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Reynolds KM, Juett LA, Funnell MP, Schofield JB, Grundig C, Melidis G, Brown A, Hubbard W, Luo Y, Almahaireh I, James LJ, Mears SA. Apple puree as a natural fructose source provides an effective alternative carbohydrate source for fuelling half-marathon running performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:2011-2020. [PMID: 37115611 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2207074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate supplementation during endurance exercise is known to improve performance, but the effects of food-based approaches in running exercise are understudied. Therefore, this study investigated the performance and gastrointestinal (GI) effects of a carbohydrate supplement containing a natural fructose source compared with a highly processed fructose source in a combined glucose-fructose supplement, during a half-marathon. Eleven trained runners (9 males, 2 females; age 32 ± 8 y, 89:53 ± 13:28 min half-marathon personal record) completed a familiarisation (8 miles) and two experimental trials (13.1 miles) on an outdoor running course, with blood and urine samples collected before and after the run. Subjective GI measures were made throughout the run. Carbohydrate was provided as a natural fructose source in the form of apple puree (AP) or highly processed crystalline fructose (GF) in a 2:1 glucose-to-fructose ratio (additional required glucose was provided through maltodextrin). Half-marathon performance was not different between carbohydrate sources (AP 89:52 ± 09:33 min, GF 88:44 ± 10:09 min; P = 0.684). There were no interaction effects for GI comfort (P = 0.305) or other GI symptoms (P ≥ 0.211). There were no differences between carbohydrate sources in ad libitum fluid intake (AP 409 ± 206 mL; GF 294 ± 149 mL; P = 0.094) or any other urinary (P ≥ 0.724), blood-based (P ≥ 0.215) or subjective (P ≥ 0.421) measures. Apple puree as a natural fructose source was equivalent to crystalline fructose in supporting half-marathon running performance without increasing GI symptoms.HighlightsResearch examining food-first and food-based approaches to carbohydrate supplementation and endurance running performance are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to compare carbohydrate supplements either containing a natural or highly processed fructose source as part of a glucose-fructose supplement on half-marathon running performance and gastrointestinal comfort in trained runners.Running performance (apple puree 89:52 ± 09:33 min vs. crystalline fructose 88:44 ± 10:09 min), gastrointestinal comfort and symptoms were not different between the two fructose sources.Apple puree can be effectively used as a carbohydrate source to fuel half-marathon running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M Reynolds
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Loris A Juett
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark P Funnell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Joshua B Schofield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Claire Grundig
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - George Melidis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Alexander Brown
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Will Hubbard
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Yuxuan Luo
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Ibrahim Almahaireh
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen A Mears
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Aragón-Vargas LF, Garzón-Mosquera JC, Montoya-Arroyo JA. Voluntary Hydration with Skimmed Lactose-Free Milk during Exercise in the Heat: Exploring Effectiveness and Tolerance. Nutrients 2023; 15:2069. [PMID: 37432231 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacement of fluid losses (dehydration) during sports activities in the heat has been investigated with different beverages. Bovine milk has been recommended for post-exercise rehydration, but its use during exercise may provoke gastrointestinal disorders. This study compared voluntary fluid intake, hydration, and incidence and severity of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders during exercise in the heat under three conditions: no drink (ND), water (W), and skimmed lactose-free milk (SM). Sixteen physically active university students exercised at 32 °C and 70% RH for 90 min at 60-75% HRmax while drinking W or SM ad libitum, or ND assigned at random. A questionnaire explored possible GI disorders. Ad libitum intake was higher (p < 0.05) for water (1206.2 mL) than milk (918.8 mL). Dehydration showed significant differences for SM versus W and ND (W = 0.28% BM; SM = -0.07% BM; ND = 1.38% BM, p < 0.05). Urine volume was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the W condition (W = 220.4 mL; SM = 81.3 mL; ND = 86.1 mL). Thick saliva, belching, and abdominal pain were higher for SM, but scores were low. Skimmed lactose-free milk is a suitable, effective alternative to be consumed as a hydration beverage during moderate-intensity cycling in the heat for 90 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Aragón-Vargas
- Human Movement Science Research Center, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | | | - Johnny A Montoya-Arroyo
- Human Movement Science Research Center, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
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3
