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Richardson GA, De Genna NM, Willford JA, Goldschmidt L. Pathways from prenatal cocaine exposure to adult substance use and behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2024; 102:107335. [PMID: 38373556 PMCID: PMC10990782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2024.107335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
This is a report from the most recent adult follow-up of the longest running cohort study of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), in which women were enrolled prenatally and offspring were assessed in infancy, childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. In previous studies, PCE was linked to offspring behavior problems such as early substance use and externalizing behavior problems. The current analyses examine pathways from PCE to behavioral outcomes in offspring at the 25-year assessment. Prenatal cocaine exposure was moderate in this cohort; most women decreased or discontinued use after the first trimester. During the first and third trimesters, 38% and 11% used cocaine, respectively. This represents the most common pattern of PCE in non-treatment samples. At this phase, the adult offspring were, on average, 27.3 years old (range = 25-30), had 13.4 years of education, 83% were employed, 55% were Black, and 55% were female. Offspring who were exposed to cocaine during the first trimester were significantly more likely to use marijuana in the past year, report more arrests, and have poorer scores on a decision-making task, controlling for other prenatal substance exposure, demographic, and socioeconomic factors. In mediation analyses, there were indirect pathways from PCE to current marijuana use through early initiation of marijuana use and 21-year marijuana use, and through 15-year status offenses and 21-year marijuana use. There was also an indirect pathway from PCE to lifetime arrests through early initiation of marijuana use and 21-year Conduct Disorder, although the direct pathway from PCE to arrests also remained significant. These findings are consistent with those from previous phases and are an indication that there are detrimental associations with PCE that persist across developmental stages and into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gale A Richardson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
| | - Natacha M De Genna
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A Willford
- Department of Psychology, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America
| | - Lidush Goldschmidt
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
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2
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Towobola A, Towobola B, Nair B, Makwana A. The ethics and management of cannabis use in pregnancy following decriminalisation and licensing for medical use: narrative review. BJPsych Bull 2023; 47:28-37. [PMID: 34749839 PMCID: PMC10028554 DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2021.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS AND METHOD As drug policies pertaining to cannabis use become more liberalised, the prevalence of cannabis use in pregnancy could increase. However, there is limited guidance available for clinicians. This paper presents a narrative review of literature published in the past 16 years (2006-2021) to (a) address the impact of legalisation and decriminalisation on the risks, ethics and support of women who use cannabis during pregnancy and (b) develop guidance for clinicians. RESULTS Both national and international trends suggest increased use of cannabis over the past decade, while the risks of cannabis use for recreational or medicinal purposes in pregnancy remain unmitigated. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS This review confirmed that the recommendation of cannabinoid-based products for pregnant and breast-feeding women is currently premature. More research is needed to address safety concerns. We discussed navigating ethical concerns and suggest targeted management strategies for clinicians treating pregnant women who choose to use cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bosky Nair
- Kent and Medway NHS and Social Care Partnership Trust, Maidstone, Kent, UK
| | - Arti Makwana
- Kent and Medway NHS and Social Care Partnership Trust, Maidstone, Kent, UK
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Min MO, Minnes S, Kim SK, Kim JY, Singer LT. Prenatal cocaine exposure and substance use disorder in emerging adulthood at age 21. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 242:109736. [PMID: 36516550 PMCID: PMC9772296 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been associated with child and adolescent externalizing behaviors and early substance use, yet few studies investigated its association with substance use disorder (SUD) in emerging adults. The present study examined the association of PCE with SUD in emerging adulthood, and whether childhood externalizing behaviors and adolescent substance use mediated the relationship. METHODS Participants were 367 (187 PCE; 53% female) adults at age 21, primarily urban African American who were recruited at birth. PCE and exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana were determined using biologic assays for drug metabolites and/or maternal self-report at birth. Offspring externalizing problems were assessed using the Youth Self-Report at age 12, substance use and substance use-related problems via biologic assays and/or self-report at age 15, and SUD determined using DSM-5 diagnostic criteria at age 21. RESULTS About 32.3% of the emerging adults were determined to have marijuana use disorder, 30.3% tobacco use disorder, and 15.5% alcohol use disorder. PCE was related to greater externalizing behaviors at age 12 (β = 0.12, p = .042), which in turn was related to SUD (β = 0.22, p = .008). PCE was also related to substance use, mainly marijuana, at age 15 (β = 0.22, p = .011), which was related to SUD (β = 0.51, p < .001). Total indirect effects including these two pathways were significant (β = 0.19, p = .002). CONCLUSIONS PCE may increase risk for SUD in emerging adulthood through childhood externalizing behaviors and adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Sun-Kyung Kim
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Department of Social Work, College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, USA
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Kim JY, Minnes S, Min MO, Ridenour TA. Co-occurrence of Psychopathology Problems in At-Risk Adolescents. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022; 44:1110-1125. [PMID: 37840844 PMCID: PMC10569334 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-09980-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
No known studies have investigated co-occurrence of psychopathology problems in adolescents with biologic and/or environmental susceptibility, including prenatal drug exposure. This study identified comorbidity patterns of psychopathology problems by utilizing data from urban, primarily African American, youth, majority of whom were at heightened risk for exposure to drugs in utero. The roles of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)-informed behavioral constructs of the Negative Valence (irritability) and Social Process Systems (social disinhibition) as antecedents of the comorbidity patterns were further examined. Lastly, the predictive validity of the identified patterns was evaluated in relation to emerging adulthood outcomes. Participants were 358 urban adolescents, primarily African Americans, drawn from a 21-year prospective birth-cohort study of the effects of prenatal drug exposure. Psychopathology problems were assessed at age 15. Irritability and social disinhibition were self-reported at age 12. Emerging adulthood outcomes were measured at age 21. Latent class modeling indicated four patterns: Normative (57%), substance-use (SU; 24%), mental-health-problems-without-substance-use (MH; 11%), and substance-use-and-other-mental-health-problems (SUMH; 7%). Higher irritability increased the odds of developing the MH pattern, whereas higher social disinhibition increased the odds of developing the SU pattern. The odds of manifesting the SUMH pattern were higher for children with higher irritability. For children with higher social disinhibition, the odds of manifesting the SUMH pattern were higher at a trend level. Adolescent comorbidity patterns were differentially associated with problematic tobacco and marijuana use and clinically relevant mental health problems in emerging adulthood, and completion of high school education. Peri-pubertal identification of individual differences in irritability and social disinhibition may mitigate the emergence of adolescent psychopathology, which could influence emerging adulthood adjustment in this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Yung Kim
- University of North Dakota, College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, Department of Social Work, Grand Forks, North Dakota
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Meeyoung O. Min
- University of Utah, College of Social Work, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ty A. Ridenour
- Research Triangle Institute International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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5
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Ellis RJ, Bara A, Vargas CA, Frick AL, Loh E, Landry J, Uzamere TO, Callens JE, Martin Q, Rajarajan P, Brennand K, Ramakrishnan A, Shen L, Szutorisz H, Hurd YL. Prenatal Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure in Males Leads to Motivational Disturbances Related to Striatal Epigenetic Dysregulation. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:127-138. [PMID: 34895699 PMCID: PMC8957623 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis remains one of the most widely abused drugs during pregnancy. In utero exposure to its principal psychoactive component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), can result in long-term neuropsychiatric risk for the progeny. This study investigated epigenetic signatures underlying these enduring consequences. METHODS Rat dams were exposed daily to THC (0.15 mg/kg) during pregnancy, and adult male offspring were examined for reward and depressive-like behavioral endophenotypes. Using unbiased sequencing approaches, we explored transcriptional and epigenetic profiles in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain area central to reward and emotional processing. An in vitro CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) activation model coupled with RNA sequencing was also applied to study specific consequences of epigenetic dysregulation, and altered molecular signatures were compared with human major depressive disorder transcriptome datasets. RESULTS Prenatal THC exposure induced increased motivation for food, heightened learned helplessness and anhedonia, and altered stress sensitivity. We identified a robust increase specific to males in the expression of Kmt2a (histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A) that targets H3K4 (lysine 4 on histone H3) in cellular chromatin. Normalizing Kmt2a in the NAc rescued the motivational phenotype of prenatally THC-exposed animals. Comparison of RNA- and H3K4me3-sequencing datasets from the NAc of rat offspring with the in vitro model of Kmt2a upregulation revealed overlapping, significant disturbances in pathways that mediate synaptic plasticity. Similar transcriptional alterations were detected in human major depressive disorder. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide direct evidence for the persistent effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on transcriptional and epigenetic deviations in the NAc via Kmt2a dysregulation and associated psychiatric vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall J. Ellis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA,Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anissa Bara
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA,Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia A. Vargas
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy L. Frick
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eddie Loh
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Landry
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA,Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teddy O. Uzamere
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA,Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James E. Callens
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA,Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qammarah Martin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA,Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prashanth Rajarajan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen Brennand
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA,Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Friedman Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henrietta Szutorisz
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Yasmin L Hurd
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Addiction Institute of Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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Savell SM, Womack SR, Wilson MN, Lemery-Chalfant K, Shaw DS. Indirect Associations between Middle-Childhood Externalizing Behaviors and Adolescent Substance Use through Late-Childhood Exposure to Violence. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:628-642. [PMID: 35107744 PMCID: PMC8994499 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal research to understand individual risk factors in childhood associated with exposure to violence and substance use is needed to inform prevention efforts. The present study tested indirect associations between age 8.5 externalizing behaviors and age 16 substance use through age 9.5 violence victimization and witnessing. Participants were 650 racially diverse (48.6% European American, 28.1% African American, 13.3% multiracial, and 10.0% other), predominantly socioeconomically disadvantaged youth (49% female). Externalizing behaviors were associated with higher levels of violence victimization and witnessing. The indirect path from externalizing behaviors to substance use was significant through victimization but not witnessing violence. Interventions aimed at reducing early externalizing behaviors may reduce risk for violence victimization, which may, in turn, reduce risk for adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Savell
