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Zhang W, Lang R. Macrophage metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1257596. [PMID: 37868954 PMCID: PMC10586316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its inflammatory and often progressive subtype nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), have emerged as significant contributors to hepatic morbidity worldwide. The pathophysiology of NAFLD/NASH is multifaceted, variable, and remains incompletely understood. The pivotal role of liver-resident and recruited macrophages in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH is widely acknowledged as a crucial factor in innate immunity. The remarkable plasticity of macrophages enables them to assume diverse activation and polarization states, dictated by their immunometabolism microenvironment and functional requirements. Recent studies in the field of immunometabolism have elucidated that alterations in the metabolic profile of macrophages can profoundly influence their activation state and functionality, thereby influencing various pathological processes. This review primarily focuses on elucidating the polarization and activation states of macrophages, highlighting the correlation between their metabolic characteristics and the transition from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Additionally, we explore the potential of targeting macrophage metabolism as a promising therapeutic approach for the management of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ren Lang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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2
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Kabisch S, Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AFH. The role of cereal soluble fiber in the beneficial modulation of glycometabolic gastrointestinal hormones. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4331-4347. [PMID: 36382636 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2141190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
According to cohort studies, cereal fiber, and whole-grain products might decrease risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), inflammatory processes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. These associations, mainly affect insoluble, but not soluble cereal fiber. In intervention studies, soluble fiber elicit anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory short-term effects, partially explained by fermentation to short-chain fatty acids, which acutely counteract insulin resistance and inflammation. ß-glucans lower cholesterol levels and possibly reduce liver fat. Long-term benefits are not yet shown, maybe caused by T2DM heterogeneity, as insulin resistance and fatty liver disease - the glycometabolic points of action of soluble cereal fiber - are not present in every patient. Thus, only some patients might be susceptive to fiber. Also, incretin action in response to fiber could be a relevant factor for variable effects. Thus, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge from human studies on the impact of soluble cereal fiber on glycometabolic gastrointestinal hormones. Effects on GLP-1 appear to be highly contradictory, while these fibers might lower GIP and ghrelin, and increase PYY and CCK. Even though previous results of specific trials support a glycometabolic benefit of soluble fiber, larger acute, and long-term mechanistic studies are needed in order to corroborate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kabisch
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V, Geschäftsstelle am Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin O Weickert
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Centre of Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences (ABES), Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Translational & Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V, Geschäftsstelle am Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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3
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Khocht A, Orlich M, Paster B, Bellinger D, Lenoir L, Irani C, Fraser G. Cross-sectional comparisons of subgingival microbiome and gingival fluid inflammatory cytokines in periodontally healthy vegetarians versus non-vegetarians. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:1079-1090. [PMID: 34449089 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vegetarian diets are known to reduce inflammation. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that reduced inflammation associated with a vegetarian diet would promote a more commensal subgingival bacterial profile. METHODS A total of 39 periodontally healthy subjects (PD ≤3 mm, bleeding on probing <10%) were enrolled. Dietary intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. A comprehensive periodontal examination was performed. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival plaque samples were collected. GCF samples were assessed for interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-10. Plaque samples were analyzed for bacteria using 16S rDNA sequencing on an Illumina platform. GenBank database was used for taxonomy classification. RESULTS Twenty-three subjects were categorized as vegetarian and 16 non-vegetarians. Clinical periodontal measures and GCF cytokine levels were statistically comparable between the two groups. Measures of microbial richness and alpha diversity were also comparable between the two dietary groups. Vegetarians harbored higher levels of phyla associated with gingival health (Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria). Two species known to be associated with periodontitis (Mogibacterium timidum and Veillonella rogosae) were prominent in non-vegetarians. Pearson's correlations between GCF inflammatory cytokines and microbial taxa differed between vegetarians and non-vegetarians. In vegetarians, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 positively correlated with two species known to be associated with periodontal health (Peptidiphaga sp. HMT183 and Rothia aeria). CONCLUSIONS Diet is directly and indirectly associated with the microbial composition of subgingival plaque. A vegetarian diet may promote a subgingival microbiota associated with periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Khocht
