1
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Raymond D, Fukui M, Zwernik S, Kassam A, Rovin R, Akhtar P. Evaluating soluble Axl as a biomarker for glioblastoma: A pilot study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301739. [PMID: 38968207 PMCID: PMC11226040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
With current imaging, discriminating tumor progression from treatment effect following immunotherapy or oncolytic virotherapy of glioblastoma (GBM) is challenging. A blood based diagnostic biomarker would therefore be helpful. Axl is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is highly expressed by many cancers including GBM. Axl expression is regulated through enzymatic cleavage of its extracellular domain. The resulting fragment can be detected in serum as soluble Axl (sAxl). sAxl levels can distinguish patients with melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma from healthy controls. This is a pilot study to determine if sAxl is a candidate biomarker for GBM. The sAxl levels in the serum of 40 healthy volunteers and 20 GBM patients were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pre- and post- operative sAxl levels were obtained. Volumetric MRI evaluation provided GBM tumor volume metrics. There was no significant difference in the sAxl levels of the volunteers (30.16±1.88 ng/ml) and GBM patients (30.74±1.96 ng/ml) p = 0.27. The postoperative sAxl levels were significantly higher than preoperative levels (32.32±2.26 ng/ml vs 30.74±1.96 ng/ml, p = 0.03). We found no correlation between tumor volume and sAxl levels. Axl expression was low or absent in 6 of 11 (55%) patient derived GBM cell lines. Given the wide range of Axl expression by GBM tumors, sAxl may not be a reliable indicator of GBM. However, given the small sample size in this study, a larger study may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Raymond
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Melanie Fukui
- Aurora Neuroscience Innovation Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Samuel Zwernik
- Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amin Kassam
- Aurora Neuroscience Innovation Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard Rovin
- Aurora Neuroscience Innovation Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Parvez Akhtar
- Advocate Aurora Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
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2
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Metzler AD, Tang H. Zika Virus Neuropathogenesis-Research and Understanding. Pathogens 2024; 13:555. [PMID: 39057782 PMCID: PMC11279898 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is prominently associated with microcephaly in babies born to infected mothers as well as Guillain-Barré Syndrome in adults. Each cell type infected by ZIKV-neuronal cells (radial glial cells, neuronal progenitor cells, astrocytes, microglia cells, and glioblastoma stem cells) and non-neuronal cells (primary fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and Sertoli cells)-displays its own characteristic changes to their cell physiology and has various impacts on disease. Here, we provide an in-depth review of the ZIKV life cycle and its cellular targets, and discuss the current knowledge of how infections cause neuropathologies, as well as what approaches researchers are currently taking to further advance such knowledge. A key aspect of ZIKV neuropathogenesis is virus-induced neuronal apoptosis via numerous mechanisms including cell cycle dysregulation, mitochondrial fragmentation, ER stress, and the unfolded protein response. These, in turn, result in the activation of p53-mediated intrinsic cell death pathways. A full spectrum of infection models including stem cells and co-cultures, transwells to simulate blood-tissue barriers, brain-region-specific organoids, and animal models have been developed for ZIKV research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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3