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
| | - Sean R Womack
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Melvin N Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | | | - Daniel S Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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7
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De Genna NM, Willford JA, Richardson GA. Long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure: Pathways to adolescent and adult outcomes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 214:173358. [PMID: 35216971 PMCID: PMC8911923 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
With the increased prevalence, potency, and acceptability of cannabis use during pregnancy, it is important to understand the developmental effects of prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE). This review discusses methodological considerations for studies of PCE, including the assessment of exposures, covariates, and outcomes, and reviews findings from prospective, longitudinal studies of PCE. There is some evidence for associations between PCE and restricted growth at birth, but not for long-term effects on growth. PCE appears to have subtle yet enduring effects on memory and achievement in children and adolescents. Despite differences in sample demographics and measurement, there are remarkably consistent effects of PCE on externalizing behaviors, such as delinquency and substance use, which persist into adulthood. Longitudinal analyses demonstrate the importance of early cannabis initiation for pathways between PCE and adult functioning, including substance use and abuse, memory deficits, and psychotic symptoms. Animal studies demonstrate direct effects on the development of the brain via activation of endogenous endocannabinoid systems. Cannabis-induced activation of the endocannabinoid system causes alterations in the release of neurotransmitters and the modulation of brain plasticity in neural pathways that underlie cognition, motivation, and behavior regulation. Future research should consider cannabis use before pregnancy, the timing and route of exposure, polysubstance exposures, and inter-generational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha M. De Genna
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,Corresponding author:
| | - Jennifer A. Willford
- Slippery Rock University, Department of Psychology, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057
| | - Gale A. Richardson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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8
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De Genna NM, Goldschmidt L, Richardson GA. Prenatal cocaine exposure, early cannabis use, and risky sexual behavior at age 25. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 89:107060. [PMID: 34952173 PMCID: PMC8804968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research on prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) indicates that exposed children experience behavioral dysregulation resulting in risky adolescent behavior including earlier initiation of cannabis use and sexual intercourse. The goal of this study was to examine the long-term effects of PCE on adult sexual behavior. METHODS This is a prospective cohort study of the association between PCE and risky adult sexual behavior and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in 202 young adults (mean age = 27, SD = 0.98 years). The sample was 55% female, 46% White, and 54% Black. Data from the prenatal, childhood, and adolescent phases of the study were used to delineate pathways from PCE to adult sexual behavior. RESULTS The most common risky sexual behavior was having sex while drunk or high (63%). One-third of the sample reported that they "almost always" had sex while drunk or high. We found evidence for an indirect pathway from PCE to adult sex while drunk or high via early cannabis initiation. There were no other effects of PCE on adult risky sexual behavior or on risk for STIs, after controlling for sex assigned at birth, race, age at sexual initiation, and family history of drug and alcohol problems. CONCLUSIONS Although PCE has been associated with earlier initiation of sex in prior studies, PCE was not directly associated with risky adult sex or history of STI. Exposed individuals were at greater risk of sex under the influence of alcohol or drugs via earlier initiation of cannabis use during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha M. De Genna
- Corresponding Author. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | | - Gale A. Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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9
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Murnan AW, Keim SA, Yeates KO, Boone KM, Sheppard KW, Klebanoff MA. Behavioral and Cognitive Differences in Early Childhood related to Prenatal Marijuana Exposure. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 77:101348. [PMID: 34840377 PMCID: PMC8622818 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal marijuana exposure (PME) negatively impacts child development and behavior; however, few studies have examined these associations at early ages among children exposed to today's highly potent marijuana. Using a prospective prenatal cohort (Columbus, Ohio, USA), PME was determined from maternal self-report, medical chart abstraction, and urine toxicology from prenatal visits and delivery. At age 3.5 years, 63 offspring children completed tasks assessing executive function (EF), visual spatial ability, emotion regulation, and aggressive behavior. Caregivers reported on children's EF and problem behaviors. Logistic regressions and analyses of covariance controlling for key variables were used to examine associations between PME and child outcomes. Compared to non-exposed children, children with PME had more sleep-related problems, withdrawal symptoms, and externalizing problems, including aggressive behaviors and oppositional defiant behaviors. Children with and without PME did not differ in terms of executive functioning. Findings suggest behavioral problems associated with PME may manifest by age 3.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. Murnan
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43215
| | - Sarah A. Keim
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43215
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W. 9 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43210
- Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43210
| | - Keith Owen Yeates
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 1N4
| | - Kelly M. Boone
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43215
| | - Kelly W. Sheppard
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43215
| | - Mark A. Klebanoff
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43215
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W. 9 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43210
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43215
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W. 9 Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43210
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10
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Yoon M. Neighborhood structural characteristics, perceived neighborhood environment, and problem behaviors among at-risk adolescents. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:2639-2657. [PMID: 34051111 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood environment has been linked to behavioral outcomes in adolescence. The current study examined two potential mediators (i.e., perceived social capital, perceived neighborhood disorder) in the association between neighborhood structural characteristics (i.e., neighborhood disorganization) and problem behaviors (i.e., externalizing behavior, substance use) among at-risk adolescents with prenatal substance exposure. The study sample included 350 15-year-old adolescents recruited at birth. Adolescents' addresses were linked to census tract data. Neighborhood structural characteristics were not directly associated with adolescent problem behaviors in the presence of perceived social capital and neighborhood disorder. Greater neighborhood disorganization was associated with lower levels of perceived social capital, which was related to greater perceived neighborhood disorder, and then problem behaviors. The findings suggest that community practice needs to focus on subjective perceptions of neighborhoods when developing intervention programs on problem behaviors among at-risk adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyoung Yoon
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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11
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Min MO, Minnes S, Momotaz H, Singer LT, Wasden A, Bearer CF. Fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium and substance use in adolescence. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 83:106946. [PMID: 33340653 PMCID: PMC7855880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) continues to be a serious public health problem, yet no reliable clinical tools are available for assessing levels of drinking during pregnancy. Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), the nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol measured in meconium, are potential biomarkers to quantify the level of PAE. The association between the concentrations of FAEEs from meconium and adolescent substance use and related problems was examined in a prospective birth-cohort of adolescents exposed to alcohol and drugs in utero. FAEEs were quantified with gas chromatography via a flame ionization detector. Meconium was analyzed for FAEEs in 216 newborns; 183 of them (81 boys, 102 girls) were assessed at age 15 for alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use using biologic assays and self-report. Substance use problems were assessed using the Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers. Findings from multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that, after controlling for other prenatal drug exposure and covariates, higher concentrations of FAEEs (ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl linolenate, and ethyl arachidonate) were related to a greater likelihood of marijuana use and experiencing substance use problems, but not tobacco or alcohol use, at age 15. Elevated levels of FAEEs in meconium may be promising markers for PAE, identifying newborns at risk for early substance use and developing substance use problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, United States.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Hasina Momotaz
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Anna Wasden
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, United States
| | - Cynthia F Bearer
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, United States
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12
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Does prenatal cocaine exposure predict adolescent substance use? Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 81:106906. [PMID: 32535083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has rarely been examined as a predictor of substance use during late adolescence, and few studies have examined both the initiation of substance use and current substance use as outcomes. The present longitudinal study examined PCE, other prenatal exposures, and psychosocial risk factors for their association with substance use in mid to late adolescence. Adolescents (n = 150) followed since birth reported on their use of alcohol, cigarette, and cannabis every 6 months from age 15.0 to 17.5 using a computer-assisted self-administration version of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. PCE did not predict substance use in a series of growth curve analyses. Several psychosocial risk factors were associated with adolescents' substance use. Having friends who use substances predicted past month cigarette and cannabis use as well as initiation of alcohol and cannabis use, while depressive symptoms predicted initiation of alcohol, cigarette, and cannabis use. The current findings suggest that more proximal psychosocial factors may play a greater role in adolescent substance use than prenatal substance exposure.
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Gawliński D, Gawlińska K, Frankowska M, Filip M. Maternal Diet Influences the Reinstatement of Cocaine-Seeking Behavior and the Expression of Melanocortin-4 Receptors in Female Offspring of Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1462. [PMID: 32438560 PMCID: PMC7284813 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have emphasized the role of the maternal diet in the development of mental disorders in offspring. Substance use disorder is a major global health and economic burden. Therefore, the search for predisposing factors for the development of this disease can contribute to reducing the health and social damage associated with addiction. In this study, we focused on the impact of the maternal diet on changes in melanocortin-4 (MC-4) receptors as well as on behavioral changes related to cocaine addiction. Rat dams consumed a high-fat diet (HFD), high-sugar diet (HSD, rich in sucrose), or mixed diet (MD) during pregnancy and lactation. Using an intravenous cocaine self-administration model, the susceptibility of female offspring to cocaine reward and cocaine-seeking propensities was evaluated. In addition, the level of MC-4 receptors in the rat brain structures related to cocaine reward and relapse was assessed. Modified maternal diets did not affect cocaine self-administration in offspring. However, the maternal HSD enhanced cocaine-seeking behavior in female offspring. In addition, we observed that the maternal HSD and MD led to increased expression of MC-4 receptors in the nucleus accumbens, while increased MC-4 receptor levels in the dorsal striatum were observed after exposure to the maternal HSD and HFD. Taken together, it can be concluded that a maternal HSD is an important factor that triggers cocaine-seeking behavior in female offspring and the expression of MC-4 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Małgorzata Filip
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (D.G.); (K.G.); (M.F.)