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Rayo VU, Thayer I, Galloway SD, Hong MY, Hooshmand S, Liu C, North E, Okamoto L, O'Neal T, Philpott J, Witard OC, Kern M. Influence of pistachios on force production, subjective ratings of pain, and oxidative stress following exercise-induced muscle damage in moderately trained athletes: A randomized, crossover trial. Metabol Open 2022; 16:100215. [PMID: 36325128 PMCID: PMC9619370 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although previous studies have focused on the role of pistachios on metabolic health, the ergogenic effects of the nut must be elucidated. This study evaluated the impact of ingesting raw, shelled, unsalted pistachios on subjective pain ratings, force production, vertical jump, and biochemical indices of recovery from eccentrically biased exercise. Using a crossover design, 27 moderately trained, male athletes completed 3 trials in a randomized counterbalanced fashion. Control received water only, low dose (1.5 oz/d; PL) and high dose (3.0 oz/d; PH) consumed pistachios for 2 weeks with a 3-4-week washout between trials. PH had lower pain ratings in most muscles after 72 h of recovery (p < 0.05). PH prevented a decrease in force production at 120°/s of knee flexion (p > 0.05); whereas force was diminished in the other trials. Creatine kinase, myoglobin, and C-reactive protein increased over time following exercise (p < 0.05); however, there were no advantages following pistachio consumption. No significant changes in vertical jump or superoxide dismutase were elicited during any trial. This study demonstrates that 3.0 oz/d of pistachios can reduce delayed onset of muscle soreness and maintain muscle strength, potentially promoting exercise tolerance and training adaptations. ClinicalTrialsgov Identifier NCT03698032.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon Uganiza Rayo
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States,Corresponding author. 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, United States.
| | - Imogene Thayer
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Mee Young Hong
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Shirin Hooshmand
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Changqi Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Elise North
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Lauren Okamoto
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Timothy O'Neal
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Mark Kern
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
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Kaplan M, Baydemir B, Günar BB, Arslan A, Duman H, Karav S. Benefits of A2 Milk for Sports Nutrition, Health and Performance. Front Nutr 2022; 9:935344. [PMID: 35911103 PMCID: PMC9326461 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.935344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk is one of the best pre-and pro-workout sources for athletes owing to its rich nutritional content. Even though bovine milk consumption significantly benefits athletes' health and performance, many athletes cannot consume bovine milk since they struggle with gastrointestinal problems caused after milk consumption. Especially, the consumption of regular milk, which contains A1 β-casein, is associated with a variety of diseases ranging from gastrointestinal discomfort to ischemic heart diseases. The main reason behind this is related to β-casomorphine 7 (BCM-7), which is derived from A1 β-casein during the digestion of A1 milk. A1 β-casein is formed as a result of a point mutation in the position of 67th in the amino acid sequence A2 β-casein by changing proline to histidine. Therefore, this mutated form of β-casein in regular milk cannot easily be digested by the human-associated digestion enzymes. A2 milk, which includes A2 β-casein instead of A1 β-casein, is the best substitute for regular milk with the same nutritional content. This natural form of milk positively affects the athlete's health as well as performance without causing any gastrointestinal discomfort or more serious problems which are seen in the consumption of regular milk. In this review, A2 milk and its potential health effects in comparison to diseases related to A1 milk consumption are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Barış Baydemir
- Department of Coaching Education, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Bilgetekin Burak Günar
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Hatice Duman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
- *Correspondence: Sercan Karav
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Berry CW, Murray B, Kenney WL. Scientific basis for a milk permeate-based sports drink – A critical review. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Molaeikhaletabadi M, Bagheri R, Hemmatinafar M, Nemati J, Wong A, Nordvall M, Namazifard M, Suzuki K. Short-Term Effects of Low-Fat Chocolate Milk on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Performance in Players on a Women's University Badminton Team. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063677. [PMID: 35329361 PMCID: PMC8954613 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the short-term effects of low-fat chocolate milk (LFCM) consumption on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and performance in female badminton players. Seven female badminton players (23 ± 1 years; height: 163.8 ± 4.1 cm; body mass: 58.7 ± 0.9 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 week of LFCM (500 mL) or placebo (water, 500 mL) consumption in a crossover design. Participants consumed LFCM or water immediately after each training session during the 1-week intervention. Performance variables (aerobic power, anaerobic power, agility, explosive power, and maximum handgrip strength) were assessed at two separate time points: pre and post-intervention (after 1 week). In addition, the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess DOMS before, immediately after, and at 24 and 48 h after each training session. There were significant time effects for aerobic power, upper body explosive power, minimum anaerobic power, and time to exhaustion (TTE), which significantly increased after LFCM consumption (p < 0.05). Moreover, relative and maximum lower body power significantly (p < 0.05) increased, while rating of perceived exertion (RPE) as well as DOMS in lower extremity muscles immediately after exercise significantly decreased after LFCM consumption compared to placebo (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in maximum anaerobic power, agility, and maximum handgrip strength (p > 0.05). LFCM, as a post-exercise beverage, may help speed recovery in female badminton players leading to increased aerobic, anaerobic, and strength performance indices, increased TTE, and decreased muscle soreness and RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Molaeikhaletabadi
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 1585-71345, Iran; (M.M.); (J.N.)