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Michael Orlich
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Bruce Paster
- Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Denise Bellinger
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Leticia Lenoir
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Crissy Irani
- Institute for Community Partnerships, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Gary Fraser
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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4
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Armet AM, Deehan EC, Thöne JV, Hewko SJ, Walter J. The Effect of Isolated and Synthetic Dietary Fibers on Markers of Metabolic Diseases in Human Intervention Studies: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:420-438. [PMID: 31342059 PMCID: PMC7442353 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies provide strong evidence for the health benefits of dietary fiber (DF) intake; however, human intervention studies that supplement isolated and synthetic DFs have shown inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to summarize the effects of DF supplementation on immunometabolic disease markers in intervention studies in healthy adults, and considered the role of DF dose, DF physicochemical properties, intervention duration, and the placebo used. Five databases were searched for studies published from 1990 to 2018 that assessed the effect of DF on immunometabolic markers. Eligible studies were those that supplemented isolated or synthetic DFs for ≥2 wk and reported baseline data to assess the effect of the placebo. In total, 77 publications were included. DF supplementation reduced total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, HOMA-IR, and insulin AUC in 36-49% of interventions. In contrast, <20% of the interventions reduced C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, glucose, glucose AUC, insulin, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. A higher proportion of interventions showed an effect if they used higher DF doses for CRP, TC, and LDL cholesterol (40-63%), viscous and mixed plant cell wall DFs for TC and LDL cholesterol (>50%), and longer intervention durations for CRP and glucose (50%). Half of the placebo-controlled studies used digestible carbohydrates as the placebo, which confounded findings for IL-6, glucose AUC, and insulin AUC. In conclusion, interventions with isolated and synthetic DFs resulted mainly in improved cholesterol concentrations and an attenuation of insulin resistance, whereas markers of dysglycemia and inflammation were largely unaffected. Although more research is needed to make reliable recommendations, a more targeted supplementation of DF with specific physicochemical properties at higher doses and for longer durations shows promise in enhancing several of its health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa M Armet
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward C Deehan
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Address correspondence to ECD (e-mail: )
| | - Julia V Thöne
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Medical Department, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah J Hewko
- Department of Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Address correspondence to JW (e-mail: )
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Efficacy and safety of oral and inhalation commercial beta-glucan products: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:40-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Dharsono T, Rudnicka K, Wilhelm M, Schoen C. Effects of Yeast (1,3)-(1,6)-Beta-Glucan on Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Subjects. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 38:40-50. [PMID: 30198828 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1478339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Each year, adults suffer about two to four upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), mostly in winter. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of brewers' yeast (1,3)-(1,6)-beta-glucan on incidence and severity of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). METHODS Generally healthy men and women (n = 299) reporting at least three URTIs during the previous year were randomized to receive either a placebo or 900 mg of yeast beta-glucan daily for 16 weeks during winter. In cases of acute URTI, the severity of URTI symptoms was assessed via the WURSS-21 questionnaire and the Jackson scale, and a clinical confirmation was implemented by the investigator. RESULTS Overall, 70 subjects under placebo and 71 subjects under yeast beta-glucan experienced at least one clinically confirmed URTI episode. The global severity using WURSS-21 had been quite similar between the study groups (p = 0.5267), whereas during the first days of URTIs the severity was less pronounced in the yeast beta-glucan group. On the episode level, the severity of physical symptoms was significantly lower for all investigated time intervals up to 7 days under yeast beta-glucan (WURSS (Q2-11) (days 1-2: p = 0.0465, days 1-3: p = 0.0323, days 1-4: p = 0.0248, days 1-7: p = 0.0278), also confirmed for the Jackson scale). The reduction of severity was accompanied by a significant increase in the joy subscore of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ20) (p = 0.0148). In addition, there was a reduction of systolic (p = 0.0458) and diastolic (p = 0.1439) blood pressure. CONCLUSION Subjects supplementing with yeast beta-glucan benefit by a reduced severity of physical URTI symptoms during the first week of an episode, even though the incidence and global severity of common colds could not be altered in comparison to placebo. Furthermore, accompanying benefits in terms of blood pressure and mood were identified. Altogether, yeast beta-glucan supports the immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- b Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection , University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- c Department of Mathematics, Natural and Economic Sciences , University of Applied Sciences Ulm , Ulm , Germany
