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Barrea L, Verde L, Auriemma RS, Vetrani C, Cataldi M, Frias-Toral E, Pugliese G, Camajani E, Savastano S, Colao A, Muscogiuri G. Probiotics and Prebiotics: Any Role in Menopause-Related Diseases? Curr Nutr Rep 2023; 12:83-97. [PMID: 36746877 PMCID: PMC9974675 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-023-00462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the menopause-related changes in microbiota and their role in the pathogenesis of menopause-related diseases. In addition, evidence on probiotic supplementation as a therapeutic strategy is discussed. RECENT FINDINGS The human microbiota is a complex community that lives in a mutualism relationship with the host. Menopause is associated with dysbiosis, and these changes in the composition of microbiota in different sites (gut, vaginal, and oral microbiota) might play a role in the pathogenesis of menopause-related diseases (i.e., osteoporosis, breast cancer, endometrial hyperplasia, periodontitis, and cardiometabolic diseases). The present review highlights the pivotal role of microbiota in postmenopausal women health, in particular it (a) may increase intestinal calcium absorption thus preventing osteoporosis, (b) is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer and type 1 endometrial hyperplasia, (c) reduces gingival inflammation and menopausal periodontitis, and (d) beneficially affects multiple cardiometabolic risk factors (i.e., obesity, inflammation, and blood glucose and lipid metabolism). However, whether oral probiotic supplementation might be used for the treatment of menopause-related dysbiosis requires further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Centro Direzionale, Università Telematica Pegaso, Via Porzio, isola F2, 80143, Naples, Italy
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovica Verde
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Renata Simona Auriemma
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Claudia Vetrani
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Mauro Cataldi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Evelyn Frias-Toral
- Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil, Av. Pdte. Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, Guayaquil, 090615, Ecuador
| | - Gabriella Pugliese
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Camajani
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unità di Endocrinologia, Diabetologia e Andrologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, Naples, 80131, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Polia F, Pastor-Belda M, Martínez-Blázquez A, Horcajada MN, Tomás-Barberán FA, García-Villalba R. Technological and Biotechnological Processes To Enhance the Bioavailability of Dietary (Poly)phenols in Humans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2092-2107. [PMID: 35156799 PMCID: PMC8880379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of (poly)phenols (PPs) depend upon their bioavailability that, in general, is very low and shows a high interindividual variability. The low bioavailability of PPs is mainly attributed to their low absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract as a result of their low water solubility, their presence in foods as polymers or in glycosylated forms, and their tight bond to food matrices. Although many studies have investigated how technological and biotechnological processes affect the phenolic composition of fruits and vegetables, limited information exists regarding their effects on PP bioavailability in humans. In the present review, the effect of food processing (mechanical, thermal, and non-thermal treatments), oral-delivery nanoformulations, enzymatic hydrolysis, fermentation, co-administration with probiotics, and generation of postbiotics in PP bioavailability have been overviewed, focusing in the evidence provided in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Polia
- Laboratory
of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity
of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología
y Biología Aplicada del Segura−Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CEBAS−CSIC), Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Pastor-Belda
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of
International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Martínez-Blázquez
- Laboratory
of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity
of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología
y Biología Aplicada del Segura−Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CEBAS−CSIC), Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán
- Laboratory
of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity
of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología
y Biología Aplicada del Segura−Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CEBAS−CSIC), Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Laboratory
of Food & Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity
of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología
y Biología Aplicada del Segura−Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (CEBAS−CSIC), Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Optimization of the Bioactivation of Isoflavones in Soymilk by Lactic Acid Bacteria. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9060963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybeans and soy-based products contain isoflavones which can be used for nutraceutical and medical applications. In soybeans and in unfermented soy foods, isoflavones are normally present as glycosides. Isoflavone glycosides can be enzymatically converted to isoflavone aglycones, thus releasing the sugar molecule. The effective absorption of isoflavones in humans requires the bioconversion of isoflavone glycosides to isoflavone aglycones through the activity of the enzyme β-glucosidase. The objective was to assess the capacity of 42 bacterial strains (belonging to Lactobacillus, Streptococcus and Enterococcus) to produce β-glucosidase activity. The strain that showed the highest β-glucosidase activity (Lactobacillus plantarum 128/2) was then used for the optimization of the bioconversion of genistin and daidzin present in commercial soymilk to their aglycone forms genistein and daidzein. The contribution of process parameters (temperature, inoculum size, time) to the efficiency of such bioactivation was tested. Lactobacillus plantarum 128/2 was able to completely bioactivate soymilk isoflavones under the following conditions: 25 °C temperature, 2% inoculum size and 48 h process time. These results confirm the suitability of lactic acid bacteria for the bioactivation of isoflavones present in soymilk and provide an interesting candidate (L. plantarum 182/2) for food industries to perform this transformation.
