions in restoring the memory functions. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of EE paradigm in prevention of cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madhavadas
- 1 Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India
| | - S Subramanian
- 1 Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India
| | - B M Kutty
- 2 Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , Bangalore, India
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Araujo PCO, Quines CB, Jardim NS, Leite MR, Nogueira CW. Resistance exercise reduces memory impairment induced by monosodium glutamate in male and female rats. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:845-853. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Cesar Oliveira Araujo
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
| | - Caroline Brandão Quines
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
| | - Natália Silva Jardim
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
| | - Marlon Regis Leite
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria CEP 97105-900 Rio Grande do Sul Brasil
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Hernandez-Ojeda M, Ureña-Guerrero ME, Gutierrez-Barajas PE, Cardenas-Castillo JA, Camins A, Beas-Zarate C. KB-R7943 reduces 4-aminopyridine-induced epileptiform activity in adult rats after neuronal damage induced by neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:27. [PMID: 28486943 PMCID: PMC5423021 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0335-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment triggers excitotoxicity and induces a degenerative process that affects several brain regions in a way that could lead to epileptogenesis. Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCX1-3) are implicated in Ca2+ brain homeostasis; normally, they extrude Ca2+ to control cell inflammation, but after damage and in epilepsy, they introduce Ca2+ by acting in the reverse mode, amplifying the damage. Changes in NCX3 expression in the hippocampus have been reported immediately after neonatal MSG treatment. In this study, the expression level of NCX1-3 in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and hippocampus (Hp); and the effects of blockade of NCXs on the seizures induced by 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) were analysed in adult rats after neonatal MSG treatment. KB-R7943 was applied as NCXs blocker, but is more selective to NCX3 in reverse mode. METHODS Neonatal MSG treatment was applied to newborn male rats at postnatal days (PD) 1, 3, 5, and 7 (4 g/kg of body weight, s.c.). Western blot analysis was performed on total protein extracts from the EC and Hp to estimate the expression level of NCX1-3 proteins in relative way to the expression of β-actin, as constitutive protein. Electrographic activity of the EC and Hp were acquired before and after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of 4-AP (3 nmol) and KB-R7943 (62.5 pmol), alone or in combination. All experiments were performed at PD60. Behavioural alterations were also recorder. RESULTS Neonatal MSG treatment significantly increased the expression of NCX3 protein in both studied regions, and NCX1 protein only in the EC. The 4-AP-induced epileptiform activity was significantly higher in MSG-treated rats than in controls, and KB-R7943 co-administered with 4-AP reduced the epileptiform activity in more prominent way in MSG-treated rats than in controls. CONCLUSIONS The long-term effects of neonatal MSG treatment include increases on functional expression of NCXs (mainly of NCX3) in the EC and Hp, which seems to contribute to improve the control that KB-R7943 exerted on the seizures induced by 4-AP in adulthood. The results obtained here suggest that the blockade of NCXs could improve seizure control after an excitotoxic process; however, this must be better studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Hernandez-Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Neurotransmisión, Edificio de Posgrado, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km 15.5 Carretera a Nogales, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez Km 2, Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico 45221
| | - Monica E. Ureña-Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Neurotransmisión, Edificio de Posgrado, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km 15.5 Carretera a Nogales, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez Km 2, Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico 45221
| | - Paola E. Gutierrez-Barajas
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Neurotransmisión, Edificio de Posgrado, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km 15.5 Carretera a Nogales, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez Km 2, Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico 45221
| | - Jazmin A. Cardenas-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Neurotransmisión, Edificio de Posgrado, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km 15.5 Carretera a Nogales, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez Km 2, Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico 45221
| | - Antoni Camins
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Institut de Neurociencias, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Neurotransmisión, Edificio de Posgrado, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km 15.5 Carretera a Nogales, Camino Ing. Ramón Padilla Sánchez Km 2, Zapopan, Jalisco Mexico 45221