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Strączkowski M, Nikołajuk A, Majewski R, Filarski R, Stefanowicz M, Matulewicz N, Karczewska-Kupczewska M. The effect of moderate weight loss, with or without (1, 3)(1, 6)-β-glucan addition, on subcutaneous adipose tissue inflammatory gene expression in young subjects with uncomplicated obesity. Endocrine 2018; 61:275-284. [PMID: 29737494 PMCID: PMC6061191 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Obesity is characterized by insulin resistance and low-grade systemic and adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. It remains unclear whether beneficial effects of weight loss are related to AT inflammation. We aimed to assess the effect of weight loss during low-calorie diet on insulin sensitivity, AT expression of genes associated with inflammation in young subjects with obesity. Furthermore, we estimated the effects of immunomodulatory (1, 3)(1, 6)-β-glucan (BG) on the above parameters. METHODS The study group comprised 52 subjects with obesity. Twelve-week dietary intervention was applied, with randomization to receive or not 500 mg BG daily. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, subcutaneous AT biopsy were performed before and after the program. Twenty normal-weight subjects, examined at baseline, served as a control group. RESULTS At baseline, obese subjects had lower insulin sensitivity, lower AT ADIPOQ, JAK1, and JAK2 expression and higher AT expression of LEP, IL6ST, STAT3, MIF, CCL2, MMP9, and IL18. Forty obese subjects completed dietary intervention program, which resulted in 11.3% weight loss and 27% increase in insulin sensitivity (both p < 0.0001). AT IL6R, IL6ST, JAK1, and JAK2 expression increased, whereas MIF, CCL2, MMP9, and IL18 gene expression did not change in response to weight loss. BG addition had no effect on any of the parameters studied. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that reduction in AT inflammation is not required for an improvement in insulin action during weight loss in subjects with uncomplicated obesity. BG does not have effects during dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Strączkowski
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Nikołajuk
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Radosław Majewski
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Filarski
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stefanowicz
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Natalia Matulewicz
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Karczewska-Kupczewska
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Peterson KR, Cottam MA, Kennedy AJ, Hasty AH. Macrophage-Targeted Therapeutics for Metabolic Disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:536-546. [PMID: 29628274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are cells of the innate immune system that are resident in all tissues, including metabolic organs such as the liver and adipose tissue (AT). Because of their phenotypic flexibility, they play beneficial roles in tissue homeostasis, but they also contribute to the progression of metabolic disease. Thus, they are ideal therapeutic targets for diseases such as insulin resistance (IR), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and atherosclerosis. Recently, discoveries in the area of drug delivery have facilitated phenotype-specific targeting of macrophages. In this review we discuss advances in potential therapeutics for metabolic diseases via macrophage-specific delivery. We highlight micro- and nanoparticles, liposomes, and oligopeptide complexes, and how they can be used to alter macrophage phenotype for a more metabolically favorable tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Matthew A Cottam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Arion J Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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Thompson SV, Hannon BA, An R, Holscher HD. Effects of isolated soluble fiber supplementation on body weight, glycemia, and insulinemia in adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:1514-1528. [PMID: 29092878 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.163246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is strong epidemiologic evidence that dietary fiber intake is protective against overweight and obesity; however, results of intervention studies have been mixed. Soluble fiber beneficially affects metabolism, and fiber supplementation may be a feasible approach to improve body composition and glycemia in adults with overweight and obesity.Objective: We evaluated randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of isolated soluble fiber supplementation in overweight and obese adults on outcomes related to weight management [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2), body weight, percentage of body fat, and waist circumference] and glucose and insulin metabolism (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and fasting insulin) through a systematic review and meta-analysis.Design: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Cochrane Library databases. Eligible studies were RCTs that compared isolated soluble fiber with placebo treatments without energy-restriction protocols. Random-effects models were used to estimate pooled effect sizes and 95% CIs. Meta-regressions were performed to assess outcomes in relation to the intervention duration, fiber dose, and fiber type. Publication bias was assessed via Begg's and Egger's tests and funnel plot inspection.Results: Findings from 12 RCTs (n = 609 participants) from 2 to 17 wk of duration are summarized in this review. Soluble fiber supplementation reduced BMI by 0.84 (95% CI: -1.35, -0.32; P = 0.001), body weight by 2.52 kg (95% CI: -4.25, -0.79 kg; P = 0.004), body fat by 0.41% (95% CI: -0.58%, -0.24%; P < 0.001), fasting glucose by 0.17 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.28, -0.06 mmol/L; P = 0.002), and fasting insulin by 15.88 pmol/L (95% CI: -29.05, -2.71 pmol/L; P = 0.02) compared with the effects of placebo treatments. No publication bias was identified. Considerable between-study heterogeneity was observed for most outcomes.Conclusions: Isolated soluble fiber supplementation improves anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in overweight and obese adults, thereby indicating that supplementation may improve fiber intake and health in these individuals. However, the interpretation of these findings warrants caution because of the considerable between-study heterogeneity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03003897.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruopeng An