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Kamiloglu S, Tomas M, Ozdal T, Capanoglu E. Effect of food matrix on the content and bioavailability of flavonoids. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Prebiotics enhance the biotransformation and bioavailability of ginsenosides in rats by modulating gut microbiota. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:334-343. [PMID: 33841014 PMCID: PMC8020290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota mainly function in the biotransformation of primary ginsenosides into bioactive metabolites. Herein, we investigated the effects of three prebiotic fibers by targeting gut microbiota on the metabolism of ginsenoside Rb1 in vivo. Methods Sprague Dawley rats were administered with ginsenoside Rb1 after a two-week prebiotic intervention of fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, and fibersol-2, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis of ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolites was performed, whilst the microbial composition and metabolic function of gut microbiota were examined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomic shotgun sequencing. Results The results showed that peak plasma concentration and area under concentration time curve of ginsenoside Rb1 and its intermediate metabolites, ginsenoside Rd, F2, and compound K (CK), in the prebiotic intervention groups were increased at various degrees compared with those in the control group. Gut microbiota dramatically responded to the prebiotic treatment at both taxonomical and functional levels. The abundance of Prevotella, which possesses potential function to hydrolyze ginsenoside Rb1 into CK, was significantly elevated in the three prebiotic groups (P < 0.05). The gut metagenomic analysis also revealed the functional gene enrichment for terpenoid/polyketide metabolism, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, propanoate metabolism, etc. Conclusion These findings imply that prebiotics may selectively promote the proliferation of certain bacterial stains with glycoside hydrolysis capacity, thereby, subsequently improving the biotransformation and bioavailability of primary ginsenosides in vivo.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AUC, area under the concentration-time curve
- Bioavailability
- Biotransformation
- CAT, CAZymes Analysis Toolkit
- CAZymes, carbohydrate active enzymes
- CK, compound K
- Cmax, peak plasma concentration
- FDR, false discovery rate
- FOS, fructooligosaccharide
- GOS, galactooligosaccharide
- Ginsenoside
- Gut microbiota
- IS, internal standard
- KEGG, the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes
- LCA, lowest common ancestor
- LDA, linear discriminant analysis
- LEfSe, LDA effect size
- LLOQs, lower limits of quantifications
- MANOVA, multivariate ANOVA
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- NMDS, non-metric multidimensional scaling
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PCoA, principal coordinates analysis
- Prebiotic
- SD, Sprague Dawley
- SRA, Sequence Read Archive
- Tmax, time of maximum plasma concentration
- UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS, ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to an electrospray ionization source and a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer
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Pinarli B, Simge Karliga E, Ozkan G, Capanoglu E. Interaction of phenolics with food matrix: In vitro and in vivo approaches. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-190362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beril Pinarli
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - E. Simge Karliga
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulay Ozkan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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Gil-Sánchez I, Cueva C, Tamargo A, Quintela JC, de la Fuente E, Walker AW, Moreno-Arribas MV, Bartolomé B. Application of the dynamic gastrointestinal simulator (simgi®) to assess the impact of probiotic supplementation in the metabolism of grape polyphenols. Food Res Int 2019; 129:108790. [PMID: 32036893 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the Dynamic Gastrointestinal Simulator (simgi®) is used as a model to the study the metabolic activity of probiotics at the intestinal level, and in particular, to assess the impact of probiotic supplementation in the microbial metabolism of grape polyphenols. Two independent simulations using fecal samples from two healthy volunteers were carried out. Changes in microbiota composition and in metabolic activity were assessed by qPCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and by analyses of phenolic metabolites and ammonium ions (NH4+). The strain Lactobacillus plantarum CLC 17 was successfully implanted in the colon compartments of the simgi® after daily feeding of 2 × 1010 CFU/day for 7 days. Overall, no changes in bacterial diversity were observed after probiotic implantation. In comparison to the digestion of the grape polyphenols on their own, the inclusion of L. plantarum CLC 17 in the simgi® colon compartments led to a greater formation of phenolic metabolites such as benzoic acids, probably by the breakdown of high-molecular-weight procyanidin polymers. These results provide evidence that the probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum CLC 17 may improve the metabolism of dietary polyphenols when used as a food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gil-Sánchez
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Cueva
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Tamargo
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose C Quintela
- Natac S A, Parque Científico de Madrid, C/ Faraday 7, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alan W Walker
