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Ndebia EJ, Kamsu GT. Drinking patterns, alcoholic beverage types, and esophageal cancer risk in Africa: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1310253. [PMID: 38188303 PMCID: PMC10768047 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1310253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Africa is the continent most affected by esophageal cancer in the world. Alcoholic beverages are controversially blamed, as esophageal cancer is a rare disease in several other countries ranked in the top 10 for consumption of alcoholic beverages. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive systematic review of published literature, statistically summarizing the strength of the association between drinking patterns and types, and the risk of esophageal cancer in Africa. A computerized search of reputable databases such as Medline/PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and African Journals Online was performed to identify relevant studies published up to September 2023. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for case-control studies and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality tool for cross-sectional studies. A funnel plot and Egger test were utilized to assess potential publication bias. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models with RevMan 5.3 and Stata software to estimate summary effects. The systematic review identified a total of 758,203 studies, primarily from Eastern and Southern Africa. The pooled samples across all studies comprised 29,026 individuals, including 11,237 individuals with cancer and 17,789 individuals without cancer. Meta-analysis revealed a significant association between alcohol consumption and the risk of esophageal cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50-2.19). Further analysis based on the frequency of alcoholic beverage consumption indicated a stronger association with daily (OR = 2.38; 95% CI, 1.81-3.13) and weekly (OR = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.32-2.84) drinkers in contrast to occasional drinkers (OR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.81-1.29). Additionally, consumption of traditional alcoholic beverages was significantly associated with the risk of esophageal cancer in African populations (OR = 2.00; 95% CI, 1.42-2.82). However, no relationship has been established between the exclusive consumption of non-traditional drinks and the risk of esophageal cancer. In conclusion, the results of this study confirm the hypothesis that daily and weekly drinking patterns, significantly increase the risk of esophageal cancer in Africa, while occasional consumption does not show a significant association. Additionally, the consumption of traditional alcoholic beverages is notably linked to the risk of esophageal cancer in African populations.
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Ansari AZ, Bhatia NY, Gharat SA, Godad AP, Doshi GM. Exploring Cytokines as Potential Target in Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Update. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:21-34. [PMID: 36043736 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220829142124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a widespread condition that affects millions of people each year, with an incidence rate of 0.1%-1.5%, and has a significant impact on human health. A range of stimuli, such as Helicobacter pylori, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hyperacidity, stress, alcohol, smoking, and idiopathic disease states, can produce a sore in the gastrointestinal mucosal layer. For individuals infected with H. pylori, 2%-3% remain asymptomatic throughout their life. Although PUD treatments are available, genetic variations occurring in individuals because of geographical dissimilarity and antibiotic resistance pose limitations. Specifically, inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms have received immense attention in recent years because they appear to affect the severity and duration of stomach inflammation, which is induced by H. pylori infection, contributing to the initiation of PUD. In such a context, in-depth knowledge of interleukins may aid in the discovery of new targets and provide precautionary approaches for the treatment of PUD. This review aims to give insights into the importance of several interleukins that cognate with PUD and contribute to ulcer progression or healing by activating or dampening the host immunity. Furthermore, the available targets with clinical evidence have been explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alveera Zubair Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Nirav Yogesh Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Sankalp Ashok Gharat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Angel Pavalu Godad
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Gaurav Mahesh Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V. M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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Portincasa P, Bonfrate L, Khalil M, Angelis MD, Calabrese FM, D’Amato M, Wang DQH, Di Ciaula A. Intestinal Barrier and Permeability in Health, Obesity and NAFLD. Biomedicines 2021; 10:83. [PMID: 35052763 PMCID: PMC8773010 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest surface of the human body exposed to the external environment is the gut. At this level, the intestinal barrier includes luminal microbes, the mucin layer, gastrointestinal motility and secretion, enterocytes, immune cells, gut vascular barrier, and liver barrier. A healthy intestinal barrier is characterized by the selective permeability of nutrients, metabolites, water, and bacterial products, and processes are governed by cellular, neural, immune, and hormonal factors. Disrupted gut permeability (leaky gut syndrome) can represent a predisposing or aggravating condition in obesity and the metabolically associated liver steatosis (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD). In what follows, we describe the morphological-functional features of the intestinal barrier, the role of major modifiers of the intestinal barrier, and discuss the recent evidence pointing to the key role of intestinal permeability in obesity/NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.D.A.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.D.A.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Francesco Maria Calabrese
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.D.A.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Mauro D’Amato
- Gastrointestinal Genetics Lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA, 48160 Derio, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
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The Gut Microbiota-Derived Immune Response in Chronic Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158309. [PMID: 34361075 PMCID: PMC8347749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic liver disease, the causative factor is important; however, recently, the intestinal microbiome has been associated with the progression of chronic liver disease and the occurrence of side effects. The immune system is affected by the metabolites of the microbiome, and diet is the primary regulator of the microbiota composition and function in the gut–liver axis. These metabolites can be used as therapeutic material, and postbiotics, in the future, can increase or decrease human immunity by modulating inflammation and immune reactions. Therefore, the excessive intake of nutrients and the lack of nutrition have important effects on immunity and inflammation. Evidence has been published indicating that microbiome-induced chronic inflammation and the consequent immune dysregulation affect the development of chronic liver disease. In this research paper, we discuss the overall trend of microbiome-derived substances related to immunity and the future research directions.