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14
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Gawliński D, Gawlińska K, Frankowska M, Filip M. Maternal high-sugar diet changes offspring vulnerability to reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior: Role of melanocortin-4 receptors. FASEB J 2020; 34:9192-9206. [PMID: 32421249 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000163r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diet significantly influences the proper development of offspring in utero. Modifications of diet composition may lead to metabolic and mental disorders that may predispose offspring to a substance use disorder. We assessed the impact of a maternal high-sugar diet (HSD, rich in sucrose) consumed during pregnancy and lactation on the offspring phenotype in the context of the rewarding and motivational effects of cocaine and changes within the central melanocortin (MC) system. Using an intravenous cocaine self-administration model, we showed that maternal HSD leads to increased relapse of cocaine-seeking behavior in male offspring. In addition, we demonstrated that cocaine induces changes in the level of MC-4 receptors in the offspring brain, and these changes depend on maternal diet. These studies also reveal that an MC-4 receptor antagonist reduces the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior, and offspring exposed to maternal HSD are more sensitive to its effects than offspring exposed to the maternal control diet. Taken together, the results suggest that a maternal HSD and MC-4 receptors play an important role in cocaine relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Gawliński
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Gawlińska
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Frankowska
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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15
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Barthelemy OJ, Richardson MA, Heeren TC, Chen CA, Liebschutz JM, Forman LS, Cabral HJ, Frank DA, Rose-Jacobs R. Do Differences in Learning Performance Precede or Follow Initiation of Marijuana Use? J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2020. [PMID: 30807269 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2019.80.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies examining cross-sectional associations between age at marijuana initiation and memory deficits yield mixed results. Because longitudinal data are sparse, controversy continues regarding whether these deficits reflect premorbid risk factors or sequelae of early marijuana initiation; here, we examine this question in a community sample followed since birth. METHOD Masked examiners administered four subtests of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML/WRAML2) from childhood until young adulthood to 119 urban, predominantly African American participants. Multivariable generalized estimated equation models measured longitudinal trajectories of learning. Participants were grouped as never users (n = 26), later initiators (≥16 years old; n = 31), and earlier initiators of marijuana use (n = 62). RESULTS Marijuana onset groups did not significantly differ on WRAML scaled scores or IQ in childhood, nor did they differ on WRAML scaled scores in adolescence. On most WRAML2 subtests, these groups did not significantly differ in young adulthood after taking into account sex and childhood IQ. However, on Story Memory, later initiators attained higher scaled scores in young adulthood, even after including additional covariates of anxiety, depression, postsecondary education, past-month marijuana use, and past-week high-risk drinking. They showed a significantly more positive trajectory than never users that was driven by within-group improvement after adolescence. Earlier initiators showed within-group decline in Story Memory after adolescence. CONCLUSIONS Differences in learning following earlier initiation of marijuana use may not be solely attributable to premorbid deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier J Barthelemy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A Richardson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy C Heeren
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clara A Chen
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jane M Liebschutz
- Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Center for Research in Health Care, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Leah S Forman
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Howard J Cabral
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah A Frank
- Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ruth Rose-Jacobs
- Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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16
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Barbosa-Méndez S, Salazar-Juárez A. Prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure enhances the induction and expression of locomotor sensitization to cocaine in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 93:235-249. [PMID: 32173415 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and postnatal exposure to cocaine can affect the development and function of the central nervous system in offspring. It also produces changes in cocaine-induced dopamine release and increases cocaine self-administration and cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Further, prenatal cocaine exposure involves greater risk for development of a substance use disorder in adolescents. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure on locomotor sensitization in rats. A group of pregnant female Wistar rats were administered daily from day GD0 to GD21 with cocaine (cocaine pre-exposure group) and another group pregnant female rats were administered daily with saline (saline pre-exposure group). During lactation (PND0 to PND21) pregnant rats also received cocaine administration or saline, respectively. Of the litters resulting of the cocaine pre-exposed and saline pre-exposed pregnant female groups, only the male rats were used for the recording of the locomotor activity induced by different doses of cocaine (1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/Kg/day) during the induction and expression of locomotor sensitization at different postnatal ages (30, 60, 90 and 120 days), representative of adolescence and adult ages. The study found that prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure enhanced locomotor activity and locomotor sensitization, and such increase was dose- and age-dependent. This suggests that prenatal and postnatal cocaine exposure can result in increased vulnerability to cocaine abuse in young and adult humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barbosa-Méndez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimenta, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, 14370, Mexico
| | - Alberto Salazar-Juárez
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Conductual, Microcirugía y Terapéutica Experimenta, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría, Ciudad de México, 14370, Mexico.
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17
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Abstract
Prenatal exposure to alcohol and drugs is associated with physical, cognitive, and behavioral problems across the offspring's lifespan and an increased risk of alcohol and drug use in adolescent and young adult offspring. These prenatal effects continue to be evident after control for demographic background and parental alcohol and drug use. Behavior problems in childhood and adolescence associated with prenatal exposures may serve as a mediator of the prenatal exposure effects on offspring substance use.
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18
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Prenatal cocaine exposure: Direct and indirect associations with 21-year-old offspring substance use and behavior problems. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 195:121-131. [PMID: 30622013 PMCID: PMC6430204 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been linked to child/adolescent behavior problems and substance use in several longitudinal cohort studies. It is unclear whether these effects extend into adulthood and influence young adult behavior problems and substance use and, if so, whether they are mediated by childhood and adolescent experiences. METHODS These data are from an ongoing longitudinal study of individuals born to women who were recruited early in pregnancy. Trimester-specific data on prenatal drug exposure were obtained. Caregivers and offspring were assessed at delivery and at 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, and 21 years postpartum. This report is from age 21, when 225 offspring (52% females; 54% African American, 46% Caucasian) reported on behavior problems, emotion regulation, and substance use. RESULTS There were significant direct associations between PCE and early initiation of marijuana, 21-year emotion regulation problems, arrest history, and Conduct Disorder. The relation between PCE and young adult internalizing behavior was mediated by adolescent mood symptoms. The association between PCE and 21-year marijuana use was mediated by early initiation of marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS PCE has both direct and indirect long-term associations with young adult development. Using statistical models that considered the complex interrelationships among PCE and adult outcomes, we demonstrated that the direct effects of PCE on young adult emotion regulation problems, arrest history, and Conduct Disorder are not completely explained by earlier adolescent behavior. Moreover, the analyses suggesting mediated pathways from PCE to young adult problems identify crucial variables to target interventions for exposed children and adolescents.
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19
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Singer LT, Min MO, Minnes S, Short E, Lewis B, Lang A, Wu M. Prenatal and concurrent cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco effects on adolescent cognition and attention. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 191:37-44. [PMID: 30077054 PMCID: PMC10187465 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine/polydrug exposure (PCE) may increase vulnerability to substance use disorders due to associated cognitive deficits. We examined whether neurocognitive deficits in executive functions and attention observed in PCE children persisted to adolescence when compared to non-cocaine/polydrug (NCE) children, and whether adolescent substance use (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana) was also associated with neurocognitive deficits. METHODS 354 (180 PCE, 174 NCE) adolescents in a longitudinal study from birth were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children - IV (WISC-IV), and the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA/CPT) at age 15.5. Assessments of prenatal exposure to cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco and measures of use at age 15.5 were taken. Confounding factors measured included lead, the caregiving environment, and violence exposure. Relationships between drug use and prenatal exposures on outcomes were assessed through multiple regression. RESULTS Adolescents with PCE had deficits in Perceptual Reasoning IQ and visual attention. Prenatal alcohol exposure predicted verbal and working memory IQ and visual and auditory attention deficits. Adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use predicted attention in addition to PCE, lead and the caregiving environment. CONCLUSION Prenatal cocaine and alcohol exposure and adolescent use of substances are associated with neurocognitive deficits known to increase vulnerability to SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn T Singer
- Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Psychology, and Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Meeyoung O Min
- Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Short
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Barbara Lewis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Adelaide Lang
- Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| | - Miaoping Wu
- Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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20
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Horn SR, Roos LE, Berkman ET, Fisher PA. Neuroendocrine and immune pathways from pre- and perinatal stress to substance abuse. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:140-150. [PMID: 30450380 PMCID: PMC6236513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life adversity is a documented risk factor for substance abuse and addiction. The pre- and perinatal period (i.e., from implantation, through pregnancy, to 6 months of age) is a critical period marked by high biological plasticity and vulnerability, making perinatal stress a particularly robust form of adversity. The neuroendocrine and immune systems are key mechanisms implicated in the transmission of addiction risk. We review animal and human studies that provide preliminary evidence for links between perinatal stress, neuroendocrine and immune dysregulation, and risk for substance abuse and addiction. A translational neuroscience perspective is employed to elucidate pre- and perinatally-induced biological mechanisms linked to addiction and discuss implications for prevention and intervention efforts. Significant evidence supports associations between pre- and perinatal stress and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune systems as well as links between neuroendocrine/immune functioning and addiction risk. More work is needed to explicitly examine the interplay between pre- and perinatal stress and neuroendocrine/immune disruptions that together heighten substance abuse risk. Future work is needed to fully understand how pre- and perinatal stress induces biological alterations to predispose individuals to higher risk for addiction. Such knowledge will strengthen theoretically-driven and empirically-supported prevention efforts for substance abuse and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Horn
- University of Oregon, Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97402, USA
| | - Leslie E Roos
- University of Oregon, Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97402, USA
| | - Elliot T Berkman
- University of Oregon, Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97402, USA
| | - Philip A Fisher
- University of Oregon, Department of Psychology, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97402, USA
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21
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Willford JA, Singhabahu D, Herat A, Richardson GA. An examination of the association between prenatal cocaine exposure and brain activation measures of arousal and attention in young adults: An fMRI study using the Attention Network Task. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 69:1-10. [PMID: 29953942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal drug exposure, including cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco, is associated with deficits in behavioral regulation and attention. Using fMRI, the objective of this study was to characterize the association between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and the underlying neural substrates associated with behavioral outcomes of attention. Forty-seven young adults were recruited for this study from the ongoing Maternal Health Practices and Child Development (MHPCD) Project, a longitudinal study of the effects of PCE on growth, behavior, and cognitive function. Three groups were compared: 1) prenatal exposure to cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco (CAMT, n = 15), 2) prenatal exposure to alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco (AMT, n = 17), and 3) no prenatal exposure to drugs (Controls, n = 15). Subjects were frequency matched on gender, race, handedness, and 15-year IQ. This study used the theoretical model proposed by Posner and Peterson (1990), which posits three dissociable components of attention: alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Subjects completed a functional MRI (fMRI) scan while performing the Attention Network Task, a validated neuroimaging measure of the 3-network model of attention. Behavioral and fMRI data revealed no associations between PCE and task accuracy, speed of processing, or activation in key brain regions associated with each of the attention networks. The results of this study show that any subtle differences in brain function associated with PCE are not detectable using the ANT task and fMRI. These results should be interpreted in the context of other studies that have found associations between PCE and arousal with emotionally arousing stimuli, compared to this study that found no associations using emotionally neutral stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Willford
- Department of Psychology, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Dil Singhabahu
- Department of Mathematics, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Athula Herat
- Department of Physics, Slippery Rock University, 1 Morrow Way, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States of America.