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Henrio Marcellin DF, Huang J. Exploring Zika Virus Impact on Endothelial Permeability: Insights into Transcytosis Mechanisms and Vascular Leakage. Viruses 2024; 16:629. [PMID: 38675970 PMCID: PMC11054372 DOI: 10.3390/v16040629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Treating brain disease is challenging, and the Zika virus (ZIKV) presents a unique obstacle due to its neuroinvasive nature. In this review, we discuss the immunopathogenesis of ZIKV and explore how the virus interacts with the body's immune responses and the role of the protein Mfsd2a in maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during ZIKV neuroinvasion. ZIKV has emerged as a significant public health concern due to its association with severe neurological problems, including microcephaly and Gillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Understanding its journey through the brain-particularly its interaction with the placenta and BBB-is crucial. The placenta, which is designed to protect the fetus, becomes a pathway for ZIKV when infected. The BBB is composed of brain endothelial cells, acts as a second barrier, and protects the fetal brain. However, ZIKV finds ways to disrupt these barriers, leading to potential damage. This study explores the mechanisms by which ZIKV enters the CNS and highlights the role of transcytosis, which allows the virus to move through the cells without significantly disrupting the BBB. Although the exact mechanisms of transcytosis are unclear, research suggests that ZIKV may utilize this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jufang Huang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
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4
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Calderón-Peláez MA, Maradei Anaya SJ, Bedoya-Rodríguez IJ, González-Ipuz KG, Vera-Palacios D, Buitrago IV, Castellanos JE, Velandia-Romero ML. Zika Virus: A Neurotropic Warrior against High-Grade Gliomas-Unveiling Its Potential for Oncolytic Virotherapy. Viruses 2024; 16:561. [PMID: 38675903 PMCID: PMC11055012 DOI: 10.3390/v16040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas account for approximately 75-80% of all malignant primary tumors in the central nervous system (CNS), with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) considered the deadliest. Despite aggressive treatment involving a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical intervention, patients with GBM have limited survival rates of 2 to 5 years, accompanied by a significant decline in their quality of life. In recent years, novel management strategies have emerged, such as immunotherapy, which includes the development of vaccines or T cells with chimeric antigen receptors, and oncolytic virotherapy (OVT), wherein wild type (WT) or genetically modified viruses are utilized to selectively lyse tumor cells. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the Zika virus (ZIKV) can infect glioma cells and induce a robust oncolytic activity. Consequently, interest in exploring this virus as a potential oncolytic virus (OV) for high-grade gliomas has surged. Given that ZIKV actively circulates in Colombia, evaluating its neurotropic and oncolytic capabilities holds considerable national and international importance, as it may emerge as an alternative for treating highly complex gliomas. Therefore, this literature review outlines the generalities of GBM, the factors determining ZIKV's specific tropism for nervous tissue, and its oncolytic capacity. Additionally, we briefly present the progress in preclinical studies supporting the use of ZIKV as an OVT for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Angélica Calderón-Peláez
- Virology Group, Vice-Chancellor of Research, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia; (M.-A.C.-P.); (S.J.M.A.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Silvia Juliana Maradei Anaya
- Virology Group, Vice-Chancellor of Research, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia; (M.-A.C.-P.); (S.J.M.A.); (J.E.C.)
| | | | - Karol Gabriela González-Ipuz
- Semillero ViroLogic 2020–2022, Virology Group, Vice-Chancellor of Research, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia
| | - Daniela Vera-Palacios
- Semillero ViroLogic 2020–2022, Virology Group, Vice-Chancellor of Research, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia
| | - Isabella Victoria Buitrago
- Semillero ViroLogic 2020–2022, Virology Group, Vice-Chancellor of Research, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia
| | - Jaime E. Castellanos
- Virology Group, Vice-Chancellor of Research, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia; (M.-A.C.-P.); (S.J.M.A.); (J.E.C.)
| | - Myriam L. Velandia-Romero
- Virology Group, Vice-Chancellor of Research, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá 110121, Colombia; (M.-A.C.-P.); (S.J.M.A.); (J.E.C.)
