1
|
Cartier L, Guérin M, Saulnier F, Cotocea I, Mohammedi A, Moussaoui F, Kheloui S, Juster RP. Sex and gender correlates of sexually polymorphic cognition. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:3. [PMID: 38191503 PMCID: PMC10773055 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually polymorphic cognition (SPC) results from the interaction between biological (birth-assigned sex (BAS), sex hormones) and socio-cultural (gender identity, gender roles, sexual orientation) factors. The literature remains quite mixed regarding the magnitude of the effects of these variables. This project used a battery of classic cognitive tests designed to assess the influence of sex hormones on cognitive performance. At the same time, we aimed to assess the inter-related and respective effects that BAS, sex hormones, and gender-related factors have on SPC. METHODS We recruited 222 adults who completed eight cognitive tasks that assessed a variety of cognitive domains during a 150-min session. Subgroups were separated based on gender identity and sexual orientation and recruited as follows: cisgender heterosexual men (n = 46), cisgender non-heterosexual men (n = 36), cisgender heterosexual women (n = 36), cisgender non-heterosexual women (n = 38), gender diverse (n = 66). Saliva samples were collected before, during, and after the test to assess testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone. Psychosocial variables were derived from self-report questionnaires. RESULTS Cognitive performance reflects sex and gender differences that are partially consistent with the literature. Interestingly, biological factors seem to better explain differences in male-typed cognitive tasks (i.e., spatial), while psychosocial factors seem to better explain differences in female-typed cognitive tasks (i.e., verbal). CONCLUSION Our results establish a better comprehension of SPC over and above the effects of BAS as a binary variable. We highlight the importance of treating sex as a biological factor and gender as a socio-cultural factor together since they collectively influence SPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Cartier
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mina Guérin
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fanny Saulnier
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ioana Cotocea
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
| | - Amine Mohammedi
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fadila Moussaoui
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Kheloui
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Center on Sex*Gender, Allostasis, and Resilience, Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, 7331, Rue Hochelaga, Montreal, QC, H1N 3V2, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hashida K, Lee J, Furutani TM, Tsushima W, Tamura K. TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY AND RELIABLE CHANGE INDEX OF MOBILE APPLICATION NEUROCOGNITIVE TEST AMONG MIDDLE AND HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES. J Athl Train 2023; 2023:0. [PMID: 37459377 PMCID: PMC10895400 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0018.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT A mobile application neurocognitive assessment has been used in place of equipment intensive computerized neurocognitive assessment protocol. A previous study reported high to very high test-retest reliability of neurocognitive assessment using the mobile application in healthy adults, but no studies have examined test-retest reliability, reliable change indices (RCIs), and sex effect in middle school and high school populations when conducted 1 year apart. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability and RCIs of baseline data collected at 2-time points approximately 1 year apart using a mobile application neurocognitive rest in middle school and high school athletes. The secondary purpose of the study was to investigate the sex difference in neurocognitive measures. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Institutional. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS 172 middle school and high school healthy student-athletes (mean age=13.78±1.59 years old). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Mobile application neurocognitive rest scores (reaction time, impulse control, inspection, and memory). RESULTS The result from the study demonstrated that neurocognitive measures had low test-retest reliability across a 1-year time period in middle and high school settings. Upon retesting, reaction time and inspection time improved significantly in both middle and high school athletes, and impulse control showed significant improvement in middle school athletes. More athletes in middle school showed more RCI improvements compared to high school athletes. While both males and females demonstrated improvements in neurocognitive measures throughout adolescence, males outperformed females on reaction time and impulse control. CONCLUSIONS Findings from the study indicate unacceptably low test-retest reliability of a mobile application neurocognitive test most likely due to cognitive development occurring throughout adolescence. Additionally, significant RCIs were noted. These naturally occurring improvements due to cognitive development could mask the post-concussion deficits. The findings warrant consideration of age and sex on the neurocognitive performance of middle and high school athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Hashida
- *Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science College of Education, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu
| | - JongSoo Lee
- ‡ Department of Mathematical Science, Kennedy College of Sciences, University of Massachusetts
| | - Troy M Furutani
- *Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science College of Education, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu
- †Hawaii Concussion Awareness and Management Program, College of Education, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu
| | - William Tsushima
- §Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Straub Medical Center, Honolulu
| | - Kaori Tamura