| | - Gale A Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America.
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22
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Nock NL, Minnes S, Alberts JL. Neurobiology of substance use in adolescents and potential therapeutic effects of exercise for prevention and treatment of substance use disorders. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1711-1729. [PMID: 29251846 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Substance use (e.g., alcohol, marijuana, opioids, cocaine., etc,) use often initiates during adolescence, a critical period of physiological and social development marked by an increase in risk-taking due, in part, to heightened motivation to obtain arousal from rewards. Substance use during adolescence has been associated with a greater risk of substance use disorders (SUD) in adulthood. Although use rates for most substances have remained relatively stable, the frequency of marijuana use and the perception that regular marijuana use is not harmful has increased in adolescents. Furthermore, the nonmedical use of opioids has increased, particularly in the South, Midwest, and rural low-income communities. Substance use in adolescence has been associated with adverse structural and functional brain changes and, may exacerbate the natural "imbalance" between frontal/regulatory and cortical-subcortical circuits, leading to further heightened impulsive and reward-driven behaviors. Exercise increases growth and brain-derived neurotrophic factors that stimulate endogenous dopaminergic systems that, in turn, enhance general plasticity, learning, and memory. Exercise may help to reinforce the "naïve" or underdeveloped connections between neurological reward and regulatory processes in adolescence from the "bottom up" and "offset" reward seeking from substances, while concomitantly improving cardiovascular health, as well as academic and social achievement. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of substance use in adolescents and rationale for the utilization of exercise, particularly "assisted" exercise, which we have shown increases neural activity in cortical-subcortical regions and may modulate brain dopamine levels during adolescence, a unique window of heightened reward sensitivity and neural plasticity, for the prevention and adjunctive treatment of SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora L Nock
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jay L Alberts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Min MO, Minnes S, Kim JY, Yoon M, Singer LT. Individual assets and problem behaviors in at-risk adolescents: A longitudinal cross-lagged analysis. J Adolesc 2018; 64:52-61. [PMID: 29408099 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoregressive cross-lagged structural equation modeling was conducted to examine longitudinal relationships between individual assets (social competence, positive values and identity) and problem behaviors in 373 adolescents (174 boys, 199 girls) who participated in a prospective study on the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure from birth. More behavioral problems at age 12 were related to fewer individual assets at age 15, while greater individual assets were related to more behavioral problems, with a non-significant yet nuanced (p = .076) gender difference. More problem behaviors were associated with decreased individual assets in girls, yet greater individual assets were associated with more problem behaviors in boys. Efforts to promote individual assets may not lower the risk of engaging in problem behaviors especially among boys. Continued studies into adulthood will uncover how individual assets and problem behaviors in childhood and adolescence may affect social and vocational adjustment in this high risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Psychiatry, & Pediatrics, Cleveland, OH, United States
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24
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Min MO, Minnes S, Kim JY, Yoon M, Singer LT. Association of prenatal cocaine exposure, childhood maltreatment, and responses to stress in adolescence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177:93-100. [PMID: 28582699 PMCID: PMC5541909 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) may alter responses to stress. Children with PCE tend to grow up in suboptimal caregiving environments, conducive to child maltreatment (CM). Guided by the diathesis-stress model, the present study examined differences in self-reported responses to stress and coping in adolescents with and without PCE and explored whether childhood maltreatment (CM) moderated the effects of PCE. METHODS Adolescents (N=363; 184 PCE, 179 non-cocaine exposed (NCE)), primarily African-American and of low socioeconomic status, were prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal study at birth. The Responses to Stress Questionnaire was used to assess volitional coping (primary control, secondary control, disengagement) and involuntary responses (involuntary engagement, involuntary disengagement) to stress at the 15- and 17-year follow-up visits. CM was assessed retrospectively at age 17 using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. RESULTS Findings from longitudinal mixed model analyses indicated that PCE was associated with poorer coping strategies only among adolescents with a history of CM. Adolescents with PCE who experienced CM reported less dominant use of primary (e.g., problem solving, emotional regulation) and secondary control (e.g., cognitive restructuring) and more dominant use of disengagement (e.g., denial, avoidance) and involuntary disengagement (e.g., inaction) than adolescents with PCE who did not experience CM or NCE adolescents regardless of CM. CM was associated with more dominant use of involuntary engagement (e.g., intrusive thoughts). CONCLUSIONS PCE may increase sensitivity to CM, predisposing increased vulnerability to environmental risk. Continued studies into adulthood will elucidate how coping and involuntary stress responses affect social, vocational, and behavioral adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - June-Yung Kim
- The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lynn T Singer
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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25
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Rose-Jacobs R, Richardson MA, Buchanan-Howland K, Chen CA, Cabral H, Heeren TC, Liebschutz J, Forman L, Frank DA. Intrauterine exposure to tobacco and executive functioning in high school. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 176:169-175. [PMID: 28544995 PMCID: PMC5539953 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive functioning (EF), an umbrella construct encompassing gradual maturation of cognitive organization/management processes, is important to success in multiple settings including high school. Intrauterine tobacco exposure (IUTE) correlates with negative cognitive/behavioral outcomes, but little is known about its association with adolescent EF and information from real-life contexts is sparse. We evaluated the impact of IUTE on teacher-reported observations of EF in urban high school students controlling for covariates including other intrauterine and adolescent substance exposures. METHODS A prospective low-income birth cohort (51% male; 89% African American/Caribbean) was followed through late adolescence (16-18 years old). At birth, intrauterine exposures to cocaine and other substances (52% cocaine, 52% tobacco, 26% marijuana, 26% alcohol) were identified by meconium and/or urine assays, and/or maternal self-report. High school teachers knowledgeable about the student and unaware of study aims were asked to complete the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning-Teacher Form (BRIEF-TF) annually. RESULTS Teachers completed at least one BRIEF-TF for 131 adolescents. Multivariable analyses included controls for: demographics; intrauterine cocaine, marijuana, and alcohol exposures; early childhood exposures to lead; and violence exposure from school-age to adolescence. IUTE was associated with less optimal BRIEF-TF Behavioral Regulation scores (p <0.05). Other intrauterine substance exposures did not predict less optimal BRIEF-TF scores, nor did exposures to violence, lead, nor adolescents' own substance use. CONCLUSIONS IUTE is associated with offspring's less optimal EF. Prenatal counseling should emphasize abstinence from tobacco, as well as alcohol and illegal substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rose-Jacobs
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 72 East Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Boston Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics,1 Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, United States.
