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Umaefulam V, Safi S, Lingham G, Gordon I, Mueller A, Krishnam NS, Alves Carneiro VL, Yu M, Evans JR, Keel S. Approaches for delivery of refractive and optical care services in community and primary care settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 5:CD016043. [PMID: 38808577 PMCID: PMC11134311 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd016043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncorrected refractive error is a leading cause of vision impairment which, in most cases, can be managed with the appropriate spectacle correction. In 2021, the World Health Assembly endorsed a global target of a 40-percentage-point increase in effective coverage of refractive error by 2030. To achieve this global target, equitable access to refractive and optical services within community and primary care settings needs to be strengthened. This review will inform the development of technical guidance to support improvements in the testing and correction of refractive error among World Health Organization (WHO) member states. OBJECTIVES To determine the range of approaches for delivery of refractive and optical care services in community and primary care settings, and the methods employed for their evaluation. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase and Global Health databases, grey literature, and annual reports and websites of relevant organizations involved in eye-care delivery from January 2002 to November 2022 to identify approaches for refractive and optical service delivery. SELECTION CRITERIA We included observational and interventional studies, reviews, and reports from relevant organizations related to delivering refractive services and optical services for preschool and school-aged children and adults in community and primary care settings published between January 2002 and November 2022. We searched for studies and reports published within the last 20 years because vision impairment due to uncorrected refractive error has only recently become a public health and eye health priority, therefore we did not expect to find much relevant literature until after 2002. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors screened titles, abstracts and full texts, and extracted data. We resolved any discrepancies through discussion. We synthesized data, and presented results as tables, figures, and case studies. This project was led by the World Health Organization (WHO) Vision and Eye Care Programme. MAIN RESULTS We identified 175 studies from searches of databases and grey literature, 146 records from company reports, and 81 records from website searches of relevant organizations that matched our inclusion criteria. Delivery approaches for refractive and optical services in community care included school-based, pharmacy, and outreach models, whereas primary care approaches comprised vision centre, health centre, and a combination of vision or health centre and door-to-door delivery. In community care, school-based and outreach approaches were predominant, while in primary care, a vision-centre approach was mainly used. In the WHO African region, the school-based and outreach approaches were mainly reported while, in the Americas, the outreach approach was mostly used. Very few approaches for service delivery were reported in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean region. Prominent gaps exist in the evaluation of the approaches, and few studies attempted to evaluate the approaches for delivery of refractive and optical care services. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS We comprehensively describe a range of approaches for delivery of refractive and optical services in community and primary care. Further evaluation of their effectiveness will better inform the application of these service-delivery approaches. The study outcomes will help guide WHO member states in strengthening refractive and optical services at community and primary care levels. FUNDING This scoping review was supported by the Vision and Eye care Programme, World Health Organization and ATscale Global Partnership. REGISTRATION The protocol of this scoping review was published in the Open Source Framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Umaefulam
- Vision and Eye Care Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sare Safi
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Iris Gordon
- International Centre for Eye Health (ICEH), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Andreas Mueller
- Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Vera L Alves Carneiro
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mitasha Yu
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer R Evans
- International Centre for Eye Health (ICEH), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stuart Keel