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5
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John L, Vijay R. Role of TAM Receptors in Antimalarial Humoral Immune Response. Pathogens 2024; 13:298. [PMID: 38668253 PMCID: PMC11054553 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune response against malaria and the clearance of Plasmodium parasite relies on germinal-center-derived B cell responses that are temporally and histologically layered. Despite a well-orchestrated germinal center response, anti-Plasmodium immune response seldom offers sterilizing immunity. Recent studies report that certain pathophysiological features of malaria such as extensive hemolysis, hypoxia as well as the extrafollicular accumulation of short-lived plasmablasts may contribute to this suboptimal immune response. In this review, we summarize some of those studies and attempt to connect certain host intrinsic features in response to the malarial disease and the resultant gaps in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijo John
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode 673576, Kerala, India
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60047, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60047, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60047, USA
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6
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Miao YR, Rankin EB, Giaccia AJ. Therapeutic targeting of the functionally elusive TAM receptor family. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2024; 23:201-217. [PMID: 38092952 PMCID: PMC11335090 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The TAM receptor family of TYRO3, AXL and MERTK regulates tissue and immune homeostasis. Aberrant TAM receptor signalling has been linked to a range of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis and viral infections. Specifically, the dysregulation of TAM receptors can enhance tumour growth and metastasis due to their involvement in multiple oncogenic pathways. For example, TAM receptors have been implicated in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, maintaining the stem cell phenotype, immune modulation, proliferation, angiogenesis and resistance to conventional and targeted therapies. Therapeutically, multiple TAM receptor inhibitors are in preclinical and clinical development for cancers and other indications, with those targeting AXL being the most clinically advanced. Although there has been notable clinical advancement in recent years, challenges persist. This Review aims to provide both biological and clinical insights into the current therapeutic landscape of TAM receptor inhibitors, and evaluates their potential for the treatment of cancer and non-malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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7
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Repici A, Ardizzone A, De Luca F, Colarossi L, Prestifilippo A, Pizzino G, Paterniti I, Esposito E, Capra AP. Signaling Pathways of AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Contribute to the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Glioblastoma. Cells 2024; 13:361. [PMID: 38391974 PMCID: PMC10886920 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are a diverse collection of neoplasms affecting the brain with a high prevalence rate in people of all ages around the globe. In this pathological context, glioblastoma, a form of glioma that belongs to the IV-grade astrocytoma group, is the most common and most aggressive form of the primary brain tumors. Indeed, despite the best treatments available including surgery, radiotherapy or a pharmacological approach with Temozolomide, glioblastoma patients' mortality is still high, within a few months of diagnosis. Therefore, to increase the chances of these patients surviving, it is critical to keep finding novel treatment opportunities. In the past, efforts to treat glioblastoma have mostly concentrated on customized treatment plans that target specific mutations such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, Neurotrophic Tyrosine Receptor Kinase (NTRK) fusions, or multiple receptors using multi-kinase inhibitors like Sunitinib and Regorafenib, with varying degrees of success. Here, we focused on the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL that has been identified as a mediator for tumor progression and therapy resistance in various cancer types, including squamous cell tumors, small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer. Activated AXL leads to a significant increase in tumor proliferation, tumor cell migration, and angiogenesis in different in vitro and in vivo models of cancer since this receptor regulates interplay with apoptotic, angiogenic and inflammatory pathways. Based on these premises, in this review we mainly focused on the role of AXL in the course of glioblastoma, considering its primary biological mechanisms and as a possible target for the application of the most recent treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Repici
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (F.D.L.); (I.P.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Alessio Ardizzone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (F.D.L.); (I.P.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Fabiola De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (F.D.L.); (I.P.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Colarossi
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (L.C.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Angela Prestifilippo
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (L.C.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Gabriele Pizzino
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (L.C.); (A.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (F.D.L.); (I.P.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (F.D.L.); (I.P.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Anna Paola Capra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.R.); (A.A.); (F.D.L.); (I.P.); (A.P.C.)
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8
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Formanski JP, Ngo HD, Grunwald V, Pöhlking C, Jonas JS, Wohlers D, Schwalbe B, Schreiber M. Transduction Efficiency of Zika Virus E Protein Pseudotyped HIV-1 gfp and Its Oncolytic Activity Tested in Primary Glioblastoma Cell Cultures. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:814. [PMID: 38398205 PMCID: PMC10887055 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of new tools against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive and common cancer originating in the brain, remains of utmost importance. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are among the tools of future concepts, and pseudotyping offers the possibility of tailoring LVs to efficiently transduce and inactivate GBM tumor cells. Zika virus (ZIKV) has a specificity for GBM cells, leaving healthy brain cells unharmed, which makes it a prime candidate for the development of LVs with a ZIKV coat. Here, primary GBM cell cultures were transduced with different LVs encased with ZIKV envelope variants. LVs were generated by using the pNLgfpAM plasmid, which produces the lentiviral, HIV-1-based, core particle with GFP (green fluorescent protein) as a reporter (HIVgfp). Using five different GBM primary cell cultures and three laboratory-adapted GBM cell lines, we showed that ZIKV/HIVgfp achieved a 4-6 times higher transduction efficiency compared to the commonly used VSV/HIVgfp. Transduced GBM cell cultures were monitored over a period of 9 days to identify GFP+ cells to study the oncolytic effect due to ZIKV/HIVgfp entry. Tests of GBM tumor specificity by transduction of GBM tumor and normal brain cells showed a high specificity for GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Patrick Formanski
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (H.D.N.); (V.G.); (C.P.); (J.S.J.); (D.W.)
