Latanoprostene Bunod 0.024% versus Timolol Maleate 0.5% in Subjects with Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension: The APOLLO Study

A Randomized, Controlled Comparison of NCX 470, a Nitric Oxide-Donating Bimatoprost, and Latanoprost in Subjects with Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension: The MONT BLANC Study

PURPOSE

To compare intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy and safety of NCX 470, a nitric oxide (NO)-donating bimatoprost, to latanoprost in subjects with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT).

DESIGN

Prospective, phase 3, randomized, adaptive dose-selection, double-masked, parallel-group trial.

METHODS

691 subjects with OAG or OHT and unmedicated IOP ≥26 mmHg at 8AM, ≥24 mmHg at 10AM, and ≥22 mmHg at 4PM in the study eye were randomized to NCX 470 0.065%, NCX 470 0.1%, or latanoprost 0.005%. An interim analysis was performed to select the final dose of NCX 470. We evaluated noninferiority of NCX 470 versus latanoprost, based on IOP reduction from baseline at 8AM and 4PM at 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months.

RESULTS

661 subjects were analyzed; IOP was significantly reduced at all on-treatment time points, with reductions ranging from 8.0 to 9.7 mmHg (P < .0001 at each time point) in the NCX 470 0.1% group. Mean IOP reductions were greater with NCX 470 0.1% than latanoprost 0.005% at all 6 time points and significantly greater (P < .05) at 4 of the 6 time points. The most common adverse event was conjunctival/ocular hyperemia.

CONCLUSION

The NO-donating prostaglandin analogue NCX 470 0.1% was well-tolerated and lowered IOP more than latanoprost in subjects with OAG or OHT at all 6 time points. With a dual mechanism of action that enhances both uveoscleral and trabecular outflow, NCX 470 could become an important first-line therapy for IOP reduction in glaucoma.

Chemical Insights into Topical Agents in Intraocular Pressure Management: From Glaucoma Etiopathology to Therapeutic Approaches

Glaucoma encompasses a group of optic neuropathies characterized by complex and often elusive etiopathology, involvihttng neurodegeneration of the optic nerve in conjunction with abnormal intraocular pressure (IOP). Currently, there is no cure for glaucoma, and treatment strategies primarily aim to halt disease progression by managing IOP. This review delves into the etiopathology, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches for glaucoma, with a special focus on IOP management. We discuss a range of active pharmaceutical ingredients used in glaucoma therapy, emphasizing their chemical structure, pharmacological action, therapeutic effectiveness, and safety/tolerability profiles. Notably, most of these therapeutic agents are administered as topical formulations, a critical aspect considering patient compliance and drug delivery efficiency. The classes of glaucoma therapeutics covered in this review include prostaglandin analogs, beta blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, Rho kinase inhibitors, and miotic (cholinergic) agents. This comprehensive overview highlights the importance of topical administration in glaucoma treatment, offering insights into the current state and future directions of pharmacological management in glaucoma.

Latanoprostene Bunod 0.024% in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma Switched from Prior Pharmacotherapy: A Retrospective Chart Review

Introduction

Latanoprostene bunod 0.024% (LBN, Vyzulta®) is a nitric oxide-donating prostaglandin analog (PGA). We investigated the real-world efficacy and safety of LBN in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT) who switched their existing intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering treatment(s) to LBN.

Methods

This non-interventional, multicenter (United States), retrospective chart review included patients aged ≥18 years with OHT and/or mild-to-moderate OAG diagnoses taking 1-2 IOP-lowering treatments at the time of switch to LBN (index visit). Chart-extracted data included demographics, diagnoses, IOP and ocular assessments, other IOP-lowering treatments, adverse events (AEs), and reasons for discontinuation. The main study outcome was IOP change from the index visit to each of the next 2 chart-recorded follow-up visits. Analysis groups included the overall dataset and 2 subgroups of patients switched from PGA therapy to LBN: "PGA-all" subgroup [all patients previously on a PGA with/without another IOP-lowering product] and "PGA-monotherapy" subgroup [patients previously on a PGA alone]). Additional ocular outcomes (eg, visual acuity) were examined, if available.

Results

The overall dataset included 49 patients (46 had OAD alone, 2 had OHT alone, and 1 had both). The PGA-all subgroup and PGA-monotherapy subgroups had 41 and 32 patients, respectively. Switching to LBN led to a ~25% IOP reduction from the index visit to Visit 1 that was sustained at Visit 2. IOP findings in the PGA-all and PGA-monotherapy subgroups were consistent with the overall dataset. No meaningful changes in other ocular outcomes were found. Of 14 ocular AEs, 3 were recorded as such (mild in severity, considered unrelated to treatment), and 11 were identified through review of interval ocular histories (no severity/relatedness information); none led to discontinuation.

Conclusion

In this short-term retrospective chart review of mild-to-moderate OAG/OHT, switching prior IOP-lowering therapy to LBN produced an additional ~25% IOP reduction and appeared to be well tolerated.

Therapeutic strategies for glaucoma and optic neuropathies

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative eye disease that causes permanent vision impairment. The main pathological characteristics of glaucoma are retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and optic nerve degeneration. Glaucoma can be caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), although some cases are congenital or occur in patients with normal IOP. Current glaucoma treatments rely on medicine and surgery to lower IOP, which only delays disease progression. First-line glaucoma medicines are supported by pharmacotherapy advancements such as Rho kinase inhibitors and innovative drug delivery systems. Glaucoma surgery has shifted to safer minimally invasive (or microinvasive) glaucoma surgery, but further trials are needed to validate long-term efficacy. Further, growing evidence shows that adeno-associated virus gene transduction and stem cell-based RGC replacement therapy hold potential to treat optic nerve fiber degeneration and glaucoma. However, better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of RGC development is needed to provide insight into RGC differentiation from stem cells and help choose target genes for viral therapy. In this review, we overview current progress in RGC development research, optic nerve fiber regeneration, and human stem cell-derived RGC differentiation and transplantation. We also provide an outlook on perspectives and challenges in the field.

Glaucoma: now and beyond

The glaucomas are a group of conditions leading to irreversible sight loss and characterised by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells. Although not always elevated, intraocular pressure is the only modifiable risk factor demonstrated by large clinical trials. It remains the leading cause of irreversible blindness, but timely treatment to lower intraocular pressure is effective at slowing the rate of vision loss from glaucoma. Methods for lowering intraocular pressure include laser treatments, topical medications, and surgery. Although modern surgical innovations aim to be less invasive, many have been introduced with little supporting evidence from randomised controlled trials. Many cases remain undiagnosed until the advanced stages of disease due to the limitations of screening and poor access to opportunistic case finding. Future research aims to generate evidence for intraocular pressure-independent neuroprotective treatments, personalised treatment through genetic risk profiling, and exploration of potential advanced cellular and gene therapies.

Ocular Surface Evaluation after Switch from Latanoprost 0.005% to Latanoprostene Bunod 0.024

Aim and background

To evaluate the ocular surface of patients treated with latanoprost (LT) 0.005% who switched to latanoprostene bunod (LBN) 0.024%.