- Gut Health Group, Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Begoña Bartolomé
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Tousen Y, Matsumoto Y, Matsumoto C, Nishide Y, Nagahata Y, Kobayashi I, Ishimi Y. The combined effects of soya isoflavones and resistant starch on equol production and trabecular bone loss in ovariectomised mice. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:247-57. [PMID: 27197747 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Equol is a metabolite of the soya isoflavone (ISO) daidzein that is produced by intestinal microbiota. Equol has greater oestrogenic activity compared with other ISO, and it prevents bone loss in postmenopausal women. Resistant starch (RS), which has a prebiotic activity and is a dietary fibre, was reported to promote equol production. Conversely, the intestinal microbiota is reported to directly regulate bone health by reducing inflammatory cytokine levels and T-lymphocytes in bone. The present study evaluated the combined effects of diet supplemented with ISO and RS on intestinal microbiota, equol production, bone mineral density (BMD) and inflammatory gene expression in the bone marrow of ovariectomised (OVX) mice. Female ddY strain mice, aged 8 weeks, were either sham-operated (Sham, n 7) or OVX. OVX mice were randomly divided into the following four groups (seven per group): OVX control (OVX); OVX fed 0·05 % ISO diet (OVX+ISO); OVX fed 9 % RS diet (OVX+RS); and OVX fed 0·05 % ISO- and 9 % RS diet (OVX+ISO+RS). After 6 weeks, treatment with the combination of ISO and RS increased equol production, prevented the OVX-induced decline in trabecular BMD in the distal femur by modulating the enteric environment and altered OVX-induced inflammation-related gene expression in the bone marrow. However, there were no significant differences in bone parameters between the ISO+RS and ISO-alone groups in OVX mice. Our findings suggest that the combination of ISO and RS might alter intestinal microbiota and immune status in the bone marrow, resulting in attenuated bone resorption in OVX mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tousen
- 1Department of Food Function and Labeling,National Institute of Health and Nutrition,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,1-23-1 Toyama,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 162-8636,Japan
| | - Yu Matsumoto
- 1Department of Food Function and Labeling,National Institute of Health and Nutrition,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,1-23-1 Toyama,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 162-8636,Japan
| | - Chiho Matsumoto
- 1Department of Food Function and Labeling,National Institute of Health and Nutrition,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,1-23-1 Toyama,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 162-8636,Japan
| | - Yoriko Nishide
- 1Department of Food Function and Labeling,National Institute of Health and Nutrition,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,1-23-1 Toyama,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 162-8636,Japan
| | - Yuya Nagahata
- 3Product Development Laboratory,J-OIL MILLS,Inc.,11 Kagetoricho,Totsuka-ku,Yokohama,Kanagawa 245-0064,Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- 3Product Development Laboratory,J-OIL MILLS,Inc.,11 Kagetoricho,Totsuka-ku,Yokohama,Kanagawa 245-0064,Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishimi
- 1Department of Food Function and Labeling,National Institute of Health and Nutrition,National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition,1-23-1 Toyama,Shinjuku-ku,Tokyo 162-8636,Japan
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Soni M, White LR, Kridawati A, Bandelow S, Hogervorst E. Phytoestrogen consumption and risk for cognitive decline and dementia: With consideration of thyroid status and other possible mediators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 160:67-77. [PMID: 26535810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is predicted that around 20% of the worlds population will be age 60 or above by 2050. Prevalence of cognitive decline and dementia is high in older adults and modifiable dietary factors may be able to reduce risk for these conditions. Phytoestrogens are bioactive plant chemicals found in soy, which have a similarity in structure to natural estradiol (the most abundant circulating estrogen). This structural likeness enables phytoestrogens to interact with estrogen receptors in the brain, potentially affecting cognition. However, findings in this domain are largely inconsistent, with approximately 50% of studies showing positive effects of phytoestrogens on cognition and the other half resulting in null/negative findings. This paper provides an updated review of the relationship between consumption of phytoestrogens and risk for cognitive decline and/or dementia. In particular, possible mediators were identified to explain discrepant findings and for consideration in future research. A case can be made for a link between phytoestrogen consumption, thyroid status and cognition in older age, although current findings in this area are very limited. Evidence suggests that inter-individual variants that can affect phytoestrogen bioavailability (and thus cognitive outcome) include age and ability to breakdown ingested phytoestrogens into their bioactive metabolites. Factors of the study design that must be taken into account are type of soy product, dosage, frequency of dietary intake and type of cognitive test used. Guidelines regarding optimal phytoestrogen dosage and frequency of intake are yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soni
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - L R White
- Pacific Health Research and Education Institute, Kuakini Physicians Tower, 405 N. Juakini St., Ste. 1111, Honolulu, HI 96817, USA.