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Yoo JE, Shin DW, Han K, Kim D, Jeong SM, Koo HY, Yu SJ, Park J, Choi KS. Association of the Frequency and Quantity of Alcohol Consumption With Gastrointestinal Cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2120382. [PMID: 34406403 PMCID: PMC8374610 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.20382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although total alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, few studies have attempted to assess the pattern of alcohol drinking in association with GI cancers. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relative association of the frequency of drinking vs the amount of alcohol consumed per occasion with the development of GI cancers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A population-based retrospective cohort study used data from the Korean National Health Insurance System database on 11 737 467 participants without cancer who underwent a national health screening program from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2010. Participants were followed up from the year after their health screening date until they received a diagnosis of GI cancer, death, or December 31, 2017. The median follow-up duration was 6.4 years (interquartile range, 6.4-7.4 years). Statistical analysis was performed from January 1, 2019, to March 31, 2020. EXPOSURES Weekly alcohol consumption (nondrinker [0 g/week], mild drinker [0-104 g/week], moderate drinker [105-209 g/week], and heavy drinker [≥210 g/week]), drinking frequency, and amount per occasion. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incident GI cancers at 6 specific sites (esophagus, stomach, colorectal, liver, biliary, and pancreas). RESULTS Among 11 737 467 participants (6 124 776 women [52.2%]; mean [SD] age, 54.6 [10.4] years), 319 202 (2.7%) developed GI cancer. Compared with nondrinkers, the risk of GI cancer was higher for mild drinkers (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03-1.05), moderate drinkers (aHR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.12-1.15), and heavy drinkers (aHR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.26-1.29). The risk of GI cancer increased linearly with the frequency of drinking in a dose-dependent manner (aHR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.36-1.41 for individuals who drink every day). In contrast, the risk of GI cancer appeared to increase with consumption up to 5 to 7 units per occasion (aHR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.14-1.16), and then the HRs were no higher for those with a higher intake per session than 5 to 7 units (8-14 units per occasion: aHR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.09-1.12; >14 units per occasion: aHR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.08-1.14). Given similar weekly alcohol consumption levels, the risk of GI cancer increased with a higher frequency of drinking and decreased with a higher amount per occasion. Risk patterns for 6 specific cancers were generally similar to that of all GI cancers. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study, frequent drinking was a more important risk factor for incident GI cancers than the amount of alcohol consumed per occasion. Individuals should be cautioned about regular consumption of small amounts of alcohol in addition to the total amount of alcohol consumption or amount per occasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Yoo
- Department of Family Medicine, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Supportive Care Center, Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Kim
- Department of Medical Statistics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Jeong
- Supportive Care Center, Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government–Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Health Service Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hye Yeon Koo
- Health Promotion Center, Cha Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jong Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Park
- Department of Urology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kui Son Choi
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma-Treatment Modalities. BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/bjdm-2021-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) belongs to the most frequent cancer subtypes in the world. Mutations due to genetic and chromosomal instability, syndromes such as Fanconi anemia and the Bloom syndrome, environmental risk factors such as tobacco smoking, alcohol and human papillomavirus infection (HPV) subtypes 16,18,31,33,35,52,58 are implicated in its pathogenesis. The HNSCC belongs to the solid tumors of epithelial origin and consists of stromal, inflammatory, cancer cells and most importantly a fraction of them, the cancer stem cells (CSCs). The identification of the CSCs through their biomarkers such as CD44, CD10, CD166, CD133, CD271, ALDH, Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 and Bmi1, the maintenance of their subpopulation through epithelial to mesenchymal transition, the role of HPV infection regarding their prognosis and of their microenvironment regarding their resistance to therapy, all constitute key elements that must be taken thoroughly into consideration in order to develop an effective targeted therapy. There are already therapies in place targeting specific related biomarkers, important biochemical pathways and growth factors. The aim of this literature review is to illustrate the treatment modalities available against the cancer stem cells of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
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Rodriguez FD, Coveñas R. Biochemical Mechanisms Associating Alcohol Use Disorders with Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143548. [PMID: 34298760 PMCID: PMC8306032 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Of all yearly deaths attributable to alcohol consumption globally, approximately 12% are due to cancers, representing approximately 0.4 million deceased individuals. Ethanol metabolism disturbs cell biochemistry by targeting the structure and function of essential biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids) and by provoking alterations in cell programming that lead to cancer development and cancer malignancy. A better understanding of the metabolic and cell signaling realm affected by ethanol is paramount to designing effective treatments and preventive actions tailored to specific neoplasias. Abstract The World Health Organization identifies alcohol as a cause of several neoplasias of the oropharynx cavity, esophagus, gastrointestinal tract, larynx, liver, or female breast. We review ethanol’s nonoxidative and oxidative metabolism and one-carbon metabolism that encompasses both redox and transfer reactions that influence crucial cell proliferation machinery. Ethanol favors the uncontrolled production and action of free radicals, which interfere with the maintenance of essential cellular functions. We focus on the generation of protein, DNA, and lipid adducts that interfere with the cellular processes related to growth and differentiation. Ethanol’s effects on stem cells, which are responsible for building and repairing tissues, are reviewed. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) of different origins suffer disturbances related to the expression of cell surface markers, enzymes, and transcription factors after ethanol exposure with the consequent dysregulation of mechanisms related to cancer metastasis or resistance to treatments. Our analysis aims to underline and discuss potential targets that show more sensitivity to ethanol’s action and identify specific metabolic routes and metabolic realms that may be corrected to recover metabolic homeostasis after pharmacological intervention. Specifically, research should pay attention to re-establishing metabolic fluxes by fine-tuning the functioning of specific pathways related to one-carbon metabolism and antioxidant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco D. Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Group GIR USAL: BMD (Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-677-510-030
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Group GIR USAL: BMD (Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCYL), Laboratory of Neuroanatomy of the Peptidergic Systems, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Zhao M, Chen S, Ji X, Shen X, You J, Liang X, Yin H, Zhao L. Current innovations in nutraceuticals and functional foods for intervention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105517. [PMID: 33636349 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As innovations in global agricultural production and food trading systems lead to major dietary shifts, high morbidity rates from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), accompanied by elevated risk of lipid metabolism-related complications, has emerged as a growing problem worldwide. Treatment and prevention of NAFLD and chronic liver disease depends on the availability of safe, effective, and diverse therapeutic agents, the development of which is urgently needed. Supported by a growing body of evidence, considerable attention is now focused on interventional approaches that combines nutraceuticals and functional foods. In this review, we summarize the pathological progression of NAFLD and discuss the beneficial effects of nutraceuticals and the active ingredients in functional foods. We also describe the underlying mechanisms of these compounds in the intervention of NAFLD, including their effects on regulation of lipid homeostasis, activation of signaling pathways, and their role in gut microbial community dynamics and the gut-liver axis. In order to identify novel targets for treatment of lipid metabolism-related diseases, this work broadly explores the molecular mechanism linking nutraceuticals and functional foods, host physiology, and gut microbiota. Additionally, the limitations in existing knowledge and promising research areas for development of active interventions and treatments against NAFLD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shumin Chen
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoguo Ji
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin Shen
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiangshan You
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xinyi Liang
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Organ Transplant Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China.
| | - Liming Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; School of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong 255000, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China.
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Yahya EB, Alqadhi AM. Recent trends in cancer therapy: A review on the current state of gene delivery. Life Sci 2021; 269:119087. [PMID: 33476633 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer treatment has been always considered one of the most critical and vital themes of clinical issues. Many approaches have been developed, depending on the type and the stage of tumor. Gene therapy has the potential to revolutionize different cancer therapy. With the advent of recent bioinformatics technologies and genetic science, it become possible to identify, diagnose and determine the potential treatment using the technology of gene delivery. Several approaches have been developed and experimented in vitro and vivo for cancer therapy including: naked nucleic acids based therapy, targeting micro RNAs, oncolytic virotherapy, suicide gene based therapy, targeting telomerase, cell mediated gene therapy, and CRISPR/Cas9 based therapy. In this review, we present a straightforward introduction to cancer biology and occurrence, highlighting different viral and non-viral gene delivery systems for gene therapy and critically discussed the current and various strategies for cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam Bashir Yahya
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia.
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Di Ciaula A, Baj J, Garruti G, Celano G, De Angelis M, Wang HH, Di Palo DM, Bonfrate L, Wang DQH, Portincasa P. Liver Steatosis, Gut-Liver Axis, Microbiome and Environmental Factors. A Never-Ending Bidirectional Cross-Talk. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2648. [PMID: 32823983 PMCID: PMC7465294 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide and parallels comorbidities such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Recent studies describe the presence of NAFLD in non-obese individuals, with mechanisms partially independent from excessive caloric intake. Increasing evidences, in particular, point towards a close interaction between dietary and environmental factors (including food contaminants), gut, blood flow, and liver metabolism, with pathways involving intestinal permeability, the composition of gut microbiota, bacterial products, immunity, local, and systemic inflammation. These factors play a critical role in the maintenance of intestinal, liver, and metabolic homeostasis. An anomalous or imbalanced gut microbial composition may favor an increased intestinal permeability, predisposing to portal translocation of microorganisms, microbial products, and cell wall components. These components form microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), with potentials to interact in the intestine lamina propria enriched in immune cells, and in the liver at the level of the immune cells, i.e., Kupffer cells and stellate cells. The resulting inflammatory environment ultimately leads to liver fibrosis with potentials to progression towards necrotic and fibrotic changes, cirrhosis. and hepatocellular carcinoma. By contrast, measures able to modulate the composition of gut microbiota and to preserve gut vascular barrier might prevent or reverse NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (D.M.D.P.); (L.B.)
