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Rizwan M, Cheng K, Gang Y, Hou Y, Wang C. Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D and Zinc on Viral Infection. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04139-y. [PMID: 38451442 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Several nutrients are crucial in enhancing the immune system and preserving the structural integrity of bodily tissue barriers. Vitamin D (VD) and zinc (Zn) have received considerable interest due to their immunomodulatory properties and ability to enhance the body's immune defenses. Due to their antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory properties, the two nutritional powerhouses VD and Zn are crucial for innate and adaptive immunity. As observed with COVID-19, deficiencies in these micronutrients impair immune responses, increasing susceptibility to viral infections and severe disease. Ensuring an adequate intake of VD and Zn emerges as a promising strategy for fortifying the immune system. Ongoing clinical trials are actively investigating their potential therapeutic advantages. Beyond the immediate context of the pandemic, these micronutrients offer valuable tools for enhancing immunity and overall well-being, especially in the face of future viral threats. This analysis emphasizes the enduring significance of VD and Zn as both treatment and preventive measures against potential viral challenges beyond the current health crisis. The overview delves into the immunomodulatory potential of VD and Zn in combating viral infections, with particular attention to their effects on animals. It provides a comprehensive summary of current research findings regarding their individual and synergistic impacts on immune function, underlining their potential in treating and preventing viral infections. Overall, this overview underscores the need for further research to understand how VD and Zn can modulate the immune response in combatting viral diseases in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Gang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuntao Hou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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2
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Sharun K, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Natesan S, Megawati D, Singh KP, Michalak I, Dhama K. A comprehensive review on pharmacologic agents, immunotherapies and supportive therapeutics for COVID-19. NARRA J 2022; 2:e92. [PMID: 38449903 PMCID: PMC10914132 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v2i3.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected many countries throughout the world. As urgency is a necessity, most efforts have focused on identifying small molecule drugs that can be repurposed for use as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Although several drug candidates have been identified using in silico method and in vitro studies, most of these drugs require the support of in vivo data before they can be considered for clinical trials. Several drugs are considered promising therapeutic agents for COVID-19. In addition to the direct-acting antiviral drugs, supportive therapies including traditional Chinese medicine, immunotherapies, immunomodulators, and nutritional therapy could contribute a major role in treating COVID-19 patients. Some of these drugs have already been included in the treatment guidelines, recommendations, and standard operating procedures. In this article, we comprehensively review the approved and potential therapeutic drugs, immune cells-based therapies, immunomodulatory agents/drugs, herbs and plant metabolites, nutritional and dietary for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Mohd I. Yatoo
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Shuhama, Alusteng Srinagar, Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Senthilkumar Natesan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Opp to Airforce station HQ, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Dewi Megawati
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Warmadewa University, Denpasar, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Karam P. Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Izabela Michalak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
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3
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Grajek M, Krupa-Kotara K, Kobza J, Yanakieva A. Pre-Pandemic Dietary Assessment of Elderly Persons Residing in Nursing Homes—Silesia (Poland). Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050765. [PMID: 35627902 PMCID: PMC9141617 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Residents of nursing homes (NHs) are one of the most vulnerable social groups to SARS-CoV-2 infection. It seems obvious that all preventive methods, including nutrition, should be a priority for these homes. Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the menus of elderly people residing in nursing homes and to compare them with the recommendations and especially with the scientific literature that proves the protective effect of nutrition on the course of COVID-19 disease. Material and methods. The material investigated in the research were decade menus selected at several nursing homes between 2017 and 2020. The total number of 4640 daily menus from 58 NHs located in Silesia (Poland) were analyzed in the research. Data analysis included mathematical tools of Kruskal–Wallis and U Mann–Whitney tests for multiple comparisons in scarcely observed samples (p = 0.05). Results. It has been noted that the energy value provided with food scored 1780.22 kcal, which denoted 102.72% of the daily standard for females and 98.23% for males. The investigated menus differed in terms of energy and nutrition value. The mean content of proteins totaled 47.95 g/day, which covered 93.83% of the daily requirements for this nutrient. When it came