| | - Mark A Richardson
- Boston University, Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences,648 Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| | - Kathryn Buchanan-Howland
- Boston Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics,1 Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Clara A Chen
- Boston University School of Public Health, Data Coordinating Center, 85 East Newton Street, United States
| | - Howard Cabral
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Timothy C Heeren
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Jane Liebschutz
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Section of General Internal Medicine, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Leah Forman
- Boston University School of Public Health, Data Coordinating Center, 85 East Newton Street, United States
| | - Deborah A Frank
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 72 East Concord St, Boston, MA 02118, United States; Boston Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics,1 Medical Center Place, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
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Minnes S, Min MO, Kim JY, Francis MW, Lang A, Wu M, Singer LT. The association of prenatal cocaine exposure, externalizing behavior and adolescent substance use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 176:33-43. [PMID: 28514694 PMCID: PMC5637277 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) may increase adolescent substance use through alterations of neurotransmitter systems affecting fetal brain development. The relationship between PCE and substance use at 15 and 17 years was examined. Subjects (365: 186 PCE; 179 non-cocaine exposed (NCE)) supplied biologic and self-report data using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) and Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (C-DISC 4) at ages 15 and 17. The relationship between PCE and substance use was assessed using General Estimating Equation (GEE) analyses controlling for confounding factors including violence exposure and preschool lead level. Teens with PCE vs. NCE teens were 2 times more likely to use tobacco (OR=2.1; 95% CI 1.21-3.63; p<.001) and marijuana (OR=1.85; CI 1.18-2.91; p<.001) and have a substance use disorder at age 17 (OR=2.51; CI 1.00-6.28; p<.05). Evaluation of PCE status by gender revealed an association between PCE and marijuana use that was more pronounced for boys than girls at 17 years. Violence exposure was also a significant predictor of alcohol (p<.001), tobacco (p<.05), and marijuana (p<.0006) use and substance abuse/dependence (p<.01). Externalizing behavior at age 12 fully mediated the effects of PCE on substance use disorder at age 17 and partially mediated effects of PCE on tobacco use, but did not mediate effects on marijuana use. The percentage of substance use reported increased between 15 and 17 years, with no differences between the PCE and NCE groups. Data suggest specialized drug use prevention measures for children with PCE may benefit this high risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Minnes
- The Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Meeyoung O Min
- The Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Meredith W Francis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Adelaide Lang
- The Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Miaoping Wu
- The Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lynn T Singer
- School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Barthelemy OJ, Richardson MA, Cabral HJ, Frank DA. Prenatal, perinatal, and adolescent exposure to marijuana: Relationships with aggressive behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 58:60-77. [PMID: 27345271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reviews research exploring the relationship between prenatal, perinatal, and adolescent exposure to marijuana and aggressive behavior, including physical aggression. Areas of inquiry include animal research, as well as human research, on prenatal exposure and on marijuana use during adolescence. Potential psychosocial and psychopharmacological mechanisms are identified, as well as relevant confounds. The prenatal marijuana exposure literature provides minimal support for a direct relationship with aggressive behavior in childhood. The adolescent use literature suggests a marginal (at best) association between acute intoxication and aggressive behavior, and an association between chronic use and aggressive behavior heavily influenced by demographic variables, rather than direct, psychopharmacological mechanisms. Cannabis withdrawal symptoms also may include aggression and anger, but there is little evidence to suggest that these effects are large or specific to withdrawal from marijuana compared to other substances. This review will offer recommendations for clinical care and public policy, as well as important questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier J Barthelemy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark A Richardson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States; Division of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Howard J Cabral
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deborah A Frank
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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Kobulsky JM, Minnes S, Min MO, Singer MI. Violence Exposure and Early Substance Use in High-Risk Adolescents. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE IN THE ADDICTIONS 2016; 16:46-71. [PMID: 29056877 PMCID: PMC5650204 DOI: 10.1080/1533256x.2016.1138867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between violence exposure and early substance use as mediated by trauma symptoms. The Assessment of Liability and Exposure to Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Scale was used to assess violence exposure at age 10 and substance use by age 12. Mediation analysis indicated direct relationships between violence exposure and tobacco/illegal drug use and indirect relationships between violence exposure and girls' substance use through trauma symptoms. Practitioners should consider violence exposure as a risk factor for early substance use in high-risk youths and potential gender differences in trauma symptom pathways to early substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Kobulsky
- Doctoral Candidate, Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Associate Professor, Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Meeyoung O Min
- Research Associate Professor, Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark I Singer
- Leonard W. Mayo Professor, Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Barthelemy OJ, Richardson MA, Rose-Jacobs R, Forman LS, Cabral HJ, Frank DA. Effects of intrauterine substance and postnatal violence exposure on aggression in children. Aggress Behav 2016; 42:209-21. [PMID: 26660077 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During the cocaine epidemic of the 1980s and early 1990s, many expressed fears that children with intrauterine cocaine exposure (IUCE) would grow up to be unusually violent. The present study examines the relationship of caregiver reports of school-age children's aggressive behavior with IUCE and postnatal exposure to violence. Respondents were 140 low-income, primarily African American children, ages 8-11, and each child's current primary caregiver from a longitudinal study evaluating potential long term sequelae of IUCE. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the independent and interactive effects of level of IUCE (None (n = 69), Lighter (n = 47), Heavier (n = 24)) and exposure to violence (Violence Exposure Scale for Children-Revised) on aggressive behavior (Child Behavior Checklist), while also controlling for other intrauterine substance exposures and additional contextual factors. Children's self-reported exposure to violence was significantly positively associated with caregivers' reports of aggressive behavior (β = 2.17, P = .05), as was concurrent caregiver's psychiatric distress (β = .15, P = .003). However, neither IUCE nor its interaction with exposure to violence showed a significant association with aggressive behavior. Findings suggest the importance of postnatal social environment rather than IUCE in predicting aggressive behavior in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier J. Barthelemy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Mark A. Richardson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts
- Division of Psychiatry; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Ruth Rose-Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Leah S. Forman
- Data Coordinating Center; Boston University School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Howard J. Cabral
- Department of Biostatistics; Boston University School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Deborah A. Frank
- Department of Pediatrics; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
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Min MO, Minnes S, Lang A, Albert JM, Kim JY, Singer LT. Pathways to adolescent sexual risk behaviors: Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 161:284-91. [PMID: 26922281 PMCID: PMC4792807 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the impact of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) on adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Externalizing behavior, teen substance use, and early sexual intercourse were examined as pathways mediating the effects of PCE on sexual risk behaviors. METHODS Adolescents (N=364; 185 PCE, 179 non-cocaine exposure (NCE); 205 girls, 159 boys), primarily African-American and of low socioeconomic status, were prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal study at birth. Risky sexual behaviors were assessed at ages 15 and 17. Externalizing behavior at 12 years was assessed with the Youth Self-Report. Substance use, via self-report and biologic assays, and early (before age 15) sexual intercourse were assessed at age 15. Path analyses with the weighted least squares estimator with mean and variance adjustments were performed. RESULTS The final structural equation model-based path model, χ(2)=31.97 (df=27), p=.23, CFI=.99, TLI=.99, RMSEA=.021, WRMR=.695, indicated a direct effect of PCE on sexual risk behavior (β=.16, p=.02). Although PCE was related to greater externalizing behavior (β=.14, p=.009), which in turn, predicted early sexual intercourse (β=.16, p=.03), leading to sexual risk behavior (β=.44, p<.001), bootstrapping indicated a non-significant indirect effect (β=.01, p>.10). Substance use was correlated with early sexual intercourse (r=.60, p<.001) and predicted sexual risk behavior by age 17 (β=.31, p=.01). CONCLUSIONS Prenatal cocaine exposure was related to more engagement in sexual risk behaviors, suggesting the importance of reducing substance use among pregnant women as a means of prevention of offspring substance use and sexual risk behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Adelaide Lang
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Albert
- School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, Psychiatry & Pediatrics, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Gautam P, Warner TD, Kan EC, Sowell ER. Executive function and cortical thickness in youths prenatally exposed to cocaine, alcohol and tobacco. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 16:155-165. [PMID: 25743199 PMCID: PMC4522382 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small and detrimental, albeit inconsistent, effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) during early childhood have been reported. The teratogenic effects of prenatal alcohol (PAE) and tobacco exposure (PTE) on neurobehavior are more firmly established than PCE. We tested if co-exposure to all three drugs could be related to greater differences in brain structure than exposure to cocaine alone. Participants (n=42, PCE=27; age range=14-16 years) received an executive function battery prior to a T1-weighted 3T structural MRI scan. Cortical thickness was measured using FreeSurfer (v5.1). Fetal drug exposure was quantified through maternal self-reports usage during pregnancy. Using general linear modeling, we found no main effects of PCE on cortical thickness, but significant main effects of PAE and PTE in superior and medial frontal regions, after co-varying for the effects of age, sex, and each drug of exposure. Significant alcohol-by-tobacco interactions, and significant cocaine-by-alcohol interactions on cortical thickness in medial parietal and temporal regions were also observed. Poly-drug exposure and cognitive function also showed significant interactions with cortical thickness: lower cortical thickness was associated with better performance in PCE-exposed adolescents. Results suggest that although children with PCE have subtle but persistent brain cortical differences until mid-to-late adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapti Gautam
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tamara D Warner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Eric C Kan
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Min MO, Minnes S, Lang A, Yoon S, Singer LT. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on early sexual behavior: Gender difference in externalizing behavior as a mediator. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 153:59-65. [PMID: 26088698 PMCID: PMC4509836 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is associated with increased risk for externalizing behavior problems; childhood externalizing behavior problems are linked with subsequent early sexual behavior. The present study examined the effects of PCE on early sexual initiation (sexual intercourse prior to age 15) and whether externalizing behavior in preadolescence mediated the relationship. METHODS Three hundred fifty-four (180 PCE and 174 non-cocaine exposed; 192 girls, 142 boys), primarily African-American, low socioeconomic status, 15-year-old adolescents participated in a prospective longitudinal study. Adolescents' sexual behavior was assessed at 15 years using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. Externalizing behavior was assessed at 12 years using the Youth Self-Report. RESULTS Logistic regression models indicated that adolescents with PCE (n=69, 38%) were 2.2 times more likely (95% CI=1.2-4.1, p<.01) to engage in early sexual intercourse than non-exposed peers (n=49, 28%) controlling for covariates. This relationship was fully mediated by self-reported externalizing behavior in girls but not in boys, suggesting childhood externalizing behavior as a gender moderated mediator. Blood lead level during preschool years was also related to a greater likelihood of early sexual intercourse (OR=2.6, 95% CI=1.4-4.7, p<.002). Greater parental monitoring decreased the likelihood of early sexual intercourse, while violence exposure increased the risk. CONCLUSIONS PCE is related to early sexual intercourse, and externalizing behavior problems mediate PCE effects in female adolescents. Interventions targeting externalizing behavior may reduce early sexual initiation and thereby reduce HIV risk behaviors and early, unplanned pregnancy in girls with PCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O. Min
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack. Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack. Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Adelaide Lang
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack. Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Susan Yoon
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack. Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lynn T. Singer
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, Psychiatry & Pediatrics, Cleveland, Ohio