| | - A Kridawati
- Department of Public Health, Respati University Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - S Bandelow
- Department of Public Health, Respati University Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - E Hogervorst
- School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom.
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Lipovac M, Pfitscher A, Hobiger S, Laschitz T, Imhof M, Chedraui P, Jungbauer A. Red clover isoflavone metabolite bioavailability is decreased after fructooligosaccharide supplementation. Fitoterapia 2015; 105:93-101. [PMID: 26073948 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red clover is an important source of isoflavones; which has been made commercially available as dietary supplements for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Bioavailability and metabolism of these red clover isoflavones (RCI) have not been studied in detail. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) stimulate the growth of intestinal bacteria and play an important role in the formation of certain isoflavone metabolites, such as equol and O-desmethylangolensin. OBJECTIVE To determine the bioavailability of RCI metabolites and analyse whether FOS supplementation could influence their bioavailability. METHODS Seventeen healthy adults were enrolled in the study carried out in two periods. In the first, compound bioavailability was determined after consumption of 80 mg of RCI (MF11RCE). In the second, a 6-day supplementation of 2×3000 mg/day of FOS was administered before isoflavone consumption. RESULTS Biochanin A and formononetin were rapidly absorbed and both reached maximum concentrations at an average of 5-7h. Demethylation was a major reaction in the metabolic pathway. Daidzein serum level peaked after about 12.6h. Supplementation with FOS led to a significant decrease in the bioavailability of daidzein, dihydroformononetin, dihydrogenistein and dihydrodaidzein. An increase in equol production was also observed which did not reach statistical significance (p>0.05). CONCLUSION This study is the first to provide detailed data on RCI bioavailability in humans and determine no influence of FOS yet a trend toward increased equol production. More research is warranted involving a greater sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lipovac
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for cell-based therapy in Gynecology, Wiener Ring 3-5, 2100 Korneuburg, Austria
| | - Angelika Pfitscher
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory of Receptor Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Hobiger
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory of Receptor Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Laschitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology General Public Teaching Hostpital of Korneuburg, Wiener Ring 3-5, 2100 Korneuburg, Austria
| | - Martin Imhof
- Karl Landsteiner Institute for cell-based therapy in Gynecology, Wiener Ring 3-5, 2100 Korneuburg, Austria
| | - Peter Chedraui
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Area for Women's Health, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Av. Carlos J. Arosemena Km 1.5, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Christian-Doppler-Laboratory of Receptor Biotechnology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Sengul H, Surek E, Nilufer-Erdil D. Investigating the effects of food matrix and food components on bioaccessibility of pomegranate (Punica granatum) phenolics and anthocyanins using an in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
While many epidemiological studies have associated the consumption of polyphenols within fruits and vegetables with a decreased risk of developing several chronic diseases, intervention studies have generally not confirmed these beneficial effects. The reasons for this discrepancy are not fully understood but include potential differences in dosing, interaction with the food matrix, and differences in polyphenol bioavailability. In addition to endogenous factors such as microbiota and digestive enzymes, the food matrix can also considerably affect bioaccessibility, uptake, and further metabolism of polyphenols. While dietary fiber (such as hemicellulose), divalent minerals, and viscous and protein-rich meals are likely to cause detrimental effects on polyphenol bioaccessibility, digestible carbohydrates, dietary lipids (especially for hydrophobic polyphenols, e.g., curcumin), and additional antioxidants may enhance polyphenol availability. Following epithelial uptake, polyphenols such as flavonoids may reduce phase II metabolism and excretion, enhancing polyphenol bioavailability. Furthermore, polyphenols may act synergistically due to their influence on efflux transporters such as p-glycoprotein. In order to understand polyphenol bioactivity, increased knowledge of the factors affecting polyphenol bioavailability, including dietary factors, is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bohn
- Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Environment and Agro-biotechnologies Department, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Peluso I, Romanelli L, Palmery M. Interactions between prebiotics, probiotics, polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols: diet or supplementation for metabolic syndrome prevention? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:259-67. [PMID: 24467635 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.880670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome can be prevented by the Mediterranean diet, characterized by fiber, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols. However, the composition of the Mediterranean diet, which can be viewed as a natural multiple supplement, is poorly controlled, and its beneficial effects poorly predictable. The metabolic syndrome is associated with intestinal dysbiosis and the gut microbioma seems to be the main target and player in the interactions occurring between probiotics, prebiotics, omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols. From the reviewed evidence, it is reasonable to manage growth and metabolism of gut microflora with specific prebiotics and polyphenols. Even though the healthy properties of functional foods and nutraceuticals still need to be fully elucidated, available data suggest that well-designed supplements, containing the better ratio of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants, specific probiotic strains, and selected polyphenols and prebiotics, could be useful in metabolic syndrome prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Peluso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", "Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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Zheng W, Hou Y, Su Y, Yao W. Lactulose promotes equol production and changes the microbial community during in vitro fermentation of daidzein by fecal inocula of sows. Anaerobe 2013; 25:47-52. [PMID: 24315807 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Equol has higher biological effects than other isoflavones. However, only about 30-50% of humans possess a microbiota capable of producing equol from dietary daidzein. In recent years, interest has grown in dietary applications to improve equol production in human and other animals. In this study, lactulose was used as a potential equol-promoting prebiotic in vitro. The effect of lactulose on transformation of daidzein into equol by sows' fecal microbiota was investigated. Results showed that lactulose treatment improved bacteria growth parameters, changing the kinetics of fermentation in vitro. Lactulose significantly increased total gas production, T1/2, Tmax, and Rmax. Furthermore, lactulose altered the microflora composition, increased equol production associated with a reduction in the population of methanogen and increased the sulfate-reducing bacteria population during 24 h of incubation. Here, we report for the first time that in a certain condition (sealing or high pressure), via a dihydrodaidzein (DHD) pathway equol might be able to reform to daidzein by further metabolism using lactulose as a substrate. This study proposes that "hydrogen-producing prebiotic" might be a novel way to promote equol production in vivo or in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacteria, Anaerobic/classification
- Bacteria, Anaerobic/drug effects
- Bacteria, Anaerobic/growth & development
- Bacteria, Anaerobic/metabolism
- Biota
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Equol/metabolism
- Feces/microbiology
- Fermentation
- Gases/metabolism
- Isoflavones/metabolism
- Lactulose/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Yanjun Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Yong Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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15
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Tousen Y, Wolber FM, Chua WH, Tadaishi M, Ishimi Y, Kruger MC. Effects of daidzein and kiwifruit on bone mineral density and equol production in ovariectomised rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 65:360-7. [PMID: 24251973 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.858238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the synergistic effects of daidzein (Dz) and kiwifruit on bone and equol production in ovariectomised (OVX) rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups: sham operated, OVX control, OVX fed 0.1% Dz-supplemented diet (OVX + Dz), OVX fed 0.1% Dz and green kiwifruit (GRK)-supplemented diet (OVX + Dz + GRK) and OVX fed 0.1% Dz and gold kiwifruit (GOK)-supplemented diet (OVX + Dz + GOK). There were no significant differences in whole body and femur bone mineral density (BMD) among groups at week 8. BMD in the OVX group significantly decreased at week 8; however, BMD in the OVX + Dz + GRK was not significantly different from baseline in the end of the study. However, supplementation with kiwifruit did not affect urinary equol concentrations, urinary ratios of equol to Dz and the composition of caecal microbiota. These results suggest that the combination of Dz and GRK may slightly reduce bone loss caused by oestrogen deficiency but does not affect equol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tousen
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition , Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo , Japan and