Materials and methods

A prospective and nonrandomized clinical study of a case series was performed, including patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma who were on previous LT-only treatment and, after a washout period, switched to LBN, with a 3-month follow-up. The main parameter to be evaluated was the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) test. In addition, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), biomicroscopic aspect of the ocular surface, measuring tear breakup time, fluorescein staining (grading performed on Oxford scale) and Schirmer I test were evaluated.

Results

A total of 36 patients (72 eyes) were included, 21 women (58.3%) and 15 men (41.7%, with a mean age of 65.6 ± 10.9 years (37-86). The initial OSDI score was 17.8 ± 12.1 and improved to 11.1 ± 10.5 (p < 0.01). From the data evaluated at biomicroscopy, an improvement was observed in the Oxford scale from 0.6 ± 0.7 to 0.2 ± 0.8 (p: 0.01), but no statistically significant changes were observed in the break-up time (BUT) and Schirmer. BCVA remained stable, as did IOP, which was initially 13.4 ± 2.1 mm Hg and, after performing the LBN treatment change, went to 13.1 ± 1.7 mm Hg.

Conclusion

After the change of treatment from LT 0.005% to LBN 0.024%, the patients had an improvement in the ocular surface, maintaining control of their IOP. The need to investigate possible beneficial mechanisms on the ocular surface in glaucoma patients treated with LBN, potentially related to nitric oxide, is raised.

Clinical significance

Patients treated with LT 0.005% who switched to LBN 0.024% had an improvement in ocular surface symptoms and signs, keeping IOP under control.Latanoprostene bunod (LBN) 0.024% may have beneficial effects on the ocular surface, which should be further studied.

How to cite this article

Zanutigh V, Galetto L, Valvecchia F, et al. Ocular Surface Evaluation after Switch from Latanoprost 0.005% to Latanoprostene Bunod 0.024%. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2023;17(4):205-209.

Negative Pressure Application via a Multi-Pressure Dial to Lower IOP in Patients with Suspected Glaucoma or Open Angle Glaucoma

PRCIS

The multi-pressure dial applies localized periocular negative pressure to safely and effectively lower IOP and represents the first non-invasive, non-pharmacologic device for IOP reduction.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the Multi-Pressure Dial (MPD) system, a device that applies periocular negative pressure to lower intraocular pressure (IOP).

SETTING

6 investigational sites, United States.

DESIGN

Prospective, assessor-masked, randomized controlled trial.

METHODS

Subjects with suspected glaucoma, ocular hypertension (OHTN), and open angle glaucoma (OAG) with baseline IOP ≥13 mmHg and ≤32 mmHg were enrolled. One eye of each subject was randomized to receive negative pressure application; the fellow eye served as a control. The study eye negative pressure setting was programmed for 60% of the baseline IOP. The primary effectiveness endpoint was the proportion of study eyes versus control eyes achieving an IOP reduction ≥20% at Day 90. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of eyes achieving an IOP reduction ≥25% at Day 90 as well as the proportion of eyes achieving an IOP reduction ≥20% at Days 30 and 60.

RESULTS

116 eyes of 58 subjects completed the study. At the Day 90 visit, 89.7% ( n =52) of study eyes versus 3.4% ( n =2) of control eyes achieved an IOP reduction ≥20% ( P <0.001). At Day 90, 77.6% ( n =45) of study eyes achieved a ≥25% IOP reduction compared to 1.7% ( n =1) of control eyes ( P <0.001). The most commonly reported adverse events were lid (17.2% study eye, 7.8% control eye) and periorbital edema (14.1% study eye, 10.9% control eye).

CONCLUSIONS

This trial demonstrates that the MPD safely and effectively lowers IOP in a group of patients that included glaucoma suspects, OHTN, and patients with OAG.

Prostaglandin FP receptor agonists in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension: a literature review

INTRODUCTION

Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness with intraocular pressure (IOP) as the only known modifiable risk factor. Prostaglandin FP receptor agonists are the first-line medical treatment for glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Despite their efficacy, their IOP lowering effect may be insufficient requiring second agents, and poor patient compliance to medical therapy may preclude their full effect.

AREAS COVERED

This literature review examines the novel FP receptor drugs and drug delivery devices in clinical phase trials for treatment of glaucoma. Three novel drugs targeting FP receptors were identified, including latanoprostene bunod, NCX 470, and sepetaprost. Additionally, sustained drug delivery devices in early clinical phase trials included intracameral implants, punctal plugs, ocular rings, and contact lenses.

EXPERT OPINION

NO hybrid FP receptor agonists and dual FP/EP3 receptor agonists may show promise as novel medical therapies with greater efficacy than approved prostaglandin analogs in clinical use, with a similar safety profile. Alternatively, drug delivery systems may provide a similar IOP lowering effect to existing agonists but overcome issues with patient compliance and convenience. A personalized approach to drug delivery devices may be required to ensure the most appropriate fit for the patient according to the invasiveness and duration of therapy desired.

Recently Approved Drugs for Lowering and Controlling Intraocular Pressure to Reduce Vision Loss in Ocular Hypertensive and Glaucoma Patients

Serious vision loss occurs in patients affected by chronically raised intraocular pressure (IOP), a characteristic of many forms of glaucoma where damage to the optic nerve components causes progressive degeneration of retinal and brain neurons involved in visual perception. While many risk factors abound and have been validated for this glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), the major one is ocular hypertension (OHT), which results from the accumulation of excess aqueous humor (AQH) fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye. Millions around the world suffer from this asymptomatic and progressive degenerative eye disease. Since clinical evidence has revealed a strong correlation between the reduction in elevated IOP/OHT and GON progression, many drugs, devices, and surgical techniques have been developed to lower and control IOP. The constant quest for new pharmaceuticals and other modalities with superior therapeutic indices has recently yielded health authority-approved novel drugs with unique pharmacological signatures and mechanism(s) of action and AQH drainage microdevices for effectively and durably treating OHT. A unique nitric oxide-donating conjugate of latanoprost, an FP-receptor prostaglandin (PG; latanoprostene bunod), new rho kinase inhibitors (ripasudil; netarsudil), a novel non-PG EP2-receptor-selective agonist (omidenepag isopropyl), and a form of FP-receptor PG in a slow-release intracameral implant (Durysta) represent the additions to the pharmaceutical toolchest to mitigate the ravages of OHT. Despite these advances, early diagnosis of OHT and glaucoma still lags behind and would benefit from further concerted effort and attention.

Prostaglandin analogs in ophthalmology

Glaucoma is a major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only approach to prevent further optic nerve head damage. Pharmacotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for glaucoma patients. In recent years, a significant milestone in glaucoma treatment has been a transition to prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) as the first line of drugs. The rapid shift from traditional β-blockers to PGAs is primarily due to their excellent efficacy, convenient once-a-day usage, better diurnal control of IOP, and systemic safety profiles. This review article aims to provide information regarding the various PGAs in practice and also the newer promising drugs.