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Gabriella Garruti
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantations, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Celano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Helen H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (H.H.W.); (D.Q.-H.W.)
| | - Domenica Maria Di Palo
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (D.M.D.P.); (L.B.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e Degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy; (G.C.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (D.M.D.P.); (L.B.)
| | - David Q-H Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (H.H.W.); (D.Q.-H.W.)
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.D.C.); (D.M.D.P.); (L.B.)
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Qian G, Ho JWK. Challenges and emerging systems biology approaches to discover how the human gut microbiome impact host physiology. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:851-863. [PMID: 32638331 PMCID: PMC7429608 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in the human gut microbiome has bloomed with advances in next generation sequencing (NGS) and other high-throughput molecular profiling technologies. This has enabled the generation of multi-omics datasets which holds promises for big data-enabled knowledge acquisition in the form of understanding the normal physiological and pathological involvement of gut microbiomes. Ample evidence suggests that distinct microbial compositions in the human gut are associated with different diseases. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these associations are often unclear. There is a need to move beyond statistical associations to discover how changes in the gut microbiota mechanistically affect host physiology and disease development. This review summarises state-of-the-art big data and systems biology approaches for mechanism discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Joshua W K Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
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Gobbo M, Ottaviani G, Rupel K, Zoi V, Di Lenarda R, Biasotto M, Poropat A. Self-perception and physician's awareness on early detection of tongue cancer: experience of the Oral Medicine Unit of Trieste. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:95-99. [PMID: 32489088 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.19.04212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this retrospective study was to characterize the outpatient oral medicine referral pattern for tongue lesions with particular emphasis on cancer. METHODS Records of patients referred to the Oral Medicine department for any tongue lesions needing biopsy between 2009 and 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. All cases diagnosed as tongue cancer were screened for medical history, referral pattern, treatment/diagnosis/follow-up. RESULTS Among 266 patients, 39 were diagnosed with cancer, 43.6% were smokers and 10.3% alcohol consumers, 38.5% felt pain, 53.8% noticed the lesion or felt its presence, 46.2% were referred from another specialist. For people aware or informed of the lesion. the mean time waited before consultation was 7.9 months. In 53.8% of cases, narrow-band-imaging guided the biopsy. In 29 patients, biopsy was performed the day of the visit. Patients were referred from dentists (42.1%), Primary-care-Physician (10.5%), Emergency-Dental-Unit (7.9%), Radiotherapist (7.9%), Otolaryngologist (7.9%), Dermatologist (26%), infectious diseases unit (2.6%), auto-referral in 18.4%. Lesion was defined by referring doctor as "suspicious" (13.1%), white (10.5%), vegentans (5.3%), Lichen-like (5.3%), ulcerative (2.6%), Tumoral (26.3%), Bollous (2.6%). An unweighted Kappa Value of 0.024, assessed low concordance between referral diagnosis and diagnosis performed by the Oral Medicine specialist before the biopsy. CONCLUSIONS Patients are not always aware of the risk of oral cancer. Accurate information should be provided to patients as well as to specialists rather than just dentists as regard as the risk factors for oral cancer, the importance of referral to specialized departments and timing. The use of new technologies should be widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Gobbo
- Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy -
| | - Giulia Ottaviani
- Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Katia Rupel
- Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Valentina Zoi
- Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Di Lenarda
- Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Biasotto
- Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Augusto Poropat
- Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Chiodi I, Mondello C. Life style factors, tumor cell plasticity and cancer stem cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2020; 784:108308. [PMID: 32430096 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are heterogeneous tissues and a layer of heterogeneity is determined by the presence of cells showing stemness traits, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Evidence indicates that CSCs are important players in tumor development, progression and relapse. Oncogenic transformation of normal stem cells can give rise to CSCs, but CSCs can also originate from de-differentiation of bulk tumor cells. Thus, factors promoting the increase of normal stem cell pools or stimulating the acquisition of stemness features by tumor cells can have serious consequences on cancer origin and progression. In this review, we will first give an overview of the CSC model of cancer development and we will then discuss the role of life style factors, such as high caloric diet, alcohol drinking and smoking, on the widening of stem cell pools and the induction of CSC features in tumors. Finally, we will discuss some healthy life style factors that can help to prevent cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Chiodi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Luo YG, Duan LW, Ji X, Jia WY, Liu Y, Sun ML, Liu GM. Expression of miR-1304 in patients with esophageal carcinoma and risk factors for recurrence. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:670-685. [PMID: 32103875 PMCID: PMC7029348 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i6.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal carcinoma is a malignant gastrointestinal tumor with a very poor prognosis. MicroRNA (miR)-1304 is a newly discovered non-coding RNA, which shows differential expression in other cancers, and its clinical value in esophageal carcinoma remains unclear.