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Rossi M, Amaretti A, Leonardi A, Raimondi S, Simone M, Quartieri A. Potential impact of probiotic consumption on the bioactivity of dietary phytochemicals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9551-9558. [PMID: 24007212 DOI: 10.1021/jf402722m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many healthy phytochemicals occur in food in the form of esters, glycoconjugates, or polymers, which are not directly bioavailable. Probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, which have evolved within the colonic ecosystem where indigestible oligo- and polysaccharides are their sole carbon sources, bear several glycosyl-hydrolases and can contribute to release the aglycones from glycoconjugated phytochemicals. Among the glycosyl-hydrolases, β-glucosidases are the most pertinent, because many phytochemicals are glucoconjugates. β-Glucosidase-positive probiotic bacteria were proved to release the aglycones of isoflavones and lignans in vitro, but studies in vivo are scarce. A positive correlation between probiotic consumption and urinary and/or plasma levels of isoflavone or lignan metabolites was not established. However, the strains used in the trials were not validated for the enzymatic properties or for the ability to hydrolyze lignans or isoflavones. Thus, activation of specific phytochemicals by probiotic bacteria still needs substantial efforts to be proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , 41125 Modena, Italy
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17
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Tousen Y, Uehara M, Abe F, Kimira Y, Ishimi Y. Effects of short-term fructooligosaccharide intake on equol production in Japanese postmenopausal women consuming soy isoflavone supplements: a pilot study. Nutr J 2013; 12:127. [PMID: 24034304 PMCID: PMC3848686 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that some of the clinical effectiveness of soy or daidzein, which is a type of isoflavone, may be attributed to a person's ability to produce equol from daidzein. Equol, which is a metabolite of one of the major soybean isoflavones called daidzein, is produced in the gastrointestinal tract by certain intestinal microbiota where present. Habitual dietary patterns may alter the intestinal bacterial profile, and influence the metabolism of isoflavones and the production of equol. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) have a prebiotic activity as well as being a dietary fibre. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether FOS supplementation increases equol production in equol producers and stimulates equol production in equol non-producers in Japanese postmenopausal women. METHODS A soy challenge was used to assess equol-producer status prior to the start of the study in healthy postmenopausal Japanese women. The study involved 4 separate groups in randomised crossover design. First, subjects were classified as equol producers (n = 25) or non-producers (n = 18), and then they were randomly assigned to the FOS or control group. All subjects received a daily dose of 37 mg isoflavone conjugates in the capsule (21 mg aglycone form) and either FOS (5 g/day) or sucrose as control, in a randomised crossover study design. Equol -production was assessed by testing the serum and urine before and after the 2-week supplementation period. RESULTS The analyses were conducted on 34 subjects completed the study, 21 (61.8%) were classified as equol producers, and 13 (38.2%) as non-producers. Significant differences were observed in the interaction effect of time × equol state after 1 week of intervention (p = 0.006). However there were no effects after 2 weeks of intervention (p = 0.516). Finally, in both equol producers and non-producers, FOS supplementation did not affect the serum equol concentration or the urinary equol to daidzein concentration ratios. CONCLUSIONS We have reported that FOS intervention (5 g/day for 2 weeks) does not significantly modulate the capacity of intestinal microbiota to produce equol in postmenopausal Japanese women, in either equol producers or non-producers in this pilot study. Further larger investigations that explore the roles of specific intestinal microbiota in equol production will enable the establishment of dietary conditions that are required to enhance equol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tousen
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
| | - Mariko Uehara
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bio-Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Fumiko Abe
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Kimira
- Department of Clinical Dietetics & Human Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Ishimi
- Department of Food Function and Labeling, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan
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Tamura M, Kurusu Y, Hori S. Effect of Dietary l-arabinose on the Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolism of Dietary Daidzein in Adult Mice. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2012; 31:59-65. [PMID: 24936350 PMCID: PMC4034282 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.31.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of L-arabinose on mouse intestinal microbiota and urinary
isoflavonoids. Male mice were randomly divided into two groups: those fed a 0.05%
daidzein–2.5% L-arabinose diet (AR group) and those fed a 0.05% daidzein control diet (CO
group) for 28 days. The amounts of daidzein detected in urine were significantly lower in
the AR group than in the CO group. The ratio of equol/daidzein was significantly higher in
the AR group (p<0.01) than in the CO group. The composition of caecal flora differed
between the AR and CO groups. The occupation ratios of Prevotella and
Lactobacillales were significantly lower in the AR group. This study
suggests that dietary L-arabinose has the potential to affect the metabolism of equol from
daidzein by altering the metabolic activity of intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Tamura
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Yukie Kurusu
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hori
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