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Rojas-Castañeda JC, Vigueras-Villaseñor RM, Chávez-Saldaña M, Rojas P, Gutiérrez-Pérez O, Rojas C, Arteaga-Silva M. Neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate induces morphological alterations in suprachiasmatic nucleus of adult rat. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:18-26. [PMID: 26799547 PMCID: PMC4840248 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate (MSG) induces circadian disorders in several physiological and behavioural processes regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of neonatal exposure to MSG on locomotor activity, and on morphology, cellular density and expression of proteins, as evaluated by optical density (OD), of vasopressin (VP)-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive cells in the SCN. Male Wistar rats were used: the MSG group was subcutaneously treated from 3 to 10 days of age with 3.5 mg/g/day. Locomotor activity was evaluated at 90 days of age using 'open-field' test, and the brains were processed for immunohistochemical studies. MSG exposure induced a significant decrease in locomotor activity. VP- and VIP-immunoreactive neuronal densities showed a significant decrease, while the somatic OD showed an increase. Major axes and somatic area were significantly increased in VIP neurons. The cellular and optical densities of GFAP-immunoreactive sections of SCN were significantly increased. These results demonstrated that newborn exposure to MSG induced morphological alterations in SCN cells, an alteration that could be the basis for behavioural disorders observed in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa María Vigueras-Villaseñor
- Subdirección de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México D.F., México
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootécnia, UNAM, México D.F., México
| | | | - Patricia Rojas
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, 'Manuel Velasco Suárez', México D.F., México
| | - Oscar Gutiérrez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Medicina Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México D.F., México
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootécnia, UNAM, México D.F., México
| | - Carolina Rojas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, México D.F., México
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J. Onaolapo O, Y. Onaolapo A, A. Akanmu M, Olayiwola G. Changes in Spontaneous Working-memory, Memory-recall and Approach-avoidance following “Low Dose” Monosodium Glutamate in Mice. AIMS Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2016.3.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Quines CB, Rosa SG, Velasquez D, Da Rocha JT, Neto JSS, Nogueira CW. Diphenyl diselenide elicits antidepressant-like activity in rats exposed to monosodium glutamate: A contribution of serotonin uptake and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity. Behav Brain Res 2015; 301:161-7. [PMID: 26738966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a disorder with symptoms manifested at the psychological, behavioral and physiological levels. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is the most widely used additive in the food industry; however, some adverse effects induced by this additive have been demonstrated in experimental animals and humans, including functional and behavioral alterations. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible antidepressant-like effect of diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2, an organoselenium compound with pharmacological properties already documented, in the depressive-like behavior induced by MSG in rats. Male and female newborn Wistar rats were divided in control and MSG groups, which received, respectively, a daily subcutaneous injection of saline (0.9%) or MSG (4g/kg/day) from the 1st to 5th postnatal day. At 60th day of life, animals received (PhSe)2 (10mg/kg, intragastrically) 25min before spontaneous locomotor and forced swimming tests (FST). The cerebral cortices of rats were removed to determine [(3)H] serotonin (5-HT) uptake and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity. A single administration of (PhSe)2 was effective against locomotor hyperactivity caused by MSG in rats. (PhSe)2 treatment protected against the increase in the immobility time and a decrease in the latency for the first episode of immobility in the FST induced by MSG. Furthermore, (PhSe)2 reduced the [(3)H] 5-HT uptake and restored Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity altered by MSG. In the present study a single administration of (PhSe)2 elicited an antidepressant-like effect and decrease the synaptosomal [(3)H] 5-HT uptake and an increase in the Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity in MSG-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Quines
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900 RS, Brazil
| | - Suzan G Rosa
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900 RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela Velasquez
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900 RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana T Da Rocha
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900 RS, Brazil
| | - José S S Neto
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900 RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900 RS, Brazil.