AIM To explore the expression of miR-1304 in patients with esophageal carcinoma and its clinical value.
METHODS The expression of miR-1304 in patients with esophageal carcinoma was analyzed based on the data on miR in esophageal carcinoma downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was adopted to determine the expression of miR-1304 in the tissues and serum of patients. The clinical diagnostic value of miR-1304 and independent factors for recurrence and prognosis of esophageal carcinoma were then analyzed. The potential target genes of miR-1304 were predicted, and then analyzed based on gene ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes, and Genomes, and protein-protein interaction.
RESULTS The expression of miR-1304 in the tissues and serum of patients with esophageal carcinoma increased, and was also increased according to the database. Patients with high expression of miR-1304 suffered increased rates of tumor ≥ 3 cm, low differentiation and stage II + III. miR-1304 had a diagnostic value in identifying esophageal carcinoma, tumor size, differentiation and TNM stage. Tumor size, differentiation, TNM stage, and miR-1304 were independent risk factors for recurrence of esophageal carcinoma, and they had certain predictive and diagnostic value for the recurrence of esophageal carcinoma. Seventy-eight patients showed a 3-year survival rate of 38.46%, and patients with high expression of miR-1304 had a relatively lower survival rate. Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor size, differentiation, recurrence and miR-1304 were independent factors for the prognosis of patients. MiRTarBase, miRDB, and Targetscan predicted 20 target genes in total. Gene ontology enrichment analysis found 18 functions with aP < 0.05, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes, and Genomes analysis found 11 signal pathways with aP < 0.05. String analysis of protein co-expression found 269 relationship pairs, of which co-expression with epidermal growth factor was the most common.
CONCLUSION miR-1304 can be used as a potential indicator for the diagnosis and recurrence of esophageal carcinoma and for survival of patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Gang Luo
- Jilin Provincial Medicine Anti-Tumor Engineering Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Stomatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li-Wei Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xuan Ji
- Jilin Provincial Medicine Anti-Tumor Engineering Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Stomatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wen-Yuan Jia
- Jilin Provincial Medicine Anti-Tumor Engineering Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Jilin Provincial Medicine Anti-Tumor Engineering Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Stomatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mao-Lei Sun
- Jilin Provincial Medicine Anti-Tumor Engineering Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Stomatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guo-Min Liu
- Jilin Provincial Medicine Anti-Tumor Engineering Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin Province, China
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15
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Serio RN, Laursen KB, Urvalek AM, Gross SS, Gudas LJ. Ethanol promotes differentiation of embryonic stem cells through retinoic acid receptor-γ. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5536-5548. [PMID: 30737277 PMCID: PMC6462535 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) is a teratogen, but its teratogenic mechanisms are not fully understood. The alcohol form of vitamin A (retinol/ROL) can be oxidized to all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), which plays a critical role in stem cell differentiation and development. Using an embryonic stem cell (ESC) model to analyze EtOH's effects on differentiation, we show here that EtOH and acetaldehyde, but not acetate, increase differentiation-associated mRNA levels, and that EtOH decreases pluripotency-related mRNAs. Using reporter assays, ChIP assays, and retinoic acid receptor-γ (RARγ) knockout ESC lines generated by CRISPR/Cas9 and homologous recombination, we demonstrate that EtOH signals via RARγ binding to RA response elements (RAREs) in differentiation-associated gene promoters or enhancers. We also report that EtOH-mediated increases in homeobox A1 (Hoxa1) and cytochrome P450 family 26 subfamily A member 1 (Cyp26a1) transcripts, direct RA target genes, require the expression of the RA-synthesizing enzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A2 (Aldh1a2), suggesting that EtOH-mediated induction of Hoxa1 and Cyp26a1 requires ROL from the serum. As shown with CRISPR/Cas9 knockout lines, the retinol dehydrogenase gene Rdh10 and a functional RARE in the ROL transporter stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (Stra6) gene are required for EtOH induction of Hoxa1 and Cyp26a1 We conclude that EtOH stimulates stem cell differentiation by increasing the influx and metabolism of ROL for downstream RARγ-dependent transcription. In stem cells, EtOH may shift cell fate decisions to alter developmental outcomes by increasing endogenous ROL/RA signaling via increased Stra6 expression and ROL oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N Serio
- From the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065 and
| | - Kristian B Laursen
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Alison M Urvalek
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Steven S Gross
- From the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065 and
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- From the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065 and