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Tousen Y, Abe F, Ishida T, Uehara M, Ishimi Y. Resistant starch promotes equol production and inhibits tibial bone loss in ovariectomized mice treated with daidzein. Metabolism 2011; 60:1425-32. [PMID: 21550090 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Daidzein is metabolized to equol in the gastrointestinal tract by gut microflora. Equol has greater estrogenic activity than genistein and daidzein, with its production shown to be promoted by dietary fiber. It is known that resistant starch (RS) is not absorbed in the proximal intestine and acts as dietary fiber in the colon. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of daidzein and RS intake on equol production, bone mineral density, and intestinal microflora in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Female mice of the ddY strain, aged 8 weeks, were either sham operated (n = 6) or OVX. The OVX mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: OVX control (n = 6), OVX fed 0.1% daidzein-supplemented diet (OVX + Dz, n = 8), OVX fed 0.1% daidzein- and 12% RS-supplemented diet (OVX + Dz + RS, n = 8), OVX fed 12% RS-supplemented diet (OVX + RS, n = 8), and OVX who received daily subcutaneous administration of 17 β-estradiol (n = 6). After 6 weeks, urinary equol concentration was significantly higher in the OVX + Dz + RS group than in the OVX + Dz group. The bone mineral density of the whole tibia was higher in the OVX + Dz +RS group compared with the OVX + Dz group. The occupation ratios of Bifidobacterium spp in the cecal microflora in groups fed RS were significantly higher than those in the other groups. The present study demonstrated that RS may increase the bioavailability of daidzein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tousen
- Food Function and Labeling Program, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Tamura M, Hori S, Nakagawa H. Lactobacillus rhamnosus JCM 2771: Impact on Metabolism of Isoflavonoids in the Fecal Flora from a Male Equol Producer. Curr Microbiol 2011; 62:1632-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The health benefits associated with soya food consumption have been widely studied, with soya isoflavones and soya protein implicated in the protection of CVD, osteoporosis and cancers such as those of the breast and prostate. Equol (7-hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-chroman), a metabolite of the soya isoflavone daidzein, is produced via the formation of the intermediate dihydrodaidzein, by human intestinal bacteria, with only approximately 30-40% of the adult population having the ability to perform this transformation following a soya challenge. Inter-individual variation in conversion of daidzein to equol has been attributed, in part, to differences in the diet and in gut microflora composition, although the specific bacteria responsible for the colonic biotransformation of daidzein to equol are yet to be identified. Equol is a unique compound in that it can exert oestrogenic effects, but is also a potent antagonist of dihydrotestosterone in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro studies suggest that equol is more biologically active than its parent compound, daidzein, with a higher affinity for the oestrogen receptor and a more potent antioxidant activity. Although some observational and intervention studies suggest that the ability to produce equol is associated with reduced risk of breast and prostate cancer, CVD, improved bone health and reduced incidence of hot flushes, others have reported null or adverse effects. Studies to date have been limited and well-designed studies that are sufficiently powered to investigate the relationship between equol production and disease risk are warranted before the clinical relevance of the equol phenotype can be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Magee
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
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22
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Tamura M, Hori S, Nakagawa H. Dietary cholesterol lowers plasma and cecal equol concentrations in mice. Nutr Res 2010; 29:882-7. [PMID: 19963162 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of cholesterol on mouse intestinal microflora and on isoflavonoids in the cecum and plasma. Dietary cholesterol affects bile acid metabolism and bile acids can influence the intestinal microorganisms. Intestinal microflora appear to play an important role in isoflavone metabolism. We hypothesized that dietary cholesterol changes the metabolism of isoflavonoids and intestinal microorganisms in mice. Male mice were randomly divided into two groups, which were fed a cholesterol-daidzein (CDA) or daidzein (DA) diet (control diet) for 60d. Plasma equol and cecal equol concentrations were significantly higher in the DA group (control group) than in the CDA group. However, plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly higher in the CDA group compared to the DA group. The composition of cecal microorganisms differed between the two dietary groups. The occupation ratios of Clostridium cluster XI, Clostridium subcluster XIVa, and Lactobacillales were significantly higher in the CDA group. The occupation ratio of Bifidobacterium was significantly lower in the CDA group. This study suggests that dietary cholesterol has the potential to affect the metabolism of equol from daidzein by altering the metabolic activity of the intestinal microorganisms and gut physiological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoi Tamura
- National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, 305-8642 Ibaraki, Japan.