- Vision and Eye Care Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Santiago HC, Rullán M, Ortiz K, Rivera A, Nieves M, Piña J, Torres Z, Mercado Y. Prevalence of refractive errors in children of Puerto Rico. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:434-441. [PMID: 36935800 PMCID: PMC10009595 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.03.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the prevalence of refractive error in 5- to 17-year-old schoolchildren in Puerto Rico. METHODS A quantitative descriptive study of 2867 children aged 5 to 17y from all seven educational regions of Puerto Rico was conducted from 2016-2019. Refractive error was determined via static and subjective refraction. Children with distance acuity ≤20/40 or near visual acuity ≤20/32 had a cycloplegic refraction. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, and t test calculations. RESULTS Twenty percent of the children had a spherical equivalent refractive error ≤ -0.50 D, 3.2% had a spherical equivalent ≥ +2.00 D, and 10.4% had astigmatism ≥1 D. There was a statistically (but non-clinically) significant myopic change in spherical equivalent refractive error with age (P<0.001). The prevalence of myopia increased with age (P<0.001) but not hyperopia (P=0.59) or astigmatism (P=0.51). Males had a significantly higher hyperopic spherical equivalent than females (P<0.001). Females had a higher prevalence of myopia (P<0.001) than males, but there was no difference in the hyperopia (P=0.74) or astigmatism prevalence (P=0.87). CONCLUSION The prevalence of a spherical equivalent equal to or less than -0.50 D (myopia, 20.7%) is one of the highest among similar-aged children worldwide. Further studies should explore the rate of myopia progression in children in Puerto Rico. Individual children must be monitored to examine the need for treatment of myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor C Santiago
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - Mayra Rullán
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - Katerin Ortiz
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - Andrés Rivera
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - Mónica Nieves
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - José Piña
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - Zulmaris Torres
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - Yvette Mercado
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
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Barba-Gallardo LF, Salas-Hernández LH, Villafán-Bernal JR, Marín-Nájera PDS, García-López DM, López-Garcia ADC, Castro-Quezada I. Refractive status of patients attending eye clinics of the Public Health System from Aguascalientes, Mexico. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2021; 14:328-334. [PMID: 34167928 PMCID: PMC8569395 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This paper aims to evaluate the prevalence of REs in a clinic from Aguascalientes, Mexico by analysing clinical records from the local public health system. Refractive errors (REs) are quite common globally, but no data have been published regarding their frequency in clinics from Mexico. A priori, the frequency of ametropias should be high as admixture ancestry from this region is mainly European and Amerindian, the regions with high prevalence worldwide. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 2195 subjects from records of public optometry services during the year 2018. Information obtained included age, gender, sphere, cylinder and axis. The prevalence of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism was determined by gender and age groups in paediatric and adult patients. Chi-square testing was applied to determine significant differences in prevalence across age groups and gender. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS In subjects under 18 years of age, the prevalence of emmetropia, astigmatism, myopia and hyperopia was 20.1%, 51.1%, 7.0% and 11.8%, respectively. In adults, emmetropia was present at a frequency of 20.1%, while 57.1% presented astigmatism, 12.4% hyperopia and 8.6% presented myopia. A significant association was observed between the presence of REs and age and gender. CONCLUSIONS In this first report of prevalence of REs from western Mexico, astigmatism was the most prevalent RE in children, adolescents and adults while the least common was myopia. Important differences were found in prevalence in comparison to national and international reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diana Miranda García-López
- Departamento de Medicina, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, México
| | | | - Itandehui Castro-Quezada
- Departamento de Nutrición, Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, México
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Aldakhil S, Ovenseri-Ogbomo G, Moafa M, Alghamdi W, Alluwimi M, Alghnam S. Visual Function of Drivers and its Relation to the Occurrence of Road Traffic Accidents in Saudi Arabia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The mortality rate due to road traffic accidents (RTA) is significantly high in Saudi Arabia (SA) compared to other countries. The visual function which includes good visual acuity (VA) and binocular vision are very important factors that can contribute to the incidence of RTA.
AIM: The aim of this study is to investigate the association between refractive errors (REs) and the RTA in SA.
METHODS: A total of 354 participants (mean age 22.67 ± 3.22 years) were recruited randomly to participate in this study from the population of Qassim district. Data collected using the questionnaire included participants’ age, sex, and education level, ocular and medical history, driving history as well as history of RTA. Ocular health examination including VA, RE measurements, and binocular vision function vision was measured and analyzed.
RESULTS: The results of this study show that 48.3% of drivers had some form of REs with 3.4% being visually impaired. 217 (61.3%) of participants have had an RTA, and 119 (54.9%) of them have had more than two accidents in the past two years. The findings show no significant association between the occurrence of RTA and uncorrected REs or binocular vision dysfunction.
