1
|
Chen SY, Koch M, Chávez-Gutiérrez L, Zacharias M. How Modulator Binding at the Amyloidβ-γ-Secretase Interface Enhances Substrate Binding and Attenuates Membrane Distortion. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16772-16782. [PMID: 38059872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of γ-secretase, an intramembrane protease, to reduce secretion of Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides has been considered for treating Alzheimer's disease. However, γ-secretase inhibitors suffer from severe side effects. As an alternative, γ-secretase modulators (GSM) reduce the generation of toxic peptides by enhancing the cleavage processivity without diminishing the enzyme activity. Starting from a known γ-secretase structure without substrate but in complex with an E2012 GSM, we generated a structural model that included a bound Aβ43 peptide and studied interactions among enzyme, substrate, GSM, and lipids. Our result suggests that E2012 binding at the enzyme-substrate-membrane interface attenuates the membrane distortion by shielding the substrate-membrane interaction. The model predicts that the E2012 modulation is charge-dependent and explains the preserved hydrogen acceptor and the aromatic ring observed in many imidazole-based GSM. Predicted effects of γ-secretase mutations on E2012 modulation were confirmed experimentally. We anticipate that the study will facilitate the future development of effective GSMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Chen
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- VIB/KU Leuven, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | | | - Martin Zacharias
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies, Garching 85748, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alsaqati M, Thomas RS, Kidd EJ. Upregulation of endocytic protein expression in the Alzheimer's disease male human brain. AGING BRAIN 2023; 4:100084. [PMID: 37449017 PMCID: PMC10336166 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) primarily after APP is internalised by endocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytic processes are altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is also evidence that cholesterol and flotillin affect APP endocytosis. We hypothesised that endocytic protein expression would be altered in the brains of people with AD compared to non-diseased subjects which could be linked to increased Aβ generation. We compared protein expression in frontal cortex samples from men with AD compared to age-matched, non-diseased controls. Soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42, the soluble Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, βCTF, BACE1, presenilin-1 and the ratio of phosphorylated:total GSK3β were significantly increased while the insoluble Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio was significantly decreased in AD brains. Total and phosphorylated tau were markedly increased in AD brains. Significant increases in clathrin, AP2, PICALM isoform 4, Rab-5 and caveolin-1 and 2 were seen in AD brains but BIN1 was decreased. However, using immunohistochemistry, caveolin-1 and 2 were decreased. The results obtained here suggest an overall increase in endocytosis in the AD brain, explaining, at least in part, the increased production of Aβ during AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma J. Kidd
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sanaie S, Nikanfar S, Kalekhane ZY, Azizi-Zeinalhajlou A, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Araj-Khodaei M, Ayati MH, Andalib S. Saffron as a promising therapy for diabetes and Alzheimer's disease: mechanistic insights. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:137-162. [PMID: 35986812 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes mellitus is increasing with the societies' aging and has become an essential social concern worldwide. Accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of tau proteins in the brain are hallmarks of AD. Diabetes is an underlying risk factor for AD. Insulin resistance has been proposed to be involved in amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation in the brain. It seems that diabetic conditions can result in AD pathology by setting off a cascade of processes, including inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ROS and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) synthesis. Due to the several side effects of chemical drugs and their high cost, using herbal medicine has recently attracted attention for the treatment of diabetes and AD. Saffron and its active ingredients have been used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-AD properties. Therefore, in the present review paper, we take account of the clinical, in vivo and in vitro evidence regarding the anti-diabetic and anti-AD effects of saffron and discuss the preventive or postponing properties of saffron or its components on AD development via its anti-diabetic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saba Nikanfar
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Yousefi Kalekhane
- Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Azizi-Zeinalhajlou
- Student Research Committee, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Araj-Khodaei
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ayati
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sasan Andalib
- Research Unit of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amylin and Secretases in the Pathology and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070996. [PMID: 35883551 PMCID: PMC9312829 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease remains a prevailing neurodegenerative condition which has an array physical, emotional, and financial consequences to patients and society. In the past decade, there has been a greater degree of investigation on therapeutic small peptides. This group of biomolecules have a profile of fundamentally sound characteristics which make them an intriguing area for drug development. Among these biomolecules, there are four modulatory mechanisms of interest in this review: alpha-, beta-, gamma-secretases, and amylin. These protease-based biomolecules all have a contributory role in the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Moreover, the involvement of various biochemical pathways intertwines these peptides to have shared regulators (i.e., retinoids). Further clinical and translational investigation must occur to gain a greater understanding of its potential application in patient care. The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate the contemporary literature on these protease biomolecule modulators and determine its utility in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
|
5
|
Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Tewari D, Mamun AA, Mathew B, Aleya L, Barreto GE, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM, Ashraf GM. Revisiting the role of brain and peripheral Aβ in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2020; 416:116974. [PMID: 32559516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is an intricate molecule that interacts with several biomolecules and/or produces insoluble assemblies and eventually the nonphysiological depositions of its alternate with normal neuronal conditions leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ is formed through the proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Significant efforts are being made to explore the exact role of Aβ in AD pathogenesis. It is believed that the deposition of Aβ in the brain takes place from Aβ components which are derived from the brain itself. However, recent evidence suggests that Aβ derived also from the periphery and hence the Aβ circulating in the blood is capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the role of Aβ derived from the periphery is largely unknown so far. Therefore, Aβ origin determination and the underlying mechanisms of its pathological effects are of considerable interest in exploring effective therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this review is to provide a novel insight into AD pathogenesis based on Aβ in both the brain and periphery and highlight new therapeutic avenues to combat AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Uddin MS, Kabir MT, Jeandet P, Mathew B, Ashraf GM, Perveen A, Bin-Jumah MN, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM. Novel Anti-Alzheimer's Therapeutic Molecules Targeting Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7039138. [PMID: 32411333 PMCID: PMC7206886 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7039138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among older people, and the prevalence of this disease is estimated to rise quickly in the upcoming years. Unfortunately, almost all of the drug candidates tested for AD until now have failed to exhibit any efficacy. Henceforth, there is an increased necessity to avert and/or slow down the advancement of AD. It is known that one of the major pathological characteristics of AD is the presence of senile plaques (SPs) in the brain. These SPs are composed of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ), derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Pharmaceutical companies have conducted a number of studies in order to identify safe and effective anti-Aβ drugs to combat AD. It is known that α-, β-, and γ-secretases are the three proteases that are involved in APP processing. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in these proteases, as they have a contribution to the modulation and production of Aβ. It has been observed that small compounds can be used to target these important proteases. Indeed, these compounds must satisfy the common strict requirements of a drug candidate targeted for brain penetration and selectivity toward different proteases. In this article, we have focused on the auspicious molecules which are under development for targeting APP-processing enzymes. We have also presented several anti-AD molecules targeting Aβ accumulation and phosphorylation signaling in APP processing. This review highlights the structure-activity relationship and other physicochemical features of several pharmacological candidates in order to successfully develop new anti-AD drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit, Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, PO Box 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Perveen
- Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Saharanpur, India
| | - May N. Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, New York, NY 12144, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mouchlis VD, Melagraki G, Zacharia LC, Afantitis A. Computer-Aided Drug Design of β-Secretase, γ-Secretase and Anti-Tau Inhibitors for the Discovery of Novel Alzheimer's Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E703. [PMID: 31973122 PMCID: PMC7038192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by progressive neuronal death and synapses loss in human brain, are rapidly growing affecting millions of people globally. Alzheimer's is the most common neurodegenerative disease and it can be caused by genetic and environmental risk factors. This review describes the amyloid-β and Tau hypotheses leading to amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, respectively which are the predominant pathways for the development of anti-Alzheimer's small molecule inhibitors. The function and structure of the druggable targets of these two pathways including β-secretase, γ-secretase, and Tau are discussed in this review article. Computer-Aided Drug Design including computational structure-based design and ligand-based design have been employed successfully to develop inhibitors for biomolecular targets involved in Alzheimer's. The application of computational molecular modeling for the discovery of small molecule inhibitors and modulators for β-secretase and γ-secretase is summarized. Examples of computational approaches employed for the development of anti-amyloid aggregation and anti-Tau phosphorylation, proteolysis and aggregation inhibitors are also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Melagraki
- Division of Physical Sciences & Applications, Hellenic Military Academy, Vari 16672, Greece;
| | - Lefteris C. Zacharia
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus;
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- Department of ChemoInformatics, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1046, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmad SS, Kamal MA. Current Updates on the Regulation of Beta-Secretase Movement as a Potential Restorative Focus for Management of Alzheimer's Disease. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:579-587. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190405125334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The most recent decade was described by a developing awareness about the
seriousness of dementia in the field of age-related people. Among the dementias, Alzheimer's
assumes a plentiful role as a result of its amazingly high rate and casualty. A few
pharmacological procedures have been attempted yet at the same time now, Alzheimer continues
being an untreatable malady. The collection of Aβ in the brain is an early poisonous occasion in
the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, which is the most widely recognized type of dementia
correlated with plaques and tangles within the brain. However, the mechanism of the
intraneuronal direction of BACE1 is poorly understood. AD is caused by mutations in one of the
genes that encoding APP, presenilins 1 and 2. Most of the mutations in these genes increase
Aβ42 production. Numerous receptors are associated with initiating Aβ transport and clearance.
Among them, RAGE is an influx transport receptor that binds soluble Aβ and mediates
pathophysiological cellular responses. RAGE additionally intervenes the vehicle of plasma Aβ
over the blood-brain barrier. LRP-1 functions as a clearance receptor for Aβ at the blood-brain
barrier. The regulation of beta-secretase movement is being explored as a potential restorative
focus for treating AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu PP, Xie Y, Meng XY, Kang JS. History and progress of hypotheses and clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:29. [PMID: 31637009 PMCID: PMC6799833 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss along with neuropsychiatric symptoms and a decline in activities of daily life. Its main pathological features are cerebral atrophy, amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of patients. There are various descriptive hypotheses regarding the causes of AD, including the cholinergic hypothesis, amyloid hypothesis, tau propagation hypothesis, mitochondrial cascade hypothesis, calcium homeostasis hypothesis, neurovascular hypothesis, inflammatory hypothesis, metal ion hypothesis, and lymphatic system hypothesis. However, the ultimate etiology of AD remains obscure. In this review, we discuss the main hypotheses of AD and related clinical trials. Wealthy puzzles and lessons have made it possible to develop explanatory theories and identify potential strategies for therapeutic interventions for AD. The combination of hypometabolism and autophagy deficiency is likely to be a causative factor for AD. We further propose that fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, has the potential to treat AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Liu
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yi Xie
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Xiao-Yan Meng
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Jian-Sheng Kang
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang F, Qu A, Yang H, Zhu L, Zhou H, Liu J, Long J, Shi L. Self-Assembly Molecular Chaperone to Concurrently Inhibit the Production and Aggregation of Amyloid β Peptide Associated with Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:983-989. [PMID: 35650950 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Currently, decreasing Aβ production and preventing Aβ aggregation are thought to be important strategies in anti-AD therapy. However, inhibiting Aβ production or aggregation in isolation is not sufficient to reverse the neurodegenerative process of AD patients in clinical testing. Here, a self-assembly molecular chaperone (SAMC) consisting of γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT and mixed-shell polymeric micelles is devised, serving as a bifunctional suppressor of AD. This two-in-one combinational system can simultaneously inhibit Aβ production and aggregation, which would contribute to enhancing the therapeutic effect by decreasing Aβ levels. Decorating a neuron-specific RVG29 peptide onto the surface, the DAPT-incorporated SAMC can specifically target neuronal cells and, thus, will relieve the strong side effect of DAPT on normal cells. Therefore, this combination strategy holds great potential to open up an avenue for AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aoting Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiafu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Seynnaeve D, Vecchio MD, Fruhmann G, Verelst J, Cools M, Beckers J, Mulvihill DP, Winderickx J, Franssens V. Recent Insights on Alzheimer's Disease Originating from Yeast Models. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1947. [PMID: 29970827 PMCID: PMC6073265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review article, yeast model-based research advances regarding the role of Amyloid-β (Aβ), Tau and frameshift Ubiquitin UBB+1 in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are discussed. Despite having limitations with regard to intercellular and cognitive AD aspects, these models have clearly shown their added value as complementary models for the study of the molecular aspects of these proteins, including their interplay with AD-related cellular processes such as mitochondrial dysfunction and altered proteostasis. Moreover, these yeast models have also shown their importance in translational research, e.g., in compound screenings and for AD diagnostics development. In addition to well-established Saccharomyces cerevisiae models, new upcoming Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida glabrata and Kluyveromyces lactis yeast models for Aβ and Tau are briefly described. Finally, traditional and more innovative research methodologies, e.g., for studying protein oligomerization/aggregation, are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Seynnaeve
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mara Del Vecchio
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Gernot Fruhmann
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Joke Verelst
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Melody Cools
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jimmy Beckers
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Daniel P Mulvihill
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, Kent, UK.