FP and EP2 prostanoid receptor agonist drugs and aqueous humor outflow devices for treating ocular hypertension and glaucoma

Prostaglandin (PG) receptors represent important druggable targets due to the many diverse actions of PGs in the body. From an ocular perspective, the discovery, development, and health agency approvals of prostaglandin F (FP) receptor agonists (FPAs) have revolutionized the medical treatment of ocular hypertension (OHT) and glaucoma. FPAs, such as latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, and tafluprost, powerfully lower and control intraocular pressure (IOP), and became first-line therapeutics to treat this leading cause of blindness in the late 1990s to early 2000s. More recently, a latanoprost-nitric oxide (NO) donor conjugate, latanoprostene bunod, and a novel FP/EP3 receptor dual agonist, sepetaprost (ONO-9054 or DE-126), have also demonstrated robust IOP-reducing activity. Moreover, a selective non-PG prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist, omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI), was discovered, characterized, and has been approved in the United States, Japan and several other Asian countries for treating OHT/glaucoma. FPAs primarily enhance uveoscleral (UVSC) outflow of aqueous humor (AQH) to reduce IOP, but cause darkening of the iris and periorbital skin, uneven thickening and elongation of eyelashes, and deepening of the upper eyelid sulcus during chronic treatment. In contrast, OMDI lowers and controls IOP by activation of both the UVSC and trabecular meshwork outflow pathways, and it has a lower propensity to induce the aforementioned FPA-induced ocular side effects. Another means to address OHT is to physically promote the drainage of the AQH from the anterior chamber of the eye of patients with OHT/glaucoma. This has successfully been achieved by the recent approval and introduction of miniature devices into the anterior chamber by minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries. This review covers the three major aspects mentioned above to highlight the etiology of OHT/glaucoma, and the pharmacotherapeutics and devices that can be used to combat this blinding ocular disease.

Neuroaxonal and cellular damage/protection by prostanoid receptor ligands, fatty acid derivatives and associated enzyme inhibitors

Cellular and mitochondrial membrane phospholipids provide the substrate for synthesis and release of prostaglandins in response to certain chemical, mechanical, noxious and other stimuli. Prostaglandin D₂, prostaglandin E₂, prostaglandin F_2α, prostaglandin I₂ and thromboxane-A₂ interact with five major receptors (and their sub-types) to elicit specific downstream cellular and tissue actions. In general, prostaglandins have been associated with pain, inflammation, and edema when they are present at high local concentrations and involved on a chronic basis. However, in acute settings, certain endogenous and exogenous prostaglandins have beneficial effects ranging from mediating muscle contraction/relaxation, providing cellular protection, regulating sleep, and enhancing blood flow, to lowering intraocular pressure to prevent the development of glaucoma, a blinding disease. Several classes of prostaglandins are implicated (or are considered beneficial) in certain central nervous system dysfunctions (e.g., Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis; stroke, traumatic brain injuries and pain) and in ocular disorders (e.g., ocular hypertension and glaucoma; allergy and inflammation; edematous retinal disorders). This review endeavors to address the physiological/pathological roles of prostaglandins in the central nervous system and ocular function in health and disease, and provides insights towards the therapeutic utility of some prostaglandin agonists and antagonists, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cyclooxygenase inhibitors.

Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Glaucoma

Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness throughout the world (after cataracts); therefore, general physicians should be familiar with the diagnosis and management of affected patients. Glaucomas are usually categorized by the anatomy of the anterior chamber angle (open vs narrow/closed), rapidity of onset (acute vs chronic), and major etiology (primary vs secondary). Most glaucomas are primary (ie, without a contributing comorbidity); however, several coexisting ophthalmic conditions may serve as the underlying etiologies of secondary glaucomas. Chronic glaucoma occurs most commonly; thus, regular eye examinations should be performed in at-risk patients to prevent the insidious loss of vision that can develop before diagnosis. Glaucoma damages the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer, leading to peripheral and central visual field defects. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), a crucial determinant of disease progression, remains the only modifiable risk factor; thus, all current treatments (medications, lasers, and operations) aim to reduce the IOP. Pharmacotherapy is the usual first-line therapy, but noncompliance, undesirable adverse effects, and cost limit effectiveness. Laser and surgical treatments may lower IOP significantly over long periods and may be more cost effective than pharmacotherapy, but they are plagued by greater procedural risks and frequent treatment failures. Traditional incisional procedures have recently been replaced by several novel, minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries with improved safety profiles and only minimal decreases in efficacy. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries have dramatically transformed the surgical management of glaucoma; nevertheless, large, randomized trials are required to assess their long-term efficacy.

Use of Latanoprostene Bunod as Adjunctive Glaucoma Therapy in Refractory Glaucoma

Aim

To investigate the long-term efficacy of adjunctive use of latanoprostene bunod (LBN), a new nitric oxide donating prostaglandin medication, in refractory cases of glaucoma at a tertiary care center.

Materials and methods

A review for patients who received add-on LBN was conducted from 1st January 2018 to 31st August 2020. A total of 33 patients (53 eyes) met the inclusion criteria of being on ≥3 topical medications, having an intraocular pressure measurement prior to starting LBN, and having adequate follow-up. Baseline demographics, prior treatments, adverse effects, and intraocular pressures measured at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months were recorded.

Results

Mean baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) [mm Hg ± standard deviation (SD)] was 19.9 ± 6.0. At 3 months, 49 eyes had a mean IOP of 17.3 ± 5.5 (p < 0.01) with an absolute reduction of 2.6 ± 6.6 and a percent reduction of 9 ± 28%. At 6 months, 35 eyes had a mean IOP of 17.2 ± 4.7 (p < 0.01) with an absolute reduction of 3.6 ± 7.4 and a percent reduction of 11 ± 30%. At 12 months, 28 eyes had a mean IOP of 16 ± 4.5 (p < 0.01) with an absolute reduction of 5.8 ± 7.4 and a percent reduction of 19 ± 38%. Over the course of the study, 18 eyes were lost to follow-up. Three eyes had a laser trabeculoplasty, and four eyes required incisional surgery. No eyes discontinued the medication due to adverse effects.

Conclusion

Adjunctive use of LBN in refractory glaucoma showed clinically and statistically significant IOP reductions at 3, 6, and 12-month time points. IOP reduction in patients was stable throughout the course of the study, with the largest decreases seen at the 12-month interval.

Clinical significance

LBN was well tolerated by patients and may be useful as an additive agent in providing long-term intraocular pressure reduction for patients with severe glaucoma on maximal therapy.

How to cite this article

Zhou B, Bekerman VP, Khouri AS. Use of Latanoprostene Bunod as Adjunctive Glaucoma Therapy in Refractory Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2022;16(3):166-169.