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Hemmatinafar
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 1585-71345, Iran; (M.M.); (J.N.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (K.S.)
| | - Javad Nemati
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz 1585-71345, Iran; (M.M.); (J.N.)
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department Health & Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA 22207, USA; (A.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Michael Nordvall
- Department Health & Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA 22207, USA; (A.W.); (M.N.)
| | - Maryam Namazifard
- Department of Health and Sports Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran;
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (K.S.)
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7
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A Food First Approach to Carbohydrate Supplementation in Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:296-310. [PMID: 35231883 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review analyzed whether carbohydrate source (food vs. supplement) influenced performance and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms during endurance exercise. Medline, SPORTDiscus, and citations were searched from inception to July 2021. Inclusion criteria were healthy, active males and females aged >18 years, investigating endurance performance, and GI symptoms after ingestion of carbohydrate from a food or supplement, <60 min before or during endurance exercise. The van Rosendale scale was used to determine risk of bias, with seven studies having low risk of bias. A total of 151 participants from 15 studies were included in the review. Three studies provided 0.6-1 g carbohydrate/kg body mass during 5-45 min precycling exercise (duration 60-70 min) while 12 studies provided 24-80 g/hr carbohydrate during exercise (60-330 min). Except one study that suggested a likely harmful effect (magnitude-based inferences) of a bar compared to a gel consumed during exercise on cycling performance, there were no differences in running (n = 1) or cycling (n = 13) performance/capacity between food and supplemental sources. Greater GI symptoms were reported with food compared with supplemental sources. Highly heterogenous study designs for carbohydrate dose and timing, as well as exercise protocol and duration, make it difficult to compare findings between studies. A further limitation results from only one study assessing running performance. Food choices of carbohydrate consumed immediately before and during endurance exercise result in similar exercise performance/capacity responses to supplemental carbohydrate sources, but may slightly increase GI symptoms in some athletes, particularly with exercise >2 hr.