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Quines CB, Rosa SG, Da Rocha JT, Gai BM, Bortolatto CF, Duarte MMMF, Nogueira CW. Monosodium glutamate, a food additive, induces depressive-like and anxiogenic-like behaviors in young rats. Life Sci 2014; 107:27-31. [PMID: 24802127 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been the target of research due to its toxicological effects. AIMS We investigated the depressive- and anxiogenic-like behaviors in rats exposed to neonatal subcutaneous injection of MSG. The involvement of the serotonergic system, by measuring [(3)H] serotonin (5-HT) uptake in cerebral cortices, and the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, by determining serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone levels, was also examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male and female newborn Wistar rats were divided into control and MSG groups, which received, respectively, a daily subcutaneous injection of saline (0.9%) or MSG (4 g/kg/day) from the 1st to 5th postnatal day. The behavioral tests [spontaneous locomotor activity, contextual fear conditioning, and forced swimming test (FST)] were performed from the 60th to 64th postnatal day. MSG-treated animals showed alteration in the spontaneous locomotor activity, an increase in the number of fecal pellets and the number of animal's vocalizations and urine occurrence, and a decrease in the grooming time. KEY FINDINGS The MSG exposure increased the immobility time in the FST and the freezing reaction in the contextual fear conditioning. Additionally, MSG treatment increased the [(3)H]5-HT uptake in the cerebral cortices of rats and induced a deregulation of HPA axis function (by increasing serum ACTH and corticosterone levels). SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion MSG-treated rats are more susceptible to develop anxiogenic- and depressive-like behaviors, which could be related to a dysfunction in the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Quines
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Suzan G Rosa
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana T Da Rocha
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bibiana M Gai
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiani F Bortolatto
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marta Maria M F Duarte
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Dief AE, Kamha ES, Baraka AM, Elshorbagy AK. Monosodium glutamate neurotoxicity increases beta amyloid in the rat hippocampus: A potential role for cyclic AMP protein kinase. Neurotoxicology 2014; 42:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abu-Taweel GM, A ZM, Ajarem JS, Ahmad M. Cognitive and biochemical effects of monosodium glutamate and aspartame, administered individually and in combination in male albino mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 42:60-7. [PMID: 24556450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and aspartame (ASM) individually and in combination on the cognitive behavior and biochemical parameters like neurotransmitters and oxidative stress indices in the brain tissue of mice. Forty male Swiss albino mice were randomly divided into four groups of ten each and were exposed to MSG and ASM through drinking water for one month. Group I was the control and was given normal tap water. Groups II and III received MSG (8 mg/kg) and ASM (32 mg/kg) respectively dissolved in tap water. Group IV received MSG and ASM together in the same doses. After the exposure period, the animals were subjected to cognitive behavioral tests in a shuttle box and a water maze. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed and the neurotransmitters and oxidative stress indices were estimated in their forebrain tissue. Both MSG and ASM individually as well as in combination had significant disruptive effects on the cognitive responses, memory retention and learning capabilities of the mice in the order (MSG+ASM)>ASM>MSG. Furthermore, while MSG and ASM individually were unable to alter the brain neurotransmitters and the oxidative stress indices, their combination dose (MSG+ASM) decreased significantly the levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine and serotonin) and it also caused oxidative stress by increasing the lipid peroxides measured in the form of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and decreasing the level of total glutathione (GSH). Further studies are required to evaluate the synergistic effects of MSG and ASM on the neurotransmitters and oxidative stress indices and their involvement in cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zyadah M A
- Department of Biology, Dammam University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamaan S Ajarem
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ahmad
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Horvath G, Reglodi D, Vadasz G, Farkas J, Kiss P. Exposure to enriched environment decreases neurobehavioral deficits induced by neonatal glutamate toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19054-66. [PMID: 24065102 PMCID: PMC3794820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140919054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment is a popular strategy to enhance motor and cognitive performance and to counteract the effects of various harmful stimuli. The protective effects of enriched environment have been shown in traumatic, ischemic and toxic nervous system lesions. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a commonly used taste enhancer causing excitotoxic effects when given in newborn animals. We have previously demonstrated that MSG leads to a delay in neurobehavioral development, as shown by the delayed appearance of neurological reflexes and maturation of motor coordination. In the present study we aimed at investigating whether environmental enrichment is able to decrease the neurobehavioral delay caused by neonatal MSG treatment. Newborn pups were treated with MSG subcutaneously on postnatal days 1, 5 and 9. For environmental enrichment, we placed rats in larger cages, supplemented with different toys that were altered daily. Normal control and enriched control rats received saline treatment only. Physical parameters such as weight, day of eye opening, incisor eruption and ear unfolding were recorded. Animals were observed for appearance of reflexes such as negative geotaxis, righting reflexes, fore- and hindlimb grasp, fore- and hindlimb placing, sensory reflexes and gait. In cases of negative geotaxis, surface righting and gait, the time to perform the reflex was also recorded daily. For examining motor coordination, we performed grid walking, footfault, rope suspension, rota-rod, inclined board and walk initiation tests. We found that enriched environment alone did not lead to marked alterations in the course of development. On the other hand, MSG treatment caused a slight delay in reflex development and a pronounced delay in weight gain and motor coordination maturation. This delay in most signs and tests could be reversed by enriched environment: MSG-treated pups kept under enriched conditions showed no weight retardation, no reflex delay in some signs and performed better in most coordination tests. These results show that environmental enrichment is able to decrease the neurobehavioral delay caused by neonatal excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Horvath
- Department of Anatomy, PTE-MTA Lendulet PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pécs 7624, Hungary.