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Singer LT, Minnes S, Min MO, Lewis BA, Short EJ. Prenatal cocaine exposure and child outcomes: a conference report based on a prospective study from Cleveland. Hum Psychopharmacol 2015; 30:285-9. [PMID: 26216564 PMCID: PMC4595926 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to describe developmental outcomes from a longitudinal prospective cohort (Cleveland study) of prenatally cocaine-exposed (CE) infants. METHODS Two hundred eighteen CE and 197 nonexposed infants were enrolled at birth and followed through mid-adolescence. Birth CE status was determined by interview and biologic measures. Multiple demographic, drug, and environmental correlates were controlled. Standardized, normative, reliable measures of fetal growth, intelligence quotient (IQ), behavior, executive function, and language were given at each age and risk for substance misuse assessed in adolescence. A subset of children received volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 7 years and functional MRI at 14 years. The effect of CE was determined through multiple regression analyses controlling for confounders. RESULTS Cocaine exposed had significant negative effects on fetal growth, attention, executive function, language, and behavior, while overall IQ was not affected. CE had significant negative effects on perceptual reasoning IQ and visual-motor skills and predicted lower volume of corpus callosum and decreased gray matter in the occipital and parietal lobes. CE children had higher risk for substance misuse. Confounding risk factors had additive effects on developmental outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to cocaine was related to poorer perceptual organization IQ, visual-spatial information processing, attention, language, executive function, and behavior regulation through early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Liebschutz J, Crooks D, Rose-Jacobs R, Cabral HJ, Heeren TC, Gerteis J, Appugliese DP, Heymann OD, Lange AV, Frank DA. Prenatal substance exposure: What predicts behavioral resilience by early adolescence? PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2015; 29:329-37. [PMID: 26076097 PMCID: PMC4593628 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding behavioral resilience among at-risk adolescents may guide public policy decisions and future programs. We examined factors predicting behavioral resilience following intrauterine substance exposure in a prospective longitudinal birth-cohort study of 136 early adolescents (ages 12.4-15.9 years) at risk for poor behavioral outcomes. We defined behavioral resilience as a composite measure of lack of early substance use initiation (before age 14), lack of risky sexual behavior, or lack of delinquency. Intrauterine substance exposures included in this analysis were cocaine, tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana. We recruited participants from Boston Medical Center as mother-infant dyads between 1990 and 1993. The majority of the sample was African American/Caribbean (88%) and 49% female. In bivariate analyses, none and lower intrauterine cocaine exposure level predicted resilience compared with higher cocaine exposure, but this effect was not found in an adjusted model. Instead, strict caregiver supervision (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.90, 19.00], p = .002), lower violence exposure (AOR = 4.07, 95% CI [1.77, 9.38], p < .001), and absence of intrauterine tobacco exposure (AOR = 3.71, 95% CI [1.28, 10.74], p = .02) predicted behavioral resilience. In conclusion, caregiver supervision in early adolescence, lower violence exposure in childhood, and lack of intrauterine tobacco exposure predicted behavioral resilience among a cohort of early adolescents with significant social and environmental risk. Future interventions should work to enhance parental supervision as a way to mitigate the effects of adversity on high-risk groups of adolescents. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Liebschutz
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Denise Crooks
- Department of Family Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 840 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Ruth Rose-Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 72 East Concord Street, MA, 02118
| | - Howard J Cabral
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Timothy C Heeren
- Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Jessie Gerteis
- Abt Associates, Inc., 55 Wheeler Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138
| | - Danielle P. Appugliese
- Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Orlaith D. Heymann
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Allison V. Lange
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02118
| | - Deborah A. Frank
- Department of Family Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 840 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02118
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 72 East Concord Street, MA, 02118
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Richardson GA, Goldschmidt L, Larkby C, Day NL. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on adolescent development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2015; 49:41-8. [PMID: 25778776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The associations between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and adolescent behavior, cognitive development, and physical growth were examined in 219 15-year-olds who have participated in a longitudinal study since their fourth gestational month. During the first trimester, 42% of the women used cocaine, with use declining across pregnancy. At the 15-year follow-up, the caregivers were, on average, 43 years old, had 13 years of education, and 50% were African American. First trimester PCE was not associated with global cognitive development or with measures of learning and memory. First trimester PCE was significantly related to adolescent-reported delinquent behavior, poorer problem solving and abstract reasoning, and reduced weight, height, and head circumference at 15 years. These results were significant after other factors that affect these domains were controlled in regression analyses. In addition, exposure to violence partially mediated the effect of PCE on delinquent behavior. These adolescent domains are important because they are predictors of poorer adult functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gale A Richardson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - Lidush Goldschmidt
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Cynthia Larkby
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Nancy L Day
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
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Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist K, Sundquist J. The causes of parent-offspring transmission of drug abuse: a Swedish population-based study. Psychol Med 2015; 45:87-95. [PMID: 25066684 PMCID: PMC4232482 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While drug abuse (DA) is strongly familial, we still have limited knowledge about the causes of its cross-generational transmission. METHOD We examined DA ascertained from national registers in offspring of three family types from the Swedish population [intact (n = 2,111,074), 'not-lived-with' (n = 165,315, where biological parents never lived with their offspring) and 'step' (n = 124,800 offspring)], which reflected, respectively, the effects of genes + rearing, genes only and rearing only. We replicated these results in three high-risk co-relative designs. RESULTS Combined across mothers and fathers, the hazard ratio (HR) for DA in offspring given DA in parents was 3.52 in intact, 2.73 in 'not-lived-with' and 1.79 in stepfamilies. In 968 biological full or half-sibling pairs one of whom was reared by and the other never lived with their parent with DA, the HR for DA was greater in the reared than 'not-lived-with' child (HR 1.57). In 64 offspring pairs of a parent with DA, the HR for DA was greater in a reared biological v. step-parented non-biological child (HR 3.33). In 321 pairs of offspring of a parent with DA one of whom was a not-lived-with biological child and the second a step-parented non-biological child, the HR for DA was greater in the biological v. stepchild (HR 1.80). CONCLUSIONS Both genetic and environmental factors contribute substantially to parent-offspring resemblance for DA. The general population contains informative family constellations that can complement more traditional adoption designs in clarifying the sources of parent-offspring resemblance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Kendler
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - H. Ohlsson
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - K. Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J. Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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De Genna N, Goldschmidt L, Richardson GA. Prenatal cocaine exposure and age of sexual initiation: direct and indirect effects. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 145:194-200. [PMID: 25456330 PMCID: PMC4254808 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been linked to child behavior problems and risky behavior during adolescence such as early substance use. Behavior problems and early substance use are associated with earlier initiation of sexual behavior. The goal of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of PCE on sexual initiation in a longitudinal birth cohort, about half of whom were exposed to cocaine in utero. METHODS Women were interviewed twice prenatally, at delivery, and 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, and 21 years postpartum. Offspring (52% female, 54% African American) were assessed at delivery and at each follow-up phase with age-appropriate assessments. At age 21, 225 offspring reported on their substance use and sexual behavior. RESULTS First trimester cocaine exposure was a significant predictor of earlier age of first intercourse in a survival analysis, after controlling for race, sociodemographic characteristics, caregiver pre- and postnatal substance use, parental supervision, and child's pubertal timing. However, the association between PCE and age of first sexual intercourse was mediated by adolescent marijuana and alcohol use prior to age 15. CONCLUSIONS Most of the effect of PCE on age of sexual initiation occurred between the ages of 13-18, when rates of initiation were approximately 10% higher among exposed offspring. This effect was mediated by early adolescent substance use. These results have implications for identification of the exposed offspring at greatest risk of HIV risk behaviors and early, unplanned pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha De Genna
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Lidush Goldschmidt
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Program in Epidemiology, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Gale A. Richardson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Frank DA, Kuranz S, Appugliese D, Cabral H, Chen C, Crooks D, Heeren T, Liebschutz J, Richardson M, Rose-Jacobs R. Problematic substance use in urban adolescents: role of intrauterine exposures to cocaine and marijuana and post-natal environment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 142:181-90. [PMID: 24999059 PMCID: PMC4180288 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linkages between intrauterine exposures to cocaine and marijuana and adolescents' problematic substance use have not been fully delineated. METHODS Prospective longitudinal study with assessors unaware of intrauterine exposure history followed 157 urban participants from birth until late adolescence. Level of intrauterine exposures was identified by mother's report and infant's meconium. Problematic substance use, identified by the Voice Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (V-DISC) or the Audio Computer Assisted Self-Interview (ACASI) and urine assay, was a composite encompassing DSM-IV indication of tolerance, abuse, and dependence on alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco and any use of cocaine, glue, or opiates. RESULTS Twenty percent (32/157) of the sample experienced problematic substance use by age 18 years, of whom the majority (22/157) acknowledged abuse, tolerance or dependence on marijuana with or without other substances. Structural equation models examining direct and indirect pathways linking a Cox survival model for early substance initiation to a logistic regression models found effects of post-natal factors including childhood exposure to violence and household substance use, early youth substance initiation, and ongoing youth violence exposure contributing to adolescent problematic substance use. CONCLUSION We did not identify direct relationships between intrauterine cocaine or marijuana exposure and problematic substance use, but did find potentially modifiable post-natal risk factors also noted to be associated with problematic substance use in the general population including earlier substance initiation, exposure to violence and to household substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Frank
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, 771 Albany Street, Dowling Ground, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Seth Kuranz
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Danielle Appugliese
- Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Howard Cabral
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 3rd floor, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Clara Chen
- Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Denise Crooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, 771 Albany Street, Dowling Ground, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Timothy Heeren
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 3rd floor, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Jane Liebschutz
- Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, 3rd floor, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Mark Richardson
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, 771 Albany Street, Dowling 7 Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Ruth Rose-Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, 771 Albany Street, Dowling Ground, Boston, MA 02118, United States
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Prenatal drug exposure, behavioral problems, and drug experimentation among African-American urban adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55:423-31. [PMID: 24768161 PMCID: PMC4752830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine how prenatal drug exposure (PDE) to heroin/cocaine and behavioral problems relate to adolescent drug experimentation. METHODS The sample included African-American adolescents (mean age = 14.2 years, SD = 1.2) with PDE (n = 73) and a nonexposed community comparison (n = 61). PDE status was determined at delivery through toxicology analysis and maternal report. Internalizing/externalizing problems were assessed during adolescence with the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition. Drug experimentation was assessed by adolescent report and urine analysis. Logistic regression evaluated the likelihood of drug experimentation related to PDE and behavioral problems, adjusting for age, gender, PDE, perceived peer drug use, and caregiver drug use. Interaction terms examined gender modification. RESULTS Sixty-seven subjects (50%) used drugs: 25 (19%) used tobacco/alcohol only and 42 (31%) used marijuana/illegal drugs. Ninety-four subjects (70%) perceived peer drug use. PDE significantly increased the risk of tobacco/alcohol experimentation (odds ratio = 3.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-8.66, p = .034) but not after covariate adjustment (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.16, 95% CI .31-4.33, p > .05). PDE was not related to the overall or marijuana/illegal drug experimentation. The likelihood of overall drug experimentation was doubled per SD increase in externalizing problems (aOR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.33-3.91, p = .003) and, among girls, 2.82 times greater (aOR = 2.82, 95% CI 1.34-5.94, p = .006) per SD increase in internalizing problems. Age and perceived peer drug use were significant covariates. CONCLUSIONS Drug experimentation was relatively common (50%), especially in the context of externalizing problems, internalizing problems (girls only), older age, and perceived peer drug use. Findings support the Problem Behavior Theory and suggest that adolescent drug prevention addresses behavioral problems and promotes prosocial peer groups.