Latanoprostene Bunod 0.024% in the Treatment of Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis

Latanoprostene bunod (LBN) 0.024%, a newly approved glaucoma eye drop, is metabolized into latanoprost acid and a nitric oxide (NO)-donating moiety, thus increasing the outflow of aqueous humor through the uveoscleral and trabecular routes, respectively. This study aimed to evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect of LBN among patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT). The effectiveness of LBN was also compared with timolol maleate 0.5% and latanoprost 0.005%. We searched PubMed and Embase between 1 January 2010, and 31 March 2022 and adopted only peer-reviewed clinical studies in our meta-analysis. A total of nine studies (2389 patients with OAG or OHT) assessing the IOP-reduction effect of LBN were included. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) of IOP between post-treatment time points (2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months) and baseline were calculated. The pooled analysis according to each time point revealed a significant IOP drop after LBN treatment (all p values for SMD < 0.05). In addition, LBN revealed a significantly stronger efficacy in decreasing IOP than timolol maleate 0.5% and latanoprost 0.005% during the follow-up period of three months. No serious side effects of LBN 0.024% were reported. Our study concluded that LBN could achieve good performance for IOP reduction in patients with OAG and OHT. The safety was favorable with no severe side effects.

A Randomized, Controlled Comparison of NCX 470 (0.021%, 0.042%, and 0.065%) and Latanoprost 0.005% in Patients With Open-angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension: The Dolomites Study

PRCIS

NCX 470 0.042% and 0.065% were statistically superior in intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering to latanoprost 0.005%, and NCX 470 0.021% was noninferior. All NCX 470 concentrations were safe and well tolerated.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to compare varying concentrations of NCX 470 (a nitric oxide-donating bimatoprost) to latanoprost in a dose-response safety and efficacy trial.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Adult patients with bilateral open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension were randomized to NCX 470 0.021% (n=111), 0.042% (n=108), 0.065% (n=107), or latanoprost 0.005% (n=107) once daily in the evening. IOP was measured at 8:00 am, 10:00 am, and 4:00 pm at weeks 1, 2, and 4. The primary efficacy endpoint was the reduction from baseline in mean diurnal IOP at week 4. Secondary efficacy endpoints included reductions from baseline in mean diurnal IOP at weeks 1 and 2, and reductions from baseline in time-matched IOP at 8:00 am, 10:00 am, and 4:00 pm at weeks 1, 2, and 4. Adverse events were evaluated.

RESULTS

All concentrations of NCX 470 resulted in significant reductions of mean diurnal IOP. The 0.042% and 0.065% concentrations were statistically superior to latanoprost 0.005%, and 0.021% was noninferior to latanoprost for change from baseline in mean diurnal IOP at week 4. The 0.065% concentration was also superior to latanoprost by up to 1.4 mm Hg for reduction from baseline at 8:00 am, 10:00 am, and 4:00 pm at week 4. NCX 470 was safe and well tolerated; conjunctival hyperemia was the most frequently reported adverse event.

CONCLUSIONS

NCX 470 demonstrated dose-dependent reductions in IOP. The 0.042% and 0.065% concentrations demonstrated significantly greater reductions from baseline in mean diurnal IOP than latanoprost 0.005% at week 4, suggesting that higher concentrations may show even greater efficacy.

Screening for Glaucoma in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force

IMPORTANCE

Two 2013 systematic reviews to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) found insufficient evidence to assess benefits and harms of screening for primary open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in adults.

OBJECTIVE

To update the 2013 reviews on screening for glaucoma, to inform the USPSTF.

DATA SOURCES

Ovid MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (to February 2021); surveillance through January 21, 2022.

STUDY SELECTION

Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of screening, referral, and treatment; and studies of screening test diagnostic accuracy.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

One investigator abstracted data and a second checked accuracy. Two investigators independently assessed study quality.

RESULTS

Eighty-three studies (N = 75 887) were included (30 trials and 53 diagnostic accuracy studies). One RCT (n = 616) found screening of frail elderly persons associated with no difference in vision outcomes vs no screening but with significantly greater falls risk (relative risk [RR], 1.31 [95% CI, 1.13-1.50]). No study evaluated referral to an eye health professional. For glaucoma diagnosis, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (providing high-resolution cross-sectional imaging; 15 studies, n = 4242) was associated with sensitivity of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.75-0.83) and specificity of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.87-0.96) and the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (for perimetry, or measurement of visual fields; 6 studies, n = 11 244) with sensitivity of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.69-0.95) and specificity 0.82 (95% CI, 0.66-0.92); tonometry (for measurement of intraocular pressure; 13 studies, n = 32 892) had low sensitivity (0.48 [95% CI, 0.31-0.66]). Medical therapy for ocular hypertension and untreated glaucoma was significantly associated with decreased intraocular pressure and decreased likelihood of glaucoma progression (7 trials, n = 3771; RR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.49-0.96]; absolute risk difference -4.2%) vs placebo, but 1 trial (n = 461) found no differences in visual acuity, quality of life, or function. Selective laser trabeculoplasty and medical therapy had similar outcomes (4 trials, n = 957).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

This review found limited direct evidence on glaucoma screening, showing no association with benefits. Screening tests can identify persons with glaucoma and treatment was associated with a lower risk of glaucoma progression, but evidence of improvement in visual outcomes, quality of life, and function remains lacking.

Comparison of netarsudil and latanoprostene bunod as adjuncts to maximum medical therapy in primary open-angle glaucoma: a single-centre retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

Compare the efficacy of new agents netarsudil 0.02% (NET) and latanoprostene bunod 0.024% (LB) ophthalmic solutions as adjuncts to traditional 4-class maximum medical therapy (MMT) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG).

DESIGN

Single-centre retrospective cohort study using records from a university glaucoma clinic from 2017 to 2021 with follow-up at 30-90 days.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients with POAG already taking 4-class MMT who either added NET (n = 24) or exchanged a currently prescribed prostaglandin analogue (PGA) for LB (n = 11) with no prior surgery except for selective laser trabeculoplasty or cataract extraction >1 year prior.

METHODS

Either addition of NET or exchange of PGA for LB and otherwise continuing MMT. Outcome measures were absolute intraocular pressure reduction (IOPR) in mm Hg, percent IOPR, and proportion of patients achieving >10% IOPR.

RESULTS

Data from 35 eyes in 35 patients were analyzed. Intraocular pressure reduction after adding NET was significantly greater than after exchanging a PGA for LB. Percent IOPR by NET also was significantly greater than after exchanging PGA for LB. The proportion of patients reaching therapeutic threshold after the addition of NET was significantly greater than after exchange of PGA for LB.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with POAG on MMT, addition of NET was associated with significantly greater magnitude of IOPR and a significantly greater proportion of patients reaching the >10% IOPR threshold compared with exchange of PGA for LB.

Current situation and progress of drugs for reducing intraocular pressure

Glaucoma, the most common cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, usually causes characteristic optic nerve damage. Pathological intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is a major risk factor. Drug reduction of IOP is the preferred treatment for clinicians because it can delay the progression of disease. However, the traditional IOP-lowering drugs currently used by patients may be poorly tolerated. Therefore, in recent years, some new drugs have been put into clinical application or in clinical phase I–III studies. They have a better IOP-lowering effect and fewer adverse reactions. Because glaucoma is a chronic disease, drugs need to be administered continuously for a long time. For patients, good compliance and high drug bioavailability have a positive effect on the prognosis of the disease. Therefore, clinicians and scientists have developed drug delivery systems to solve this complex problem. In addition, natural compounds and dietary supplements have a good effect of reducing IOP, and they can also protect the optic nerve through antioxidant action. We summarize the current traditional drugs, new drugs, sustained-release drug delivery systems, and complementary drugs and outline the mechanism of action and clinical effects of these drugs on glaucoma and their recent advances.