| | - Hai Dang Ngo
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (H.D.N.); (V.G.); (C.P.); (J.S.J.); (D.W.)
| | - Vivien Grunwald
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (H.D.N.); (V.G.); (C.P.); (J.S.J.); (D.W.)
| | - Celine Pöhlking
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (H.D.N.); (V.G.); (C.P.); (J.S.J.); (D.W.)
| | - Jana Sue Jonas
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (H.D.N.); (V.G.); (C.P.); (J.S.J.); (D.W.)
| | - Dominik Wohlers
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (H.D.N.); (V.G.); (C.P.); (J.S.J.); (D.W.)
| | - Birco Schwalbe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asklepios Klinik Nord, Standort Heidberg, 22417 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Michael Schreiber
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (H.D.N.); (V.G.); (C.P.); (J.S.J.); (D.W.)
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Ngo HD, Formanski JP, Grunwald V, Schwalbe B, Schreiber M. Generation of Viral Particles with Brain Cell-Specific Tropism by Pseudotyping HIV-1 with the Zika Virus E Protein. Methods Protoc 2023; 7:3. [PMID: 38251196 PMCID: PMC10801502 DOI: 10.3390/mps7010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a family of RNA viruses that includes many known pathogens, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), dengue virus (DENV), and yellow fever virus (YFV). A pseudotype is an artificial virus particle created in vitro by incorporating the flavivirus envelope proteins into the structure of, for example, a retrovirus such as human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). They can be a useful tool in virology for understanding the biology of flaviviruses, evaluating immune responses, developing antiviral strategies but can also be used as vectors for gene transfer experiments. This protocol describes the generation of a ZIKV/HIV-1 pseudotype developed as a new tool for infecting cells derived from a highly malignant brain tumor: glioblastoma multiforme grade 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Dang Ngo
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Patrick Formanski
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vivien Grunwald
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birco Schwalbe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asklepios Kliniken Hamburg GmbH, Asklepios Klinik Nord, Standort Heidberg, 22417 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schreiber
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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Sharlow ER, Llaneza DC, Tewari BP, Mingledorff GA, Mendelson AJ, Sontheimer H, Bloom GS, Lazo JS. Pharmacological profiling identifies divergent chemosensitivities of differentiating and maturing iPSC-derived human cortical neuron populations. FEBS J 2023; 290:4950-4965. [PMID: 37428551 PMCID: PMC10592385 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation and maturation are extended developmental processes. To determine whether neurons at different developmental stages have divergent chemosensitivities, we screened differentiating and maturing neuronal populations using a small compound library comprising FDA-approved and investigational drugs. Using a neurotoxicity assay format, both respective neuronal population-based screening campaigns performed robustly (Z-factors = 0.7-0.8), although the hit rate for the differentiating neurons (2.8%) was slightly higher than for maturing neurons (1.9%). While the majority of hits were toxic to both neuronal populations, these hits predominantly represented promiscuous drugs. Other drugs were selectively neurotoxic, with receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors disproportionally represented after confirmation. Ponatinib and amuvatinib were neuroinhibitory for differentiating and maturing neurons, respectively. Chemoinformatic analyses confirmed differences in potential drug targets that may be differentially expressed during neuronal development. Subsequent studies demonstrated neuronal expression of AXL, an amuvatinib target, in both neuronal populations. However, functional AXL activity was confirmed only in the maturing neuronal population as determined by AXL phosphorylation in response to GAS6, the cognate ligand of AXL, and concurrent STAT3Y705 phosphorylation. Differentiating neurons were unresponsive to the effects of GAS6 suggesting that the AXL-STAT3 signaling axis was nonfunctional. Amuvatinib treatment of maturing neuronal cultures significantly reduced pAXL levels. These studies indicate that neuronal developmental states may exhibit unique chemosensitivities and that drugs may have different neuro-inhibitory effects depending upon the developmental stage of the neuronal population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle C. Llaneza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Bhanu P. Tewari
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | | | - Anna J. Mendelson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - George S. Bloom
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - John S. Lazo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
