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Tremblay F, Courtemanche Y, Bélanger RE, Turcotte-Tremblay AM. A systematic review of the association between history of sexually transmitted infections and subsequent condom use in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1000. [PMID: 38600483 PMCID: PMC11007949 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are common among adolescents. According to the Health Belief Model, cues to action influence preventive behaviors. Cues to action can include health experiences such as being diagnosed with an STI. The impact of a history of STIs on subsequent condom use among adolescents remains largely unexamined, despite high rates of recurrence and their health impacts. This project aimed to systematically review the literature on the association between curable STIs and subsequent condom use among adolescents. The systematic review, reported following PRISMA guidelines, was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute method. Eligible studies, in the form of cohort studies, case-control studies, or cross-sectional studies, targeted adolescents aged 10 to 24, with or without a history of curable STIs; the outcome was subsequent condom use. MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), and Web of Science were searched from January 2012 to December 2022 with the assistance of an information specialist. Two reviewers independently selected articles and extracted data. Risk of bias analysis was performed using ROBINS-E. The review explores results, with tables, based on population characteristics, exposure, and outcome, and addresses the influence of gender, ethnicity, and age. Of 3088 articles identified, seven studies were retained. Almost all the studies focused on African-American, Nigerian, or Rwandan adolescents, and several included only girls. Among girls, a history of STI increased subsequent condom use in combination with other contraceptive methods (n = 4). Among boys and older adolescents of both genders, a history of STI was associated with a decrease in condom use (n = 3). No study distinguished between different STIs. While all the studies (n = 7) presented a high risk of bias, six did not present a threat to conclusion validity. All the studies indicated that a history of STI could influence subsequent protective behaviors, possibly by acting as a cue to action, as posited by the Health Belief Model. This information enhances our understanding of factors leading to the adoption of preventive health measures among adolescents and could apply to other infectious experiences.Registration The protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023397443).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Tremblay
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Room 4633, Québec, (QC), G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Projet COMPASS Québec, VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, CIUSSS-CN and Université Laval, GMF-U Maizerets, 2480, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, (QC), G1J 2G1, Canada.
| | - Yohann Courtemanche
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Room 4633, Québec, (QC), G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Richard E Bélanger
- Projet COMPASS Québec, VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, CIUSSS-CN and Université Laval, GMF-U Maizerets, 2480, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, (QC), G1J 2G1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Room 4633, Québec, (QC), G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Turcotte-Tremblay
- Projet COMPASS Québec, VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable, CIUSSS-CN and Université Laval, GMF-U Maizerets, 2480, chemin de la Canardière, Québec, (QC), G1J 2G1, Canada
- Faculy of Nursing, Université Laval, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Room 3645, Québec, (QC), G1V 0A6, Canada
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Ferede A, Abera Wordofa M, Belachew T. Behavior change intervention to sustain iodide salt utilization in households in Ethiopia and study of the effect of iodine status on the growth of young children: community trial. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16849. [PMID: 38549782 PMCID: PMC10977086 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Monitoring systems in a broad range of countries are a notable effort to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). This study aimed to gather data on the amount of iodide present in table salt and how household consumption patterns affect children's iodine status and its effect on their growth. Methods A single treatment arm community trial study design was designed. Lower community units (LCUs) were chosen at random from districts assigned either intervention or control. From a list of LCUs, 834 mothers and their paired children were chosen randomly. Urine and table salt samples were collected and examined in the national food and nutrition laboratory. The deference between arms was determined using a t test, and the generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to forecast parameters. Results The mean iodide content