Topical Medication Therapy for Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of blindness, thus seriously affecting people’s health and quality of life. The topical medical therapy is as the first line treatment in the management of glaucoma since it is inexpensive, convenient, effective, and safe. This review summarizes and compares extensive clinical trials on the topical medications for the treatment of glaucoma, including topical monotherapy agents, topical fixed-combination agents, topical non-fixed combination agents, and their composition, mechanism of action, efficacy, and adverse effects, which will provide reference for optimal choice of clinical medication. Fixed-combination therapeutics offer greater efficacy, reliable security, clinical compliance, and tolerance than non-fixed combination agents and monotherapy agents, which will become a prefer option for the treatment of glaucoma. Meanwhile, we also discuss new trends in the field of new fixed combinations of medications, which may better control IOP and treat glaucoma.

Nutritional supplementation in the prevention and treatment of Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy that creates a significant burden on public health. Oxidative stress is hypothesised to play a role to glaucoma progression, and its reduction is being analysed as a therapeutic target. Dietary antioxidants play a crucial role in helping provide insight into this hypothesis. We reviewed 71 trials, interventional, I -vivo and I -vitro, including 11 randomised controlled trials, to determine if adjunctive nutritional supplementation could lead to a reduction in oxidative stress and prevent glaucomatous progression. Many laboratory findings show that vitamins and natural compounds contain an abundance of intrinsic antioxidative, neuroprotective and vasoprotective properties that show promise in the treatment and prevention of glaucoma. Although there is encouraging early evidence, most clincial findings are inconclusive. The group of B vitamins appear to have the greatest amount of evidence. Other compounds such as flavonoids, carotenoids, curcumin, saffron, CoQ10, Ggngko Biloba and Resveratrol however warrant further investigation in glaucoma patients. Studies of these antioxidants and other nutrients could create adjunctive or alternative preventative and treatment modalities for glaucoma to those currently available.

The Application of Nitric Oxide for Ocular Hypertension Treatment

Despite of various therapeutic methods for treating ocular hypertension and glaucoma, it still remains the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering is the most effective way to slow disease progression and prevent blindness. Among the ocular hypotensive drugs currently in use, only a couple act on the conventional outflow system, which is the main pathway for aqueous humor outflow and the major lesion site resulting in ocular hypertension. Nitric oxide (NO) is a commendable new class of glaucoma drugs that acts on the conventional outflow pathway. An increasing number of nitric oxide donors have been developed for glaucoma and ocular hypertension treatment. Here, we will review how NO lowers IOP and the types of nitric oxide donors that have been developed. And a brief analysis of the advantages and challenges associated with the application will be made. The literature used in this review is based on Pubmed database search using ‘nitric oxide’ and ‘glaucoma’ as key words.

A new look at the safety and tolerability of prostaglandin analogue eyedrops in glaucoma and ocular hypertension

INTRODUCTION

In the last 25 years, topical prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) have emerged to become first line and first choice therapeutic options in the management of glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OHT). Although the short-term efficacy and safety of PGAs has been extensively investigated, less is known about their long term safety and tolerability. This gap in current knowledge is clinically relevant, because treatment-related adverse events and long-term tolerability issues are key determinants of the overall success of long-term therapy and the final outcome of a lifelong, symptomless disease like glaucoma.

AREAS COVERED

We include selected evidence pertaining to the safety and tolerability of available and emerging PGA formulations. We also outline PGA formulations with different concentrations of the active ingredient, different preservatives, and preservative-free (PF) options.

EXPERT OPINION

Undoubtedly PGAs will continue to play a major role in the medical therapy of glaucoma and OHT. Despite extensive literature and prolonged clinical experience with these agents worldwide, a number of areas that warrant further research have been identified in the present review. Recently launched novel PGAs, or those still in development offer new opportunities and future challenges.

Two-Year Experience With Latanoprostene Bunod in Clinical Practice

PRECIS

We retrospectively reviewed records of patients prescribed latanoprostene bunod 0.024% (LBN) to assess its efficacy and safety in a real-world clinical setting. LBN was efficacious in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) and had a favorable safety profile.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usage of LBN, the first topical nitric oxide-donating prostaglandin analog (PGA) for reducing IOP, in clinical practice.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Retrospective review identified patients prescribed LBN by 5 glaucoma specialists at an academic center from January 2018 to November 2019. Fifty-six patients (102 eyes) met inclusion criteria of an IOP measured at the visit LBN was prescribed and at 2 visits ≥7 days after beginning treatment, with no surgeries, lasers or medication changes during follow-up. Main outcome measures were IOP, number of ocular medications, and adverse effects.

RESULTS

IOP (mean±SD, mm Hg) at the visit LBN was prescribed was 16.2±4.3 on 3.2±1.5 glaucoma medications. IOP at most recent visit was 13.7±3.8 on 3.2±1.6 medications. Mean IOP reduction was 2.1±3.5 (P<0.0001) at first follow-up, after 38.7±36.5 days, and 2.5±3.3 (P<0.0001) at last follow-up, after 235.9±160.8 days. Pressure decreased ≥2 mm Hg in 60%, ≥3 mm Hg in 46%, and ≥4 mm Hg in 34% of eyes. All patients received LBN as replacement for a PGA or latanoprost/netarsudil fixed-dose combination. Forty-three patients remained on LBN throughout the follow-up period. Seven were discontinued for insufficient pressure control, 4 for adverse effects including pain and itching, and 2 for financial reasons.

CONCLUSIONS

In 2 years of clinical use of LBN, patients exhibited IOP reductions that were statistically significant overall and clinically meaningful in 60% of patients. LBN was well-tolerated and may be more efficacious than traditional PGAs.

Systemic side effects of glaucoma medications

Glaucoma is a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells leading to visual field loss. Lowering intraocular pressure is currently the only modifiable risk factor to slow glaucoma progression. Intraocular pressure-lowering options include topical and systemic medications, lasers, and surgical procedures. Glaucoma eye drops play a major role in treating this blinding disease. Similar to all medications, the glaucoma medications have their own adverse effects. The majority of glaucoma medications work by stimulating or inhibiting adrenergic, cholinergic, and prostaglandin receptors, which are distributed all over the body. Therefore, the glaucoma medications can affect organs other than the eye. This review will discuss the systemic adverse effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, sympathomimetics, para-sympathomimetics, beta blockers, prostaglandin analogs, hyperosmotic agents, and novel glaucoma medications with a stress on pregnant patients, breastfeeding mothers, and paediatric patients.