CONCLUSION: Our data showed significantly higher rate of RTA among Saudi drivers which is much higher than any country in the world. The current Saudi regulations for obtaining driving license need to be modified, with implementing a comprehensive eye examination prior to acquiring or renewing drivers’ licenses.
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Types and Presentation of Refractive Error among Individuals Aged 0-30 Years: Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study, Yemen. Adv Med 2021; 2021:5557761. [PMID: 34285926 PMCID: PMC8275419 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5557761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractive errors are the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Its proportion varied among societies and is considered as a public health challenge. Symptoms and signs associated with refractive errors are the most worrisome and common presentations in the general practice in eye clinics. AIM The goal of this study was to determine the types and presentations of refractive error among the 0-30-year-old Yemeni population to aid early identification, diagnosis, referral, and treatment. Methodology. A cross-sectional study including 1,500 out-patients aged from 0 to 30 years attending the ophthalmology clinic in Sanaa, Yemen (between 2012 and 2015). All patients underwent visual acuity examination, autorefractometer, and anterior and posterior segment examination and were grouped according to type, that is, myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. RESULTS Hyperopia was the most common single diagnosis (53.3%) followed by myopia (33.3%). Astigmatism was uncommon as a single diagnosis (13.4%) but commonly associated with hyperopia or myopia. Myopia was more common in males (42.9%) than in females (25%). Hyperopia was more in females (62.5%) than in males (42.9%). Age groups most affected by refractive errors were 13-18 years (27.7%), 19-24 years (24.8%), and 25-30 years (24.6%), respectively. Decreased vision (53%) was a common presentation in myopia and astigmatism (41.5%) and less in hyperopia (39.6%). Headache was common in astigmatism (56%), hyperopia (28.8%), and myopia (17.8%). Muscle imbalance, namely, exotropia (27.2%), is mainly found in myopia and esotropia (24.3%) in hyperopia. CONCLUSIONS In addition to decreased vision, our patients with refractive errors mostly complain of headaches with clear variations with age and type of refractive error. Early identification and proper categorization of refractive errors by age, gender, and other demographics by general physicians in primary care can better deduce and make useful referrals to eye specialists.
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Signes-Soler I, Piñero DP, Murillo MI, Tablada S. Prevalence of visual impairment and refractive errors in an urban area of Mexico. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1612-1617. [PMID: 31637198 PMCID: PMC6796082 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the distribution of refractive errors in a school-age population in Quintana Roo (Mexico) in the framework of an international cooperation campaign for the prevention of blindness. METHODS A sample of 2647 school-age children (ranging from 5 to 14 years old) with a mean age of 9.1±1.9 years old were tested by trained volunteers for distance visual acuity (VA) and refractive errors. The first screening examination included uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and VA with a +2.00 D lens. Inclusion criteria for a second complete cycloplegic eye examination performed by an optometrist were UDVA <20/25 (0.10 logMAR or 0.8 decimal) and/or VA with +2.00 D ≥20/25. RESULTS A total of 633 (23.9%) children underwent the second complete eye examination. Mean logMAR UDVA was 0.035±0.094 (range 1.00 to 0.00 logMAR) for the right eyes and 0.036±0.160 (range 1.00 to 0.00 logMAR) for the left eyes. Bilateral amblyopia was found in 17 children (2.7% of refracted eyes; 0.64% of the total). The main reason for visual impairment (VI) in the sample analyzed was found to be refractive errors. In 12 children (1.9% of refracted eyes; 0.45% of the total) the VI was bilateral and 9 (1.4% of refracted eyes; 0.34% of the total) achieved a corrected distance visual acuity of 20/25 or better in both eyes. Mean magnitude of sphere and refractive cylinder was +0.20±0.96 D and -0.43±0.85 D in right eyes, and +0.24±1.08 and -0.43±0.83 D in left eyes. The proportion of myopic eyes [standard equivalent (SE) ≤-0.50 D] was 4.6% of the whole sample (5290 eyes). The mean magnitude of myopia was -0.84±3.44 D for the right eyes and -0.82±5.21 D for the left eyes. The proportion of hyperopic patients (SE≥+2.00 D) was 2.4% (15/633), which corresponded to 0.60% of the whole sample (32/5290 eyes). No statistically significant correlation of age to manifest sphere or cylinder was found. CONCLUSION VI due to uncorrected refractive errors can be easily corrected with glasses but it is still a burden to be treated. Myopia is prevalent in this sample. More efforts towards correcting uncorrected refractive errors are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Signes-Soler
