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Chand M, Chopra R, Talwar B, Homroy S, Singh PK, Dhiman A, Payyunni AW. Unveiling the potential of linseed mucilage, its health benefits, and applications in food packaging. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1334247. [PMID: 38385008 PMCID: PMC10879465 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1334247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Industrial waste products derived from the oil industry often contain valuable substances and elements with great potential. These by-products can be used for various purposes, including as nutrients, bioactive compounds, fuels, and polymers. Linseed mucilage (LM) is one such example of a beneficial by-product obtained from linseed. It possesses favorable chemical and functional properties, depending on its method of extraction. Different pretreatments, such as enzymatic extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pulse electric field, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, have been explored by various researchers to enhance both the yield and quality of mucilage. Furthermore, LM has exhibited therapeutic effects in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, constipation, hyperlipidemia, cancer, and other lifestyle diseases. Additionally, it demonstrates favorable functional characteristics that make it suitable to be used in bioplastic production. These properties preserve food quality, prolong shelf life, and confer antimicrobial activity. It also has the potential to be used as a packaging material, especially considering the increasing demand for sustainable and biodegradable alternatives to plastics because of their detrimental impact on environmental health. This review primarily focuses on different extraction techniques used for linseed mucilage, its mechanism of action in terms of health benefits, and potential applications in food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Chand
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Rajni Chopra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Binanshu Talwar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Snigdha Homroy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Priyanka Kumari Singh
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Food Technology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Aishwarya Dhiman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
| | - Abdul Wahid Payyunni
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Haryana, India
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Pinho-Jr JDS, Camacho FA, Cavararo CDS, Baião PF, Medeiros RF, Barroso SG, de Matos AC. Irisin and Cardiometabolic Disorders in Obesity: A Systematic Review. Int J Inflam 2023; 2023:5810157. [PMID: 37900979 PMCID: PMC10602702 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5810157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obesity are global health issues, impacting a significant portion of young adults. Obesity is a complex condition influenced by genetics and environmental factors, leading to increased susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Irisin, a protein derived from the cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, may have relationship with these cardiometabolic diseases. Objective This systematic review aims to examine the relationship between serum irisin levels and obesity, particularly in individuals predisposed to cardiovascular risk factors. Methods A thorough literature search was conducted in multiple databases, including "Science Direct," "Scopus," "PubMed," and "Lilacs," from July 2020. Inclusion criteria encompassed subjects with metabolic disorders (with or without obesity, BMI ≥30 kg/m2), clinical trials, and observational studies published between 2010 and June 2020. Exclusion criteria were animal studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, studies evaluating only healthy subjects, and those investigating disorders beyond cardiometabolic diseases. Results Out of 151 identified articles, 30 met the inclusion criteria. These studies, published between 2013 and 2020, assessed adults (≥21 years) and included 26 observational studies and 4 clinical trials (n = 7585 subjects). All studies examined irisin's role in obesity and CVDs, often including associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Despite varying sample sizes, the samples within the articles were homogeneous. Observational studies exhibited a low risk of bias in at least 60% of the evaluated domains. Clinical trials demonstrated a low risk of bias in at least 50% of the domains. Limitations. Although the systematic review provides valuable insights, it is limited by the available literature and the varying methodologies used across studies. Conclusion The review suggests that irisin plays a significant role as both a preventive measure and a biomarker for comorbidities linked to obesity and cardiometabolic disorders. Future research should focus on standardized irisin measurement methods and diverse populations to further elucidate its mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge da Silva Pinho-Jr
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Nutrition Emília de Jesus Ferreiro, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Systemic Arterial Hypertension Research Center (NuPHAS/UFF), University Hospital Antonio Pedro (HUAP), Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Faculty of Nutrition Emília de Jesus Ferreiro, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávio Andrade Camacho
- Systemic Arterial Hypertension Research Center (NuPHAS/UFF), University Hospital Antonio Pedro (HUAP), Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carollyne dos Santos Cavararo
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Nutrition Emília de Jesus Ferreiro, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Systemic Arterial Hypertension Research Center (NuPHAS/UFF), University Hospital Antonio Pedro (HUAP), Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Ferreira Baião
- Systemic Arterial Hypertension Research Center (NuPHAS/UFF), University Hospital Antonio Pedro (HUAP), Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Frauches Medeiros
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Nutrition Emília de Jesus Ferreiro, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Faculty of Nutrition Emília de Jesus Ferreiro, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Girão Barroso