Knowledge translation for the everyday optometrist

A gap exists between best evidence and actual clinical care provided to patients. The advent of evidence-based practice was meant to address this gap by providing practitioners with a method to search, evaluate and incorporate evidence into practice. However, the gap continues to exist. The health research fields of knowledge translation and implementation science have evolved over the last few decades to assist practitioners in embedding research findings and best evidence into routine practice. Knowledge translation seeks to improve public health outcomes by facilitating the movement of best evidence from the bench to clinical practice. Implementation science is the study of methods to integrate research findings and evidence-based practice into routine practice. This literature review aims to revisit the concepts of evidence-based practice and to introduce knowledge translation and implementation science by exploring their roles and influences in the delivery of appropriate glaucoma care by optometrists.

New considerations for the clinical efficacy of old and new topical glaucoma medications

Glaucoma is the most common form of irreversible blindness in the world. Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the only clinically established method of treatment to slow the progression of glaucoma. Primary open angle glaucoma is a disease of the optic nerve head and often is associated with changes to the trabecular meshwork that cause a reduction to aqueous humour outflow and an increase in intraocular pressure. Until recently, topical IOP lowering medication has been limited to the mechanisms of action of decreasing aqueous production and/or redirecting outflow to the unconventional uveoscleral outflow pathway. Both of these mechanisms neglect to treat or act on tissue that becomes altered from glaucoma. Latanoprostene-bunod 0.024%, a nitric-oxide donating prostanoid, netarsudil 0.02%, a potent Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, and a once daily dosed fixed combination medication with netarsudil 0.02% and latanoprost 0.005% have recently come on the market. This paper will discuss and review the limitations to traditional IOP lowering glaucoma medications as well as the mechanism of actions and clinical efficacy of the new glaucoma medications. It will also discuss how the new class of glaucoma medications might help to overcome some known limitations in treatment and barriers to patient adherence.

Experience with netarsudil 0.02% and latanoprostene bunod 0.024% as adjunctive therapy for glaucoma

PURPOSE

To assess the effectiveness and safety of adjunctive topical netarsudil 0.02% and latanoprostene bunod 0.024% in patients with glaucoma.

METHODS

A retrospective, multi-center, cohort study of patients with glaucoma treated with netarsudil 0.02% or latanoprostene bunod from five tertiary care centers. Inclusion criteria included patients with glaucoma treated with either medication as adjunctive therapy. Outcomes included mean absolute intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and relative IOP reduction from baseline. Adverse reactions and reasons for discontinuation were reported. One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, and Mann Whitney U test compared the outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 95 eyes (95 patients) on netarsudil and 41 eyes (41 patients) on latanoprostene bunod were analyzed. Mean duration of use was 54.3 ± 28 days for netarsudil and 82.9 ± 51.2 days for latanoprostene bunod. At the final visit, mean IOP reduction was 3.9 ± 4.6 mmHg (17.5 ± 6.0%) (p < 0.0001) with netarsudil and 2.9 ± 3.7 mmHg (13.6 ± 16.3%) (p < 0.0001) with latanoprostene bunod. IOP lowering did not depend on baseline number of IOP-lowering medications. The most common reason for discontinuation was non-effectiveness in both groups.

CONCLUSION

Similar to monotherapy, netarsudil and latanoprostene bunod demonstrated efficacy in lowering IOP when used as adjunctive therapy.

Advances in medical therapy for glaucoma

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To discuss a new class of medication that has recently become available for the treatment of glaucoma; as well as share insights into developments in glaucoma medicine administration which has the potential to revolutionize medical therapy for glaucoma.

RECENT FINDINGS

Newly available eye drops, netarsudil 0.02% and latanoprostene bunod 0.024%, are improving aqueous outflow through the conventional outflow tract. Other new developments in medical glaucoma are focused on alternative methods for sustained glaucoma medication delivery.

SUMMARY

Newer medications may be able to extend the duration of medically controlled glaucoma, delaying or possibly eliminating the need of glaucoma surgery for some patients. Alternative methods of delivery for glaucoma medications may be a key factor in improving outcomes with currently available medications.

Protection of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma: Current status and future

Glaucoma is a neuropathic disease that causes optic nerve damage, loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and visual field defects. Most glaucoma patients have no early signs or symptoms. Conventional pharmacological glaucoma medications and surgeries that focus on lowering intraocular pressure are not sufficient; RGCs continue to die, and the patient's vision continues to decline. Recent evidence has demonstrated that neuroprotective approaches could be a promising strategy for protecting against glaucoma. In the case of glaucoma, neuroprotection aims to prevent or slow down disease progression by mitigating RGCs death and optic nerve degeneration. Notably, new pharmacologic medications such as antiglaucomatous agents, antibiotics, dietary supplementation, novel neuroprotective molecules, neurotrophic factors, translational methods such as gene therapy and cell therapy, and electrical stimulation-based physiotherapy are emerging to attenuate the death of RGCs, or to make RGCs resilient to attacks. Understanding the roles of these interventions in RGC protection may offer benefits over traditional pharmacological medications and surgeries. In this review, we summarize the recent neuroprotective strategy for glaucoma, both in clinical trials and in laboratory research.

Nitric oxide donating anti-glaucoma drugs: advances and prospects

Glaucoma is a disease that causes irreversible blindness. Reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main treatment at present. Nitric oxide (NO), an endogenous gas signaling molecule, can increase aqueous humor outflow facility, inhibit aqueous humor production thereby reducing IOP, as well as regulate eye blood flow and protect the optic nerve. Therefore, NO donating anti-glaucoma drugs have broad research prospects. In this review, we summarize NO-mediated therapy for glaucoma, and the state of the art of some NO donating molecules, including latanoprostene bunod in market and some other candidate compounds, for the intervention of glaucoma, as well as prospects and challenges ahead in this field.

The vital role for nitric oxide in intraocular pressure homeostasis

Catalyzed by endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) activity, NO is a gaseous signaling molecule maintaining endothelial and cardiovascular homeostasis. Principally, NO regulates the contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells and permeability of endothelial cells in response to either biochemical or biomechanical cues. In the conventional outflow pathway of the eye, the smooth muscle-like trabecular meshwork (TM) cells and Schlemm's canal (SC) endothelium control aqueous humor outflow resistance, and therefore intraocular pressure (IOP). The mechanisms by which outflow resistance is regulated are complicated, but NO appears to be a key player as enhancement or inhibition of NO signaling dramatically affects outflow function; and polymorphisms in NOS3, the gene that encodes eNOS modifies the relation between various environmental exposures and glaucoma. Based upon a comprehensive review of past foundational studies, we present a model whereby NO controls a feedback signaling loop in the conventional outflow pathway that is sensitive to changes in IOP and its oscillations. Thus, upon IOP elevation, the outflow pathway tissues distend, and the SC lumen narrows resulting in increased SC endothelial shear stress and stretch. In response, SC cells upregulate the production of NO, relaxing neighboring TM cells and increasing permeability of SC's inner wall. These IOP-dependent changes in the outflow pathway tissues reduce the resistance to aqueous humor drainage and lower IOP, which, in turn, diminishes the biomechanical signaling on SC. Similar to cardiovascular pathogenesis, dysregulation of the eNOS/NO system leads to dysfunctional outflow regulation and ocular hypertension, eventually resulting in primary open-angle glaucoma.