| | - Joris Winderickx
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Vanessa Franssens
- Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hassan M, Abbas Q, Seo SY, Shahzadi S, Ashwal HA, Zaki N, Iqbal Z, Moustafa AA. Computational modeling and biomarker studies of pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Review). Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:639-655. [PMID: 29845262 PMCID: PMC6059694 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and multifactorial disease. In order to understand the genetic influence in the progression of AD, and to identify novel pharmaceutical agents and their associated targets, the present study discusses computational modeling and biomarker evaluation approaches. Based on mechanistic signaling pathway approaches, various computational models, including biochemical and morphological models, are discussed to explore the strategies that may be used to target AD treatment. Different biomarkers are interpreted on the basis of morphological and functional features of amyloid β plaques and unstable microtubule‑associated tau protein, which is involved in neurodegeneration. Furthermore, imaging and cerebrospinal fluids are also considered to be key methods in the identification of novel markers for AD. In conclusion, the present study reviews various biochemical and morphological computational models and biomarkers to interpret novel targets and agonists for the treatment of AD. This review also highlights several therapeutic targets and their associated signaling pathways in AD, which may have potential to be used in the development of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of patients with AD. Computational modeling approaches may aid the quest for the development of AD treatments with enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Science and Bioinformatics, Dyal Singh Trust Library, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas
- Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Saba Shahzadi
- Institute of Molecular Science and Bioinformatics, Dyal Singh Trust Library, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Virtual University Davis Road Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hany Al Ashwal
- College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazar Zaki
- College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zeeshan Iqbal
- Institute of Molecular Science and Bioinformatics, Dyal Singh Trust Library, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed A. Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behavior and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Penninkilampi R, Brothers HM, Eslick GD. Pharmacological Agents Targeting γ-Secretase Increase Risk of Cancer and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:1395-404. [PMID: 27392862 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs targeting γ-secretase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have failed to demonstrate efficacy in clinical trials. OBJECTIVE To perform a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of drugs targeting γ-secretase in AD. METHODS Ten trials were identified involving 5,227 patients using electronic databases and manual review of reference lists. RCTs of at least two weeks duration involving a drug targeting γ-secretase were eligible. The main outcomes examined were adverse events and cognitive measures (ADAS-cog, MMSE, ADCS-ADL, and CDR-sb). A sub-group analysis was performed, excluding the γ-secretase modulator tarenflurbil, to evaluate the safety and efficacy of γ-secretase inhibitors only. RESULTS There was an increased risk of adverse events (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.38, 95% CI 1.09-1.73; p = 0.01), serious adverse events (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.22-1.84; p < 0.001), and skin cancers (OR 4.77, 95% CI 2.83-8.06; p < 0.001). There was significantly increased risk of infections (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.13-1.63; p < 0.001) in the subgroup analysis excluding tarenflurbil. Pooled results also revealed a worsening in ADAS-cog (difference in means 1.33, 95% CI 0.58-2.08; p < 0.001) and MMSE (difference in means -0.66, 95% CI -0.96 to 0.35; p < 0.001), but not ADCS-ADL or CDR-sb. CONCLUSION The use of γ-secretase inhibitors is associated with significantly increased risk of serious adverse events including skin cancers, and worsening in cognitive indicators. This evidence indicates that γ-secretase may not be an appropriate target for clinical treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Penninkilampi
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Holly M Brothers
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Guy D Eslick
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hart SJ, Visootsak J, Tamburri P, Phuong P, Baumer N, Hernandez MC, Skotko BG, Ochoa-Lubinoff C, Liogier D'Ardhuy X, Kishnani PS, Spiridigliozzi GA. Pharmacological interventions to improve cognition and adaptive functioning in Down syndrome: Strides to date. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:3029-3041. [PMID: 28884975 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although an increasing number of clinical trials have been developed for cognition in Down syndrome, there has been limited success to date in identifying effective interventions. This review describes the progression from pre-clinical studies with mouse models to human clinical trials research using pharmacological interventions to improve cognition and adaptive functioning in Down syndrome. We also provide considerations for investigators when conducting human clinical trials and describe strategies for the pharmaceutical industry to advance the field in drug discovery for Down syndrome. Future research focusing on earlier pharmaceutical interventions, development of appropriate outcome measures, and greater collaboration between industry, academia, advocacy, and regulatory groups will be important for addressing limitations from prior studies and developing potential effective interventions for cognition in Down syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Hart
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jeannie Visootsak
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, New York
| | - Paul Tamburri
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, New York
| | - Patrick Phuong
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center New York, New York, New York
| | - Nicole Baumer
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Down Syndrome Program, Developmental Medicine Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria-Clemencia Hernandez
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian G Skotko
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Down Syndrome Program, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cesar Ochoa-Lubinoff
- Section of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Xavier Liogier D'Ardhuy
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Priya S Kishnani
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gail A Spiridigliozzi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alsaqati M, Thomas RS, Kidd EJ. Proteins Involved in Endocytosis Are Upregulated by Ageing in the Normal Human Brain: Implications for the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 73:289-298. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamed Alsaqati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, UK
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Rhian S Thomas
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, UK
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma J Kidd
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chun YS, Kim J, Chung S, Khorombi E, Naidoo D, Nthambeleni R, Harding N, Maharaj V, Fouche G, Yang HO. Protective Roles of Monsonia angustifolia and Its Active Compounds in Experimental Models of Alzheimer's Disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3133-3140. [PMID: 28378593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the accumulation of neurotoxic β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, which consequently affects cognitive decline and memory impairment. Current research on AD treatment is actively focusing on the prevention of neurotoxic Aβ peptide accumulation. Monsonia angustifolia is reported to be consumed as an indigenous vegetable in Tanzania. In this study, we investigated the effect of the ethanol (EtOH) extract of M. angustifolia dried ground material on Aβ production and spatial learning ability as protection against AD. The formation of Aβ peptides was significantly reduced in HeLa cells stably transfected with the Swedish mutant form of β-amyloid precursor protein (APPsw) after treatment with a 60% EtOH extract of M. angustifolia. We next examined the cognitive-improving effects of the EtOH extract in vivo. Tg2576 mice were treated with extract for 6 months and subjected to Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. The results showed that the 60% EtOH extract of M. angustifolia significantly ameliorated behavioral deficits of the AD transgenic mice and reduced the level of insoluble Aβ42 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. We further found that the 60% EtOH extract was effective for memory function recovery after shorter treatment (4 months). In addition, we isolated and identified several single compounds, justicidin A, 5-methoxyjusticidin A, chinensinaphthol, retrochinensinaphthol methyl ether, and suchilactone, from M. angustifolia and tested these compounds. Among them, justicidin A potently decreased the formation of Aβ in APPsw-transfected cells. These data suggest that the 60% EtOH extract of M. angustifolia has the potential to be developed as a treatment of AD. Furthermore, justicidin A may contribute, at least partially, to the Aβ alteration observed with the extract treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Sun Chun
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonki Kim
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkwon Chung