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Sundaram RS, Gowtham L, Rajesh R, Rajan DS, Srinivasan R, Gaurav G. Evaluation of Protective Role of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract in Excitotoxicity-induced Neurobehavioral Deficits Based on Specific Changes in the Structure of Feeding Behavior, Diuretic and Anxiety Paradigms in Female Rats. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2013.182.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Collison KS, Makhoul NJ, Zaidi MZ, Saleh SM, Andres B, Inglis A, Al-Rabiah R, Al-Mohanna FA. Gender dimorphism in aspartame-induced impairment of spatial cognition and insulin sensitivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31570. [PMID: 22509243 PMCID: PMC3317920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have linked aspartame consumption to impaired retention of learned behavior in rodents. Prenatal exposure to aspartame has also been shown to impair odor-associative learning in guinea pigs; and recently, aspartame-fed hyperlipidemic zebrafish exhibited weight gain, hyperglycemia and acute swimming defects. We therefore investigated the effects of chronic lifetime exposure to aspartame, commencing in utero, on changes in blood glucose parameters, spatial learning and memory in C57BL/6J mice. Morris Water Maze (MWM) testing was used to assess learning and memory, and a random-fed insulin tolerance test was performed to assess glucose homeostasis. Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the associations between body characteristics and MWM performance outcome variables. At 17 weeks of age, male aspartame-fed mice exhibited weight gain, elevated fasting glucose levels and decreased insulin sensitivity compared to controls (P<0.05). Females were less affected, but had significantly raised fasting glucose levels. During spatial learning trials in the MWM (acquisition training), the escape latencies of male aspartame-fed mice were consistently higher than controls, indicative of learning impairment. Thigmotactic behavior and time spent floating directionless was increased in aspartame mice, who also spent less time searching in the target quadrant of the maze (P<0.05). Spatial learning of female aspartame-fed mice was not significantly different from controls. Reference memory during a probe test was affected in both genders, with the aspartame-fed mice spending significantly less time searching for the former location of the platform. Interestingly, the extent of visceral fat deposition correlated positively with non-spatial search strategies such as floating and thigmotaxis, and negatively with time spent in the target quadrant and swimming across the location of the escape platform. These data suggest that lifetime exposure to aspartame, commencing in utero, may affect spatial cognition and glucose homeostasis in C57BL/6J mice, particularly in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Collison
- Cell Biology and Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Cell Biology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Seo HJ, Ham HD, Jin HY, Lee WH, Hwang HS, Park SA, Kim YS, Choi SC, Lee S, Oh KJ, Kim BS, Park BR, Lee MY. Chronic Administration of Monosodium Glutamate under Chronic Variable Stress Impaired Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function in Rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:213-21. [PMID: 20827335 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.4.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the primary endocrine system to respond to stress. The HPA axis may be affected by increased level of corticotrophin-releasing factors under chronic stress and by chronic administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether chronic MSG administration aggravates chronic variable stress (CVS)-induced behavioral and hormonal changes. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200~220 g, were divided into 4 groups as follows: water administration (CON), MSG (3 g/kg) administration (MSG), CVS, and CVS with MSG (3 g/kg) administration (CVS+MSG). In addition, for the purpose of comparing the effect on plasma corticosterone levels between chronic stress and daily care or acute stress, 2 groups were added at the end of the experiment; the 2 new groups were as follows: naïve mice (n=7) and mice exposed to restraint stress for 2 h just before decapitation (A-Str, n=7). In an open field test performed after the experiment, the CVS+MSG group significant decrease in activity. The increase in relative adrenal weights in the CVS and CVS+MSG group was significantly greater than those in the CON and/or MSG groups. In spite of the increase in the relative adrenal weight, there was a significant decrease in the plasma corticosterone levels in the CVS+MSG group as compared to all other groups, except the naïve group. These results suggest that impaired HPA axis function as well as the decrease in the behavioral activity in adult rats can be induced by chronic MSG administration under CVS rather than CVS alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jeong Seo
- Department of Physiology and Digestive Disease Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
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Dorce ALC, Dorce VAC, Nencioni ALA. Effects of in utero exposure to Tityus bahiensis scorpion venom in adult rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009; 32:187-92. [PMID: 19945531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of Tityus bahiensis scorpion venom is well known, but there are little data about the damage in offspring of dams that were exposed to the venom during pregnancy. The objective of this work was to determine the toxic effects of venom in adult offspring of Wistar rats exposed to venom in utero. Dams were divided into a control group, subcutaneously injected with saline solution on the 10th (GD10) and 16th (GD16) days, and two experimental groups, subcutaneously injected with venom (2.5mg/kg) on GD10 or GD16, respectively. Adult offspring were evaluated according to behavioral development and neuronal integrity in the hippocampus. Tests performed in the activity box and in the enriched environment demonstrated that males from GD10 had motor decrease. Females from GD10 showed a depressive-like state and were more anxious, as demonstrated by the forced swimming test and social interaction. The plus-maze discriminative avoidance task demonstrated that GD16 males had lower levels of anxiety. The number of neuronal cells was decreased in CA1, CA3 and CA4 hippocampal areas of males and females from GD10 group and in CA1 of females and CA4 of males from GD16 group. Thus, we conclude that venom exposure in pregnant dams causes subtle alteration in the behavioral and neuronal development of offspring in adult life in a gender-dependent manner.