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and.,Departments of Kinesiology and Community Health and
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and .,Departments of Kinesiology and Community Health and.,Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Lee YJ, Paik DJ, Kwon DY, Yang HJ, Park Y. Agrobacterium sp.-derived β-1,3-glucan enhances natural killer cell activity in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Nutr Res Pract 2017; 11:43-50. [PMID: 28194264 PMCID: PMC5300946 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2017.11.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the hypothesis that a highly pure linear β-1,3-glucan produced by Agrobacterium sp. R259 enhances human natural killer (NK) cell activity and suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines. SUBJECTS/METHODS In an eight-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 83 healthy adults with white blood cell counts of 4,000-8,000 cells/µL were participated and randomly assigned to take two capsules per day containing either 350 mg β-1,3-glucan or placebo. Six participants withdrew their study consent or were excluded due to NK cell activity levels outside the normal range. NK cell activity and serum levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured. RESULTS NK cell activity and the serum levels of IL-10 were significantly higher from baseline to week 8 in the β-glucan group compared with the placebo group (P = 0.048, P = 0.029). Consumption of β-1,3-glucan also significantly increased NK cell activity compared with placebo after adjusting for smoking and stress status (P = 0.009). In particular, the effect of β-1,3-glucan on NK cell activity was greater in participants with severe stress than in those experiencing mild stress. However, the administration β-1,3-glucan did not significantly modulate the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α and IgG compared with the placebo. CONCLUSION The results showed that supplementation with bacterial β-1,3-glucan significantly increased NK cell activity without causing any adverse effects. Additionally, the beneficial effect of β-1,3-glucan on NK cell activity was greater in participants experiencing severe stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Joo Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Wangsimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Paik
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Dae Young Kwon
- Devision of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi 13539, Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Yang
- Devision of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi 13539, Korea
| | - Yongsoon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Wangsimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Mosikanon K, Arthan D, Kettawan A, Tungtrongchitr R, Prangthip P. Yeast β–Glucan Modulates Inflammation and Waist Circumference in Overweight and Obese Subjects. J Diet Suppl 2016; 14:173-185. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2016.1207005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Gondret F, Vincent A, Houée-Bigot M, Siegel A, Lagarrigue S, Louveau I, Causeur D. Molecular alterations induced by a high-fat high-fiber diet in porcine adipose tissues: variations according to the anatomical fat location. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:120. [PMID: 26892011 PMCID: PMC4758018 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changing the energy and nutrient source for growing animals may be an effective way of limiting adipose tissue expansion, a response which may depend on the genetic background of the animals. This study aims to describe the transcriptional modulations present in the adipose tissues of two pig lines divergently selected for residual feed intake which were either fed a high-fat high-fiber (HF) diet or an isocaloric low-fat high-starch diet (LF). RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis using a porcine microarray was performed on 48 pigs (n = 12 per diet and per line) in both perirenal (PRAT) and subcutaneous (SCAT) adipose tissues. There was no interaction between diet and line on either adiposity or transcriptional profiles, so that the diet effect was inferred independently of the line. Irrespective of line, the relative weights of the two fat depots were lower in HF pigs than in LF pigs after 58 days on dietary treatment. In the two adipose tissues, the most apparent effect of the HF diet was the down-regulation of several genes associated with the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which therefore may be associated with dietary-induced modulations in genes acting in apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory pathways. Genes involved in glucose metabolic processes were also down-regulated by the HF diet, with no significant variation or decreased expression of important lipid-related genes such as the low-density lipoprotein receptor and leptin in the two fat pads. The master regulators of glucose and fatty acid homeostasis SREBF1 and MLXIPL, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)δ and its heterodimeric partner RXRA were down-regulated by the HF diet. PPARγ which has pleiotropic functions including lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation, was however up-regulated by this diet in PRAT and SCAT. Dietary-related modulations in the expression of genes associated with immunity and inflammation were mainly revealed in PRAT. CONCLUSION A high-fat high-fiber diet depressed glucose and lipid anabolic molecular pathways, thus counteracting adipose tissue expansion. Interaction effects between dietary intake of fiber and lipids on gene expression may modulate innate immunity and inflammation, a response which is of interest with regard to chronic inflammation and its adverse effects on health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Gondret
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590, Saint-Gilles, France. .,Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Annie Vincent
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590, Saint-Gilles, France. .,Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | | | - Anne Siegel
- CNRS-Université de Rennes 1-INRIA, UMR6074 IRISA, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042, Rennes, Cedex, France.