to fat content, a level of 109.12 g/day was observed; this covered 160.47% of the daily requirement for females and 143.58% for males. Absorbable carbohydrates constituted 116.60% of the daily standard, i.e., 151.59 g/day. It was stated that values for vitamin D reached 7.01 (±0.63) µg per day, which can be interpreted as 41.00% of the recommended intake for females and 42.00% for males. It was also noted that the values for vitamins A and E were respectively two and fifteen times lower than the recommendations. Conclusions. The evaluated menus must not be an aid in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The content of energy from food, fats, and carbohydrates substantially exceeded recommended standards, whereas the content of proteins, vitamins A, E, D, zinc and calcium did not meet requirements regarding nutrition standards for the analyzed group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Grajek
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (M.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Karolina Krupa-Kotara
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Joanna Kobza
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Piekarska 18, 41-902 Bytom, Poland; (M.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Antoniya Yanakieva
- Department of Health Technology Assessment, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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Nicklett EJ, Johnson KE, Troy LM, Vartak M, Reiter A. Food Access, Diet Quality, and Nutritional Status of Older Adults During COVID-19: A Scoping Review. Front Public Health 2021; 9:763994. [PMID: 34917577 PMCID: PMC8669368 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.763994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 has imposed challenges for older adults to access food, particularly in minority, lower income, and rural communities. However, the impact of COVID-19 on food access, diet quality, and nutrition of diverse older adult populations has not been systematically assessed. Objective: To examine changes in food access, diet quality, and nutritional status among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential differential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on these nutrition-related outcomes using the framework of the socio-ecological model. Methods: An electronic search was conducted on 3 databases (PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science) on March 7, 2021. Original, peer-reviewed English-language studies published 10/1/2019-3/1/2021 were considered for which the mean age of participants was 50 years and older. In order to be considered, studies must have examined food access, food security, or nutrition constructs as an outcome. Results: The initial search yielded 13,628 results, of which 9,145 were duplicates. Of the remaining 4,483 articles, 13 articles were in scope and therefore selected in the final analysis, which can be characterized as descriptive (n = 5), analytical (n = 6), and correlational (n = 2). Studies were conducted among community-dwelling older adult populations (n = 7) as well as those temporarily residing in hospital settings (n = 6) in 10 countries. None of the in-scope studies examined the impact of food programs or specific public policies or disaggregated data by race/ethnicity. Conclusions: More research is needed to examine the impact of COVID-19 on food access/security and the differential barriers experienced by older adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Nicklett
- Department of Social Work, College for Health, Community and Policy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kimson E. Johnson
- Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lisa M. Troy
- School of Public Health & Health Sciences and Commonwealth Honors College, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Maitreyi Vartak
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ann Reiter
- Department of Social Work, College for Health, Community and Policy, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Ristic-Medic D, Petrovic S, Arsic A, Vucic V. Liver disease and COVID-19: The link with oxidative stress, antioxidants and nutrition. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5682-5699. [PMID: 34629794 PMCID: PMC8473601 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i34.5682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Varying degrees of liver injuries have been reported in patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). In general, oxidative stress is actively involved in initiation and progression of liver damage. The liver metabolizes various compounds that produce free radicals. Maintaining the oxidative/antioxidative balance is important in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Antioxidant vitamins, essential trace elements and food compounds, such as polyphenols, appear to be promising agents, with effects in oxidative burst. Deficiency of these nutrients suppresses immune function and increases susceptibility to COVID-19. Daily micronutrient intake is necessary to support anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects but for immune function may be higher than current recommended dietary intake. Antioxidant supplements (β-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium) could have a potential role in patients with liver damage. Available evidence suggests that supplementing the diet with a combination of micronutrients may help to optimize immune function and reduce the risk of infection. Clinical trials based on the associations of diet and SARS-CoV-2 infection are lacking. Unfortunately, it is not possible to definitively determine the dose, route of administration and best timing to intervene with antioxidants in COVID-19 patients because clinical trials are still ongoing. Until then, hopefully, this review will enable clinicians to understand the impact of micronutrient dietary intake and liver status assessment in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Ristic-Medic