- *Department of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science College of Education, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Giofrè D, Allen K, Toffalini E, Caviola S. The Impasse on Gender Differences in Intelligence: a Meta-Analysis on WISC Batteries. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-022-09705-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis meta-analysis reviews 79 studies (N = 46,605) that examined the existence of gender difference on intelligence in school-aged children. To do so, we limited the literature search to works that assessed the construct of intelligence through the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC) batteries, evaluating eventual gender differences in indices and subtests. The theoretical framework we adopted is the cross-battery approach which locates cognitive abilities into different levels, also considering the possible mediating effect of the version of the WISC being used. As for broad abilities, a notable discrepancy emerged in favour of males for visual and crystallized intelligence, while female/male differences on fluid intelligence were negligible. Conversely, females’ performance on the processing speed factor was superior. Interesting results emerged at the subtest levels, albeit with less pronounced differences in performance. Results generally showed that older versions of WISC batteries displayed larger gender differences compared to the most recent ones.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li B, Li X, Stoet G, Lages M. Processing Speed Predicts Mean Performance in Task-Switching but Not Task-Switching Cost. Psychol Rep 2022:332941211072228. [PMID: 35084254 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211072228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In several studies, it has been suggested that task-switching performance is linked to processing speed. Here we argue that the relation between processing speed and high-level cognitive ability found in previous studies may be due to confounded measurements of processing speed and task-switching ability. In the present study we required participants to complete an inspection time (IT) task to probe their processing speed. We employed conventional task-switching paradigms but applied a linear integrated speed-accuracy score (LISAS) which combines latency and accuracy scores to express task-switching ability. The results of regression analyses show that IT predicted average performance in task-switching paradigms. However, IT did not relate to any specific effects common in the task-switching task, which contradicts previous results. Our results suggest independent mechanisms of processing speed and tasks that require a high level of cognitive flexibility and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology12381Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiangqian Li
- School of Psychology66315Shanghai University of Sport
| | | | - Martin Lages
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience3526University of Glasgow
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bulut O, Cormier DC, Aquilina AM, Bulut HC. Age and Sex Invariance of the Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities: Evidence from Psychometric Network Modeling. J Intell 2021; 9:35. [PMID: 34287315 PMCID: PMC8293399 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Woodcock-Johnson IV Tests of Cognitive Abilities (WJ IV COG) is a comprehensive assessment battery designed to assess broad and narrow cognitive abilities, as defined by the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of intelligence. Previous studies examined the invariance of the WJ assessments across sex and age groups using factor analytic methods. Psychometric network modeling is an alternative methodology that can address both direct and indirect relationships among the observed variables. In this study, we employed psychometric network modeling to examine the invariance of the WJ IV COG across sex and age groups. Using a normative sample (n = 4212 participants) representative of the United States population, we tested the extent to which the factorial structure of the WJ IV COG aligned with CHC theory for the school-aged sample. Next, we used psychometric network modeling as a data-driven method to investigate whether the network structure of the WJ IV COG remains similar across different sex and age (age 6 to 19, inclusively) groups. Our results showed that the WJ IV COG maintained the same network structure across all age and sex groups, although the network structure at younger ages indicated weaker relationships among some subtests. Overall, the results provide construct validity evidence for the WJ IV COG, based on both theoretical and data-driven methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Okan Bulut
- Centre for Research in Applied Measurement and Evaluation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G5, Canada;
| | - Damien C. Cormier
- Centre for Research in Applied Measurement and Evaluation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G5, Canada;
| | - Alexandra M. Aquilina
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G5, Canada;
| | - Hatice C. Bulut
- Department of Educational Sciences, Cukurova University, Adana 01250, Turkey;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kramer E, Koo B, Restrepo A, Koyama M, Neuhaus R, Pugh K, Andreotti C, Milham M. Diagnostic Associations of Processing Speed in a Transdiagnostic, Pediatric Sample. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10114. [PMID: 32572148 PMCID: PMC7308370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study examines the relationships between processing speed (PS), mental health disorders, and learning disorders. Prior work has tended to explore relationships between PS deficits and specific diagnoses in isolation of one another. Here, we simultaneously investigated PS associations with five diagnoses (i.e., anxiety, autism, ADHD, depressive, specific learning) in a large-scale, transdiagnostic, community self-referred sample. METHOD 843 children, ages 8-16 were included from the Healthy Brain Network (HBN) Biobank. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to create a composite measure of four PS tasks, referred to as PC1. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the four PS measures, as well as PC1, were calculated to assess reliability. RESULTS ICCs were moderate between WISC-V tasks (0.663), and relatively modest between NIH Toolbox Pattern Comparison and other PS scales (0.14-0.27). Regression analyses revealed specific significant relationships between PS and reading and math disabilities, ADHD-inattentive presentation (ADHD-I), and ADHD-combined presentation (ADHD-C). After accounting for inattention, the present study did not find a significant relationship with Autism Spectrum Disorder. DISCUSSION Our examination of PS in a large, transdiagnostic sample suggested more specific associations with ADHD and learning disorders than the literature currently suggests. Implications for understanding how PS interacts with a highly heterogeneous childhood sample are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kramer