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9
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Odell OJ, Podlogar T, Wallis GA. Comparable Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation from Lactose or Sucrose during Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:2663-2672. [PMID: 32520875 PMCID: PMC7664948 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ingesting readily oxidized carbohydrates (CHO) such as sucrose during exercise can improve endurance performance. Whether lactose can be utilized as a fuel source during exercise is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the metabolic response to lactose ingestion during exercise, compared with sucrose or water. METHODS Eleven participants (age, 22 ± 4 yr; V[Combining Dot Above]O2peak, 50.9 ± 4.7 mL·min·kg) cycled at 50% Wmax for 150 min on five occasions. Participants ingested CHO beverages (lactose or sucrose; 48 g·h, 0.8 g·min) or water throughout exercise. Total substrate and exogenous CHO oxidation was estimated using indirect calorimetry and stable isotope techniques (naturally high C-abundance CHO ingestion). Naturally low C-abundance CHO trials were conducted to correct background shifts in breath CO2 production. Venous blood samples were taken to determine plasma glucose, lactate, and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations. RESULTS Mean exogenous CHO oxidation rates were comparable with lactose (0.56 ± 0.19 g·min) and sucrose (0.61 ± 0.10 g·min; P = 0.49) ingestion. Endogenous CHO oxidation contributed less to energy expenditure in lactose (38% ± 14%) versus water (50% ± 11%, P = 0.01) and sucrose (50% ± 7%, P ≤ 0.05). Fat oxidation was higher in lactose (42% ± 8%) than in sucrose (28% ± 6%; P ≤ 0.01); CHO conditions were lower than water (50% ± 11%; P ≤ 0.05). Plasma glucose was higher in lactose and sucrose than in water (P ≤ 0.01); plasma lactate was higher in sucrose than in water (P ≤ 0.01); plasma nonesterified fatty acids were higher in water than in sucrose (P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Lactose and sucrose exhibited similar exogenous CHO oxidation rates during exercise at moderate ingestion rates. Compared with sucrose ingestion, lactose resulted in higher fat and lower endogenous CHO oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Odell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UNITED KINGDOM
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10
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Effect of ad libitum intake of lactose-free milk on subsequent performance of collegiate badminton athletes. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-019-00592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Alcantara JMA, Sanchez-Delgado G, Martinez-Tellez B, Labayen I, Ruiz JR. Impact of cow's milk intake on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function: a systematic review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:22. [PMID: 31060583 PMCID: PMC6503439 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy products are thought to improve recovery after both resistance and endurance exercises due to their nutritional proprieties. We systematically reviewed the effects of dairy product intake on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function in humans. A literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Web of Science databases from their inception to 15th April 2018. The initial search retrieved 7708 articles, and a total of 11 studies were finally included after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the selected studies were conducted with cow's milk. Whereas some studies found significant positive effect of cow's milk on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function, others did not find any effect. These controversies could be due to the heterogeneity of cow's milk ingestion (e.g., amount of cow's milk, timing of consuming the cow's milk), to the type of intervention, and to the large heterogeneity of outcomes measured. Limited studies exist examining the effects of cow's milk consumption and its influence on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function, therefore further studies are needed to draw more definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M A Alcantara
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Ctra. de Alfacar s/n C.P, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Ctra. de Alfacar s/n C.P, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Ctra. de Alfacar s/n C.P, 18071, Granada, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333, The Netherlands
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain, Public University of Navarra, Campus Arrosadía, s/n, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Ctra. de Alfacar s/n C.P, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Kim TW, Kim CJ, Seo J. Effects of colostrum serum on the serotonergic system in the dorsal raphe nuclei of exercised rats. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2017; 21:33-39. [PMID: 28712263 PMCID: PMC5508057 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2017.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The central fatigue hypothesis suggests that exhaustion, or the maximum level of exercise, induces excessive stress and increases serotonin concentrations in the brain, which in turn decreases central nervous system (CNS) function and induces fatigue. Our aim was to determine the effects of colostrum serum on the serotonergic system in the dorsal raphe nuclei during exhaustive exercise. [Methods] Animals were randomly divided into five groups: control, exercise, exercise and treatment with 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of colostrum serum. The rats in the colostrum serum treatment groups were fed colostrum serum at three different doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per day for seven days. The rats in the control and exercise groups received water by oral gavage once per day for seven days. [Results] The time to exhaustion in