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Nutrition Emília de Jesus Ferreiro, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Systemic Arterial Hypertension Research Center (NuPHAS/UFF), University Hospital Antonio Pedro (HUAP), Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Faculty of Nutrition Emília de Jesus Ferreiro, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea Cardoso de Matos
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Nutrition Emília de Jesus Ferreiro, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Systemic Arterial Hypertension Research Center (NuPHAS/UFF), University Hospital Antonio Pedro (HUAP), Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Faculty of Nutrition Emília de Jesus Ferreiro, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Dini I, Mancusi A. Weight Loss Supplements. Molecules 2023; 28:5357. [PMID: 37513229 PMCID: PMC10384751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Being overweight or obese can predispose people to chronic diseases and metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular illnesses, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer, which are costly public health problems and leading causes of mortality worldwide. Many people hope to solve this problem by using food supplements, as they can be self-prescribed, contain molecules of natural origin considered to be incapable of causing damage to health, and the only sacrifice they require is economic. The market offers supplements containing food plant-derived molecules (e.g., primary and secondary metabolites, vitamins, and fibers), microbes (probiotics), and microbial-derived fractions (postbiotics). They can control lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, reduce appetite (interacting with the central nervous system) and adipogenesis, influence intestinal microbiota activity, and increase energy expenditure. Unfortunately, the copious choice of products and different legislation on food supplements worldwide can confuse consumers. This review summarizes the activity and toxicity of dietary supplements for weight control to clarify their potentiality and adverse reactions. A lack of research regarding commercially available supplements has been noted. Supplements containing postbiotic moieties are of particular interest. They are easier to store and transport and are safe even for people with a deficient immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Dini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancusi
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Via Salute 2, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter (PM 2.5) Exposure on Calorie Intake and Appetite of Outdoor Workers. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224858. [PMID: 36432544 PMCID: PMC9699249 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaysia has been experiencing smoke-haze episodes almost annually for the past few decades. PM2.5 is the main component in haze and causes harmful impacts on health due to its small aerodynamic size. This study aimed to explore the implications of PM2.5 exposure on the dietary intake of working individuals. Two phased 13-weeks follow-up study was conducted involving 440 participants, consisting of two cohorts of outdoor and indoor workers. Ambient PM2.5 concentrations were monitored using DustTrakTM DRX Aerosol Monitor. Data on Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) and 24 h diet recall were collected weekly. The highest PM2.5 concentration of 122.90 ± 2.07 µg/m3 was recorded in August, and it vastly exceeded the standard value stipulated by US EPA and WHO. SNAQ scores and calorie intake were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) associated with changes in PM2.5 exposure of outdoor workers. Several moderate and positive correlations (R-value ranged from 0.4 to 0.6) were established between SNAQ scores, calorie intake and PM2.5 exposure. Overall findings suggested that long hours of PM2.5 exposure affect personal dietary intake, potentially increasing the risk of metabolic syndromes and other undesired health conditions. The current policy should be strengthened to safeguard the well-being of outdoor workers.
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Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Improves Acetylcholine-Mediated Relaxation in the Aorta of Type-2 Diabetic Rats. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165107. [PMID: 36014347 PMCID: PMC9413505 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to insulin resistance and macro- and microvascular complications associated with diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ER stress inhibition on endothelial function in the aorta of type-2 diabetic rats. Type-2 diabetes was developed in male Sprague–Dawley rats using a high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin. Rat aortic tissues were harvested to study endothelial-dependent relaxation. The mechanisms for acetylcholine-mediated relaxation were investigated using pharmacological blockers, Western blotting, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers. Acetylcholine-mediated relaxation was diminished in the aorta of diabetic rats compared to control rats; supplementation with TUDCA improved relaxation. In the aortas of control and diabetic rats receiving TUDCA, the relaxation was mediated via eNOS/PI3K/Akt, NAD(P)H, and the KATP channel. In diabetic rats, acetylcholine-mediated relaxation involved eNOS/PI3K/Akt and NAD(P)H, but not the KATP channel. The expression of ER stress markers was upregulated in the aorta of diabetic rats and reduced with TUDCA supplementation. The expression of eNOS and Akt were lower in diabetic rats but were upregulated after supplementation with TUDCA. The levels of MDA, IL-6, and SOD activity were higher in the aorta of the diabetic rats compared to control rats. This study demonstrated that endothelial function was impaired in diabetes, however, supplementation with TUDCA improved the function via eNOS/Akt/PI3K, NAD(P)H, and the KATP channel. The improvement of endothelial function was associated with increased expressions of eNOS and Akt. Thus, ER stress plays a crucial role in the impairment of endothelial-dependent relaxation. Mitigating ER stress could be a potential strategy for improving endothelial dysfunction in type-2 diabetes.