- Healthy Brain Network, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bonhwang Koo
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anita Restrepo
- Healthy Brain Network, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Neuhaus
- Healthy Brain Network, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Milham
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, New York, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Menghini-Müller S, Studerus E, Ittig S, Valmaggia LR, Kempton MJ, van der Gaag M, de Haan L, Nelson B, Bressan RA, Barrantes-Vidal N, Jantac C, Nordentoft M, Ruhrmann S, Sachs G, Rutten BP, van Os J, Riecher-Rössler A. Sex differences in cognitive functioning of patients at-risk for psychosis and healthy controls: Results from the European Gene-Environment Interactions study. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e25. [PMID: 32167444 PMCID: PMC7315874 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2019.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in cognitive functioning have long been recognized in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls (HC). However, few studies have focused on patients with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate sex differences in neurocognitive performance in ARMS patients compared with HC. METHODS The data analyzed in this study were collected within the multicenter European Gene-Environment Interactions study (11 centers). A total of 343 ARMS patients (158 women) and 67 HC subjects (33 women) were included. All participants completed a comprehensive neurocognitive battery. Linear mixed effects models were used to explore whether sex differences in cognitive functioning were present in the total group (main effect of sex) and whether sex differences were different for HC and ARMS (interaction between sex and group). RESULTS Women performed better in social cognition, speed of processing, and verbal learning than men regardless of whether they were ARMS or HC. However, only differences in speed of processing and verbal learning remained significant after correction for multiple testing. Additionally, ARMS patients displayed alterations in attention, current IQ, speed of processing, verbal learning, and working memory compared with HC. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that sex differences in cognitive functioning in ARMS are similar to those seen between healthy men and women. Thus, it appears that sex differences in cognitive performance may not be specific for ARMS, a finding resembling that in patients with schizophrenic psychoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erich Studerus
- Department of Psychology, Division of Personality and Developmental Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Ittig
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lucia R Valmaggia
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Kempton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark van der Gaag
- Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology and EMGO+ Institute for Health Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychosis Research, Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department Early Psychosis, AMC, Academic Psychiatric Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mental Health Institute, Arkin, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- LiNC-Lab Interdisciplinar Neurociências Clínicas, Depto Psiquiatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica I de la Salut (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Fundació Sanitària Sant Pere Claver (Spain), Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Célia Jantac
- University Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, C'JAAD, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Inserm U894, Institut de Psychiatrie (CNRS 3557), Paris, France
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Garbiele Sachs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bart P Rutten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department Psychiatry, Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,King's College London, King's Health Partners Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mene Mene Tekel Upharsin: Clerical Speed and Elementary Cognitive Speed are Different by Virtue of Test Mode Only. J Intell 2019; 7:jintelligence7030016. [PMID: 31323931 PMCID: PMC6789621 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence7030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current taxonomies of intelligence comprise two factors of mental speed, clerical speed (Gs), and elementary cognitive speed (Gt). Both originated from different research traditions and are conceptualized as dissociable constructs in current taxonomies. However, previous research suggests that tasks of one category can be transferred into the other category by simply changing the mode of administration, i.e., in form of a paper-and-pencil test or in from of a computer-based elementary cognitive task. However, cross-mode correlations for specific tasks are usually only moderate. In the present study, mental speed was assessed as a broad construct across different tasks and stimulus materials. This allowed modeling mental speed as a hierarchical construct for paper-and-pencil as well as for computer-based tests. Cross-mode correlations of the respective general factors were moderate (r = 0.64), while the cross-mode correlations of task-specific components depended on task type (r = 0.12 to r = 0.71). Only the g factors of mental speed, but not the task-specific components, were found to be related with working memory capacity as a marker of cognitive ability. The speed general factor modeled across computer-based tests was more highly correlated with working memory capacity (r = 0.66) than the general factor modeled across paper-and-pencil tests (r = 0.46). These findings corroborate a crucial role of the assessment method and imply that validity of speed tests is affected by the choice of the test format.