- Department of Physiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eric Khorombi
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research , Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dashnie Naidoo
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research , Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Nial Harding
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research , Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vinesh Maharaj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria , Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gerda Fouche
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research , Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Science & Technology (UST) , Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ornelas IM, McLane LE, Saliu A, Evangelou AV, Khandker L, Wood TL. Heterogeneity in oligodendroglia: Is it relevant to mouse models and human disease? J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1421-1433. [PMID: 27557736 PMCID: PMC5513674 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There are many lines of evidence indicating that oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and oligodendrocyte populations in the central nervous system (CNS) are heterogeneous based on their developmental origins as well as from morphological and molecular criteria. Whether these distinctions reflect functional heterogeneity is less clear and has been the subject of considerable debate. Recent findings, particularly from knockout mouse models, have provided new evidence for regional variations in myelination phenotypes, particularly between brain and spinal cord. These data raise the possibility that oligodendrocytes in these regions have different functional capacities and/or ability to compensate for loss of a specific gene. The goal of this review is to briefly revisit the evidence for oligodendrocyte heterogeneity and then to present data from transgenic and demyelinating mouse models suggesting functional heterogeneity in myelination, demyelination, and remyelination in the CNS and, finally, to discuss the implications of these findings for human diseases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isis M Ornelas
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Lauren E McLane
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Aminat Saliu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Angelina V Evangelou
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Luipa Khandker
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Teresa L Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tian T, Bai D, Li W, Huang GW, Liu H. Effects of Folic Acid on Secretases Involved in Aβ Deposition in APP/PS1 Mice. Nutrients 2016; 8:E556. [PMID: 27618097 PMCID: PMC5037541 DOI: 10.3390/nu8090556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia. Amyloid-β protein (Aβ) is identified as the core protein of neuritic plaques. Aβ is generated by the sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) via the APP cleaving enzyme (α-secretase, or β-secretase) and γ-secretase. Previous studies indicated that folate deficiency elevated Aβ deposition in APP/PS1 mice, and this rise was prevented by folic acid. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether folic acid could influence the generation of Aβ by regulating α-, β-, and γ-secretase. Herein, we demonstrated that folic acid reduced the deposition of Aβ42 in APP/PS1 mice brain by decreasing the mRNA and protein expressions of β-secretase [beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)] and γ-secretase complex catalytic component-presenilin 1 (PS1)-in APP/PS1 mice brain. Meanwhile, folic acid increased the levels of ADAM9 and ADAM10, which are important α-secretases in ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family. However, folic acid has no impact on the protein expression of nicastrin (Nct), another component of γ-secretase complex. Moreover, folic acid regulated the expression of miR-126-3p and miR-339-5p, which target ADAM9 and BACE1, respectively. Taken together, the effect of folic acid on Aβ deposition may relate to making APP metabolism through non-amyloidogenic pathway by decreasing β-secretase and increasing α-secretase. MicroRNA (miRNA) may involve in the regulation mechanism of folic acid on secretase expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Dong Bai
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Guo-Wei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Masuzzo A, Dinet V, Cavanagh C, Mascarelli F, Krantic S. Amyloidosis in Retinal Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2016; 7:127. [PMID: 27551275 PMCID: PMC4976396 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As a part of the central nervous system, the retina may reflect both physiological processes and abnormalities related to pathologies that affect the brain. Amyloidosis due to the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) was initially regarded as a specific and exclusive characteristic of neurodegenerative alterations seen in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. More recently, it was discovered that amyloidosis-related alterations, similar to those seen in the brain of Alzheimer's patients, also occur in the retina. Remarkably, these alterations were identified not only in primary retinal pathologies, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma, but also in the retinas of Alzheimer's patients. In this review, we first briefly discuss the biogenesis of Aβ, a peptide involved in amyloidosis. We then discuss some pathological aspects (synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial failure, glial activation, and vascular abnormalities) related to the neurotoxic effects of Aβ. We finally highlight common features shared by AD, AMD, and glaucoma in the context of Aβ amyloidosis and further discuss why the retina, due to the transparency of the eye, can be considered as a "window" to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Masuzzo
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Virginie Dinet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Chelsea Cavanagh
- Department of Neuroscience, Douglas Hospital Research Center , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Frederic Mascarelli
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| | - Slavica Krantic
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Université Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités , Paris , France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plays an indispensable role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Aβ is subject to proteolytic degradation by a diverse array of peptidases and proteinases, known collectively as Aβ-degrading proteases (AβDPs). A growing number of AβDPs have been identified that impact Aβ powerfully and in a surprising variety of ways. As such, AβDPs hold considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment and/or prevention of AD. Here, we critically review the relative merits of therapeutic strategies targeting AβDPs compared with current Aβ-lowering strategies focused on immunotherapies and pharmacological modulation of Aβ-producing enzymes. Several innovative advances have increased considerably the feasibility of delivering AβDPs to the brain or enhancing their activity in a non-invasive manner. We argue that therapies targeting AβDPs offer numerous potential advantages that should be explored through continued research into this promising field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A Leissring
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Office: 5212 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, CA, 92697-1450, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu C, Jing L, Qin D, Yin M, He Q. Organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of trans -configured trispirooxindoles through a cascade Michael-cyclization reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
22
|
Wei HX, Lu D, Sun V, Zhang J, Gu Y, Osenkowski P, Ye W, Selkoe DJ, Wolfe MS, Augelli-Szafran CE. Part 2. Notch-sparing γ-secretase inhibitors: The study of novel γ-amino naphthyl alcohols. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2133-7. [PMID: 27020305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
One therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease is to inhibit the cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by γ-secretase. At the beginning of a series of studies from our laboratories, a series of novel γ-amino alcohols (1) were found to possess γ-secretase inhibitory activity and Notch-sparing effects. A new one-pot synthesis of γ-amino alcohols and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these analogs will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Xun Wei
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Dai Lu
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Vivien Sun
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yongli Gu
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Pamela Osenkowski
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Wenjuan Ye
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Michael S Wolfe
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Corinne E Augelli-Szafran
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Part 3: Notch-sparing γ-secretase inhibitors: SAR studies of 2-substituted aminopyridopyrimidinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2138-41. [PMID: 27038496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In search for novel lead compounds as γ-secretase inhibitors, analogs of aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones (I) were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory effects on amyloid-β-peptide production and cleavage of the Notch1 receptor mediated by γ-secretase. Selected pyridopyrimidines, such as 1, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 16 are γ-secretase inhibitors that did not have an effect on Notch1 receptor processing.