in the table salt samples of 164 (98.1%) was 45.3 ppm and a standard deviation (SD) of 14.87, which were above or equal to the recommended parts per million (ppm). Between the baseline survey and the end-line survey, the mean urine iodine concentration (UIC) was 107.7 µg/L (+/- 8.64 SD) and 260.9 µg/L (+/- 149 SD). Children's urine iodine excretion (UIE) had inadequate iodine in 127 (15.2%) children at the beginning of the study, but only 11 (2.6%) of the intervention group still had inadequate iodine at the end. The childrens' mean height (Ht) was 83.1 cm (+/-10 SD) at baseline and 136.4 cm (+/-14 SD) at the end of the survey. Mothers knew a lot (72%) about adding iodized salt to food at the end of cooking, and 183 (21.9%) of them did so regularly and purposefully. A total of 40.5% of children in the intervention group had stunted growth at baseline, which decreased to 15.1% at the end of the study but increased in the control group to 51.1%. The mean difference (MD) of urine iodine concentration (UIC) between intervention and control groups was 97.56 µg/L, with a standard error (SE) of 9.83 (p = 0.001). The end-line Ht of children in the intervention group was increased by 7.93 cm (β = 7.93, p = 0.005) compared to the control group. Conclusions Our research has shown that mothers who embraced healthy eating habits had perceived improvements in both the iodine status and height growth of their children. In addition to managing and using iodine salt, it has also introduced options for other healthy eating habits that will also play a significant role in their children's future development. This sort of knowledge transfer intervention is essential for the sustainability of society's health. Therefore, this trial's implications revealed that the intervention group's iodine status and growth could essentially be improved while the control group continued to experience negative effects. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT048460 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Ferede
- Department of Public Health, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tefera Belachew
- Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Blomma C, Aronsson K, Bågesund M, Risberg MB, Gerdin EW, Davidson T. Evaluation of an early childhood caries preventive programme starting during pregnancy-Results after 3 and 6 years. Int J Paediatr Dent 2024. [PMID: 38462758 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood caries (ECC) has been found to be up to five times more common among children living in areas of low socio-economic status (SES) than among children in areas of higher SES. AIM To evaluate an ECC prevention programme from pregnancy to 3 and 6 years of age. DESIGN A prospective, controlled, intervention cohort study was initiated in 2013 in a low-SES area in Sweden. The intervention group received an individual interdisciplinary ECC prevention programme starting pre-birth, consisting of supportive oral health-promoting talks using motivational interviewing techniques and individual ECC preventive actions. A control group, consisting of pregnant women living in a comparable area, received ordinary routines. RESULTS Of the 336 pregnant women, 64 mothers (with 64 children) completed the programme, and 394 children were born in the control group. At the sixth year examination, the proportion of children with no caries was similar between the groups (53% resp. 52%, p = .976), whereas the proportion with decayed, missed, filled primary teeth (dmft = 1-5) was slightly lower (23% resp. 36%, p = .063), and the proportion with severe caries disease (dmft > 5) was higher (p = .013) in the intervention group (25%) than in the control group (12%). CONCLUSION No preventive effect regarding caries can be demonstrated at sixth year of age. Maternal behavioural change in dental care was not sufficient to even out inequalities in oral health in children, eventually due to difficulties in reaching the target group and the lack of effects among the families reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Blomma
- Östergötland Public Dental Service, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Aronsson
- Unit for Public Health and Statistics, Region Östergötland, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mats Bågesund
- Centre for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Östergötland Public Dental Service, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | | | | | - Thomas Davidson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Petrova K, Gross JJ. The Future of Emotion Regulation Research: Broadening Our Field of View. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:609-616. [PMID: 38156255 PMCID: PMC10751286 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, emotion regulation research has matured into a vibrant and rapidly growing field (in 2022 alone, more than 30 thousand papers were published on emotion regulation). Taking stock of our progress, we ask "What does the future hold?" In this manuscript, we offer a roadmap for the next generation of research on emotion regulation. We begin by painting a picture of the field's journey so far. We then outline a forward-looking agenda for broadening our field of view along three key dimensions: (1) increasing our resolution to see how regulatory strategies are flexibly and dynamically translated into tactics; (2) widening our viewing angle to embrace interpersonal emotion regulation; and (3) extending the timescale of emotion regulation research to examine how regulatory efforts are fine-tuned across the regulatory cycle and in the context of a broader range of affective experiences. In doing so, we highlight empirical studies that exemplify these three areas of focus and discuss the opportunities that lie before us. We close by offering a set of concrete practical and methodological recommendations for how the field can accomplish the goals we have outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Petrova
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Building 420, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Building 420, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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Luo Y, Li A, Soman D, Zhao J. A meta-analytic cognitive framework of nudge and sludge. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230053. [PMID: 38034123 PMCID: PMC10685127 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Public and private institutions have gained traction in developing interventions to alter people's behaviours in predictable ways without limiting the freedom of choice or significantly changing the incentive structure. A nudge is designed to facilitate actions by minimizing friction, while a sludge is an intervention that inhibits actions by increasing friction, but the underlying cognitive mechanisms behind these interventions remain largely unknown. Here, we develop a novel cognitive framework by organizing these interventions along six cognitive processes: attention, perception, memory, effort, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. In addition, we conduct a meta-analysis of field experiments (i.e. randomized controlled trials) that contained real behavioural measures (n = 184 papers, k = 184 observations, N = 2 245 373 participants) from 2008 to 2021 to examine the effect size of these interventions targeting each cognitive process. Our findings demonstrate that interventions changing effort are more effective than interventions changing intrinsic motivation, and nudge and sludge interventions had similar effect sizes. However, these results need to be interpreted with caution due to a potential publication bias. This new meta-analytic framework provides cognitive principles for organizing nudge and sludge with corresponding behavioural impacts. The insights gained from this framework help inform the design and development of future interventions based on cognitive insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew Li
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dilip Soman
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jiaying Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Kompf J, Rhodes R. A Systematic Review of the Mediators of Resistance Training Behavior. Int J Behav Med 2023:10.1007/s12529-023-10229-3. [PMID: 37880565 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-023-10229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training (RT) has been identified as an important lifestyle activity for health. While systematic reviews have examined behavior change techniques (BCTs) used in interventions and potential correlates of RT behavior, the connection between BCTs and changes in putative mediators and RT participation have yet to be linked. The purpose of this review was to examine RT intervention effects, as coded by BCT clusters, on behavior change via capability, opportunity, and motivation as putative mediators of that change. METHOD Literature searches were concluded in January of 2023, using three databases. Eligible studies included a comparison group, assessed RT as an outcome, included BCTs, assessed potential mediators, and were in English. The initial search yielded 1050 hits, which was reduced to 5 to independent RT interventions. Screening of previous reviews yielded three additional papers for a total of 8 papers. Each paper was assessed for the associations between intervention effects (as BCT clusters) on mechanisms of action (a path), effects of mechanisms of action on behavior (b path), and indirect (ab path) and direct (c path) effects of BCT clusters. RESULTS There was support that interventions had significant effects on capability and opportunity with inconclusive effects on motivation (a path). Both capabilities and motivation had associations with RT behavior (b path). The examined studies showed that changes in capabilities have the strongest support as a mediator with some support for motivation as a mediator (ab path). Studies that used more BCT clusters seemed to have a more positive effect on behavior, yet there were no trends to suggest any one crucial BCT cluster (c path). CONCLUSION Current evidence suggests that capabilities and motivation are important to target in RT interventions. Future interventions would be well suited to utilize behavior change techniques that address these mediators.