Collapse
|
9
|
An Investigation of Sex Differences, Implicit Memory, and Perceptual Identification in the Survival Memory Paradigm. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-019-00193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
10
|
Baker M, Cornelson K. Gender-Based Occupational Segregation and Sex Differences in Sensory, Motor, and Spatial Aptitudes. Demography 2018; 55:1749-1775. [PMID: 30218274 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-018-0706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research on sex differences in humans documents gender differences in sensory, motor, and spatial aptitudes. These aptitudes, as captured by Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) codes, predict the occupational choices of men and women in the directions indicated by this research. We simulate that eliminating selection on these skills reduces the Duncan index of gender-based occupational segregation by 20 % to 23 % in 1970 and 2012, respectively. Eliminating selection on DOT variables capturing other accounts of this segregation has a smaller impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Baker
- Department of Economics, University of Toronto, 150 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G7, Canada. .,National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Kirsten Cornelson
- Department of Economics, University of Notre Dame, 3051 Jenkins Nanovic Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pardeller S, Frajo-Apor B, Kemmler G, Hofer A. Emotional Intelligence and cognitive abilities - associations and sex differences. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2017; 22:1001-1010. [PMID: 27852112 PMCID: PMC5744855 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2016.1255766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to expand on previous research, this cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and cognitive abilities in healthy adults with a special focus on potential sex differences. EI was assessed by means of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso-Emotional-Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), whereas cognitive abilities were investigated using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS), which measures key aspects of cognitive functioning, i.e. verbal memory, working memory, motor speed, verbal fluency, attention and processing speed, and reasoning and problem solving. 137 subjects (65% female) with a mean age of 38.7 ± 11.8 years were included into the study. While males and females were comparable with regard to EI, men achieved significantly higher BACS composite scores and outperformed women in the BACS subscales motor speed, attention and processing speed, and reasoning and problem solving. Verbal fluency significantly predicted EI, whereas the MSCEIT subscale understanding emotions significantly predicted the BACS composite score. Our findings support previous research and emphasize the relevance of considering cognitive abilities when assessing ability EI in healthy individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pardeller
- a Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Beatrice Frajo-Apor
- a Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Georg Kemmler
- a Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Alex Hofer
- a Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , Medical University Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chevalier N, Kurth S, Doucette MR, Wiseheart M, Deoni SCL, Dean DC, O’Muircheartaigh J, Blackwell KA, Munakata Y, LeBourgeois MK. Myelination Is Associated with Processing Speed in Early Childhood: Preliminary Insights. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139897. [PMID: 26440654 PMCID: PMC4595421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing speed is an important contributor to working memory performance and fluid intelligence in young children. Myelinated white matter plays a central role in brain messaging, and likely mediates processing speed, but little is known about the relationship between myelination and processing speed in young children. In the present study, processing speed was measured through inspection times, and myelin volume fraction (VFM) was quantified using a multicomponent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach in 2- to 5-years of age. Both inspection times and VFM were found to increase with age. Greater VFM in the right and left occipital lobes, the body of the corpus callosum, and the right cerebellum was significantly associated with shorter inspection times, after controlling for age. A hierarchical regression showed that VFM in the left occipital lobe predicted inspection times over and beyond the effects of age and the VFM in the other brain regions. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that myelin supports processing speed in early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chevalier
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Salome Kurth
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Margaret Rae Doucette
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Melody Wiseheart
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean C. L. Deoni
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, Rhodes Island, United States of America
| | - Douglas C. Dean
- Brown University School of Engineering, Providence, Rhodes Island, United States of America
| | | | - Katharine A. Blackwell
- Department of Psychology, Salem College, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yuko Munakata
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Monique K. LeBourgeois
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cash C, Peacock A, Barrington H, Sinnett N, Bruno R. Detecting impairment: sensitive cognitive measures of dose-related acute alcohol intoxication. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:436-46. [PMID: 25691502 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115570080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive impairment that results from acute alcohol intoxication is associated with considerable safety risks. Other psychoactive substances, such as medications, pose a similar risk to road and workplace safety. However, there is currently no legal limit for operating vehicles or working while experiencing drug-related impairment. The current study sought to identify a brief cognitive task sensitive to a meaningful degree of impairment from acute alcohol intoxication to potentially stand as a reference from which to quantify impairment from other similar substances. A placebo-controlled single-blind crossover design was employed to determine the relative sensitivity of four commonly-administered cognitive tasks (Compensatory Tracking Task, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, Brief Stop Signal Task and Inspection Time Task) to alcohol-related impairment in male social drinkers at ~0.05% ascending breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), ~0.08% peak BrAC and 0.05% descending BrAC. The Inspection Time Task was identified as the most sensitive task, detecting a medium to large magnitude increase in impairment (g ≈ 0.60) at 0.05% ascending and descending BrAC, and a large magnitude effect size (g = 0.80) at 0.08% peak BrAC. The remaining tasks failed to demonstrate sensitivity to dose-dependent and limb-dependent changes in alcohol-induced impairment. The Inspection Time Task was deemed the most sensitive task for screening alcohol-related impairment based on the present results. Confirmation of equivalence with other drug-related impairment and sensitivity to alcohol-induced impairment in real-world settings should be established in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cash