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Min MO, Minnes S, Yoon S, Short EJ, Singer LT. Self-reported adolescent behavioral adjustment: effects of prenatal cocaine exposure. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55:167-74. [PMID: 24581794 PMCID: PMC4108526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the direct effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) on adolescent internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems, controlling for confounding drug and environmental factors. METHOD At 12 and 15 years of age, 371 adolescents (189 PCE and 182 noncocaine exposed), primarily African-American and of low socioeconomic status, participating in a longitudinal, prospective study from birth were assessed for behavioral adjustment using the Youth Self-Report. RESULTS Longitudinal mixed model analyses indicated that PCE was associated with greater externalizing behavioral problems at ages 12 and 15 years and more attention problems at age 15, after controlling for confounders. PCE effects were not found for internalizing behaviors. PCE adolescents in adoptive/foster care reported more externalizing and attention problems than PCE adolescents in biological mother/relative care at age 12 or noncocaine-exposed adolescents at both ages. No PCE by gender interaction was found. Prenatal marijuana exposure, home environment, parental attachment and monitoring, family conflict, and violence exposure were also significant predictors of adolescent behavioral adjustment. CONCLUSIONS PCE is a risk factor for poor behavioral adjustment in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Susan Yoon
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth J Short
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Prenatal cocaine exposure differentially affects stress responses in girls and boys: associations with future substance use. Dev Psychopathol 2014; 27:163-80. [PMID: 25036298 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure may affect developing stress response systems in youth, potentially creating risk for substance use in adolescence. Further, pathways from prenatal risk to future substance use may differ for girls versus boys. The present longitudinal study examined multiple biobehavioral measures, including heart rate, blood pressure, emotion, and salivary cortisol and salivary alpha amylase (sAA), in response to a stressor in 193 low-income 14- to 17-year-olds, half of whom were prenatally cocaine exposed (PCE). Youth's lifetime substance use was assessed with self-report, interview, and urine toxicology/breathalyzer at Time 1 and at Time 2 (6-12 months later). PCE × Gender interactions were found predicting anxiety, anger, and sadness responses to the stressor, with PCE girls showing heightened responses as compared to PCE boys on these indicators. Stress Response × Gender interactions were found predicting Time 2 substance use in youth (controlling for Time 1 use) for sAA and sadness; for girls, heightened sadness responses predicted substance use, but for boys, dampened sAA responses predicted substance use. Findings suggest distinct biobehavioral stress response risk profiles for boys and girls, with heightened arousal for girls and blunted arousal for boys associated with prenatal risk and future substance use outcomes.
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Jaques SC, Kingsbury A, Henshcke P, Chomchai C, Clews S, Falconer J, Abdel-Latif ME, Feller JM, Oei JL. Cannabis, the pregnant woman and her child: weeding out the myths. J Perinatol 2014; 34:417-24. [PMID: 24457255 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2013.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To review and summarise the literature reporting on cannabis use within western communities with specific reference to patterns of use, the pharmacology of its major psychoactive compounds, including placental and fetal transfer, and the impact of maternal cannabis use on pregnancy, the newborn infant and the developing child. Review of published articles, governmental guidelines and data and book chapters. Although cannabis is one of the most widely used illegal drugs, there is limited data about the prevalence of cannabis use in pregnant women, and it is likely that reported rates of exposure are significantly underestimated. With much of the available literature focusing on the impact of other illicit drugs such as opioids and stimulants, the effects of cannabis use in pregnancy on the developing fetus remain uncertain. Current evidence indicates that cannabis use both during pregnancy and lactation, may adversely affect neurodevelopment, especially during periods of critical brain growth both in the developing fetal brain and during adolescent maturation, with impacts on neuropsychiatric, behavioural and executive functioning. These reported effects may influence future adult productivity and lifetime outcomes. Despite the widespread use of cannabis by young women, there is limited information available about the impact perinatal cannabis use on the developing fetus and child, particularly the effects of cannabis use while breast feeding. Women who are using cannabis while pregnant and breast feeding should be advised of what is known about the potential adverse effects on fetal growth and development and encouraged to either stop using or decrease their use. Long-term follow-up of exposed children is crucial as neurocognitive and behavioural problems may benefit from early intervention aimed to reduce future problems such as delinquency, depression and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Jaques
- Department of Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - A Kingsbury
- Mater Miseriacordiae Health Service Brisbane, Mater Mothers' Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - P Henshcke
- Mercy Women's Hospital, Heidelberg, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - S Clews
- The Langton Centre, Surry Hills, NSW, Australia
| | - J Falconer
- The Langton Centre, Surry Hills, NSW, Australia
| | - M E Abdel-Latif
- The Centenary Hospital for Women and Children, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - J M Feller
- 1] The Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia [2] School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - J L Oei
- 1] Department of Newborn Care, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, NSW, Australia [2] School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Dow-Edwards D, Iijima M, Stephenson S, Jackson A, Weedon J. The effects of prenatal cocaine, post-weaning housing and sex on conditioned place preference in adolescent rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1543-55. [PMID: 24435324 PMCID: PMC4237584 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gestational exposure to cocaine now affects several million people including adolescents and young adults. Whether prenatal drug exposures alter an individual's tendency to take and/or abuse drugs is still a matter of debate. OBJECTIVES This study sought to answer the question "Does prenatal exposure to cocaine, in a dose-response fashion, alter the rewarding effects of cocaine using a conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure during adolescence in the rat?" Further, we wanted to assess the possible sex differences and the role of being raised in an enriched versus impoverished environment. METHODS Virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed daily with cocaine at 30 mg/kg (C30), 60 mg/kg (C60), or vehicle intragastrically prior to mating and throughout gestation. Pups were culled, fostered and, on postnatal day (PND) 23, placed into isolation cages or enriched cages with three same-sex littermates and stimulus objects. On PND43-47, CPP was determined across a range of cocaine doses. RESULTS C30 exposure increased sensitivity to the rewarding effects of cocaine in adolescent males, and being raised in an enriched environment further enhanced this effect. Rats exposed to C60 resembled the controls in cocaine CPP. Overall, females were modestly affected by prenatal cocaine and enrichment. CONCLUSIONS These data support the unique sensitivity of males to the effects of gestational cocaine, that moderate prenatal cocaine doses produce greater effects on developing reward circuits than high doses and that housing condition interacts with prenatal treatment and sex such that enrichment increases cocaine CPP mostly in adolescent males prenatally exposed to moderate cocaine doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dow-Edwards
- Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Box 29, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA,
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Min MO, Minnes S, Lang A, Weishampel P, Short EJ, Yoon S, Singer LT. Externalizing behavior and substance use related problems at 15 years in prenatally cocaine exposed adolescents. J Adolesc 2014; 37:269-79. [PMID: 24636687 PMCID: PMC3980446 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) on externalizing behavior and substance use related problems at 15 years of age was examined. Participants consisted of 358 adolescents (183 PCE, 175 non-cocaine exposed (NCE)), primarily African-American and of low socioeconomic status, prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal study from birth. Regression analyses indicated that the amount of PCE was associated with higher externalizing behavioral problems (β = .15, p = .02). Adolescents with PCE were also 2.8 times (95% CI = 1.38-5.56) more likely to have substance use related problems than their NCE counterparts. No differences between PCE adolescents in non-kinship adoptive/foster care (n = 44) and PCE adolescents in maternal/relative care (n = 139) were found in externalizing behavior or in the likelihood of substance use related problems. Findings demonstrate teratologic effects of PCE persisting into adolescence. PCE is a reliable marker for the potential development of problem behaviors in adolescence, including substance use related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, USA.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, USA
| | - Adelaide Lang
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, USA
| | - Paul Weishampel
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, USA
| | | | - Susan Yoon
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, USA
| | - Lynn T Singer
- School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, USA; School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, USA; School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, USA
