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Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial and Perilipin Content in a Cohort of Obese Subjects Undergoing Moderate and High Intensity Training. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090855. [PMID: 36144258 PMCID: PMC9504635 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex condition characterized by abnormal and excessive fat accumulation, resulting in an increased risk for severe health problems. Skeletal muscles play a major role in movement and fat catabolism, but the insulin resistance that comes with obesity makes it difficult to fulfill these tasks. In this study, we analyse two types of training protocols, moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) versus high intensity interval training (HIIT), in a cohort of obese subjects to establish which muscle adaptations favour fat consumption in response to exercise. Mitochondria play a role in fat oxidation. We found protein upregulation of mitochondrial biomarkers, TOMM20 and Cox-4, in HIIT but not in MICT, without detecting any shifts in fibre composition phenotype of the vastus lateralis in both training groups. Interestingly, both MICT and HIIT protocols showed increased protein levels of perilipin PLIN2, which is involved in the delivery and consumption of fats. HIIT also augmented perilipin PLIN5. Perilipins are involved in fat storage in skeletal muscles and their upregulation, along with the analysis of circulatory lipid profiles reported in the present study, suggest important adaptations induced by the two types of training protocols that favour fat consumption and weight loss in obese subjects.
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The Role of Atypical Cannabinoid Ligands O-1602 and O-1918 on Skeletal Muscle Homeostasis with a Focus on Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165922. [PMID: 32824681 PMCID: PMC7460607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
O-1602 and O-1918 are atypical cannabinoid ligands for GPR55 and GPR18, which may be novel pharmaceuticals for the treatment of obesity by targeting energy homeostasis regulation in skeletal muscle. This study aimed to determine the effect of O-1602 or O-1918 on markers of oxidative capacity and fatty acid metabolism in the skeletal muscle. Diet-induced obese (DIO) male Sprague Dawley rats were administered a daily intraperitoneal injection of O-1602, O-1918 or vehicle for 6 weeks. C2C12 myotubes were treated with O-1602 or O-1918 and human primary myotubes were treated with O-1918. GPR18 mRNA was expressed in the skeletal muscle of DIO rats and was up-regulated in red gastrocnemius when compared with white gastrocnemius. O-1602 had no effect on mRNA expression on selected markers for oxidative capacity, fatty acid metabolism or adiponectin signalling in gastrocnemius from DIO rats or in C2C12 myotubes, while APPL2 mRNA was up-regulated in white gastrocnemius in DIO rats treated with O-1918. In C2C12 myotubes treated with O-1918, PGC1α, NFATc1 and PDK4 mRNA were up-regulated. There were no effects of O-1918 on mRNA expression in human primary myotubes derived from obese and obese T2DM individuals. In conclusion, O-1602 does not alter mRNA expression of key pathways important for skeletal muscle energy homeostasis in obesity. In contrast, O-1918 appears to alter markers of oxidative capacity and fatty acid metabolism in C2C12 myotubes only. GPR18 is expressed in DIO rat skeletal muscle and future work could focus on selectively modulating GPR18 in a tissue-specific manner, which may be beneficial for obesity-targeted therapies.
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Sente T, Van Berendoncks AM, Jonckheere AI, Rodenburg RJ, Lauwers P, Van Hoof V, Wouters A, Lardon F, Hoymans VY, Vrints CJ. Primary skeletal muscle myoblasts from chronic heart failure patients exhibit loss of anti-inflammatory and proliferative activity. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2016; 16:107. [PMID: 27228977 PMCID: PMC4880810 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-016-0278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral skeletal muscle wasting is a common finding with adverse effects in chronic heart failure (HF). Whereas its clinical relevance is beyond doubt, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. We aimed to introduce and characterize the primary culture of skeletal muscle cells from individual HF patients as a supportive model to study this muscle loss. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary myoblast and myotubes cultures were successfully propagated from the m. vastus lateralis of 6 HF patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; LVEF <45 %) and 6 age and gender-matched healthy donors. HFrEF cultures were not different from healthy donors in terms of morphology, such as myoblast size, shape and actin microfilament. Differentiation and fusion indexes were identical between groups. Myoblast proliferation in logarithmic growth phase, however, was attenuated in the HFrEF group (p = 0.032). In addition, HFrEF myoblasts are characterized by a reduced TNFR2 expression and IL-6 secretion (p = 0.017 and p = 0.016; respectively). CONCLUSION Biopsy derived primary skeletal muscle myoblasts of HFrEF patients produce similar morphological and myogenic differentiation responses as myoblasts of healthy donors, though demonstrate loss of anti-inflammatory and proliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahnee Sente
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium. .,Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | | | - An I Jonckheere
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Lauwers
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Viviane Van Hoof
- Department of Biochemistry, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE) Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Vicky Y Hoymans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Christiaan J Vrints
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Translational Pathophysiological Research, Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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Richards L, Li M, van Esch B, Garssen J, Folkerts G. The effects of short-chain fatty acids on the cardiovascular system. PHARMANUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jenkin KA, McAinch AJ, Zhang Y, Kelly DJ, Hryciw DH. Elevated cannabinoid receptor 1 and G protein-coupled receptor 55 expression in proximal tubule cells and whole kidney exposed to diabetic conditions. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:256-62. [PMID: 25545857 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia increases the risk of developing diabetic nephropathy, with primary targets in the glomerulus and proximal tubule. Importantly, glomerular damage in the kidney leads to elevated albumin levels in the filtrate, which contributes to tubular structural modifications that lead to dysfunction. Diabetes alters the endocannabinoid system in a number of target organs, with previous research characterizing tissue-specific changes in the expression of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1 ) and G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), a putative cannabinoid receptor, in diabetes. Although these receptors have a functional role in the cannabinoid system in the kidney, there has been little investigation into changes in the expression of CB1 and GPR55 in the proximal tubule under diabetic conditions. In this study, CB1 and GPR55 messenger RNA and protein levels were quantified in cultured human kidney cells and then treated with either elevated glucose, elevated albumin, or a combination of glucose and albumin for 4, 6, 18, or 24 h. In addition, CB1 and GPR55 protein expression was characterized in whole-kidney lysate from streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. In vitro exposure to elevated glucose and albumin increased CB1 and GPR55 messenger RNA and protein expression in proximal tubule cells in a time-dependant manner. In whole kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, CB1 protein was upregulated, whereas GPR55 protein concentration was not altered. Thus, expression of CB1 and GPR55 in proximal tubules is altered in response to elevated levels of glucose and albumin. Further investigations should determine if these receptors are effective physiological targets for the treatment and prevention of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayte A Jenkin
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase expression in cultured myotubes from obese and diabetic individuals. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:1033-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cornall LM, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ. The therapeutic potential of GPR43: a novel role in modulating metabolic health. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4759-70. [PMID: 23852543 PMCID: PMC11113592 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GPR43 is a receptor for short-chain fatty acids. Preliminary data suggest a putative role for GPR43 in regulating systemic health via processes including inflammation, carcinogenesis, gastrointestinal function, and adipogenesis. GPR43 is involved in secretion of gastrointestinal peptides, which regulate appetite and gastrointestinal motility. This suggests GPR43 may have a role in weight control. Moreover, GPR43 regulates plasma lipid profile and inflammatory processes, which further indicates that GPR43 could have the ability to modulate the etiology and pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the ability of GPR43 to mediate both systemic and tissue specific functions and how GPR43 may be modulated in the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Cornall
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia,
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Cornall LM, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, Simcocks AC, O'Brien PE, Wentworth JM, McAinch AJ. GPR119 regulates genetic markers of fatty acid oxidation in cultured skeletal muscle myotubes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 365:108-18. [PMID: 23069642 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene knockout and agonist studies indicate that activation of the G protein-coupled receptor, GPR119, protects against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. It is not known if GPR119 activation in skeletal muscle mediates these effects. To address this uncertainty, we measured GPR119 expression in skeletal muscle and determined the effects of PSN632408, a GPR119 agonist, on the expression of genes and proteins required for fatty acid and glucose oxidation in cultured myotubes. GPR119 expression was readily detected in rat skeletal muscle and mRNAs were induced by 12 weeks of high-fat feeding. Treatment of cultured mouse C₂C₁₂ myotubes with 5 μM PSN632408 or 0.5 mM palmitate reduced expression of mRNAs encoding fatty acid oxidation genes to similar extents. More so, treatment with PSN632408 decreased AMPKα (Thr172 phosphorylation) activity in the absence of palmitate and ACC (Ser79 phosphorylation) activity in the presence of palmitate. In human primary myotubes PSN632408 decreased expression of PDK4 and AMPKα2 mRNA in myotubes derived from obese donors. These data suggest GPR119 activation in skeletal muscle may impair fatty acid and glucose oxidation.
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MESH Headings
- Acids, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Adult
- Animals
- Body Mass Index
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genetic Markers
- Glucose/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Obesity, Morbid/genetics
- Obesity, Morbid/metabolism
- Obesity, Morbid/pathology
- Oxadiazoles/pharmacology
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Cornall
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia.
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McAinch AJ, Cameron-Smith D. Adiponectin decreases pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 gene expression in obese- and diabetic-derived myotubes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009; 11:721-8. [PMID: 19527483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of globular adiponectin (gAd) on gene expression and whether these effects are mediated through 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle myotubes obtained from lean, obese and obese diabetic individuals. METHODS Rectus abdominus muscle biopsies were obtained from surgical patients to establish primary skeletal muscle cell cultures. Three distinct primary cell culture groups were established (lean, obese and obese diabetic; n = 7 in each group). Once differentiated, these cultures were then exposed to gAd or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) for 6 h. RESULTS Stimulation with gAd decreased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) gene expression in the obese and diabetic samples (p < or = 0.05) and increased cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit 4 (COXIV) gene expression in the myotubes derived from lean individuals only (p < 0.05). AICAR treatment also decreased PDK4 gene expression in the obese- and diabetic-derived myotubes (p < or = 0.05) and increased the gene expression of the mitochondrial gene, COXIII, in the lean-derived samples only (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated distinct disparity between myotubes derived from lean compared with obese and obese diabetic individuals following gAd and AICAR treatment. Further understanding of the regulation of PDK4 in obese and diabetic skeletal muscle and its interaction with adiponectin signalling is required as this appears to be an important early molecular event in these disease states that may improve blood glucose control and metabolic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J McAinch
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Victoria 8001, Australia.
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