| | - Sandrine Lagarrigue
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590, Saint-Gilles, France. .,Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Isabelle Louveau
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590, Saint-Gilles, France. .,Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - David Causeur
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR6625 IRMAR, F-35000, Rennes, France.
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Salamati S, Martins C, Kulseng B. Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) antigen in obese and normal weight subjects. Clin Obes 2015; 5:42-7. [PMID: 25611585 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and its cell wall components have been used as one of the alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in the feed industry. Antibodies to cell wall mannan of this yeast (ASCA) have been traditionally used in the study of Crohn's disease (CD). We applied ASCA in relation to obesity. This study aims (i) to determine the concentration of ASCA (immunoglobulin A [IgA] and immunoglobulin G [IgG]) in obese compared with normal weight individuals and (ii) to determine if there is a correlation between ASCA concentrations, obesity indices and C-reactive protein. Forty obese individuals (body mass index [BMI] > 35 kg m(-2) ) and 18 healthy (BMI < 25 kg m(-2) ) volunteers participated in this case-control study. Binding activity of serum IgA and IgG to the cell wall mannan of S. cerevisiae was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. More than one-third of the obese individual (35%) showed elevated titres of ASCA compared with the control group (5%). This antibody was positively associated with weight (P = 0.01), BMI (P = 0.02) and waist circumference (P = 0.02), but not with C-reactive protein. It seems that ASCA are not only specific for CD but are also associated with obesity. S. cerevisiae or a related antigen may play a role in the matrix of this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Salamati
- Center for Obesity, Department of Surgery, St. Olav Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Jiao J, Xu JY, Zhang W, Han S, Qin LQ. Effect of dietary fiber on circulating C-reactive protein in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:114-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.959898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Modak S, Kushner BH, Kramer K, Vickers A, Cheung IY, Cheung NKV. Anti-GD2 antibody 3F8 and barley-derived (1 → 3),(1 → 4)-β- D-glucan: A Phase I study in patients with chemoresistant neuroblastoma. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23402. [PMID: 23802080 PMCID: PMC3661165 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are complex, naturally-occurring polysaccharides that prime leukocyte dectin and complement receptor 3. Based on our preclinical findings, indicating that oral barley-derived (1 → 3),(1 → 4)-β-D-glucan (BG) synergizes with the murine anti-GD2 antibody 3F8 against neuroblastoma, we conducted a Phase I clinical study to evaluate the safety of this combinatorial regimen in patients affected by chemoresistant neuroblastoma. In this setting, four cohorts of six heavily pre-treated patients bearing recurrent or refractory advanced-stage neuroblastoma were treated with 3F8 plus BG. Each cycle consisted of intravenous 3F8 at a fixed dose of 10 mg/m2/day plus concurrent oral BG, dose-escalated from 10 to 80 mg/Kg/day, for 10 d. Patients who did not develop human anti-mouse antibodies could be treated for up to 4 cycles. Twenty-four patients completed 50 cycles of therapy. All patients completed at least one cycle and were evaluable for the assessment of toxicity and responses. The maximum tolerated dose of BG was not reached, but two patients developed dose-limiting toxicities. These individuals developed grade 4 thrombocytopenia after one cycle of BG at doses of 20 mg/Kg/day and 40 mg/Kg/day, respectively. Platelet counts recovered following the administration of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura therapy. There were no other toxicities of grade > 2. Eleven and 13 patients manifested stable and progressive disease, respectively. Thirteen out of 22 patients with pre-treatment positive 123I-MIBG scans demonstrated clinical improvement on semiquantitative scoring. Responses did not correlate with BG dose or with in vitro cytotoxicity. In summary, 3F8 plus BG is well tolerated and shows antineoplastic activity in recurrent or refractory advanced-stage neuroblastoma patients. Further clinical investigation of this novel combinatorial immunotherapeutic regimen is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Modak
- Department of Pediatrics; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; New York, NY USA
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Stier H, Ebbeskotte V, Gruenwald J. Immune-modulatory effects of dietary Yeast Beta-1,3/1,6-D-glucan. Nutr J 2014; 13:38. [PMID: 24774968 PMCID: PMC4012169 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-glucans are a heterogeneous group of natural polysaccharides mostly investigated for their immunological effects. Due to the low systemic availability of oral preparations, it has been thought that only parenterally applied beta-glucans can modulate the immune system. However, several in vivo and in vitro investigations have revealed that orally applied beta-glucans also exert such effects. Various receptor interactions, explaining possible mode of actions, have been detected. The effects mainly depend on the source and structure of the beta-glucans. In the meantime, several human clinical trials with dietary insoluble yeast beta-glucans have been performed. The results confirm the previous findings of in vivo studies. The results of all studies taken together clearly indicate that oral intake of insoluble yeast beta-glucans is safe and has an immune strengthening effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Stier
- analyze & realize GmbH, Waldseeweg 6, 13467 Berlin, Germany.