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
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Liu J, Yang XL, Zhang SW, Zhu LP, Chen WQ. Incidence, mortality, and temporal patterns of oropharyngeal cancer in China: a population-based study. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2018; 38:75. [PMID: 30594248 PMCID: PMC6311068 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-018-0345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thus far, the incidence, mortality, and temporal trend data of oropharyngeal cancers (OPC) in China were few. We estimated the incidence, mortality, and temporal patterns of OPC in China during 2008–2012 according to the data from 135 population-based cancer registries to better understand the epidemiological pattern of OPC and to provide more precise information for OPC control in China. Methods According to the data of diagnosed OPC reported to 135 cancer registries during 2008–2012, we calculated age-standardized rate of incidence and mortality by 2000 Chinese standard population (ASRIC and ASRMC) and by 1985 Segi’s world standard population (ASRIW and ASRMW) by age, sex, and geographic regions; annual percentage changes of OPC incidence and mortality were calculated using Joinpoint trend analysis. Results ASRIW and ASRMW were 2.22/100,000 person-years and 0.94/100,000 person-years, respectively. The incidence and mortality in urban areas were higher than those in rural areas. ASRIC and ASRIW of males were higher than those of females. The overall ASRIC of OPC was significantly increased by 6.2% annually between 2003 and 2006 (P = 0.038), but remained stable between 2007 and 2012 (P = 0.392). ASRIC and ASRMC of males and in rural areas were significantly increased in the last decade (P < 0.05), but the rates of females remained stable during the same period (P > 0.05). Conclusions Across multiple cancer registries in China, there was an obvious increase in OPC in the recent decade, especially for incidence and mortality of males and in rural areas, whereas the rates of females remained stable. A healthy lifestyle should be advocated and early diagnosis and early treatment of OPC should be enhanced. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40880-018-0345-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention, Jiangxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330029, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Li Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Si-Wei Zhang
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhu
- Department of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention, Jiangxi Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330029, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Qing Chen
- Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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17
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Calderón-Montaño JM, Jiménez-Alonso JJ, Guillén-Mancina E, Burgos-Morón E, López-Lázaro M. A 30-s exposure to ethanol 20% is cytotoxic to human keratinocytes: possible mechanistic link between alcohol-containing mouthwashes and oral cancer. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2943-2946. [PMID: 30151707 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide mechanistic evidence for the epidemiological link between long-term use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes and oral cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human epithelial keratinocytes were exposed for 30 s to concentrations of ethanol commonly present in mouthwashes. After a recovery period, cell viability was assessed with the MTT assay. RESULTS A marked cytotoxic effect was observed for ethanol concentrations of 20% and above. CONCLUSIONS The cytotoxicity of ethanol may explain the epidemiological association between mouthwash use and oral cancer. Evidence suggests that the risk of developing cancer in a tissue is strongly determined by the number of stem cell divisions accumulated by the tissue during a person's lifetime; cell division is a major source of mutations and other cancer-promoting errors. Since cell death activates the division of stem cells, the possible cytotoxicity of ethanol on the cells lining the oral mucosa will promote the division of the stem cells located in deeper layers to produce new cells to regenerate the damaged epithelium. If we regularly use mouthwashes containing cytotoxic concentrations of ethanol, the stem cells of the oral cavity may need to divide more often than usual and our risk of developing oral cancer may increase. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Many mouthwashes contain percentages of ethanol above 20%. Because ethanol is not crucial to prevent and reduce gingivitis and plaque, members of the dental team should consider the potential risk of oral cancer associated with frequent use of alcohol-containing mouthwashes when advising their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Calderón-Montaño
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/ Profesor Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Julio José Jiménez-Alonso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/ Profesor Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Emilio Guillén-Mancina
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/ Profesor Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Estefanía Burgos-Morón
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/ Profesor Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Lázaro
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/ Profesor Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012, Seville, Spain.