- University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Vision Without Border, 03710 Calp, Alicante, Spain
| | - David P Piñero
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
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Zhang T, Wei YT, Huang WB, Liu RJ, Zuo YJ, He LW, Zhong LT, Zhang SC. Prevalence and characteristics of peripheral myopic retinopathy in Guangzhou office workers. Int J Ophthalmol 2018; 11:1390-1395. [PMID: 30140646 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2018.08.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the prevalence and characteristics of peripheral myopic retinopathy among a sample of Guangzhou office workers. METHODS A cross-sectional study of Guangzhou Chinese office works in different departments and units of the Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, China, in 2016. Myopic retinopathy was recorded and analyzed with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope and by slit-lamp microscopy combined with a three-mirror contact lens. RESULTS In total, 1910 eyes of 955 subjects (508 females and 447 males) aged 21-59y were included; 69.6% of these eyes were myopic. The myopia group had a younger age and worse uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) when compared with hyperopia and emmetropia groups (P<0.001). The axial length (AL) was significantly longer, the spherical equivalent (SE) was more serious, and the optic nerve crescent was significantly larger in subjects with myopia than with hyperopia and emmetropia. Subjects with myopia, and especially high myopia, had the highest frequency of myopic retinal 18 changes (49.4%, P<0.001) [white-without-pressure (43.8%, P<0.001), lattice degeneration (4.5%, P=0.044)] among the three groups. Logistic regression confirmed that any myopia (OR: 3.41, P<0.001) [mild myopia (OR: 1.93, P=0.001), moderate myopia (OR:3.64, P<0.001), and high myopia (OR:10.58, P<0.001)], a greater AL (OR: 1.55, P<0.001) and a much higher SE (OR: 0.77, P<0.001) increased the risk for peripheral retinal changes. CONCLUSION Myopia-related retinal changes are positively associated with greater AL, higher SE, and myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Tao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Bin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rong-Jiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ya-Jing Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Ting Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shao-Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
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Nowak MS, Jurowski P, Grzybowski A, Smigielski J. Characteristics of Refractive Errors in a Population of Adults in the Central Region of Poland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15010090. [PMID: 29316688 PMCID: PMC5800189 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: To investigate the distribution of refractive errors and their characteristics in older adults from a Polish population. Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional study. A total of 1107 men and women were interviewed and underwent detailed ophthalmic examinations, 998 subjects underwent refraction. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SER) refraction ≤−0.5 dioptres (D) and hyperopia was defined as SER ≥+0.5 dioptres (D). Results: Among those who were refracted the distribution of myopia and hyperopia was 24.1% (95% CI 21.4–26.7) and 37.5% (95% CI 34.5–40.5), respectively. Myopia decreased from 28.7% in subjects aged 35–59 years to 19.3% in those aged 60 years or older and hyperopia increased from 21.8% at 35–59 years of age to 53.3% in subjects aged ≥60 years. Multiple regression analysis showed decreasing age (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–1.00), female gender (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.18–2.95) and presence of cataract (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.24–4.63) were independent risk factors associated with myopia. Conclusions: The distribution of refractive errors found in our study is similar to those reported in other Caucasian populations and differs from Asian populations. Myopia was positively associated with younger age, female gender and presence of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal S Nowak
- Provisus Eye Clinic, 112 Redzinska str., 42-209 Czestochowa, Poland.
| | - Piotr Jurowski
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 113 Zeromskiego str., 90-549 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Grzybowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 30 Warszawska str., 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Janusz Smigielski
- Department of Statistics, State University of Applied Science in Konin, 1 Przyjazni str., 65-510 Konin, Poland.