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Minnes S, Singer L, Min MO, Wu M, Lang A, Yoon S. Effects of prenatal cocaine/polydrug exposure on substance use by age 15. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 134:201-210. [PMID: 24176200 PMCID: PMC3941005 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examined effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) on tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine use by age 15. METHODS Adolescent (n=358; 183 PCE, 175 non-prenatally cocaine exposed; NCE) drug use was assessed using urine, hair, and/or blood spot samples and self-report (Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System; YRBSS) at ages 12 and 15. Logistic regression assessed effects of PCE on drug use controlling for other drug exposures, environment and blood lead levels (BLL). RESULTS Adjusted percentages of drug use (PCE vs. NCE) were: tobacco 35% vs. 26% (p<.04), marijuana 33% vs. 23% (p<.04), alcohol 40% vs. 35% (p<.01), and any drugs 59% vs. 50% (p<.005). PCE adolescents were twice as likely to use tobacco (OR=2.02, 95% CI=1.05-3.90, p<.04), 2.2 times more likely to use alcohol (OR=2.16, 95% CI=1.21-3.87, p<.01) and 1.8 times more likely to use marijuana (OR=1.81, 95% CI=1.02-3.22, p<.04) than NCE adolescents. A race-by-cocaine-exposure interaction (p<.01) indicated PCE non-African American adolescents had greater probability of tobacco use (65%) than NCE non-African American youth (21%). PCE was associated with any drug use (OR=2.16, CI=1.26-3.69, p<.005), while higher BLL predicted alcohol use (p<.001). Violence exposure was a predictor of tobacco (p<.002), marijuana (p<.0007) and any drug (p<.04). CONCLUSIONS PCE and exposure to violence increased the likelihood of tobacco, marijuana or any drug use by age 15, while PCE and higher early BLL predicted alcohol use. Prevention efforts should target high risk groups prior to substance use initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Minnes
- Case Western Reserve University Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States.
| | - Lynn Singer
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Environmental Health Sciences, United States
| | - Meeyoung O Min
- Case Western Reserve University Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States
| | - Miaoping Wu
- Case Western Reserve University Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States
| | - Adelaide Lang
- Case Western Reserve University Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States
| | - Susan Yoon
- Case Western Reserve University Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, United States
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Kabir ZD, Katzman AC, Kosofsky BE. Molecular mechanisms mediating a deficit in recall of fear extinction in adult mice exposed to cocaine in utero. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84165. [PMID: 24358339 PMCID: PMC3866142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal cocaine exposure has been shown to alter cognitive processes of exposed individuals, presumed to be a result of long-lasting molecular alterations in the brain. In adult prenatal cocaine exposed (PCOC) mice we have identified a deficit in recall of fear extinction, a behavior that is dependent on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampus. While we observed no change in the constitutive expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein and mRNA in the mPFC and hippocampus of adult PCOC mice, we observed blunted BDNF signaling in the mPFC of adult PCOC mice after fear extinction compared to the control animals. Specifically, during the consolidation phase of the extinction memory, we observed a decrease in BDNF protein and it’s phospho-TrkB receptor expression. Interestingly, at this same time point there was a significant increase in total Bdnf mRNA levels in the mPFC of PCOC mice as compared with controls. In the Bdnf gene, we identified decreased constitutive binding of the transcription factors, MeCP2 and P-CREB at the promoters of Bdnf exons I and IV in the mPFC of PCOC mice, that unlike control mice remained unchanged when measured during the behavior. Finally, bilateral infusion of recombinant BDNF protein into the infralimbic subdivision of the mPFC during the consolidation phase of the extinction memory rescued the behavioral deficit in PCOC mice. In conclusion, these findings extend our knowledge of the neurobiologic impact of prenatal cocaine exposure on the mPFC of mice, which may lead to improved clinical recognition and treatment of exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeba D. Kabir
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Katzman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Barry E. Kosofsky
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Human infancy has been studied as a platform for hypothesis and theory testing, as a major physiological and psychological adjustment, as an object of adults' effects as well as a source of effects on adults, for its comparative value, as a stage of life, and as a setting point for the life course. Following an orientation to infancy studies, including previous reviews and a discussion of the special challenges infants pose to research, this article focuses on infancy as a foundation and catalyst of human development in the balance of the life course. Studies of stability and prediction from infancy illustrate the depth and complexity of modern research on infants and provide a long-awaited reply to key philosophical and practical questions about the meaningfulness and significance of infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Bornstein
- Child and Family Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland 20892;
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Richardson GA, Goldschmidt L, Larkby C, Day NL. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on child behavior and growth at 10 years of age. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 40:1-8. [PMID: 23981277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined physical growth and behavioral outcomes in 226 10-year-old children who were participants in a longitudinal study of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), while controlling for other factors that affect development. During the first trimester, 42% of the women used cocaine, with use declining across pregnancy. At the 10-year follow-up, the caregivers were 37years old, had 12.8years of education, and 50% were African American. First trimester cocaine exposure predicted decreased weight, height, and head circumference at 10years. First trimester cocaine use also predicted maternal ratings of less sociability on the EAS Temperament Survey and more withdrawn behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist, more anxious/depressed behaviors on the Teacher Report Form, and more self-reported depressive symptoms on the Children's Depression Inventory. In addition, exposure to violence mediated the effect of PCE on child and teacher reports of depressive symptoms, but not of maternal reports of sociability and withdrawn behaviors. These behaviors may be precursors of later psychiatric problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gale A Richardson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Buckingham-Howes S, Berger SS, Scaletti LA, Black MM. Systematic review of prenatal cocaine exposure and adolescent development. Pediatrics 2013; 131:e1917-36. [PMID: 23713107 PMCID: PMC3666107 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Previous research found that prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) may increase children's vulnerability to behavior and cognition problems. Maturational changes in brain and social development make adolescence an ideal time to reexamine associations. The objective was to conduct a systematic review of published studies examining associations between PCE and adolescent development (behavior, cognition/school outcomes, physiologic responses, and brain morphology/functioning). METHODS Articles were obtained from PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases through July 2012 with search terms: prenatal drug, substance, or cocaine exposure; adolescence/adolescent; and in utero substance/drug exposure. Criteria for inclusion were nonexposed comparison group, human adolescents aged 11 to 19, peer-reviewed, English-language, and adolescent outcomes. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies representing 9 cohorts met the criteria. Four outcome categories were identified: behavior, cognition/school performance, brain structure/function, and physiologic responses. Eleven examined behavior; 7 found small but significant differences favoring nonexposed adolescents, with small effect sizes. Eight examined cognition/school performance; 6 reported significantly lower scores on language and memory tasks among adolescents with PCE, with varying effect sizes varied. Eight examined brain structure/function and reported morphologic differences with few functional differences. Three examined physiologic responses with discordant findings. Most studies controlled for other prenatal exposures, caregiving environment, and violence exposure; few examined mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with findings among younger children, PCE increases the risk for small but significantly less favorable adolescent functioning. Although the clinical importance of differences is often unknown, the caregiving environment and violence exposure pose additional threats. Future research should investigate mechanisms linking PCE with adolescent functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Buckingham-Howes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-risk environments characterized by familial substance use, poverty, inadequate parental monitoring, and violence exposure are associated with an increased propensity for adolescents to engage in risk-taking behaviors (e.g., substance use, sexual behavior, and delinquency). However, additional factors such as drug exposure in utero and deficits in inhibitory control among drug-exposed youth may further influence the likelihood that adolescents in high-risk environments will engage in risk-taking behavior. This study examined the influence of prenatal substance exposure, inhibitory control, and sociodemographic/environmental risk factors on risk-taking behaviors in a large cohort of adolescents with and without prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE). METHOD Risk-taking behavior (delinquency, substance use, and sexual activity) was assessed in 963 adolescents (433 cocaine-exposed, 530 nonexposed) at 15 years of age. RESULTS Prenatal cocaine exposure predicted later arrests and early onset of sexual behavior in controlled analyses. Associations were partially mediated, however, by adolescent inhibitory control problems. PCE was not associated with substance use at this age. In addition, male gender, low parental involvement, and violence exposure were associated with greater odds of engaging in risk-taking behavior across the observed domains. CONCLUSIONS Study findings substantiate concern regarding the association between prenatal substance exposure and related risk factors and the long-term outcomes of exposed youth. Access to the appropriate social, educational, and medical services is essential in preventing and intervening with risk-taking behaviors and the potential consequences (e.g., adverse health outcomes and incarceration), especially among high-risk adolescent youth and their families.
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