- Group for Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietology, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11129, Serbia
| | - Snjezana Petrovic
- Group for Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietology, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11129, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Arsic
- Group for Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietology, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11129, Serbia
| | - Vesna Vucic
- Group for Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietology, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11129, Serbia
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6
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Rabail R, Saleem J, Tanveer Z, Patching SG, Khalid AR, Sultan MT, Manzoor MF, Karrar E, Inam‐Ur‐Raheem M, Shabbir MA, Aadil RM. Nutritional and lifestyle changes required for minimizing the recovery period in home quarantined COVID-19 patients of Punjab, Pakistan. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5036-5059. [PMID: 34518779 PMCID: PMC8426696 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced a new battle in human history for a safe and fearless life. Therefore, this cross-sectional survey was conducted (Punjab, Pakistan) on healthy recovered, home quarantined COVID-19 patients to draw conclusive health support guidelines in the fight against this pandemic. COVID-19 recovered patients (n = 80) of age ≥14 years were randomly selected during the period November 2020 to February 2021. A nutrition and lifestyle changes questionnaire, containing ten sections and seventy questions, was completed through the telephone/WhatsApp. Data were transferred into an Excel spreadsheet and statistically analyzed by applying chi-square, correlation, and a t test of independent values using SPSS-16 software. The patients had an age range of 14 to 80 years, of which 52 (65%) were male and 28 (35%) were female, and 32 (40%) had a normal BMI. The patients had a peak COVID-19 recovery period of 2 weeks, and a mean recovery period of 2.8 ± 1.4 weeks. Certain variables, including gender (males), age (>40 years), sleep (≤5 hr), less/no physical activity, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune diseases, were significantly associated with delayed recovery. Poor nutritional outcomes, including lower intakes of water, legumes, nuts, meat, and milk/yogurt; and higher consumption of fast/fried/junk/spicy foods and cold water/drinks, were also significantly associated with a longer recovery period. The results were similar for not taking daily doses of multivitamins, and vitamins C, D, E, and zinc. This study identified that staying physically active, maintaining sensible body weight, having a sleep of 7 hr, consuming more foods of plant origin especially plant-based proteins from nuts and legumes, taking supplemental doses of multivitamins, vitamin D, E, and zinc, along with drinking ≥2 L of water daily can provide a significant role in early and safe recovery from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshina Rabail
- National Institute of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Javeria Saleem
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Social and Cultural StudiesUniversity of the PunjabLahorePakistan
| | - Zunera Tanveer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB)University of LahoreLahorePakistan
- Department of PhysiologyBolan University of Medical and Health Sciences (BUMHS)QuettaPakistan
| | - Simon G. Patching
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Abdur Rauf Khalid
- Department of Livestock and Poultry ProductionFaculty of Veterinary SciencesBahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultanPakistan
| | | | | | - Emad Karrar
- Department of Food Engineering and TechnologyFaculty of Engineering and TechnologyUniversity GeziraWad MedaniSudan
| | - Muhammad Inam‐Ur‐Raheem
- National Institute of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Muhammad Asim Shabbir
- National Institute of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabadPakistan
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7
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Food Behavior Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Statistical Analysis of Consumer Survey Data from Bosnia and Herzegovina. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13158617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bosnia and Herzegovina has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by implementing quarantine and other social distancing measures. These measures, however, have mental, social, and economic consequences on diet and food behaviors. The Bosnian case is particularly pertinent since the country has one of the highest global mortality rates relative to its population. In addition, its health system is fragmented and under-resourced. Consequently, in this study, we analyze the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on Bosnians’ behaviors relating to food. It is based on an online survey performed during October–November 2020 with 3133 adult respondents. The statistical analysis encompassed descriptive statistics (means, percentages, and frequencies), as well as cluster analysis. The results reveal that the pandemic transformed consumers’ shopping behaviors and food sourcing, reducing shopping frequency and increasing food bought on each trip. Furthermore, there was an increase in the consumption of local food items due to food safety concerns. Additionally, the pandemic improved the awareness of Bosnians towards food with a decrease in food waste. Regarding diets, Bosnians tried to have healthier diets during the pandemic. Therefore, COVID-19 might have opened a ‘window of opportunity’ to promote the shift towards more sustainable food consumption and lifestyles.