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Lakshmanan AP, Al Zaidan S, Bangarusamy DK, Al-Shamari S, Elhag W, Terranegra A. Increased Relative Abundance of Ruminoccocus Is Associated With Reduced Cardiovascular Risk in an Obese Population. Front Nutr 2022; 9:849005. [PMID: 35571941 PMCID: PMC9097523 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.849005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a complex disease with underlying genetic, environmental, psychological, physiological, medical, and epigenetic factors. Obesity can cause various disorders, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), that are among the most prevalent chronic conditions in Qatar. Recent studies have highlighted the significant roles of the gut microbiome in improving the pathology of various diseases, including obesity. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of dietary intake and gut microbial composition in modulating the risk of CVD development in obese Qatari adults. Methods We enrolled 46 adult subjects (18–65 years of age) who were classified based on their CVD risk scores, calculated using the Framingham formula, into a CVD no-risk group (score of <10%, n = 36) and CVD risk group (score of ≥10%, n = 10). For each study subject, we measured the gut microbial composition with a 16s rDNA sequencing method that targeted the v3-v4 region using Illumina Miseq, and their nutritional status was recorded based on 24-h dietary recall. Dietary intake, bacterial taxa summary, diversity index, microbial markers, pathway analysis, and network correlation were determined for the study subjects. Results The CVD risk group showed a lower intake of vitamin D, reduced relative abundance of genera Ruminococcus and Bifidobacterium, no change in bacterial diversity, and higher levels of taurine, hypotaurine, and lipoic acid metabolism than the CVD no-risk group. Besides, the relative abundance of genus Ruminococcus was positively correlated with the intake of protein, monounsaturated fat, vitamin A, and vitamin D. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest that the genus Ruminococcus could be used as a microbial marker, and its reduced relative abundance could mediate the risk of CVDs in the Obese Qatari population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Al Zaidan
- Precision Nutrition, Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Sahar Al-Shamari
- Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wahiba Elhag
- Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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The Search for the Elixir of Life: On the Therapeutic Potential of Alkaline Reduced Water in Metabolic Syndromes. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our body composition is enormously influenced by our lifestyle choices, which affect our health and longevity. Nutrition and physical activities both impact overall metabolic condition, thus, a positive energy balance causes oxidative stress and inflammation, hastening the development of metabolic syndrome. With this knowledge, boosting endogenous and exogenous antioxidants has emerged as a therapeutic strategy for combating metabolic disorders. One of the promising therapeutic inventions is the use of alkaline reduced water (ARW). Aside from its hydrating and non-caloric properties, ARW has demonstrated strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can help stabilize physiologic turmoil caused by oxidative stress and inflammation. This review article is a synthesis of studies where we elaborate on the intra- and extracellular effects of drinking ARW, and relate these to the pathophysiology of common metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and some cancers. Highlighting the health-promoting benefits of ARW, we also emphasize the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle by incorporating exercise and practicing a balanced diet as forms of habit.
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de Oliveira AM, de Freitas AFS, Costa MDDS, Torres MKDS, Castro YADA, Almeida AMR, Paiva PMG, Carvalho BM, Napoleão TH. Pilosocereus gounellei (Cactaceae) stem extract decreases insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardio-metabolic risk in diet-induced obese mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113327. [PMID: 32871234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pilosocereus gounellei (xique-xique) is a popular cactus from Caatinga, traditionally used to counter inflammatory processes and indicated as a hypoglycemic agent. Previous studies have shown that mice treated orally with saline extract of P. gounellei stem (containing flavonoids and sugars) showed decreased serum lipid levels. AIM OF THE STUDY In this work, we evaluated whether this extract would have beneficial effects against hyperglycemia and inflammatory status related to obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Obese animals were treated daily per os with the extract (EXT; 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg), metformin (MET; 400 mg/kg), or saline solution (diet-induced obese, DIO) for 21 days. A group of non-obese animals served as the control. We evaluated lipid profile, glucose and insulin tolerance, atherogenic indices, histological alterations, cytokine levels, and oxidative stress in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. RESULTS At the end of the experiment, mice from EXT groups showed lower body weight and total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides compared with the DIO group; in addition, HDL-cholesterol levels and glucose and insulin tolerance were similar to those of the control group. When compared with the DIO group, the extract-treated mice showed reduction in cardiac risk ratio, atherogenic coefficient, atherogenic index of plasma, and Castelli's Risk Index II; decrease in epididymal fat; reduction in steatosis, collagen deposition, and liver inflammation; lower serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1); inhibited lipid peroxidation; and increased superoxide dismutase levels in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. CONCLUSION The P. gounellei saline extract was able to improve physiological parameters of obese mice, which highlight the potential of this plant as source of compounds with biotechnological relevance for pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Macário de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Anderson Felipe Soares de Freitas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Milena Damasceno de Souza Costa
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Marília Kalinne da Silva Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Yasmim Alline de Araújo Castro
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Ana Maria Rampeloti Almeida
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Melo Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Anti-adipogenicadamantane type polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum subsessile. Fitoterapia 2020; 147:104755. [PMID: 33069835 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypersubones D-H (1-5), five new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) type metabolites with intriguing adamantane and homo-adamantane skeletons, were characterized from aerial parts of Hypericum subsessile. Compounds 1-2 were elucidated to share an adamantane core with 28,29-expoxide moiety, while 3-5 were homo-adamantane type PPAPs sharing a1,2-dioxepane ring system. Their structures were determined on the basis of comprehensive NMR and MS spectroscopic data.The anti-adipogenesis activities of these isolates were evaluated through employing 3T3-L1 cells as an in vitro system using oil red O staining, and compounds 1, 2 and 5 were able to significant inhibit the adipocyte differentiation, which implied that these compounds possessed anti-adipogenic activity.
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