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Rabot S, Rafter J, Rijkers GT, Watzl B, Antoine JM. Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: impact of probiotics on digestive system metabolism. J Nutr 2010; 140:677S-89S. [PMID: 20107147 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.113738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria have been studied for their potential impact on the metabolism of dietary components in the small intestine lumen including lactose digestion, metabolism of lipids such as cholesterol, and oxalate metabolism. In the large intestine, they contribute to the metabolism of otherwise indigestible dietary carbohydrates (e.g., prebiotics) and have a favorable effect on colonic protein and ammonia metabolism, although their effect on the digestive fate of phytochemicals and xenobiotics is still uncertain. Probiotics also influence metabolism in the host tissues, in particular the gastrointestinal mucosa and the liver. Underlying mechanisms include supply of additional enzymatic activities in the gut lumen and alterations of the composition or metabolic pattern of the gut resident microbiota. For future studies, selection of probiotic strains should include assessment of their metabolic activities, and the outcome of the intervention studies should also take into account the composition of the probiotic matrix and the background diet of the target population. New technologies such as metabolomics hold great promise for assessment of probiotics functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Rabot
- INRA, UR 910 Ecology and Physiology of the Digestive Tract, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Setchell KD, Zhao X, Jha P, Heubi JE, Brown NM. The pharmacokinetic behavior of the soy isoflavone metabolite S-(-)equol and its diastereoisomer R-(+)equol in healthy adults determined by using stable-isotope-labeled tracers. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:1029-37. [PMID: 19710188 PMCID: PMC2744624 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nonsteroidal estrogen equol occurs as diastereoisomers, S-(-)equol and R-(+)equol, both of which have significant biological actions. S-(-)equol, the naturally occurring enantiomer produced by 20-30% of adults consuming soy foods, has selective affinity for estrogen receptor-beta, whereas both enantiomers modulate androgen action. Little is known about the pharmacokinetics of the diastereoisomers, despite current interest in developing equol as a nutraceutical or pharmaceutical agent. OBJECTIVE The objective was to compare the pharmacokinetics of S-(-)equol and R-(+)equol by using [13C] stable-isotope-labeled tracers to facilitate the optimization of clinical studies aimed at evaluating the potential of these diastereoisomers in the prevention and treatment of estrogen- and androgen-dependent conditions. DESIGN A randomized, crossover, open-label study in 12 healthy adults (6 men and 6 women) compared the plasma and urinary pharmacokinetics of orally administered enantiomeric pure forms of S-(-)[2-13C]equol, R-(+)[2-13C]equol, and the racemic mixture. Plasma and urinary [13C]R-equol and [13C]S-equol concentrations were measured by tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Plasma [13C]equol concentration appearance and disappearance curves showed that both enantiomers were rapidly absorbed, attained high circulating concentrations, and had a similar terminal elimination half-life of 7-8 h. The systemic bioavailability and fractional absorption of R-(+)[2-13C]equol were higher than those of S-(-)[2-13C]equol or the racemate. The pharmacokinetics of racemic (+/-)[2-13C]equol were different from those of the individual enantiomers: slower absorption, lower peak plasma concentrations, and lower systemic bioavailability. CONCLUSIONS The high bioavailability of both diastereoisomers contrasts with previous findings for the soy isoflavones daidzein and genistein, both of which have relatively poor bioavailability, and suggests that low doses of equol taken twice daily may be sufficient to achieve biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Dr Setchell
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Woo Y, Fung W, Easa A, Liong M. Probiotic-fermented soyfoods: Benefits and enhanced bioactivities. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.2009.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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