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Grunwald V, Ngo HD, Formanski JP, Jonas JS, Pöhlking C, Schwalbe B, Schreiber M. Development of Zika Virus E Variants for Pseudotyping Retroviral Vectors Targeting Glioblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14487. [PMID: 37833934 PMCID: PMC10572498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental idea for targeting glioblastoma cells is to exploit the neurotropic properties of Zika virus (ZIKV) through its two outer envelope proteins, prM and E. This study aimed to develop envelope glycoproteins for pseudotyping retroviral vectors that can be used for efficient tumor cell infection. Firstly, the retroviral vector pNLlucAM was packaged using wild-type ZIKV E to generate an E-HIVluc pseudotype. E-HIVluc infection rates for tumor cells were higher than those of normal prME pseudotyped particles and the traditionally used vesicular stomatitis virus G (VSV-G) pseudotypes, indicating that protein E alone was sufficient for the formation of infectious pseudotyped particles. Secondly, two envelope chimeras, E41.1 and E41.2, with the E wild-type transmembrane domain replaced by the gp41 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, were constructed; pNLlucAM or pNLgfpAM packaged with E41.1 or E41.2 constructs showed infectivity for tumor cells, with the highest rates observed for E41.2. This envelope construct can be used not only as a tool to further develop oncolytic pseudotyped viruses for therapy, but also as a new research tool to study changes in tumor cells after the transfer of genes that might have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Grunwald
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hai Dang Ngo
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Patrick Formanski
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Sue Jonas
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Celine Pöhlking
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birco Schwalbe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asklepios Kliniken Hamburg GmbH, Asklepios Klinik Nord, Standort Heidberg, 22417 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schreiber
- Department of Virology, LG Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
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Fudaba H, Wakimoto H. Oncolytic virus therapy for malignant gliomas: entering the new era. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:269-282. [PMID: 36809883 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2184256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To overcome the challenge of treating malignant brain tumors, oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent an innovative therapeutic approach, featuring unique mechanisms of action. The recent conditional approval of the oncolytic herpes simplex virus G47Δ as a therapeutic for malignant brain tumors marked a significant milestone in the long history of OV development in neuro-oncology. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the results of recently completed and active clinical studies that investigate the safety and efficacy of different OV types in patients with malignant gliomas. The changing landscape of the OV trial design includes expansion of subjects to newly diagnosed tumors and pediatric populations. A variety of delivery methods and new routes of administration are vigorously tested to optimize tumor infection and overall efficacy. New therapeutic strategies such as combination with immunotherapies are proposed that take advantage of the characteristics of OV therapy as an immunotherapy. Preclinical studies of OV have been active and aim to translate new OV strategies to the clinic. EXPERT OPINION For the next decade, clinical trials and preclinical and translational research will continue to drive the development of innovative OV treatments for malignant gliomas and benefit patients and define new OV biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Fudaba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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13
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Pöhlking C, Beier S, Formanski JP, Friese M, Schreiber M, Schwalbe B. Isolation of Cells from Glioblastoma Multiforme Grade 4 Tumors for Infection with Zika Virus prME and ME Pseudotyped HIV-1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054467. [PMID: 36901897 PMCID: PMC10002608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to isolate cells from grade 4 glioblastoma multiforme tumors for infection experiments with Zika virus (ZIKV) prME or ME enveloped HIV-1 pseudotypes. The cells obtained from tumor tissue were successfully cultured in human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF) or a mixture of hCSF/DMEM in cell culture flasks with polar and hydrophilic surfaces. The isolated tumor cells as well as the U87, U138, and U343 cells tested positive for ZIKV receptors Axl and Integrin αvβ5. Pseudotype entry was detected by the expression of firefly luciferase or green fluorescent protein (gfp). In prME and ME pseudotype infections, luciferase expression in U-cell lines was 2.5 to 3.5 logarithms above the background, but still two logarithms lower than in the VSV-G pseudotype control. Infection of single cells was successfully detected in U-cell lines and isolated tumor cells by gfp detection. Even though prME and ME pseudotypes had low infection rates, pseudotypes with ZIKV envelopes are promising candidates for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Pöhlking