Prolonged use of nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside induces ocular hypertension in mice

Nitric oxide (NO) donors are promising therapeutic candidates for treating intraocular hypertension (IOP) and glaucoma. This study aims to investigate the effect of prolonged use of NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on IOP. Since SNP has a short biological half-life, a nanoparticle drug delivery system (mesoporous silica nanoparticles) has been used to deliver SNP to the target tissues (trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal). We find that the sustained use of NO donor initially reduced IOP followed, surprisingly, by IOP elevation, which could not recover by drug withdraw but could be reversed by the antioxidant MnTMPyP application. The IOP elevation and normalization coincide with increased and reduced protein nitration in the mouse conventional outflow tissue. These findings suggest that the prolonged use of NO donor SNP may be problematic as it can cause outflow tissue damage by protein nitration. MnTMPyP is protective of the nitrative damage which could be considered to be co-applied with NO donors.

Retrospective Chart Review on Real-World Use of Latanoprostene Bunod 0.024% in Treatment-Naïve Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma

Introduction

The objective of this study was to evaluate real-world effectiveness of latanoprostene bunod (LBN) ophthalmic solution 0.024% in treatment-naïve patients newly diagnosed with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension.

Methods

This multicenter retrospective chart review included patients aged ≥ 18 years, with no history of medical, laser, or surgical intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering intervention and at least two follow-up visits (spanning ≥ 2 months) following initiation of LBN treatment. Extracted data included age, sex, race, cup-to-disk ratio, central corneal thickness, IOP, visual acuity (VA), concomitant medications, and adverse events. In patients treated bilaterally, the eye with the higher baseline IOP was the study eye.

Results

Medical charts for 65 patients (mean [SD] age, 59 [14] years; 53.8% female) encompassing 125 eyes treated with LBN were reviewed across nine clinical sites. Mean (SD) IOP at baseline was 21.7 (5.9) mmHg. Mean days to first and second follow-up visit were 43 and 141, respectively. LBN use resulted in a mean (SD) reduction from baseline of 7.1 (4.7) and 7.3 (5.1) mmHg at the first and second follow-up visits, respectively (P < 0.0001 for both). Reductions among patients with IOP > 21 mmHg (n = 30) at baseline were 10.0 (4.5) and 11.1 (4.6) mmHg at the first and second follow-up visits (P < 0.0001 for both). There were no meaningful changes in VA. Adverse events appeared infrequent, with only one report of ocular redness.

Conclusion

In this real-world, retrospective chart review, LBN 0.024% use resulted in robust IOP lowering in newly diagnosed OAG patients new to treatment, and appeared well tolerated.

Current Medical Therapy and Future Trends in the Management of Glaucoma Treatment

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Lowering of intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only proven treatment strategy for glaucoma. However, some patients show progressive loss of visual field and quality of life despite controlled IOP which indicates that other factors are implicated in glaucoma. Therefore, approaches that could prevent or decrease the rate of progression and do not rely on IOP lowering have gained much attention. Effective neuroprotection has been reported in animal models of glaucoma, but till now, no neuroprotective agents have been clinically approved. The present update provides an overview of currently available IOP-lowering medications. Moreover, potential new treatment targets for IOP-lowering and neuroprotective therapy are discussed. Finally, future trends in glaucoma therapy are addressed, including sustained drug delivery systems and progress toward personalized medicine.

Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye

The ocular drug discovery field has evidenced significant advancement in the past decade. The FDA approvals of Rhopressa, Vyzulta, and Roclatan for glaucoma, Brolucizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), Luxturna for retinitis pigmentosa, Dextenza (0.4 mg dexamethasone intracanalicular insert) for ocular inflammation, ReSure sealant to seal corneal incisions, and Lifitegrast for dry eye represent some of the major developments in the field of ocular therapeutics. A literature survey also indicates that gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and target discovery through genomic research represent significant promise as potential strategies to achieve tissue repair or regeneration and to attain therapeutic benefits in ocular diseases. Overall, the emergence of new technologies coupled with first-in-class entries in ophthalmology are highly anticipated to restructure and boost the future trends in the field of ophthalmic drug discovery. This perspective focuses on various aspects of ocular drug discovery and the recent advances therein. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns along with a brief overview of the structure-activity relationships of the diverse chemical classes and developments in ocular drug delivery (ODD) are presented.

A novel rat model of ocular hypertension by a single intracameral injection of cross-linked hyaluronic acid hydrogel (Healaflow® )

To create a novel animal model of ocular hypertension via the intracameral injection of Healaflow. Unilateral chronic ocular hypertension model of rats was created by the intracameral injection of 3 μL Healaflow. The IOP of subjects was monitored. Dynamic morphological changes were evaluated by fundus imaging, OCT and histological examination. Visual function changes were measured by electroretinography and flash visual-evoked potentials. 24 and 72 hours after injection, the retinal tissue was collected for transcriptome analysis. The expression levels of related genes and proteins were further evaluated by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. The IOP peaked within 1 day after a single intracameral injection of Healaflow and then decreased gradually within 4 weeks. Furthermore, the persistently degenerating retinal ganglion cells occurred within 4 weeks. The visual function of these rats was also impaired. The results of transcriptome analyses, qRT-PCR and Western blotting showed that the expression levels of B2m, Ikzf1 and Stat3 were up-regulated, while the expression levels of Six3 and Prss56 were down-regulated in the retinal tissues. Intracameral injection of Healaflow is an effective approach to induce glaucomatous neurodegeneration in rats. Six3 and Prss56 may be involved in the pathogenesis of progressive glaucomatous damage.

Adipose-derived stem cells integrate into trabecular meshwork with glaucoma treatment potential

The trabecular meshwork (TM) is an ocular tissue that maintains intraocular pressure (IOP) within a physiologic range. Glaucoma patients have reduced TM cellularity and, frequently, elevated IOP. To establish a stem cell-based approach to restoring TM function and normalizing IOP, human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were induced to differentiate to TM cells in vitro. These ADSC-TM cells displayed a TM cell-like genotypic profile, became phagocytic, and responded to dexamethasone stimulation, characteristic of TM cells. After transplantation into naive mouse eyes, ADSCs and ADSC-TM cells integrated into the TM tissue, expressed TM cell markers, and maintained normal IOP, outflow facility, and extracellular matrix. Cell migration and affinity results indicated that the chemokine pair CXCR4/SDF1 may play an important role in ADSC-TM cell homing. Our study demonstrates the possibility of applying autologous or allogeneic ADSCs and ADSC-TM cells as a potential treatment to restore TM structure and function in glaucoma.

Fixed-combination topical anti-hypertensive ophthalmic agents

INTRODUCTION

Fixed-combination glaucoma medications have altered the paradigm of ocular hypertension and glaucoma treatment and are in widespread use today. A comprehensive review of fixed-combination medications will help educate and inform providers for optimal patient care.

AREAS COVERED

In this review, the authors describe the composition, mechanism of action, efficacy, side effects, and safety profile of fixed-combination agents for the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma as well as comparisons between the most frequently prescribed medications.