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20
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Karlsson O, Roman E, Brittebo EB. Long-term Cognitive Impairments in Adult Rats Treated Neonatally with β-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine. Toxicol Sci 2009; 112:185-95. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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21
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Nandrolone abuse decreases anxiety and impairs memory in rats via central androgenic receptors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11:925-34. [PMID: 18405416 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145708008754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) affect areas of the central nervous system, which are involved in emotional and cognitive responses such as sexuality, anxiety, and memory. In the present study we imitated the abuse of AASs by administering high doses of the AAS nandrolone decanoate (ND) to rats. Thereafter rats were exposed to an elevated plus-maze and an olfactory social memory test to evaluate their anxiety-like and cognitive behaviour. To reveal whether these emotional and cognitive changes evoked by ND were caused via direct activation of androgenic receptors (ARs) in the brain, the AR antagonist flutamide (FL) was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.). Male rats were randomly divided in four groups, one group received 15 mg/kg ND subcutaneously, once daily for 6 wk (ND group). In the second group, in addition to ND, a daily dose of 5 microg FL was injected i.c.v. also for 6 wk (ND+FL group). The third group of rats received only FL and in the control group the vehicle was injected. The ND group clearly spent more time investigating the open arms in the maze test and recognizing the juvenile during the olfactory social memory test in comparison to the control group. In the ND+FL group rats showed similar emotional behaviour and cognitive ability to that of the control group. Injection of FL alone did not affect either anxiety or memory. These results indicate that repeated, high-dose administration of ND decreases anxiety and impairs memory in rats via direct activation of central ARs.
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Effects of administration of sodium glutamate during the neonatal period on behavior and blood corticosterone levels in male mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 37:827-33. [PMID: 17922248 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-007-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of male DBA/2 mice with sodium glutamate (4 mg/g) on postnatal days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 induced reductions in the numbers of square crossings, vertical rearings, excursions to the center, and the time spent in the center in adulthood, as compared with a group of males given physiological saline at the same times. These measures showed no change as compared with intact animals. In the light-dark test, the time spent by mice in the light sector was greater after administration of sodium glutamate than after administration of physiological saline but did not differ from that in intact animals. In the acoustic startle reflex test, sodium glutamate decreased startle amplitude but had no effect on the magnitude of prestimulus inhibition. Sexual motivation in males decreased after sodium glutamate, physiological saline producing a tendency to decreased sexual motivation. Neonatal administration of sodium glutamate increased basal blood corticosterone in adult males by a factor of 4, while physiological saline had no effect on this measure. These results lead to the conclusion that neonatal administration of sodium glutamate decreases motor and investigative activity, anxiety, and sexual motivation in adult male mice and increases basal corticosterone. Physiological saline increased all these parameters apart from sexual motivation, though this was not associated with changes in basal corticosterone.