- Department of Virology, LG-Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Str. 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Beier
- Department of Virology, LG-Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Str. 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Patrick Formanski
- Department of Virology, LG-Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Str. 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Friese
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, Asklepios Kliniken Hamburg GmbH, Asklepios Klinik Nord, Standort Heidberg, 22417 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schreiber
- Department of Virology, LG-Schreiber, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Str. 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Birco Schwalbe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Asklepios Kliniken Hamburg GmbH, Asklepios Klinik Nord, Standort Heidberg, 22417 Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Negi V, Kuhn RJ, Fekete DM. Exploring the Expression and Function of cTyro3, a Candidate Zika Virus Receptor, in the Embryonic Chicken Brain and Inner Ear. Viruses 2023; 15:247. [PMID: 36680287 PMCID: PMC9867072 DOI: 10.3390/v15010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protein Axl was proposed as an entry receptor for Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in vitro, but conflicting results from in vivo studies have made it difficult to establish Axl as a physiologically relevant ZIKV receptor. Both the functional redundancy of receptors and the experimental model used can lead to variable results. Therefore, it can be informative to explore alternative animal models to analyze ZIKV receptor candidates as an aid in discovering antivirals. This study used chicken embryos to examine the role of chicken Tyro3 (cTyro3), the equivalent of human Axl. Results show that endogenous cTyro3 mRNA expression overlaps with previously described hot spots of ZIKV infectivity in the brain and inner ear. We asked if ectopic expression or knockdown of cTyro3 influenced ZIKV infection in embryos. Tol2 vectors or replication-competent avian retroviruses were used in ovo to introduce full-length or truncated (presumed dominant-negative) cTyro3, respectively, into the neural tube on embryonic day two (E2). ZIKV was delivered to the brain 24 h later. cTyro3 manipulations did not alter ZIKV infection or cell death in the E5/E6 brain. Moreover, delivery of truncated cTyro3 variants to the E3 otocyst had no effect on inner ear formation on E6 or E10.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donna M. Fekete
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue Institute for Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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15
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Kao YT, Wang HI, Shie CT, Lin CF, Lai MM, Yu CY. Zika virus cleaves GSDMD to disseminate prognosticable and controllable oncolysis in a human glioblastoma cell model. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 28:104-117. [PMID: 36699618 PMCID: PMC9845690 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common aggressive malignant brain cancer and is chemo- and radioresistant, with poor therapeutic outcomes. The "double-edged sword" of virus-induced cell death could be a potential solution if the oncolytic virus specifically kills cancer cells but spares normal ones. Zika virus (ZIKV) has been defined as a prospective oncolytic virus by selectively targeting GBM cells, but unclear understanding of how ZIKV kills GBM and the consequences hinders its application. Here, we found that the cellular gasdermin D (GSDMD) is required for the efficient death of a human GBM cell line caused by ZIKV infection. The ZIKV protease specifically cleaves human GSDMD to activate caspase-independent pyroptosis, harming both viral protease-harboring and naive neighboring cells. Analyzing human GSDMD variants showed that most people were susceptible to ZIKV-induced cytotoxicity, except for those with variants that resisted ZIKV cleavage or were defective in oligomerizing the N terminus GSDMD cleavage product. Consistently, ZIKV-induced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β and cytolytic activity were both stopped by a small-molecule inhibitor targeting GSDMD oligomerization. Thus, potential ZIKV oncolytic therapy for GBM would depend on the patient's GSDMD genetic background and could be abolished by GSDMD inhibitors if required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Kao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ting Shie
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Michael M.C. Lai
- Research Center for Emerging Viruses, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan,Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan,Corresponding author: Chia-Yi Yu, PhD, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan.