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Stieger M, Allemand M, Lachman ME. Effects of a digital self-control intervention to increase physical activity in middle-aged adults. J Health Psychol 2023; 28:984-996. [PMID: 37042306 PMCID: PMC10466994 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231166756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to test the effects of a 7-week digital self-control intervention to increase physical activity using a two-arm randomized controlled trial. The self-control treatment group showed greater increases in self-reported physical activity (MET's) than the comparison group. Both groups significantly increased their daily steps and self-control. Participants with higher initial levels of conscientiousness were better able to increase their daily steps during the intervention and participants who increased more in self-control showed greater increases in MET's. These moderation effects were more pronounced in the self-control treatment group as compared to the comparison group. This study shows that the effects of physical activity interventions may depend on personality characteristics and outcomes may be improved when individual differences are considered and targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Stieger
- Brandeis University, USA
- Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Switzerland
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Wang T, Kaida N, Kaida K. Effects of outdoor artificial light at night on human health and behavior: A literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121321. [PMID: 36805469 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The quality of life of human beings has improved tremendously through improved productivity, convenience, safety, and livability due to nighttime lights that illuminate outdoor work, leisure, and mobility. Recently, however, concerns have been growing over outdoor artificial light at night (ALAN) and its effects on human beings as well as ecosystems including animals and plants. This literature review aims to deliver a critical overview of the findings and the areas for future research on the effects of outdoor ALAN on human health and behaviors. Through a narrative literature review, we found that scientific research crucially lacks studies on the effects of outdoor ALAN on human behaviors and health, including social interaction, which may be more widespread compared to what is recognized so far. This review also highlights the importance of investigating the causal and complex relationships between outdoor ALAN, health, and behaviors with sleep as a key mediating factor. We elucidate that outdoor ALAN has both positive and negative effects on human life. Therefore, it is important for societies to be able to access facts and evidence about these effects to plan, agree to, and realize the optimal usage of nighttime lighting that balances its merits and demerits. Researchers in related areas of study must investigate and deliver the science of outdoor ALAN to various stakeholders, such as citizens, policymakers, urban and landscape planners, relevant practitioners, and industries. We believe that our review improves the understanding of outdoor ALAN in relation to human life and contributes to sustainable and thriving societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Wang
- Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan; Institute for Information Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan.
| | - Naoko Kaida
- Institute of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Japan; Institute for Information Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan.
| | - Kosuke Kaida
- Institute for Information Technology and Human Factors, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan.
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Tan NP, Bastian BB, Smillie LD. Evaluating the effectiveness of vegetarian appeals in daily life: Comparing positive and negative imagery, and gauging differential responses. Appetite 2023; 180:106358. [PMID: 36349592 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persuasive appeals designed to reduce meat consumption often employ graphic images of the harms perpetuated by eating meat (e.g., cruel factory farming practices). However, because people are motivated to see themselves as moral, appeals that highlight omnivores' moral failings might be resisted or even backfire. Furthermore, individuals differ in ways that may influence their motivations and attitudes toward animals and meat-eating, and their responses to these appeals. Thus, in a two-week intervention study (N = 427), we compared effects of two vegetarian appeals-one employing graphic negative imagery (footage of factory farming cruelty), the other employing positive imagery (footage from farmed animal sanctuaries)-on daily meat consumption and related affects and cognitions. We also examined several personality traits and other individual differences that may confer differential effects of these appeals. Although neither appeal significantly reduced meat consumption, both the positive and negative appeal increased intentions to eat less meat, and led to more negative affect and cognition when eating meat. Moreover, several individual difference variables moderated the effects of these appeals on actual and intended meat consumption. Findings are discussed in relation to the difficulty of changing morally troublesome behaviour, and the use of graphic appeals despite their unclear impact on behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Tan
- The University of Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Australia
| | - Brock B Bastian
- The University of Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Australia
| | - Luke D Smillie
- The University of Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Australia.