Collapse
|
24
|
Chu J, Praticò D. The 5-Lipoxygenase as modulator of Alzheimer's γ-secretase and therapeutic target. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:207-212. [PMID: 27005438 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related, neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive impairment with memory loss, extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides aggregation, and intracellular hyper-phosphorylated tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) accumulation. Although the 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) protein enzyme is well known as an important modulators of oxidation and inflammation, recent work has highlighted the new hypothesis that this pathway may play a direct role in AD pathogenesis. In this review article, we will discuss how the 5LO via the γ-secretase influences Aβ peptides formation, and other molecular pathologies including neuroinflammation, synaptic integrity, and cognitive functions, and provide an assessment of how targeting this protein could lead to novel therapeutics for AD and other related neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chu
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu D, Wei HX, Zhang J, Gu Y, Osenkowski P, Ye W, Selkoe DJ, Wolfe MS, Augelli-Szafran CE. Part 1: Notch-sparing γ-secretase inhibitors: The identification of novel naphthyl and benzofuranyl amide analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2129-32. [PMID: 27013392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is one of two proteases directly involved in the production of the amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), which is pathogenic in Alzheimer's disease. Inhibition of γ-secretase to suppress the production of Aβ should not block processing of one of its alternative substrates, Notch1 receptors, as interference with Notch1 signaling leads to severe toxic effects. In the course of our studies to identify γ-secretase inhibitors with selectivity for APP over Notch, 1 [3-(benzyl(isopropyl)amino)-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)propan-1-one] was found to inhibit γ-secretase-mediated Aβ production without interfering with γ-secretase-mediated Notch processing in purified enzyme assays. As 1 is chemically unstable, efforts to increase the stability of this compound led to the identification of 2 [naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid benzyl-isopropyl-amide] which showed similar biological activity to compound 1. Synthesis and evaluation of a series of amide analogs resulted in benzofuranyl amide analogs that showed promising Notch-sparing γ-secretase inhibitory effects. This class of compounds may serve as a novel lead series for further study in the development of γ-secretase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai Lu
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Han-Xun Wei
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yongli Gu
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Pamela Osenkowski
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Wenjuan Ye
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Michael S Wolfe
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Corinne E Augelli-Szafran
- Laboratory for Experimental Alzheimer Drugs (LEAD), Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Arbor SC, LaFontaine M, Cumbay M. Amyloid-beta Alzheimer targets - protein processing, lipid rafts, and amyloid-beta pores. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 89:5-21. [PMID: 27505013 PMCID: PMC4797837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ), the hallmark of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), now appears to be deleterious in its low number aggregate form as opposed to the macroscopic Aβ fibers historically seen postmortem. While Alzheimer targets, such as the tau protein, amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing, and immune system activation continue to be investigated, the recent discovery that amyloid beta aggregates at lipid rafts and likely forms neurotoxic pores has led to a new paradigm regarding why past therapeutics may have failed and how to design the next round of compounds for clinical trials. An atomic resolution understanding of Aβ aggregates, which appear to exist in multiple conformations, is most desirable for future therapeutic development. The investigative difficulties, structures of these small Aβ aggregates, and current therapeutics are summarized in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sage C. Arbor
- Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46222
| | - Mike LaFontaine
- Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46222
| | - Medhane Cumbay
- Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3200 Cold Spring Road, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46222
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tanis KQ, Podtelezhnikov AA, Blackman SC, Hing J, Railkar RA, Lunceford J, Klappenbach JA, Wei B, Harman A, Camargo LM, Shah S, Finney EM, Hardwick JS, Loboda A, Watters J, Bergstrom DA, Demuth T, Herman GA, Strack PR, Iannone R. An accessible pharmacodynamic transcriptional biomarker for notch target engagement. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 99:370-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- KQ Tanis
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth; New Jersey USA
| | | | | | - J Hing
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth; New Jersey USA
| | | | | | | | - B Wei
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth; New Jersey USA
| | - A Harman
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth; New Jersey USA
| | | | - S Shah
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth; New Jersey USA
| | - EM Finney
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth; New Jersey USA
| | | | - A Loboda
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth; New Jersey USA
| | - J Watters
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth; New Jersey USA
| | | | - T Demuth
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth; New Jersey USA
| | - GA Herman
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth; New Jersey USA
| | - PR Strack
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth; New Jersey USA
| | - R Iannone
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth; New Jersey USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shen Z, Lv C, Zeng S. Significance and challenges of stereoselectivity assessing methods in drug metabolism. J Pharm Anal 2016; 6:1-10. [PMID: 29403956 PMCID: PMC5762452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereoselectivity in drug metabolism can not only influence the pharmacological activities, tolerability, safety, and bioavailability of drugs directly, but also cause different kinds of drug-drug interactions. Thus, assessing stereoselectivity in drug metabolism is of great significance for pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) and rational use in clinic. Although there are various methods available for assessing stereoselectivity in drug metabolism, many of them have shortcomings. The indirect method of chromatographic methods can only be applicable to specific samples with functional groups to be derivatized or form complex with a chiral selector, while the direct method achieved by chiral stationary phases (CSPs) is expensive. As a detector of chromatographic methods, mass spectrometry (MS) is highly sensitive and specific, whereas the matrix interference is still a challenge to overcome. In addition, the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and immunoassay in chiral analysis are worth noting. This review presents several typical examples of drug stereoselective metabolism and provides a literature-based evaluation on current chiral analytical techniques to show the significance and challenges of stereoselectivity assessing methods in drug metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowei Shen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chuang Lv
- Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ghosh AK, Cárdenas EL, Osswald HL. The Design, Development, and Evaluation of BACE1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
30
|
Chu J, Wisniewski T, Praticò D. GATA1-mediated transcriptional regulation of the γ-secretase activating protein increases Aβ formation in Down syndrome. Ann Neurol 2015; 79:138-43. [PMID: 26448035 PMCID: PMC4989126 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Because of an extra copy of the Aβ precursor protein gene on chromosome 21, Down syndrome (DS) individuals develop high levels of Aβ peptides and Alzheimer disease-like brain amyloidosis early in life. Here we show that the γ-secretase activating protein (GSAP), a key enzyme in amyloidogenesis, is increased in DS brains and specifically regulated at the transcriptional level by GATA1 transcription factor. The discovery of this novel pathway has translational implications for DS, because pharmacological inhibition of GSAP is an attractive and viable Aβ-lowering therapeutic strategy for this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chu
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Pathology, and Center for Cognitive Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Naing SH, Vukoti KM, Drury JE, Johnson JL, Kalyoncu S, Hill SE, Torres MP, Lieberman RL. Catalytic Properties of Intramembrane Aspartyl Protease Substrate Hydrolysis Evaluated Using a FRET Peptide Cleavage Assay. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2166-74. [PMID: 26118406 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical details of intramembrane proteolysis remain elusive despite its prevalence throughout biology. We developed a FRET peptide assay for the intramembrane aspartyl protease (IAP) from Methanoculleus marisnigri JR1 in combination with quantitative mass spectrometry cleavage site analysis. IAP can hydrolyze the angiotensinogen sequence, a substrate for the soluble aspartyl protease renin, at a predominant cut site, His-Thr. Turnover is slow (min(-1) × 10(-3)), affinity and Michaelis constant (Km) values are in the low micromolar range, and both catalytic rates and cleavage sites are the same in detergent as reconstituted into bicelles. Three well-established, IAP-directed inhibitors were directly confirmed as competitive, albeit with modest inhibitor constant (Ki) values. Partial deletion of the first transmembrane helix results in a biophysically similar but less active enzyme than full-length IAP, indicating a catalytic role. Our study demonstrates previously unappreciated similarities with soluble aspartyl proteases, provides new biochemical features of IAP and inhibitors, and offers tools to study other intramembrane protease family members in molecular detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swe-Htet Naing