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8
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Bergeron CD, Boolani A, Jansen EC, Smith ML. Practical Solutions to Address COVID-19-Related Mental and Physical Health Challenges Among Low-Income Older Adults. Front Public Health 2021; 9:674847. [PMID: 34322471 PMCID: PMC8311292 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.674847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-income older adults are disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this perspective article, we review the context in which low-income older people experience the pandemic and the mental and physical health consequences they have faced to date. Then, we offer practical solutions to help improve low-income older adults' sleep, physical activity, nutrition, and stress that require no or low financial commitment. We argue that governments, communities, and organizations should make greater efforts to promote healthy living for low-income older adults in times of health emergencies to ensure their ability to be universally adopted, regardless of income and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D. Bergeron
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Division of Aging, Seniors and Dementia, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ali Boolani
- Department of Physical Therapy, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, United States
| | - Erica C. Jansen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Matthew Lee Smith
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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9
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Akbulut G, Gencer-Bingol F. Medical nutritional therapy for renal transplantation in the COVID-19 pandemic. World J Transplant 2021; 11:212-219. [PMID: 34164296 PMCID: PMC8218345 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v11.i6.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional therapy is very important at renal transplantation. Nutrition has become more vital for transplantation patients owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Inadequate nutrition can negatively affect the immune system. For this reason, adequate protein and energy intake should be provided to the patients. Also, overconsumption of saturated fat, sugar, and refined carbohydrates can both negatively affect the immune system and trigger chronic diseases in transplantation patients. In addition, vitamins and minerals should be monitored and inadequacy should be prevented due to immunomodulatory effects. Applying nutritional therapy suitable for the symptoms of renal transplantation patients and preventing comorbidities may reduce the risk and severity of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Akbulut
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| | - Feray Gencer-Bingol
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
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10
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Cárdenas-Rodríguez N, Bandala C, Vanoye-Carlo A, Ignacio-Mejía I, Gómez-Manzo S, Hernández-Cruz EY, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Carmona-Aparicio L, Hernández-Ochoa B. Use of Antioxidants for the Neuro-Therapeutic Management of COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:971. [PMID: 34204362 PMCID: PMC8235474 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an emergent infectious disease that has caused millions of deaths throughout the world. COVID-19 infection's main symptoms are fever, cough, fatigue, and neurological manifestations such as headache, myalgias, anosmia, ageusia, impaired consciousness, seizures, and even neuromuscular junctions' disorders. In addition, it is known that this disease causes a series of systemic complications such as adverse respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, and liver dysfunction. Due to the neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19, damage in the central nervous system has been suggested as well as the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. It is known that CoV infections are associated with an inflammation process related to the imbalance of the antioxidant system; cellular changes caused by oxidative stress contribute to brain tissue damage. Although anti-COVID-19 vaccines are under development, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19 and its clinical manifestations and complications; only supportive treatments with immunomodulators, anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, modulating drugs, statins, or nutritional supplements have been used. In the present work, we analyzed the potential of antioxidants as adjuvants for the treatment of COVID-19 and specifically their possible role in preventing or decreasing the neurological manifestations and neurological complications present in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secreatría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.)
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Division de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico;
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - América Vanoye-Carlo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secreatría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.)
| | - Iván Ignacio-Mejía
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, SEDENA, Ciudad de México 11200, Mexico;
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico;
| | | | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Ciudad de México 04150, Mexico; (E.Y.H.-C.); (J.P.-C.)
| | - Liliana Carmona-Aparicio
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secreatría de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico; (A.V.-C.); (L.C.-A.)