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18
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Kristina SA, Endarti D, Wiedyaningsih C, Yuliawati AN, Astyamalia S. Estimating the Burden of Cancer and Treatment Cost Related to Alcohol Consumption in Indonesia: a Descriptive Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:1845-1849. [PMID: 30049196 PMCID: PMC6165643 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.7.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alcohol consumption has become one of the most common cancer risk factors after smoking. Nowadays, estimation of the burden of disease attributable to alcohol has become standard in documenting the impact of health problems, but it has been rarely performed in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to estimate treatment cost of cancer related to alcohol consumption among the Indonesian population. Methods: This research design was descriptive with a prevalence-based approach using secondary data. Proportions of cancers were calculated using an alcohol-attributable fractions (AAF) formula. Treatment costs for eight types of cancer were assessed according to average treatment cost per patient from the national universal health coverage database for 2016. Result: The top three AAFs for males were cancers of the pharynx, esophagus and larynx (17.5%, 15.3% and 7.98%, respectively), while in females they were cancers of the esophagus, pharynx and stomach (2.15%; 1.39%; 0.83%). Among the eight types of cancer studied, the highest incidence in males was noted for liver cancer (132 cases) while colorectal cancer was the most common among females (31 cases). Treatment cost for cancers related to alcohol consumption were highest for colorectak cancer followed by laryngeal and liver cancer (116,083, 98,325 and 93,253 USD, respectively. Conclusion: The expenditure for treatment of cancers related to alcohol consumption accounts for about 1.71% of total cancer treatment cost. Since cancers related to alcohol consumption can be considered having an economic impact in Indonesia, it becomes important for the government to control alcohol consumption so that related healthcare expenditure can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susi Ari Kristina
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.
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Tripathi A, Debelius J, Brenner DA, Karin M, Loomba R, Schnabl B, Knight R. The gut-liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:397-411. [PMID: 29748586 PMCID: PMC6319369 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 797] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, an exciting realization has been that diverse liver diseases - ranging from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma - fall along a spectrum. Work on the biology of the gut-liver axis has assisted in understanding the basic biology of both alcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Of immense importance is the advancement in understanding the role of the microbiome, driven by high-throughput DNA sequencing and improved computational techniques that enable the complexity of the microbiome to be interrogated, together with improved experimental designs. Here, we review gut-liver communications in liver disease, exploring the molecular, genetic and microbiome relationships and discussing prospects for exploiting the microbiome to determine liver disease stage and to predict the effects of pharmaceutical, dietary and other interventions at a population and individual level. Although much work remains to be done in understanding the relationship between the microbiome and liver disease, rapid progress towards clinical applications is being made, especially in study designs that complement human intervention studies with mechanistic work in mice that have been humanized in multiple respects, including the genetic, immunological and microbiome characteristics of individual patients. These 'avatar mice' could be especially useful for guiding new microbiome-based or microbiome-informed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Tripathi
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Justine Debelius
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Grasgruber P, Hrazdira E, Sebera M, Kalina T. Cancer Incidence in Europe: An Ecological Analysis of Nutritional and Other Environmental Factors. Front Oncol 2018; 8:151. [PMID: 29951370 PMCID: PMC6008386 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to offer an ecological alternative to conventional observational studies and identify factors potentially associated with cancer incidence in Europe. The incidence of 24 types of cancer in 39 European countries (2012) was compared with a long-term mean supply of 68 food items from the FAOSTAT database (1993-2011) and some other variables such as smoking, body mass index, raised cholesterol, and socioeconomic indicators. In addition to simple Pearson linear correlations, the data were analyzed via factor analyses and penalized regression methods. This comparison identified two main groups of cancers that are characteristically associated with the same variables. The first group consists of cancers of the prostate, breast, white blood cells, and melanoma. Their incidence increases with rising gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, a prevalence of raised cholesterol and a high intake of animal products. The second group includes primarily cancers of the digestive tract and is most consistently correlated with alcoholic beverages, lard, and eggs. In addition, we found specific correlations between certain variables and some other types of cancer (smoking-lung and larynx cancer; low GDP per capita and high carbohydrate consumption-stomach and cervical cancer; tea drinking-esophageal cancer; maize consumption and wine drinking-liver cancer). The documented findings often remarkably agree with the current scientific consensus, and when combined with evidence based on different methodologies, they can further extend our knowledge of the etiology of cancer. In addition, our study also identifies several foods with possible preventive effects and indicates that various dairy products may markedly differ in their relationship to cancer incidence. All these data can potentially be of fundamental importance for clinical practice and the survival of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduard Hrazdira
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Sebera
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomas Kalina
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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21