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Buyken AE, Goletzke J, Joslowski G, Felbick A, Cheng G, Herder C, Brand-Miller JC. Association between carbohydrate quality and inflammatory markers: systematic review of observational and interventional studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:813-33. [PMID: 24552752 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.074252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic low-grade inflammation is a likely intermediary between quality of carbohydrate and chronic disease risk. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic literature search to evaluate the relevance of carbohydrate quality on inflammatory markers in observational and intervention studies. DESIGN MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies on associations between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), dietary fiber or fiber supplements or whole grain intake, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) or interleukin 6 (IL-6). Included studies had to be conducted on adults (healthy, overweight, with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome features, but without inflammatory disease) with ≥20 participants and a 3-wk duration. RESULTS In total, 22 of the 60 studies that met our inclusion criteria examined GI/GL: 5 of 9 observational studies reported lower concentrations of hsCRP or IL-6 among persons with a lower dietary GI/GL; 3 of 13 intervention studies showed significant antiinflammatory effects of a low-GI/GL diet, and 4 further studies suggested beneficial effects (trends or effects in a subgroup). For fiber intake, 13 of 16 observational studies reported an inverse relation with hsCRP or IL-6, but only 1 of 11 intervention studies showed a significant antiinflammatory effect of fiber intake, and a further trial reported a beneficial trend. For whole-grain intake, 6 of 7 observational studies observed an inverse association with inflammatory markers, but only 1 of 7 intervention studies reported significant antiinflammatory effects, 1 further study was suggestive (in a subgroup) of such, and another study found an adverse effect (trend only). CONCLUSIONS Evidence from intervention studies for antiinflammatory benefits is less consistent for higher-fiber or whole-grain diets than for low-GI/GL diets. Benefits of higher fiber and whole-grain intakes suggested by observational studies may reflect confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette E Buyken
- From IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany (AEB, JG, GJ, and AF); Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China (GC); the Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany (CH); and the Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders and Department of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (JCB-M)
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Samuelsen ABC, Schrezenmeir J, Knutsen SH. Effects of orally administered yeast-derived beta-glucans: a review. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:183-93. [PMID: 24019098 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Yeast-derived beta-glucans (Y-BG) are considered immunomodulatory compounds suggested to enhance the defense against infections and exert anticarcinogenic effects. Specific preparations have received Generally Recognized as Safe status and acceptance as novel food ingredients by European Food Safety Authority. In human trials, orally administered Y-BG significantly reduced the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections in individuals susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections, whereas significant differences were not seen in healthy individuals. Increased salivary IgA in healthy individuals, increased IL-10 levels in obese subjects, beneficial changes in immunological parameters in allergic patients, and activated monocytes in cancer patients have been reported following Y-BG intake. The studies were conducted with different doses (7.5-1500 mg/day), using different preparations that vary in their primary structure, molecular weight, and solubility. In animal models, oral Y-BG have reduced the incidence of bacterial infections and levels of stress-induced cytokines and enhanced antineoplastic effects of cytotoxic agents. Protective effects toward drug intoxication and ischemia/reperfusion injury have also been reported. In conclusion, additional studies following good clinical practice principles are needed in which well-defined Y-BG preparations are used and immune markers and disease endpoints are assessed. Since optimal dosing may depend on preparation characteristics, dose-response curves might be assessed to find the optimal dose for a specific preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berit C Samuelsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Andersen V, Egeberg R, Tjønneland A, Vogel U. Interaction between interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphisms and dietary fibre in relation to risk of colorectal cancer in a Danish case-cohort study. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:183. [PMID: 22594912 PMCID: PMC3472168 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 50% of the colorectal cancer (CRC) etiology has been attributed to diet. Established or suspected dietary factors modifying risk of CRC are red meat, cereals, fish, and fibre. Diet and lifestyle may be linked to cancer through inflammation. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. We wanted to test if dietary factors and IL10 polymorphisms interact in relation to colorectal carcinogenesis. Methods The functional IL10 polymorphism C-592A (rs1800872) and the marker rs3024505 were assessed in relation to diet and lifestyle in a nested case-cohort study of 378 CRC cases and 775 randomly selected participants from a prospective study of 57,053 persons. Genotyping data on the IL10 polymorphism C-592A, smoking and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) was retrieved from Vogel et al. (Mutat Res, 2007; 624:88). Incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) were calculated. Results No associations were found between the IL10 rs3024505 polymorphism and risk of CRC. There was interaction between rs3024505 and dietary fibre (P-value for interaction = 0.01). IL10 rs3024505 homozygous wildtype carriers were at 27% reduced risk of CRC per 10 g fibre per day (95% CI: 0.60-0.88) whereas variant carriers had no risk reduction by fibre intake. Also, interaction between IL10 C-592A and intake of fibre was found (P-value for interaction = 0.02). Among those eating <17.0 grams of fibre per day, carriers of an C-592A variant allele had a statistically significantly higher risk of colorectal cancer compared to homozygous wildtypes. No significant differences in colorectal cancer risk were observed between the reference group (CC and <17.0 g/day) and carriers of one C-592A variant allele eating 17.0 or more grams of dietary fibre per day. This suggests that the increased risk due to carrying the variant allele can be overcome by higher fibre intake. No interactions between IL10 polymorphisms and dietary meat, cereal, or fish intake, or between IL10 rs3024505 and smoking or NSAID use were found. Conclusions In this northern Caucasian cohort we found interaction between IL10 and dietary fibre in CRC carcinogenesis. High intake of fibre seems to protect against CRC among individuals with IL10 related genetic susceptibility to CRC. This finding should be evaluated in other prospective and population-based cohorts with different ethnic groups.
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Gao ZG, Ye JP. Why do anti-inflammatory therapies fail to improve insulin sensitivity? Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:182-8. [PMID: 22036866 PMCID: PMC3270211 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation occurs in obese conditions in both humans and animals. It also contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) through insulin resistance, a status in which the body loses its ability to respond to insulin. Inflammation impairs insulin signaling through the functional inhibition of IRS-1 and PPARγ. Insulin sensitizers (such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) inhibit inflammation while improving insulin sensitivity. Therefore, anti-inflammatory agents have been suggested as a treatment strategy for insulin resistance. This strategy has been tested in laboratory studies and clinical trials for more than 10 years; however, no significant progress has been made in any of the model systems. This status has led us to re-evaluate the biological significance of chronic inflammation in obesity. Recent studies have consistently asserted that obesity-associated inflammation helps to maintain insulin sensitivity. Inflammation stimulates local adipose tissue remodeling and promotes systemic energy expenditure. We propose that these beneficial activities of inflammation provide an underlying mechanism for the failure of anti-inflammatory therapy in the treatment of insulin resistance. Current literature will be reviewed in this article to present evidence that supports this viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-guo Gao
- Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Lab, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Jian-ping Ye
- Antioxidant and Gene Regulation Lab, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Marinangeli CPF, Jones PJH. Functional food ingredients as adjunctive therapies to pharmacotherapy for treating disorders of metabolic syndrome. Ann Med 2010; 42:317-33. [PMID: 20486826 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2010.484026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Information regarding the use of functional foods and nutraceuticals (FFN) in combating disease is rarely communicated to health care practitioners as medicinal strategies for patients. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an ideal paradigm for demonstrating the therapeutic properties of FFN. Encompassing multiple etiologies, including atherogenic dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension, MetS affects over a third of American adults. However, as disease-related risk factors accumulate over time, guidelines for treating disorders of MetS progressively de-emphasize the use of FFN. Using marine omega-3 fatty acids, plant sterols, fiber, and tomato extract as examples, the purpose of this review is to endorse FFN as long-term adjunctive therapies to pharmaceutical treatment for disorders and risk factors for MetS. An additional goal is to compare physiological and molecular targets of FFN against corresponding prescription medications. Results reveal that FFN are viable treatment strategies for disorders of MetS, complementing pharmacological interventions by targeting and improving the biological processes that foster the development of disease. Thus, efficacious FFN therapies should be emphasized throughout all stages of treatment as adjuncts to pharmacotherapy for disorders of MetS. Accordingly, new developments in FFN research must be implemented into clinical guidelines with the prospect of improving disease prognoses as accessories to prescription medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P F Marinangeli
- The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