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico;
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11
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Piyathilake CJ, Badiga S, Chappell AR, Johanning GL, Jolly PE. Racial differences in dietary choices and their relationship to inflammatory potential in childbearing age women at risk for exposure to COVID-19. Nutr Res 2021; 90:1-12. [PMID: 34049184 PMCID: PMC8143979 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Since the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is linked to chronic inflammation, people with initial lower inflammatory status could have better outcomes from exposure to this disease. Because dietary habits are one of the most important modifiable risk factors for inflammation, identification of dietary components associated with inflammation could play a significant role in controlling or reducing the risk of COVID-19. We investigated the inflammatory potential of diets consumed by African American (AA) and Caucasian American (CA) women of childbearing age (n = 509) who are at high risk for exposure to COVID-19 by being residents of Birmingham, Alabama, a city severely affected by this pandemic. The overall pro- and anti- inflammatory scores were calculated using dietary intake data gathered using Block food frequency questionnaire. The proinflammatory potential of diets consumed by AAs was significantly higher compared to CAs. Several anti- and proinflammatory nutrients and food groups consumed differed by race. With consumption of a greater number of antioxidants and B-vitamins, CAs switched toward an anti-inflammatory score more effectively than AAs while AAs performed better than CAs in improving the anti-inflammatory score with the consumption of a greater number of minerals and vitamin D. Effective race-specific dietary modifications or supplementation with nutrients identified will be useful to improve proinflammatory diets toward anti-inflammatory. This approach could aid in controlling the current COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics of a similar nature in women at risk for exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrika J Piyathilake
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Suguna Badiga
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Ashley R Chappell
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | | | - Pauline E Jolly
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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12
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Almulhim TS, Barahona I. Decision support system for ranking relevant indicators for reopening strategies following COVID-19 lockdowns. QUALITY & QUANTITY 2021; 56:463-491. [PMID: 33867586 PMCID: PMC8035617 DOI: 10.1007/s11135-021-01129-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus forced governments around the world to impose lockdowns, which mostly involved restricting non-essential activities. Once the rate of infection is manageable, governments must implement strategies that reverse the negative effects of the lockdowns. A decision support system based on fuzzy theory and multi-criteria decision analysis principles is proposed to investigate the importance of a set of key indicators for post-COVID-19 reopening strategies. This system yields more reliable results because it considers the hesitation and experience of decision makers. By including 16 indicators that are utilized by international organizations for comparing, ranking, or investigating countries, our results suggest that governments and policy makers should focus their efforts on reducing violence, crime and unemployment. The provided methodology illustrates the suitability of decision science tools for tackling complex and unstructured problems, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Governments, policy makers and stakeholders might find in this work scientific-based guidelines that facilitate complex decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarifa S. Almulhim
- Department of Quantitative Methods, School of Business, King Faisal University, P.O.Box 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982 Saudi Arabia
| | - Igor Barahona
- Laboratory of Applications of Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 62243 Cuernavaca City, Morelos México
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Pärnänen P, Lähteenmäki H, Räisänen I, Tervahartiala T, Sorsa T. Lingonberry polyphenols: Potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors as nutraceutical tools? Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14741. [PMID: 33527774 PMCID: PMC7851427 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proposed pathway of the effect of lingonberry polyphenols on oral microbial (viral) load reduction and consequent beneficial local and systemic (respiratory tract) anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial/antiviral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Pärnänen
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial DiseasesHead and Neck CenterUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalFinland
| | - Hanna Lähteenmäki
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial DiseasesHead and Neck CenterUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalFinland
| | - Ismo Räisänen
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial DiseasesHead and Neck CenterUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalFinland
| | - Taina Tervahartiala
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial DiseasesHead and Neck CenterUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalFinland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial DiseasesHead and Neck CenterUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalFinland
- Department of Dental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
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14