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Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Curr Ophthalmol 2017; 30:3-22. [PMID: 29564404 PMCID: PMC5859285 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study was a systematic review of refractive errors across the world according to the WHO regions. Methods To extract articles on the prevalence of refractive errors for this meta-analysis, international databases were searched from 1990 to 2016. The results of the retrieved studies were merged using a random effect model and reported as estimated pool prevalence (EPP) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results In children, the EPP of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 11.7% (95% CI: 10.5–13.0), 4.6% (95% CI: 3.9–5.2), and 14.9% (95% CI: 12.7–17.1), respectively. The EPP of myopia ranged from 4.9% (95% CI: 1.6–8.1) in South–East Asia to 18.2% (95% CI: 10.9–25.5) in the Western Pacific region, the EPP of hyperopia ranged from 2.2% (95% CI: 1.2–3.3) in South-East Asia to 14.3% (95% CI: 13.4–15.2) in the Americas, and the EPP of astigmatism ranged from 9.8% in South-East Asia to 27.2% in the Americas. In adults, the EPP of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 26.5% (95% CI: 23.4–29.6), 30.9% (95% CI: 26.2–35.6), and 40.4% (95% CI: 34.3–46.6), respectively. The EPP of myopia ranged from 16.2% (95% CI: 15.6–16.8) in the Americas to 32.9% (95% CI: 25.1–40.7) in South-East Asia, the EPP of hyperopia ranged from 23.1% (95% CI: 6.1%–40.2%) in Europe to 38.6% (95% CI: 22.4–54.8) in Africa and 37.2% (95% CI: 25.3–49) in the Americas, and the EPP of astigmatism ranged from 11.4% (95% CI: 2.1–20.7) in Africa to 45.6% (95% CI: 44.1–47.1) in the Americas and 44.8% (95% CI: 36.6–53.1) in South-East Asia. The results of meta-regression showed that the prevalence of myopia increased from 1993 (10.4%) to 2016 (34.2%) (P = 0.097). Conclusion This report showed that astigmatism was the most common refractive errors in children and adults followed by hyperopia and myopia. The highest prevalence of myopia and astigmatism was seen in South-East Asian adults. The highest prevalence of hyperopia in children and adults was seen in the Americas.
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Gomez-Salazar F, Campos-Romero A, Gomez-Campaña H, Cruz-Zamudio C, Chaidez-Felix M, Leon-Sicairos N, Velazquez-Roman J, Flores-Villaseñor H, Muro-Amador S, Guadron-Llanos AM, Martinez-Garcia JJ, Murillo-Llanes J, Sanchez-Cuen J, Llausas-Vargas A, Alapizco-Castro G, Irineo-Cabrales A, Graue-Hernandez E, Ramirez-Luquin T, Canizalez-Roman A. Refractive errors among children, adolescents and adults attending eye clinics in Mexico. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:796-802. [PMID: 28546940 PMCID: PMC5437471 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.05.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the proportion of refractive errors in the Mexican population that visited primary care optometry clinics in fourteen states of Mexico. METHODS Refractive data from 676 856 patients aged 6 to 90y were collected from optometry clinics in fourteen states of Mexico between 2014 and 2015. The refractive errors were classified by the spherical equivalent (SE), as follows: sphere+½ cylinder. Myopia (SE>-0.50 D), hyperopia (SE>+0.50 D), emmetropia (-0.50≤SE≤+0.50), and astigmatism alone (cylinder≥-0.25 D). A negative cylinder was selected as a notation. RESULTS The proportion (95% confidence interval) among all of the subjects was hyperopia 21.0% (20.9-21.0), emmetropia 40.7% (40.5-40.8), myopia 24.8% (24.7-24.9) and astigmatism alone 13.5% (13.4-13.5). Myopia was the most common refractive error and frequency seemed to increase among the young population (10 to 29 years old), however, hyperopia increased among the aging population (40 to 79 years old), and astigmatism alone showed a decreasing trend with age (6 to 90y; from 19.7% to 10.8%). There was a relationship between age and all refractive errors (approximately 60%, aged 50 and older). The proportion of any clinically important refractive error was higher in males (61.2%) than in females (58.3%; P<0.0001). From fourteen states that collected information, the proportion of refractive error showed variability in different geographical areas of Mexico. CONCLUSION Myopia is the most common refractive error in the population studied. This study provides the first data on refractive error in Mexico. Further programs and studies must be developed to address the refractive errors needs of the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80200, Mexico