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Masters RC, Liese AD, Haffner SM, Wagenknecht LE, Hanley AJ. Whole and refined grain intakes are related to inflammatory protein concentrations in human plasma. J Nutr 2010; 140:587-94. [PMID: 20089789 PMCID: PMC2821887 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.116640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, and it has been suggested that the protective effects of whole-grain consumption could be mediated by an effect on inflammation, although few studies have examined the relationships between grain intakes and inflammatory protein concentrations. Our objectives in this study were to examine the associations of whole grain and refined grain intake with plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen plasma concentrations. Cross-sectional data from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study were used to perform multiple regression analyses using dietary information on whole and refined grain intakes from a FFQ and clinical measures of plasma inflammatory protein concentrations in participants free of type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, and dietary variables, whole-grain intake was inversely related to log PAI-1 (beta = -0.102; SEM = 0.038; P = 0.0077) and log CRP (beta = -0.102; SEM = 0.048; P = 0.0340). Adding insulin sensitivity, waist circumference, and 2-h postload glucose to the model attenuated both associations to nonsignificance. Refined grain was positively related to log PAI-1 in the multivariate model (beta = 0.076; SEM = 0.034; P = 0.0251) and the relationship remained unchanged by additional adjustment for metabolic variables. Fibrinogen concentrations were not related to whole or refined grain intake. In summary, whole grain intake was inversely related to PAI-1 and CRP plasma concentrations, but these relationships were attenuated by the addition of metabolic variables to the model. Refined grain intake was positively independently related to plasma PAI-1 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Masters
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada; Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208; School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900; Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1063
| | - Angela D. Liese
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada; Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208; School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900; Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1063
| | - Steven M. Haffner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada; Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208; School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900; Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1063
| | - Lynne E. Wagenknecht
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada; Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208; School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900; Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1063
| | - Anthony J. Hanley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada; Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208; School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900; Division of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1063,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Bassols J, Botas P, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Delgado E, Ortega F, Ricart W, Fernandez-Real JM. Environmental and genetic factors influence the relationship between circulating IL-10 and obesity phenotypes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:611-8. [PMID: 19798061 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a centrally operating anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the innate immune system. It has strong inactivating properties on the inflammatory host response and has been related with viral persistence. We aimed to evaluate the association among circulating IL-10, obesity phenotypes, IL-10 and IL-10R1 gene polymorphisms, and the environmental exposure to viral infection. IL-10 -819C/T gene promoter and IL-10 receptor-1 -243A/G gene polymorphisms were studied in 760 subjects, whereas the former was also investigated in a replication study of 676 subjects. The association of circulating IL-10 levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) with the serum IgG against adenoviruses and enteroviruses was evaluated in a subset of 189 subjects. Circulating levels of IL-10 were increased in obese people and were positively associated with weight, BMI, waist, waist-to-hip ratio, fat mass, systolic pressure, and, interestingly, the titer of adenoviruses and enteroviruses. Obese subjects with adenovirus titer over the median had the highest circulating IL-10 concentration. Both obesity and adenovirus titer were independently associated with IL-10 variance. Nonmorbid obese T carriers for the -819CT IL-10 gene polymorphism had significantly higher BMI and waist circumference, and those with normal fasting glucose had increased fasting triglycerides. G carriers for the -536AG IL-10R1 gene polymorphism had higher systolic and diastolic pressures, and IL-10 levels; and obese G carriers had an increased waist-to-hip ratio. In summary, circulating IL-10 levels were associated not only with obesity status but also with genetic factors and with the exposure to environmental pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Bassols
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Girona, CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición CB06/03/010, Girona, Spain
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