response to treadmill running increased after treatment with colostrum serum. These results show that exhaustive exercise led to over activation of the serotonergic system in the dorsal raphe nuclei, and that treatment with colostrum serum suppressed of the exercise-induced expression of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and serotonin (5-HT). The results also indicated that exhaustive exercise induced 5-HT1A autoreceptor and serotonin transporter (5-HTT) overexpression in the dorsal raphe nuclei, and that colostrum serum treatment suppressed exhaustive exercise-induced 5-HT1A and 5-HTT expression in the dorsal raphe nuclei. The most effective dose of colostrum serum was 100 mg/kg. [Conclusion] Overall, our study suggests that colostrum serum has positive effects on exercise performance and recovery by increasing the resistance to fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Woon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, KyungHee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, KyungHee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Seo
- Division of Adaptive Physical Education, Baek Seok University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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13
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Dietary habits in elite soccer players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Pegoretti C, Antunes AEC, Manchado-Gobatto FDB, Capitani CD. Milk: An Alternative Beverage for Hydration? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2015.66057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Dietary protein ingestion following exercise increases muscle protein synthesis rates, stimulates net muscle protein accretion, and facilitates the skeletal muscle adaptive response to prolonged exercise training. Furthermore, recent studies show that protein ingestion before and during exercise also increases muscle protein synthesis rates during resistance- and endurance-type exercise. Therefore, protein ingestion before and during prolonged exercise may represent an effective dietary strategy to enhance the skeletal muscle adaptive response to each exercise session by extending the window of opportunity during which the muscle protein synthetic response is facilitated. Protein ingestion during exercise has also been suggested to improve performance capacity acutely. However, recent studies investigating the impact of protein ingestion during exercise on time trial performance, as opposed to time to exhaustion, do not report ergogenic benefits of protein ingestion. Therefore, it is concluded that protein ingestion with carbohydrate during exercise does not further improve exercise performance when compared with the ingestion of ample amounts of carbohydrate only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
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Sudsa-Ard K, Kijboonchoo K, Chavasit V, Chaunchaiyakul R, Nio AQX, Lee JKW. Lactose-free milk prolonged endurance capacity in lactose intolerant Asian males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:49. [PMID: 25374482 PMCID: PMC4220048 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies on Caucasian volunteers have proven that milk is an effective recovery drink for athletes. Such benefit, however, cannot be directly applied to the lactose-intolerant Asian population. This study investigated the effects of ingesting water (WT), sports drink (SPD) and lactose-free milk (LFM) on cycling capacity. Methods Ten healthy young men completed 3 randomized experimental trials. Each trial consisted of an intermittent glycogen depleting session, a 2 h recovery period during which they ingested the test drink, followed by cycling at 70% of their maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) to volitional exhaustion. Each trial was separated by at least one week. Results There were no complaints or symptoms of lactose intolerance during any of the trials. The cycling periods were different (p < 0.05) amongst the 3 trials, namely, lactose-free milk (LFM; 69.6 ± 14.0 min), sports drink (SPD; 52.1 ± 11.6 min), and water (WT; 36.0 ± 11.1 min), respectively. The VO2 and VCO2 of LFM (30 ± 4 and 29 ± 4 ml/kg/min) were lower (p < 0.05) than that of SPD (34 ± 4 and 34 ± 4 ml/kg/min) and WT (35 ± 4 and 33 ± 5 ml/kg/min). There were no differences (p = 0.45) in VO2 and VCO2 between SPD and WT. Mean rating of perceived exertion was lowest in LFM (14 ± 5; p < 0.05), while no difference was found between the other two trials (SPD: 16 ± 4 and WT: 16 ± 4; p = 0.18). Conclusion Lactose-free milk is likely to be an effective recovery drink for enhancing subsequent cycling capacity in lactose intolerant Asian males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriyot Sudsa-Ard
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Kallaya Kijboonchoo
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Visith Chavasit
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | - Rungchai Chaunchaiyakul
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170 Thailand
| | | | - Jason Kai Wei Lee
- Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore ; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Haramizu S, Ota N, Otsuka A, Hashizume K, Sugita S, Hase T, Murase T, Shimotoyodome A. Dietary milk fat globule membrane improves endurance capacity in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1009-17. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00004.