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Siwik CJ, Adler SR, Moran PJ, Kuyken W, Segal Z, Felder J, Eisendrath S, Hecht FM. Preventing Depression Relapse: A Qualitative Study on the Need for Additional Structured Support Following Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. GLOBAL ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE AND HEALTH 2023; 12:27536130221144247. [PMID: 37077178 PMCID: PMC10108404 DOI: 10.1177/27536130221144247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) is an effective group intervention for reducing rates of depression relapse. However, about one-third of graduates experience relapse within 1 year of completing the course. Objective The current study aimed to explore the need and strategies for additional support following the MBCT course. Methods We conducted 4 focus groups via videoconferencing, two with MBCT graduates (n = 9 in each group) and two with MBCT teachers (n = 9; n = 7). We explored participants' perceived need for and interest in MBCT programming beyond the core program and ways to optimize the long-term benefits of MBCT. We conducted thematic content analysis to identify patterns in transcribed focus group sessions. Through an iterative process, multiple researchers developed a codebook, independently coded the transcripts, and derived themes. Results Participants said the MBCT course is highly valued and was, for some, "life changing." Participants also described challenges with maintaining MBCT practices and sustaining benefits after the course despite using a range of approaches (ie, community and alumni-based meditation groups, mobile applications, taking the MBCT course a second time) to maintain mindfulness and meditative practice. One participant described finishing the MBCT course as feeling like "falling off a cliff." Both MBCT graduates and teachers were enthusiastic about the prospect of additional support following MBCT in the form of a maintenance program. Conclusion Some MBCT graduates experienced difficulty maintaining practice of the skills they learned in the course. This is not surprising given that maintained behavior change is challenging and difficulty sustaining mindfulness practice after a mindfulness-based intervention is not specific to MBCT. Participants shared that additional support following the MBCT program is desired. Therefore, creating an MBCT maintenance program may help MBCT graduates maintain practice and sustain benefits longer-term, thereby decreasing risk for depression relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea J. Siwik
- Osher Center for Integrative Health, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shelley R. Adler
- Osher Center for Integrative Health, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patricia J. Moran
- Osher Center for Integrative Health, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Willem Kuyken
- Oxford Mindfulness Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zindel Segal
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Felder
- Osher Center for Integrative Health, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stuart Eisendrath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frederick M. Hecht
- Osher Center for Integrative Health, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Schimschal SE, Cleary M, Kornhaber RA, Barnett T, Visentin DC. Psychometric Evaluation of the Grit Psychological Resources Scale (GPRS). J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:913-925. [PMID: 37041887 PMCID: PMC10083025 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s401652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Psychological resources have been shown to play a prominent role in buffering against stress and are associated with various positive constructs, including grit, defined as having the disposition to pursue long-term goals with both passion and perseverance. Objective The objective of this study was to validate a new scale developed to measure the psychological resources of grit. Methods A quantitative research study was conducted online with an international sample of 277 adults from a range of professional backgrounds. The psychometric properties of the 20-item Grit Psychological Resources Scale (GPRS) were evaluated by performing tests of reliability and validity. Results Reliability tests provided evidence of high internal consistency (α = 0.91) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.75). Demographic variables did not significantly predict scores or influence survey completion. Face, content and convergent validity provided additional psychometric support for the GPRS with this sample. Confirmatory factor analysis results supported a second-order model with four sub-scales. The first-order factors loaded highly onto the second-order factor, with correlations ranging from 0.80 to 0.97. Conclusion The GPRS showed satisfactory psychometric properties, indicating that the scale is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the psychological resources of grit. This scale can be used to identify more targeted developmental approaches for personal and professional growth. Further, the tool enables information to be gathered on changes pre- and post-improvement initiatives to assess their effectiveness in training and continuing education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Schimschal
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
- Correspondence: Sarah E Schimschal, Centre for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, Tasmania, 7250, Australia, Email
| | - Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rachel A Kornhaber
- School of Nursing, University of Tasmania, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tony Barnett
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Denis C Visentin
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Sodium Bicarbonate and Poor Outcomes in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Coincidence or Culprit? Pediatr Crit Care Med 2022; 23:848-851. [PMID: 36190362 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000003059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Cunningham M, Gibson R. Rethinking curriculum: A pandemic opportunity for re-engagement with the Arts? CURRICULUM PERSPECTIVES 2022. [PMCID: PMC9340717 DOI: 10.1007/s41297-022-00170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights endorses the goal of education for all children. Inequalities of access and equity, however, are apparent in both the developed and developing world, which indicates that this goal remains aspirational. The rupture of education during the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified these existing inequalities in education systems worldwide. Throughout the pandemic, teachers have modelled a positive mindset as they pivoted from the physical classroom to online learning. This paper will suggest that the current pandemic may indeed offer education policy makers an opportunity to re-think curriculum design and, with a growth mindset, re-engage with the Arts as an equal key learning area in the curriculum. It is to the Arts that schools and communities have turned for joyful and multi-layered support during the pandemic, an underlying belief in the importance of the Arts for the wellbeing and cognitive development of the child. This belief, supported by a robust body of evidence amassed internationally over many decades, is central to the authors’ contention that a more inclusive and comprehensive engagement with the Arts would facilitate curriculum reform, such as that sought by the New South Wales (NSW) government in Australia. Furthermore, we contend that the COVID-19 pandemic may be the necessary catalyst to activate such welcome reform. We anticipate our analysis and its findings to first be relevant for the state of NSW, then beyond, to resonate nationally and internationally.