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Siddique F, Abbas RZ, Mansoor MK, Alghamdi ES, Saeed M, Ayaz MM, Rahman M, Mahmood MS, Iqbal A, Manzoor M, Abbas A, Javaid A, Hussain I. An Insight Into COVID-19: A 21st Century Disaster and Its Relation to Immunocompetence and Food Antioxidants. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:586637. [PMID: 33521076 PMCID: PMC7838355 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.586637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ranks third in terms of fatal coronavirus diseases threatening public health, coming after SARS-CoV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus). SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2) causes COVID-19. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the current outbreak of COVID-19 is the sixth global health emergency. As of December 3, 2020, 64 million people worldwide have been affected by this malaise, and the global economy has experienced a loss of more than $1 trillion. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Betacoronavirus genus. The high nucleotide sequence identity of SARS-CoV-2 with the BatCoV RaTG13 genome has indicated that bats could be the possible host of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 penetrates the host cell via binding its spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is similar to the mechanisms of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. COVID-19 can spread from person to person via respiratory droplets and airborne and contaminated fomites. Moreover, it poses a significant risk to smokers, the elderly, immunocompromised people, and those with preexisting comorbidities. Two main approaches are used to control viral infections, namely, vaccination, and biosecurity. Studies to analyze the antigenicity and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates are underway, and few vaccines may be available in the near future. In the current situation, the Human Biosecurity Emergency (HBE) may be the only way to cope effectively with the novel SARS-CoV-2 strain. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the origin of COVID-19 as well as its epidemiological relationship with humans and animals, genomic resemblance, immunopathogenesis, clinical-laboratory signs, diagnosis, control and prevention, and treatment. Moreover, we discuss the interventional effects of various nutrients on COVID-19 in detail. However, multiple possibilities are explored to fight COVID-19, and the greatest efforts targeted toward finding an effective vaccine in the near future. Furthermore, antioxidants, polyphenols, and flavonoids, both synthetic and natural, could play a crucial role in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Siddique
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Etab Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Poultry Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mazhar Ayaz
- Department of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Moazur Rahman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Parasitology, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maida Manzoor
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Abbas
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asif Javaid
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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15
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Name JJ, Souza ACR, Vasconcelos AR, Prado PS, Pereira CPM. Zinc, Vitamin D and Vitamin C: Perspectives for COVID-19 With a Focus on Physical Tissue Barrier Integrity. Front Nutr 2020; 7:606398. [PMID: 33365326 PMCID: PMC7750357 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.606398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Some nutrients play key roles in maintaining the integrity and function of the immune system, presenting synergistic actions in steps determinant for the immune response. Among these elements, zinc and vitamins C and D stand out for having immunomodulatory functions and for playing roles in preserving physical tissue barriers. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, nutrients that can optimize the immune system to prevent or lower the risk of severe progression and prognosis of this viral infection become relevant. Thus, the present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the roles of zinc and vitamins C and D in the immune response to viral infections, focusing on the synergistic action of these nutrients in the maintenance of physical tissue barriers, such as the skin and mucous membranes. The evidence found in the literature shows that deficiency of one or more of these three elements compromises the immune response, making an individual more vulnerable to viral infections and to a worse disease prognosis. Thus, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the adequate intake of zinc and vitamins C and D may represent a promising pharmacological tool due to the high demand for these nutrients in the case of contact with the virus and onset of the inflammatory process. Ongoing clinical trials will help to clarify the role of these nutrients for COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- José João Name
- Kilyos Consultoria, Assessoria, Cursos e Palestras, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bártová E, Legartová S, Krejčí J, Arcidiacono OA. Cell differentiation and aging accompanied by depletion of the ACE2 protein. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:22495-22508. [PMID: 33203793 PMCID: PMC7746349 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ACE2 was observed as the cell surface receptor of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Interestingly, we also found ACE2 positivity inside the cell nucleus. The ACE2 levels changed during cell differentiation and aging and varied in distinct cell types. We observed ACE2 depletion in the aortas of aging female mice, similarly, the aging caused ACE2 decrease in the kidneys. Compared with that in the heart, brain and kidneys, the ACE2 level was the lowest in the mouse lungs. In mice exposed to nicotine, ACE2 was not changed in olfactory bulbs but in the lungs, ACE2 was upregulated in females and downregulated in males. These observations indicate the distinct gender-dependent properties of ACE2. Differentiation into enterocytes, and cardiomyocytes, caused ACE2 depletion. The cardiomyogenesis was accompanied by renin upregulation, delayed in HDAC1-depleted cells. In contrast, vitamin D2 decreased the renin level while ACE2 was upregulated. Together, the ACE2 level is high in non-differentiated cells. This protein is more abundant in the tissues of mouse embryos and young mice in comparison with older animals. Mostly, downregulation of ACE2 is accompanied by renin upregulation. Thus, the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease should be further studied not only by considering the ACE2 level but also the whole renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bártová
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Legartová
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krejčí
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic
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