| | - Jorge Velazquez-Roman
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
| | | | - Secundino Muro-Amador
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
| | | | - Javier J. Martinez-Garcia
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80200, Mexico
| | | | - Jaime Sanchez-Cuen
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
- Department of Gastroenterology, Regional Hospital, ISSSTE, Culiacán 80230, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Alejando Llausas-Vargas
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Alapizco-Castro
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
- Education and Research Department, Regional general Hospital No. 1, IMSS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80220, Mexico
| | - Ana Irineo-Cabrales
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
- Department of Gastroenterology, Regional Hospital, ISSSTE, Culiacán 80230, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Enrique Graue-Hernandez
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Tito Ramirez-Luquin
- Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
| | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- CIASaP, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80246, Mexico
- The Women's Hospital, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan Sinaloa 80127, Mexico
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Abokyi S, Ilechie A, Nsiah P, Darko-Takyi C, Abu EK, Osei-Akoto YJ, Youfegan-Baanam M. Visual impairment attributable to uncorrected refractive error and other causes in the Ghanaian youth: The University of Cape Coast Survey. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2016; 9:64-70. [PMID: 26025809 PMCID: PMC4705321 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of visual impairment attributable to refractive error and other causes in a youthful Ghanaian population. METHODS A prospective survey of all consecutive visits by first-year tertiary students to the Optometry clinic between August, 2013 and April, 2014. Of the 4378 first-year students aged 16-39 years enumerated, 3437 (78.5%) underwent the eye examination. The examination protocol included presenting visual acuity (PVA), ocular motility, and slit-lamp examination of the external eye, anterior segment and media, and non-dilated fundus examination. Pinhole acuity and fundus examination were performed when the PVA≤6/12 in one or both eyes to determine the principal cause of the vision loss. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 21.86 years (95% CI: 21.72-21.99). The prevalence of bilateral visual impairment (BVI; PVA in the better eye ≤6/12) and unilateral visual impairment UVI; PVA in the worse eye ≤6/12) were 3.08% (95% CI: 2.56-3.72) and 0.79% (95% CI: 0.54-1.14), respectively. Among 106 participants with BVI, refractive error (96.2%) and corneal opacity (3.8%) were the causes. Of the 27 participants with UVI, refractive error (44.4%), maculopathy (18.5%) and retinal disease (14.8%) were the major causes. There was unequal distribution of BVI in the different age groups, with those above 20 years having a lesser burden. CONCLUSION Eye screening and provision of affordable spectacle correction to the youth could be timely to eliminate visual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Abokyi
- Department of Optometry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Central Region, Ghana.
| | - Alex Ilechie
- Department of Optometry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Central Region, Ghana
| | - Peter Nsiah
- Department of Optometry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Central Region, Ghana
| | - Charles Darko-Takyi
- Department of Optometry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Central Region, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kwasi Abu
- Department of Optometry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Central Region, Ghana
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