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic
Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Krishna M. Vukoti
- School
of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, United States
| | - Jason E. Drury
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic
Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Johnson
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic
Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Sibel Kalyoncu
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic
Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Shannon E. Hill
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic
Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Matthew P. Torres
- School
of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, United States
| | - Raquel L. Lieberman
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic
Drive Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Barage SH, Sonawane KD. Amyloid cascade hypothesis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropeptides 2015; 52:1-18. [PMID: 26149638 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Various therapeutic approaches are being used to improve the cholinergic neurotransmission, but their role in AD pathogenesis is still unknown. Although, an increase in tau protein concentration in CSF has been described in AD, but several issues remains unclear. Extensive and accurate analysis of CSF could be helpful to define presence of tau proteins in physiological conditions, or released during the progression of neurodegenerative disease. The amyloid cascade hypothesis postulates that the neurodegeneration in AD caused by abnormal accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques in various areas of the brain. The amyloid hypothesis has continued to gain support over the last two decades, particularly from genetic studies. Therefore, current research progress in several areas of therapies shall provide an effective treatment to cure this devastating disease. This review critically evaluates general biochemical and physiological functions of Aβ directed therapeutics and their relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar H Barage
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra (M.S.), India
| | - Kailas D Sonawane
- Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra (M.S.), India; Department of Microbiology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, Maharashtra (M.S.), India.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chu J, Li JG, Hoffman NE, Stough AM, Madesh M, Praticò D. Regulation of gamma-secretase activating protein by the 5Lipoxygenase: in vitro and in vivo evidence. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11086. [PMID: 26076991 PMCID: PMC4468577 DOI: 10.1038/srep11086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of Aβ is directly controlled by the γ-secretase complex and its activator, γ-secretase activating protein (GSAP). GSAP derives from a C-terminal fragment of a larger precursor protein via a caspase-3 mediated cleavage. However, the mechanism regulating this process remains unknown. Here we provide in vitro experimental evidence that 5-Lipoxygenase (5LO) is as an endogenous regulator for GSAP formation, but not for other known γ-secretase modulators, by directly and specifically activating caspase-3. These results were confirmed in vivo by using transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease in which 5LO level and activity were modulated genetically or pharmacologically. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that GSAP cleavage via caspase-3 is regulated and depend upon the availability of 5LO further establishing this protein as an attractive and viable therapeutic target for Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jian-Guo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas E Hoffman
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra M Stough
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Translational Medicine Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chu J, Li JG, Hoffman NE, Madesh M, Praticò D. Degradation of gamma secretase activating protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J Neurochem 2015; 133:432-9. [PMID: 25533523 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A major hallmark feature of Alzheimer's disease is the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ), whose formation is regulated by the γ-secretase complex and its activating protein (also known as γ-secretase activating protein, or GSAP). Because GSAP interacts with the γ-secretase without affecting the cleavage of Notch, it is an ideal target for a viable anti-Aβ therapy. GSAP derives from a C-terminal fragment of a larger precursor protein of 98 kDa via a caspase 3-mediated cleavage. However, the mechanism(s) involved in its degradation remain unknown. In this study, we show that GSAP has a short half-life of approximately 5 h. Neuronal cells treated with proteasome inhibitors markedly prevented GSAP protein degradation, which was associated with a significant increment in Aβ levels and γ-secretase cleavage products. In contrast, treatment with calpain blocker and lysosome inhibitors had no effect. In addition, we provide experimental evidence that GSAP is ubiquitinated. Taken together, our findings reveal that GSAP is degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Modulation of the GSAP degradation pathway may be implemented as a viable target for a safer anti-Aβ therapeutic approach in Alzheimer's disease. The GSAP derives from a precursor via a caspase 3-mediated cleavage, is up-regulated in Alzheimer's disease brains and facilitates Aβ production by interacting directly with the γ-secretase complex. Here, we demonstrate that GSAP is ubiquitinated and then selectively degraded via the proteasome system but not the calpains or lysosome pathways. These findings provide further evidence for the involvement of the proteasome system in the regulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) precursor protein metabolism and Aβ formation. AICD, APP intracellular domain; APP, amyloid precursor protein; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CTF-α, alpha-C-terminal fragment; CTF-β, beta-C-terminal fragment; GSAP, γ-secretase activating protein; Ub, ubiquitin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Increased amyloid beta (Aβ) production by sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the β- and γ-secretases contributes to the etiological basis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This process requires APP and the secretases to be in the same subcellular compartments, such as the endosomes. Since all membrane organelles in the endomembrane system are kinetically and functionally linked, any defects in the trafficking and sorting machinery would be expected to change the functional properties of the whole system. The Golgi is a primary organelle for protein trafficking, sorting and modifications, and Golgi defects have been reported in AD. Here we hypothesize that Golgi fragmentation in AD accelerates APP trafficking and Aβ production. Furthermore, Golgi defects may perturb the proper trafficking and processing of many essential neuronal proteins, resulting in compromised neuronal function. Therefore, molecular tools that can restore Golgi structure and function could prove useful as potential drugs for AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Joshi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Delgado O, Delgado F, Vega JA, Trabanco AA. N-Bridged 5,6-bicyclic pyridines: Recent applications in central nervous system disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 97:719-31. [PMID: 25542766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel heterobicyclic compounds within the drug-like chemical space continues to be an area of interest in medicinal chemistry. Unsaturated N-bridgehead heterocycles are well represented in marketed drugs for a variety of therapeutic areas, and continue to play an important role in central nervous system (CNS) drug discovery programs. Examples of medicinal chemistry strategies that make use of N-bridged 5,6-bicyclic pyridines are discussed here in this Minireview, which covers the literature from 2010 up to 2014. B1-class imidazopyridines and B3-class pyrazolopyridines have proven to be at the forefront of molecular prototypes that are capable of interacting with disease relevant targets in neurodegeneration and neuropsychiatry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Delgado
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Francisca Delgado
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Vega
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Andrés A Trabanco