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23
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Rousseaux CG. A Review of Glutamate Receptors II: Pathophysiology and Pathology. J Toxicol Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.21.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colin G. Rousseaux
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa
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Suge R, Hosoe N, Furube M, Yamamoto T, Hirayama A, Hirano S, Nomura M. Specific timing of taurine supplementation affects learning ability in mice. Life Sci 2007; 81:1228-34. [PMID: 17884103 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of taurine supplementation on visual discrimination in mice were examined. Taurine, 2-aminoethane-sulphonic acid, found in high concentrations in the central nervous system of mammals and in human milk, has been shown to be essential for development. Male mice were divided into four groups according to taurine supplementation periods. 1) Lifelong: taurine (400 mg/kg/day) was dissolved in distilled water and provided as drinking water. In the prenatal period, taurine was given via the mother. After weaning mice were administered taurine in drinking water. 2) Pre-weaning: mice were exposed to taurine prior to weaning, 3) Post-weaning: mice were exposed to taurine after weaning. 4) CONTROL: no supplementation of taurine. It was shown that the Lifelong group required a longer period of time to acquire visual discrimination than the CONTROL group. Conversely, in the Post-weaning group, mice learned the task faster than CONTROLs. Visual discrimination learning time in the Pre-weaning group showed no significant difference compared with that in the CONTROL group. From these results, we suggest that the perinatal to early postnatal period is a "sensitive period" where taurine supplementation can result in retardation of learning in later life. At the same time, taurine supplementation after weaning improved visual discrimination learning. Thus, timing of taurine supplementation affected learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Suge
- Department of Physiology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
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Kiss P, Hauser D, Tamás A, Lubics A, Rácz B, Horvath ZS, Farkas J, Zimmermann F, Stepien A, Lengvari I, Reglódi D. Changes in open-field activity and novelty-seeking behavior in periadolescent rats neonatally treated with monosodium glutamate. Neurotox Res 2007; 12:85-93. [PMID: 17967732 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment of neonatal rodents leads to degeneration of the neurons in the arcuate nucleus, inner retinal layers and various other brain areas. It also causes various changes in the motor activity, sensory performance and learning abilities. We have previously shown that MSG treatment delays the appearance of some reflexes during neurobehavioral development and leads to temporary changes in reflex performance and motor coordination. Investigation of novelty-seeking behavior is of growing importance for its relationship with sensitivity to psychomotor stimulants. Perinatal administration of numerous toxic agents has been shown to influence novelty-seeking behavior in rats, but little is known about the influence of neonatal MSG treatment on the novelty-seeking behavior. The aim of the present study was to compare changes in locomotor, spontaneous exploratory and novelty-seeking behavior in periadolescent rats neonatally treated with MSG. Newborn rats were treated with 4 mg/g MSG subcutaneously on postnatal days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. Open-field behavior was tested at 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 weeks of age. We found that MSG administration led to only temporary increases in locomotor behavior, which was more pronounced during the first few postnatal weeks, followed by a subtle hypoactivity at 2 months of age. Novelty-seeking was tested in four 5-min trials at 3 weeks of age. Trial 1 was in an empty open-field, two identical objects were placed in the arena during trial 2 and 3, and one of them was replaced to a novel object during trial 4. We found that the behavioral pattern of MSG-treated rats was the opposite in all tested signs in the novelty exploration test compared to control pups. In summary, our present study shows that neonatal MSG treatment leads to early temporary changes in the locomotor activity followed by hypoactivity at 2 months of age. Furthermore, MSG-treated rats show a markedly disturbed novelty-seeking behavior represented by altered activity when subjected to a novel object.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kiss
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical Faculty, Hungary
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Carratù MR, Borracci P, Coluccia A, Giustino A, Renna G, Tomasini MC, Raisi E, Antonelli T, Cuomo V, Mazzoni E, Ferraro L. Acute exposure to methylmercury at two developmental windows: Focus on neurobehavioral and neurochemical effects in rat offspring. Neuroscience 2006; 141:1619-29. [PMID: 16781816 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The neurobehavioral and neurochemical effects produced by prenatal methylmercury exposure (8 mg/kg, gestational-days 8 or 15), were investigated in rats. On postnatal day 40, animals exposed to methylmercury and tested in the open field arena, showed a reduction in the number of rearings, whereas the number of crossings and resting time was not altered with respect to the age-matched control rats. The methylmercury-exposed groups showed a lower level of exploratory behavior as well as an impairment in habituation and working memory when subjected to the novel object exploration task. The neophobia displayed by methylmercury-exposed rats is unlikely to be attributed to a higher degree of anxiety. Prenatal methylmercury exposure did not affect motor coordination or motor learning in 40-day-old rats subjected to the balance task on a rotating rod, and it did not impair the onset of reflexive behavior in pups screened for righting reflex, cliff aversion and negative geotaxis. In cortical cell cultures from pups exposed to methylmercury during gestation, basal extracellular glutamate levels were higher, whereas the KCl-evoked extracellular glutamate levels were lower than that measured in cultures from rats born to control mothers. In addition, a higher responsiveness of glutamate release to N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor activation was evident in cortical cell cultures from pups born from methylmercury-treated dams than in cultures obtained from control rats. The present results suggest that acute maternal methylmercury exposure induces, in rat offspring, subtle changes in short-term memory as well as in exploratory behavior. These impairments seem to be associated to alterations of cortical glutamatergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Carratù
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, Medical School, University of Bari, Policlinico, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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