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16
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Liu B, Zhang Y, Ren H, Yao Q, Ba J, Luan J, Zhao P, Qin Z, Qi Z. mTOR signaling regulates Zika virus replication bidirectionally through autophagy and protein translation. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28422. [PMID: 36546404 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) reemerged in 2016 and attracted much more attention worldwide. To date, the limited knowledge of ZIKV interactions with host cells in the early stages of infection impedes the prevention of viral epidemics and the treatment of ZIKV disease. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays an essential role in the regulation of autophagy and protein synthesis during multiple viral infections. This study aimed to investigate the functional role of mTOR signaling in ZIKV replication in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Immunoblotting demonstrated that ZIKV infection inhibited mTORC1 signaling, enhancing autophagy but obstructing protein translation. Drugs or siRNA for interfering with mTOR signaling molecules were utilized to demonstrate that AKT/TSC2/mTORC1 signaling was involved in ZIKV infection and that autophagy promoted ZIKV production, but viral protein expression was regulated by mTORC1 signaling. Moreover, confocal microscopy indicated a robust correlation between autophagy and viral RNA transcription. This study clarifies the dual functions of mTOR signaling during ZIKV infection and provides theoretical support for developing potential anti-ZIKV drugs based on mTOR signaling molecules and deeper insights to better understand the mechanism between ZIKV and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, China.,Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Ren
- Department of Microbiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiufeng Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbo Ba
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Luan
- Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoling Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Shanghai, China
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ACE2-Independent Alternative Receptors for SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112535. [PMID: 36423144 PMCID: PMC9692829 DOI: 10.3390/v14112535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is highly contagious and remains a major public health challenge despite the availability of effective vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the binding of its spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in concert with accessory receptors/molecules that facilitate viral attachment, internalization, and fusion. Although ACE2 plays a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 replication, its expression profiles are not completely associated with infection patterns, immune responses, and clinical manifestations. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 infects cells that lack ACE2, and the infection is resistant to monoclonal antibodies against spike RBD in vitro, indicating that some human cells possess ACE2-independent alternative receptors, which can mediate SARS-CoV-2 entry. Here, we discuss these alternative receptors and their interactions with SARS-CoV-2 components for ACE2-independent viral entry. These receptors include CD147, AXL, CD209L/L-SIGN/CLEC4M, CD209/DC-SIGN/CLEC4L, CLEC4G/LSECtin, ASGR1/CLEC4H1, LDLRAD3, TMEM30A, and KREMEN1. Most of these receptors are known to be involved in the entry of other viruses and to modulate cellular functions and immune responses. The SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant exhibits altered cell tropism and an associated change in the cell entry pathway, indicating that emerging variants may use alternative receptors to escape the immune pressure against ACE2-dependent viral entry provided by vaccination against RBD. Understanding the role of ACE2-independent alternative receptors in SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and pathogenesis may provide avenues for the prevention of infection by SARS-CoV-2 variants and for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Zhou C, Chen Q, Chen Y, Qin CF. Oncolytic Zika Virus: New Option for Glioblastoma Treatment. DNA Cell Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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19
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Apoptosis during ZIKA Virus Infection: Too Soon or Too Late? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031287. [PMID: 35163212 PMCID: PMC8835863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death by apoptosis is a major cellular response in the control of tissue homeostasis and as a defense mechanism in the case of cellular aggression such as an infection. Cell self-destruction is part of antiviral responses, aimed at limiting the spread of a virus. Although it may contribute to the deleterious effects in infectious pathology, apoptosis remains a key mechanism for viral clearance and the resolution of infection. The control mechanisms of cell death processes by viruses have been extensively studied. Apoptosis can be triggered by different viral determinants through different pathways as a result of virally induced cell stresses and innate immune responses. Zika virus (ZIKV) induces Zika disease in humans, which has caused severe neurological forms, birth defects, and microcephaly in newborns during the last epidemics. ZIKV also surprised by revealing an ability to persist in the genital tract and in semen, thus being sexually transmitted. Mechanisms of diverting antiviral responses such as the interferon response, the role of cytopathic effects and apoptosis in the etiology of the disease have been widely studied and debated. In this review, we examined the interplay between ZIKV infection of different cell types and apoptosis and how the virus deals with this cellular response. We illustrate a duality in the effects of ZIKV-controlled apoptosis, depending on whether it occurs too early or too late, respectively, in neuropathogenesis, or in long-term viral persistence. We further discuss a prospective role for apoptosis in ZIKV-related therapies, and the use of ZIKV as an oncolytic agent.
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