EXPERT OPINION

Fixed-combination therapeutics provide an effective and efficient means of lowering intraocular pressure with comparable side effects and outcomes to constituent parts with lower patient exposure to preservatives and improvement in compliance.

α5β1 Integrin Promotes Anchoring and Integration of Transplanted Stem Cells to the Trabecular Meshwork in the Eye for Regeneration

Stem cell-based therapy to restore the function of abnormal trabecular meshwork (TM) and decrease intraocular pressure (IOP) provides a novel approach to treat open-angle glaucoma. However, molecular mechanism for stem cells homing and anchoring to the TM remains unclear. This study aimed to discover the function of integrins in homing and integration of exogenous TM stem cells (TMSCs) to the TM. Integrin expression in TMSCs and fibroblasts was evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), flow cytometry, immunofluorescent staining, and western blotting. Expression of integrin ligand fibronectin was detected in cultured TM cells and murine TM tissue by immunostaining. Cell affinity to TM cells or fibronectin matrix was examined to compare TMSCs with TMSCs functionally blocked with an α5β1 integrin antibody. TMSCs and TMSCs with α5β1 integrin-blocking were intracamerally injected into wild-type mice. Wholemounts and cryosections were analyzed to discover cell distribution and integration at 3 days and 1 month. IOP was measured to detect possible changes. We discovered that human TMSCs expressed a higher level of α5β1 integrin than fibroblasts, but similar levels of αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrin. Upregulation of fibronectin was found in both TM cells treated with dexamethasone for 14 days and murine TM tissues damaged by laser photocoagulation. TMSCs were able to attach to the TM cells and fibronectin matrix in vitro. When the surface α5β1 integrin was blocked, the attached cell numbers were significantly reduced. Both TMSCs and TMSCs incubated with an α5β1 integrin-blocking antibody could home to the mouse TM after injection. TMSCs blocked with the α5β1 integrin-blocking antibody were not retained in the TM tissue at 1 month. The injected cells did not affect mouse IOP. In conclusion, highly expressed α5β1 integrin participates in maintaining TMSCs anchored and integrated to the TM, which would be crucial for stem cell-based therapy for glaucoma.

Comparative evaluation of Latanoprostene Bunod, Timolol Maleate, and latanoprost Ophthalmic Solutions to assess their safety and efficacy in lowering intraocular pressure for the management of Open-Angle Glaucoma

OBJECTIVES

Timolol maleate has been reported to be a safer intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering treatment than latanoprost. The United States Food and Drug Administration approved latanoprostene bunod, a nitric oxide-donating prodrug of latanoprost, for lowering IOP. This study compared the safety and efficacy of latanoprost, latanoprostene bunod, and timolol maleate in patients with open-angle glaucoma.

METHODS

Patients who received latanoprost eye drops once daily in the evening were included in the latanoprost Ophthalmic Solutions (LP) cohort (n=104). Those who received latanoprostene bunod eye drops once daily in the evening were included in the Latanoprostene Bunod (LB) cohort (n=94). Those who received timolol eye drops twice daily were included in the Timolol Maleate (TM) cohort (n=115). All treatments were administered to the affected eye(s) for 3 months. Informed Consent has been taken from each participant before the trial.

RESULTS

At the end of 3 months of treatment, latanoprost, latanoprostene bunod, and timolol were all successful in reducing IOP. The LB cohort had the highest reduction in IOP, compared to the LP and TM cohorts. All treatments had some common adverse ocular effects.

CONCLUSION

Latanoprostene bunod was superior to latanoprost and timolol for the treatment of open-angle glaucoma.

New glaucoma medications: latanoprostene bunod, netarsudil, and fixed combination netarsudil-latanoprost

Reduction of intraocular pressure is the only proven method to treat glaucoma. Initial treatment of glaucoma commonly involves using anti-glaucoma medications either as monotherapy or combination therapy. Studies on aqueous humour dynamics have contributed to our understanding of aqueous outflow mechanisms that have led to the discovery of new drugs. Three new drugs (latanoprostene bunod 0.24%, netarsudil 0.02%, and fixed combination netarsudil 0.02% -latanoprost 0.005%) have been introduced recently in the market with novel mechanisms of action. Latanoprostene bunod 0.024% is a nitric oxide-donating prostaglandin F2α analogue which increases the aqueous outflow both by uveoscleral and trabecular pathways. Netarsudil 0.02% is a potent Rho kinase/norepinephrine transporter inhibitor acting by increasing the trabecular outflow, decreasing the aqueous production, and possibly decreasing the episcleral venous pressure. This review highlights the role of these drugs in the management of glaucoma, with an overview of the major clinical trials on their efficacy, safety, and tolerability.

Treatment choices for newly diagnosed primary open angle and ocular hypertension patients

Despite advances in our knowledge of the aetiology and pathophysiology of glaucoma, the sole proven, effective intervention for treating primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) remains lowering of intraocular pressure (IOP) to prevent further progression and visual loss. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the treatment choices available to newly diagnosed POAG and OHT patients. We review the existing literature on treatments currently available to newly diagnosed POAG and OHT patients and discuss their role in the treatment paradigm of POAG and OHT. We consider different factors that may be important when offering a choice of treatment to newly diagnosed POAG and OHT patients as well as describing new glaucoma treatments in development and future directions for treatment.

Latanoprostene Bunod 0.024% in Subjects With Open-angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension: Pooled Phase 3 Study Findings

PURPOSE

To compare the diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect of latanoprostene bunod (LBN) 0.024% with timolol maleate 0.5% in subjects with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Pooled analysis of two phase 3, randomized, multicenter, double-masked, parallel-group, noninferiority trials (APOLLO and LUNAR), each with open-label safety extension phases. Adults with OAG or OHT were randomized 2:1 to double-masked treatment with LBN once daily (qd) or timolol twice daily (bid) for 3 months followed by open-label LBN treatment for 3 (LUNAR) or 9 (APOLLO) months. IOP was measured at 8 AM, 12 PM, and 4 PM at week 2, week 6, and months 3, 6, 9, and 12.

RESULTS

Of the 840 subjects randomized, 774 (LBN, n=523; timolol crossover to LBN, n=251) completed the efficacy phase, and 738 completed the safety extension phase. Mean IOP was significantly lower with LBN versus timolol at all 9 evaluation timepoints during the efficacy phase (P<0.001). A significantly greater proportion of LBN-treated subjects attained a mean IOP ≤18 mm Hg and IOP reduction ≥25% from baseline versus timolol-treated subjects (P<0.001). The IOP reduction with LBN was sustained through the safety phase; subjects crossed over from timolol to LBN experienced additional significant IOP lowering (P≤0.009). Both treatments were well tolerated, and there were no safety concerns with long-term LBN treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

In this pooled analysis of subjects with OAG and OHT, LBN 0.024% qd provided greater IOP-lowering compared with timolol 0.5% bid and maintained lowered IOP through 12 months. LBN demonstrated a safety profile comparable to that of prostaglandin analogs.