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Abstract
Inhibition is considered a process essential to goal pursuit and as a result has become a central construct in many disciplines in psychology and adjacent fields. Despite a century’s worth of debate, however, there is little consensus about what inhibition actually is. We suggest that it is time to abandon the concept of inhibition as it currently stands, given that its definition has been problematic. Instead, we propose an alternative framework in which inhibition is the target outcome, rather than a process to obtain a goal. We leverage existing process models to elucidate how people can achieve an inhibition goal by actively regulating impulses and desires. Although the field has been led astray by classifying inhibition as a process, our framework is intended to provide greater practical utility to the study of goal pursuit moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Werner
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto
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Boles DZ, DeSousa M, Turnwald BP, Horii RI, Duarte T, Zahrt OH, Markus HR, Crum AJ. Can Exercising and Eating Healthy Be Fun and Indulgent Instead of Boring and Depriving? Targeting Mindsets About the Process of Engaging in Healthy Behaviors. Front Psychol 2021; 12:745950. [PMID: 34712186 PMCID: PMC8546637 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates mindsets about the process of health behaviors-the extent to which people associate physical activity and healthy eating with appealing (pleasurable, fun, indulgent) versus unappealing (unpleasant, boring, depriving) qualities-to promote greater engagement. Study 1 (N = 536) examined how mindsets about physical activity and healthy eating relate to current and future health behavior. Study 2 (N = 149) intervened in actual fitness classes to compare the effects of brief appeal-focused and health-focused interventions on mindsets about physical activity and class engagement. Study 3 (N = 140) designed nutrition education classes that emphasized either the appeal or the importance of fruits and vegetables for health and compared its effects on mindsets about healthy eating and actual fruit and vegetable consumption. Holding more appealing mindsets about health behaviors predicts subsequent physical activity and healthy eating (Study 1). An intervention targeting mindsets about the appeal of physical activity promotes greater participation in fitness classes than emphasizing the importance of meeting activity guidelines (Study 2). Meanwhile, interventions targeting mindsets about the appeal of healthy eating increases in-class fruit and vegetable selection more than emphasizing the importance of eating nutritious foods (Study 3), however additional work is needed to sustain such changes in eating behavior. These studies suggest mindsets about the process of health behaviors can be influential and changeable factors in motivating physical activity and healthy eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Z. Boles
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Maysa DeSousa
- Department of Psychology, Springfield College, Springfield, MA, United States
| | | | - Rina I. Horii
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Taylor Duarte
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Octavia H. Zahrt
- Department of Organizational Behavior, Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Hazel R. Markus
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alia J. Crum
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Abstract
For all its popularity as a psychological construct, willpower is irremediably polysemous. A more helpful construct is self-control, defined as the self-regulation of conflicting impulses. We show how the process model of self-control provides a principled framework for examining how undesirable impulses may be weakened and desirable impulses may be strengthened.
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