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López-Lázaro M. The stem cell division theory of cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 123:95-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Guillén-Mancina E, Calderón-Montaño JM, López-Lázaro M. Avoiding the ingestion of cytotoxic concentrations of ethanol may reduce the risk of cancer associated with alcohol consumption. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 183:201-204. [PMID: 29289868 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for cancer. Almost 6% of all cancers worldwide are attributable to alcohol use. Approximately half of them occur in tissues highly exposed to ethanol, such as the oral cavity, pharynx, upper larynx and esophagus. However, since ethanol is not mutagenic and the mutagenic metabolite of ethanol (acetaldehyde) is mainly produced in the liver, it is unclear why alcohol consumption preferentially exerts a local carcinogenic effect. Recent findings indicate that the risk of cancer in a tissue is strongly correlated with the number of stem cell divisions accumulated by the tissue; the accumulation of stem cell divisions leads to the accumulation of cancer-promoting errors such as mutations occurring during DNA replication. Since cell death activates the division of stem cells, we recently proposed that the possible cytotoxicity of ethanol on the cells lining the tissues in direct contact with alcoholic beverages could explain the local carcinogenic effect of alcohol. Here we report that short-term exposures (2-3 s) to ethanol concentrations between 10% and 15% start to cause a marked cytotoxic effect on human epithelial keratinocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. We propose that choosing alcoholic beverages containing non-cytotoxic concentrations of ethanol, or diluting ethanol to non-cytotoxic concentrations, may be a simple and effective way to reduce the risk of cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and esophagus in alcohol users. This preventive strategy may also reduce the known synergistic effect of alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking on the risk of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Guillén-Mancina
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/Profesor Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Manuel Calderón-Montaño
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/Profesor Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Lázaro
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/Profesor Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
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Xu M, Luo J. Alcohol and Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9110158. [PMID: 29156633 PMCID: PMC5704176 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9110158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy alcohol consumption has been associated with increased risk of several cancers, including cancer of the colon, rectum, female breast, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, liver, and esophagus. It appears that alcohol exposure not only promotes carcinogenesis but also enhances the progression and aggressiveness of existing cancers. The molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol tumor promotion, however, remain unclear. Cancer stem cells (CSC), a subpopulation of cancer cells with self-renewal and differentiation capacity, play an important role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and therapy resistance. The recent research evidence suggests that alcohol increases the CSC population in cancers, which may underlie alcohol-induced tumor promotion. This review discusses the recent progress in the research of alcohol promotion of CSC and underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms. The review will further explore the therapeutic potential of CSC inhibition in treating alcohol-induced tumor promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1095 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 1095 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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24
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Effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and betel quid chewing on upper digestive diseases: a large cross-sectional study and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78011-78022. [PMID: 29100443 PMCID: PMC5652832 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor of upper digestive diseases. Findings on alcohol's effect on these diseases are inconsistent and with the exception of its association with esophageal cancer, little is known about betel quid chewing. This study investigated the association between use of these three substances and upper digestive diseases. We collected data from 9,275 patients receiving upper endoscopies between April 2008 and December 2013. Polynomial regressions were used to analyze the association between risk factors and diseases of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. Meta-analysis for use of these substances and esophageal diseases was also performed. Participants who simultaneously consumed cigarettes, alcohol and betel quid had a 17.28-fold risk of esophageal cancer (95% CI = 7.59-39.33), 2.99-fold risk of Barrette's esophagus (95% CI = 2.40-4.39), 1.60-fold risk of grade A-B erosive esophagitis (95% CI = 1.29-2.00), 2.00-fold risk of gastric ulcer (95% CI = 1.52-2.63), 2.12-fold risk of duodenitis (95% CI = 1.55-2.89) and 1.29-fold risk of duodenal ulcer (95% CI = 1.01-1.65). Concurrent consumption of more substances was associated with significantly higher risk of developing these diseases. Meta-analysis also revealed use of the three substances came with a high risk of esophageal diseases. In conclusions, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and betel quid chewing were associated with upper digestive tract diseases.
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25
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Oikawa Y, Morita KI, Kayamori K, Tanimoto K, Sakamoto K, Katoh H, Ishikawa S, Inazawa J, Harada H. Receptor tyrosine kinase amplification is predictive of distant metastasis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:256-266. [PMID: 27889930 PMCID: PMC5329163 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the genomic factors associated with the diagnosis and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma via next-generation sequencing. We evaluated data from 220 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Genomic DNA was eluted using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples, and targeted resequencing of 50 cancer-related genes was performed. In total, 311 somatic mutations were detected in 220 patients, consisting of 68 synonymous mutations and 243 non-synonymous mutations. Genes carrying mutations included TP53, CDKN2A, and PIK3CA in 79 (35.9%), 35 (15.9%), and 19 patients (8.6%), respectively. Copy number analysis detected amplification of PIK3CA and AKT1 in 38 (17.3%) and 11 patients (5.0%), respectively. Amplification of receptor tyrosine kinases was found in 37 patients (16.8%). Distant metastasis was noted in nine of 37 patients (24%) with receptor tyrosine kinase amplification, accounting for 43% of the 21 cases of distant metastasis. The cumulative 5-year survival rate was 64.6% in the receptor tyrosine kinase amplification group vs 85.2% in the no receptor tyrosine kinase amplification group. Moreover, we identified significantly poorer prognosis in the TP53 mutation/receptor tyrosine kinase amplification group, for which the cumulative 5-year survival rate was 41.6%. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that receptor tyrosine kinase amplification is a prognostic factor for distant metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma, indicating the necessity of using next-generation sequencing in clinical sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Oikawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Morita
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kou Kayamori
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Tanimoto
- Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Genome Laboratory, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Katoh
- Department of Genomic Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shumpei Ishikawa
- Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Genomic Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Bioresource Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Harada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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