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development, Janssen-Cilag S.A., C/Jarama 75, 45007 Toledo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tona Y, Hamaguchi K, Ishikawa M, Miyoshi T, Yamamoto N, Yamahara K, Ito J, Nakagawa T. Therapeutic potential of a gamma-secretase inhibitor for hearing restoration in a guinea pig model with noise-induced hearing loss. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:66. [PMID: 24884926 PMCID: PMC4051152 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Notch signaling plays a crucial role in the fate determination of cochlear progenitor cells, hair cells, and supporting cells in the developing cochlea. Recent studies have demonstrated the temporal activation of Notch signaling in damaged mature cochleae, and have demonstrated the induction of new hair cells by pharmacologically inhibiting Notch signaling. The present study aimed to illustrate the feasibility of pharmacologically inhibiting Notch signaling by using a gamma-secretase inhibitor for treating sensorineural hearing loss. Results The effect of the sustained local delivery of MDL28170, a gamma-secretase inhibitor, on hearing and hair cell induction was tested in a guinea pig model with noise-induced hearing loss. MDL28170 was directly delivered into the cochlear fluids via a micro-osmotic pump. Drug application was initiated 7 days after noise exposure. Measurements of auditory brainstem responses revealed better hearing in the MDL28170-treated animals than in the vehicle controls. Histological analysis demonstrated a higher number of outer hair cells in the MDL28170-treated cochleae than the vehicle-treated cochleae. Conclusion These findings strongly suggest that local sustained delivery of a gamma-secretase inhibitor into the cochlea could be a novel strategy for treating acute hearing loss that is refractory to conventional treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawaharacho 54, Shogoin, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Silva T, Reis J, Teixeira J, Borges F. Alzheimer's disease, enzyme targets and drug discovery struggles: from natural products to drug prototypes. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:116-45. [PMID: 24726823 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an incapacitating neurodegenerative disease that slowly destroys brain cells. This disease progressively compromises both memory and cognition, culminating in a state of full dependence and dementia. Currently, AD is the main cause of dementia in the elderly and its prevalence in the developed world is increasing rapidly. Classic drugs, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), fail to decline disease progression and display several side effects that reduce patient's adhesion to pharmacotherapy. The past decade has witnessed an increasing focus on the search for novel AChEIs and new putative enzymatic targets for AD, like β- and γ-secretases, sirtuins, caspase proteins and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). In addition, new mechanistic rationales for drug discovery in AD that include autophagy and synaptogenesis have been discovered. Herein, we describe the state-of-the-art of the development of recent enzymatic inhibitors and enhancers with therapeutic potential on the treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Reis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Potent γ-secretase inhibitors/modulators interact with amyloid-β fibrils but do not inhibit fibrillation: A high-resolution NMR study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:590-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
40
|
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive brain disease that leads to an irreversible loss of neurons and cognition. It is the most common cause of dementia and can be considered as a major public health problem. At the histological level, AD is characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Numerous studies involving genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have been published in order to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in AD, and to find new biomarkers. Metabolomics, and in particular lipidomics, have recently offered new possibilities due to the development of robust and sensitive analytical methods, such as LC–MS. This review aims to illustrate how lipidomics can help understand the biological mechanisms inherent to AD and how lipids can be considered as relevant biomarkers of AD at early stages.
Collapse
|
41
|
Effects of Panax notoginseng saponin on α, β, and γ secretase involved in Aβ deposition in SAMP8 mice. Neuroreport 2014; 25:89-93. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
42
|
Tomita T. Secretase inhibitors and modulators for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 9:661-79. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.09.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
43
|
Golde TE, Koo EH, Felsenstein KM, Osborne BA, Miele L. γ-Secretase inhibitors and modulators. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1828:2898-907. [PMID: 23791707 PMCID: PMC3857966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a fascinating, multi-subunit, intramembrane cleaving protease that is now being considered as a therapeutic target for a number of diseases. Potent, orally bioavailable γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) have been developed and tested in humans with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer. Preclinical studies also suggest the therapeutic potential for GSIs in other disease conditions. However, due to inherent mechanism based-toxicity of non-selective inhibition of γ-secretase, clinical development of GSIs will require empirical testing with careful evaluation of benefit versus risk. In addition to GSIs, compounds referred to as γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) remain in development as AD therapeutics. GSMs do not inhibit γ-secretase, but modulate γ-secretase processivity and thereby shift the profile of the secreted amyloid β peptides (Aβ) peptides produced. Although GSMs are thought to have an inherently safe mechanism of action, their effects on substrates other than the amyloid β protein precursor (APP) have not been extensively investigated. Herein, we will review the current state of development of GSIs and GSMs and explore pertinent biological and pharmacological questions pertaining to the use of these agents for select indications. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Intramembrane Proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Giannopoulos PF, Joshi YB, Praticò D. Novel lipid signaling pathways in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 88:560-4. [PMID: 24269629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. With an increasing longevity and the absence of a cure, AD has become not only a major health problem but also a heavy social and economic burden worldwide. In addition to the presence of abundant intra- and extra-cellular neurotoxic amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, which form the amyloid plaques, and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein, the main component of neurofibrillary tangles, consistent evidence indicates that the AD brain is characterized by extensive neuroinflammatory processes. The 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) is a pro-inflammatory enzymatic pathway widely distributed within the central nervous system and is up-regulated in AD. In the last five years our group has been involved in unraveling the neurobiology of this protein and investigating its relationship with cellular and molecular events of functional importance in AD pathogenesis. By using a combination of in vitro and in vivo experimental tools and implementing genetic as well as pharmacological approaches today we know that 5LO is likely an endogenous regulator of Aβ formation via the modulation of the γ-secretase complex, and tau metabolism by modulating its phosphorylation state at specific epitopes via the cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (cdk-5). In addition, 5LO influences synaptic function and integrity and by doing so significantly affects learning and memory in the Tg2576 and 3xTg AD transgenic mouse models. Taken together our data establish this protein as a pleiotropic contributor to the development of the full spectrum of the AD-like phenotype in these mouse models of the disease, making it a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of AD in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip F Giannopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yash B Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Basu S, Srinivasan DK, Yang K, Raina H, Banerjee S, Zhang R, Fisher SA, Proweller A. Notch transcriptional control of vascular smooth muscle regulatory gene expression and function. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11191-202. [PMID: 23482558 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.442996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch receptors and ligands mediate heterotypic cell signaling that is required for normal vascular development. Dysregulation of select Notch receptors in mouse vascular smooth muscle (VSM) and in genetic human syndromes causes functional impairment in some regional circulations, the mechanistic basis of which is undefined. In this study, we used a dominant-negative Mastermind-like (DNMAML1) to block signaling through all Notch receptors specifically in VSM to more broadly test a functional role for this pathway in vivo. Mutant DNMAML1-expressing mice exhibited blunted blood pressure responses to vasoconstrictors, and their aortic, femoral, and mesenteric arteries had reduced contractile responses to agonists and depolarization in vitro. The mutant arteries had significant and specific reduction in the expression and activity of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), a primary regulator of VSM force production. Conversely, activated Notch signaling in VSM cells induced endogenous MLCK transcript levels. We identified MLCK as a direct target of activated Notch receptor as demonstrated by an evolutionarily conserved Notch-responsive element within the MLCK promoter that binds the Notch receptor complex and is required for transcriptional activity. We conclude that Notch signaling through the transcriptional control of key regulatory proteins is required for contractile responses of mature VSM. Genetic or pharmacological manipulation of Notch signaling is a potential strategy for modulating arterial function in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Basu
- Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Takeda S, Sato N, Uchio-Yamada K, Yu H, Moriguchi A, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Oral glucose loading modulates plasma β-amyloid level in alzheimer's disease patients: potential diagnostic method for Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2013; 34:25-30. [PMID: 22889768 DOI: 10.1159/000338704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although plasma β-amyloid (Aβ) has been suggested to be a noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD), its significance and validity have been inconclusive. Thus, it is quite important to establish a novel diagnostic method related to plasma Aβ. METHODS As our previous animal studies demonstrated a relation of glucose with plasma Aβ, we examined the effect of glucose loading on plasma Aβ levels in AD patients. After fasting, an oral glucose load was administered to AD patients and non-AD dementia patients, and subsequently, blood glucose, plasma insulin, and plasma Aβ levels were measured. RESULTS The plasma levels of baseline blood glucose, plasma insulin, and plasma Aβ were not different between the two groups. However, immediately after glucose loading, a significant increase in plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels was observed in AD patients, whereas a mild decrease in plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels was detected in non-AD dementia patients. CONCLUSION The present study clearly demonstrated a different response in plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels after glucose loading between AD and non-AD dementia patients, which is consistent with our previous animal studies. These findings suggest a novel diagnostic tool for AD using the elevation of plasma Aβ level after glucose loading, although further studies are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuko Takeda
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Parthsarathy V, McClean PL, Hölscher C, Taylor M, Tinker C, Jones G, Kolosov O, Salvati E, Gregori M, Masserini M, Allsop D. A novel retro-inverso peptide inhibitor reduces amyloid deposition, oxidation and inflammation and stimulates neurogenesis in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54769. [PMID: 23382963 PMCID: PMC3561363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have developed a retro-inverso peptide inhibitor (RI-OR2, rGffvlkGr) that blocks the in vitro formation and toxicity of the Aβ oligomers which are thought to be a cause of neurodegeneration and memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease. We have now attached a retro-inverted version of the HIV protein transduction domain ‘TAT’ to RI-OR2 to target this new inhibitor (RI-OR2-TAT, Ac-rGffvlkGrrrrqrrkkrGy-NH2) into the brain. Following its peripheral injection, a fluorescein-labelled version of RI-OR2-TAT was found to cross the blood brain barrier and bind to the amyloid plaques and activated microglial cells present in the cerebral cortex of 17-months-old APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mice. Daily intraperitoneal injection of RI-OR2-TAT (at 100 nmol/kg) for 21 days into 10-months-old APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice resulted in a 25% reduction (p<0.01) in the cerebral cortex of Aβ oligomer levels, a 32% reduction (p<0.0001) of β-amyloid plaque count, a 44% reduction (p<0.0001) in the numbers of activated microglial cells, and a 25% reduction (p<0.0001) in oxidative damage, while the number of young neurons in the dentate gyrus was increased by 210% (p<0.0001), all compared to control APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice injected with vehicle (saline) alone. Our data suggest that oxidative damage, inflammation, and inhibition of neurogenesis are all a downstream consequence of Aβ aggregation, and identify a novel brain-penetrant retro-inverso peptide inhibitor of Aβ oligomer formation for further testing in humans as a potential disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadivel Parthsarathy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Paula L. McClean
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Hölscher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Taylor
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Tinker
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Glynn Jones
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg Kolosov
- Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Salvati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Gregori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Masserini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Milan, Italy
| | - David Allsop
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Targeting the ERAD pathway via inhibition of signal peptide peptidase for antiparasitic therapeutic design. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:21486-91. [PMID: 23236186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216016110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Early secretory and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized proteins that are terminally misfolded or misassembled are degraded by a ubiquitin- and proteasome-mediated process known as ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Protozoan pathogens, including the causative agents of malaria, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis, contain a minimal ERAD network relative to higher eukaryotic cells, and, because of this, we observe that the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is highly sensitive to the inhibition of components of this protein quality control system. Inhibitors that specifically target a putative protease component of ERAD, signal peptide peptidase (SPP), have high selectivity and potency for P. falciparum. By using a variety of methodologies, we validate that SPP inhibitors target P. falciparum SPP in parasites, disrupt the protein's ability to facilitate degradation of unstable proteins, and inhibit its proteolytic activity. These compounds also show low nanomolar activity against liver-stage malaria parasites and are also equipotent against a panel of pathogenic protozoan parasites. Collectively, these data suggest ER quality control as a vulnerability of protozoan parasites, and that SPP inhibition may represent a suitable transmission blocking antimalarial strategy and potential pan-protozoan drug target.
Collapse
|
49
|
Liu K, Gandhi R, Chen J, Zhang S. Bivalent ligands targeting multiple pathological factors involved in Alzheimer's disease. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:942-946. [PMID: 23293731 DOI: 10.1021/ml300229y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In a continuing effort to develop multifunctional compounds as potential treatment agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a series of bivalent ligands containing curcumin and cholesterylamine were designed, synthesized, and biologically characterized. Biological characterization supported earlier results that the spacer length and its attachment position on curcumin are essential structural determinants for biological activity in this class. Compounds with a spacer length of 17 to 21 atoms exhibited optimal neuroprotection in human neuroblastoma MC65 cells with submicromolar potency. These compounds inhibited the formation of amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) and exhibited antioxidative activities in MC65 cells. Bivalent ligand 8, with its spacer (length of 17 atoms) connected at the methylene carbon between the two carbonyls of curcumin moiety is the most potent with an EC(50) of 0.083 ± 0.017 μM. In addition, 8 formed complex with biometals, such as Cu, Fe and Zn. Collectively, the results strongly support our assertion that these compounds are designed bivalent ligands with potential as multifunctional and neuroprotective agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
23219-1540, United States
| | - Ronak Gandhi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
23219-1540, United States
| | - Jiangmin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
23219-1540, United States
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
23219-1540, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lo AC, Callaerts-Vegh Z, Nunes AF, Rodrigues CMP, D'Hooge R. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) supplementation prevents cognitive impairment and amyloid deposition in APP/PS1 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 50:21-9. [PMID: 22974733 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease hallmarked by extracellular Aβ(1-42) containing plaques, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Progressively, memory deficits and cognitive disabilities start to occur as these hallmarks affect hippocampus and frontal cortex, regions highly involved in memory. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression, which is high in the vicinity of Aβ plaques and NFTs, was found to influence γ-secretase activity, the molecular crux in Aβ(1-42) production. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an endogenous bile acid that downregulates CTGF expression in hepatocytes and has been shown to possess therapeutic efficacy in neurodegenerative models. To investigate the possible in vivo therapeutic effects of TUDCA, we provided 0.4% TUDCA-supplemented food to APP/PS1 mice, a well-established AD mouse model. Six months of TUDCA supplementation prevented the spatial, recognition and contextual memory defects observed in APP/PS1 mice at 8 months of age. Furthermore, TUDCA-supplemented APP/PS1 mice displayed reduced hippocampal and prefrontal amyloid deposition. These effects of TUDCA supplementation suggest a novel mechanistic route for Alzheimer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Lo
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|