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) comprises carbohydrates, membrane-specific proteins, glycoproteins, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. We evaluated the effects of MFGM consumption over a 12-wk period on endurance capacity and energy metabolism in BALB/c mice. Long-term MFGM intake combined with regular exercise improved endurance capacity, as evidenced by swimming time until fatigue, in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of dietary MFGM plus exercise was accompanied by higher oxygen consumption and lower respiratory quotient, as determined by indirect calorimetry. MFGM intake combined with exercise increased plasma levels of free fatty acids after swimming. After chronic intake of MFGM combined with exercise, the triglyceride content in the gastrocnemius muscle increased significantly. Mice given MFGM combined with exercise had higher mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (Pgc1α) and CPT-1b in the soleus muscle at rest, suggesting that increased lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle contributes, in part, to improved endurance capacity. MFGM treatment with cyclic equibiaxial stretch consisting of 10% elongation at 0.5 Hz with 1 h on and 5 h off increased the Pgc1α mRNA expression of differentiating C2C12 myoblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Supplementation with sphingomyelin increased endurance capacity in mice and Pgc1α mRNA expression in the soleus muscle in vivo and in differentiating myoblasts in vitro. These results indicate that dietary MFGM combined with exercise improves endurance performance via increased lipid metabolism and that sphingomyelin may be one of the components responsible for the beneficial effects of dietary MFGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Haramizu
- Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan
| | - Noriyasu Ota
- Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan
| | - Atsuko Otsuka
- Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan
| | - Kohjiro Hashizume
- Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugita
- Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan
| | - Tadashi Hase
- Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan
| | - Takatoshi Murase
- Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan
| | - Akira Shimotoyodome
- Biological Science Research, Health Science, Kao Corporation, Akabane, Ichikai-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Japan
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Stearns RL, Emmanuel H, Volek JS, Casa DJ. Effects of ingesting protein in combination with carbohydrate during exercise on endurance performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:2192-202. [PMID: 20683237 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181ddfacf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coingestion of protein with carbohydrate has been shown to enhance muscle recovery, particularly after intense bouts of exercise. However, performance benefits of ingesting a protein-carbohydrate drink during exercise remains unclear. Therefore, we used a systematic review with meta-analysis to examine the influence of protein ingestion during exercise on subsequent endurance performance. Eleven qualifying studies were included that contained 3 time-trial and 8 time-to-exhaustion cycling protocols. Only 3 of these studies controlled for caloric content and contained an isocaloric trial. Of the 11, 4 reported significant differences between a control and protein trial; however, none of these were isocaloric studies. The 3 time-trial protocols showed no significant improvement with protein. The meta-analysis of the time-trial studies revealed no significant overall effect (p = 0.73), whereas meta-analysis of time-to-exhaustion studies revealed a significant effect (p = 0.008). Of the time-to-exhaustion trials, the isocaloric studies found no significant effect (p = 0.71), whereas the isocarbohydrate studies revealed a significant effect (p = 0.05). The average percent improvement with ingestion of protein was 9.0%. The isocarbohydrate studies reported an improvement of 10.5%, whereas the isocaloric studies revealed a 3.4% improvement. We conclude that compared to carbohydrate alone, coingestion of protein and carbohydrate during exercise demonstrated an ergogenic effect on endurance performance when assessed by time to exhaustion and also where supplements were matched for carbohydrate (isocarbohydrate). Thus, the ergogenic effect of protein seen in isocarbohydrate studies may be because of a generic effect of adding calories (fuel) as opposed to a unique benefit of protein. Further research is warranted before a clear conclusion can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Stearns
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.
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Roy BD. Milk: the new sports drink? A Review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2008; 5:15. [PMID: 18831752 PMCID: PMC2569005 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-5-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the potential use of bovine milk as an exercise beverage, especially during recovery from resistance training and endurance sports. Based on the limited research, milk appears to be an effective post-resistance exercise beverage that results in favourable acute alterations in protein metabolism. Milk consumption acutely increases muscle protein synthesis, leading to an improved net muscle protein balance. Furthermore, when post-exercise milk consumption is combined with resistance training (12 weeks minimum), greater increases in muscle hypertrophy and lean mass have been observed. Although research with milk is limited, there is some evidence to suggest that milk may be an effective post-exercise beverage for endurance activities. Low-fat milk has been shown to be as effective, if not more effective, than commercially available sports drinks as a rehydration beverage. Milk represents a more nutrient dense beverage choice for individuals who partake in strength and endurance activities, compared to traditional sports drinks. Bovine low-fat fluid milk is a safe and effective post exercise beverage for most individuals, except for those who are lactose intolerant. Further research is warranted to better delineate the possible applications and efficacy of bovine milk in the field of sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Roy
- Centre for Muscle Metabolism and Biophysics, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.
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