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Amy Peacock
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Helen Barrington
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Nicholas Sinnett
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Raimondo Bruno
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lepach AC, Reimers W, Pauls F, Petermann F, Daseking M. Geschlechtseffekte bei Intelligenz- und Gedächtnisleistungen. ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2015. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x/a000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diese Studie untersucht die Zusammenhänge von Intelligenz- und Gedächtnisleistungen in der Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV und der Wechsler Memory Scale-IV unter Berücksichtigung des Geschlechts (N = 137 Gesunde, 63 w/74 m). Ein Vorteil der weiblichen Testpersonen im verbalen episodischen Gedächtnis sowie in einzelnen Aufgaben zur Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit konnte beobachtet werden. Die männlichen Testpersonen schnitten in den Untertests Allgemeines Wissen und Visuelle Puzzles besser ab. Wie gut Gedächtnisleistungen Intelligenzleistungen erklären beziehungsweise vorhersagen, ist aufgrund unserer Ergebnisse nicht nur abhängig von den Aufgaben, sondern auch vom Geschlecht.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja C. Lepach
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
| | - Wiebke Reimers
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
| | - Franz Pauls
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
| | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
| | - Monika Daseking
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation, Universität Bremen
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cepeda NJ, Blackwell KA, Munakata Y. Speed isn't everything: complex processing speed measures mask individual differences and developmental changes in executive control. Dev Sci 2013; 16:269-286. [PMID: 23432836 PMCID: PMC3582037 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rate at which people process information appears to influence many aspects of cognition across the lifespan. However, many commonly accepted measures of 'processing speed' may require goal maintenance, manipulation of information in working memory, and decision-making, blurring the distinction between processing speed and executive control and resulting in overestimation of processing speed contributions to cognition. This concern may apply particularly to studies of developmental change, as even seemingly simple processing speed measures may require executive processes to keep children and older adults on task. We report two new studies and a re-analysis of a published study, testing predictions about how different processing speed measures influence conclusions about executive control across the lifespan. We find that the choice of processing speed measure affects the relationship observed between processing speed and executive control, in a manner that changes with age, and that choice of processing speed measure affects conclusions about development and the relationship among executive control measures. Implications for understanding processing speed, executive control, and their development are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Cepeda
- Department of Psychology, York University, Canada
- LaMarsh Centre for Child and Youth Research, York University, Canada
| | | | - Yuko Munakata
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Suksudaj N, Townsend GC, Kaidonis J, Lekkas D, Winning TA. Acquiring psychomotor skills in operative dentistry: do innate ability and motivation matter? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR DENTAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE 2012; 16:e187-e194. [PMID: 22251344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2011.00696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The acquisition of psychomotor skills is a key competence in the practice of dentistry, and innate abilities and motivation have been shown to influence motor performance. However, the explicit integration of these factors into the design of research projects about skill acquisition in dentistry has been limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of how dental students' abilities and motivation affected their performance in an operative task. METHODS A longitudinal study with two cohorts of dental students was conducted in laboratory classes forming part of an operative technique course. A range of standardised psychometric tests was used to assess different abilities before completing a cavity preparation on Frasaco teeth. This was followed immediately by completion of an Intrinsic Motivation Inventory. RESULTS Low but statistically significant correlations (P<0.05) were found between dental performance and psychomotor ability (r=0.22), and also dental performance and motivation (r=0.19). A significant difference (P<0.05) was found in the grades obtained for the cavity preparation exercise in one cohort between students with higher levels of psychomotor ability compared with those with lower levels (Tracing scores) (P<0.05). No significant differences in grades obtained for the cavity preparation exercise were found between students with higher and lower levels of motivation. CONCLUSION Both innate psychomotor ability and motivation showed only weak positive associations with dental performance on cavity preparation exercises. Our study suggests that student-related factors only provide limited information to explain differences in performance or to be useful as specific predictors of future performance by individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Suksudaj
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Danthiir V, Burns NR, Nettelbeck T, Wilson C, Wittert G. The older people, omega-3, and cognitive health (EPOCH) trial design and methodology: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial investigating the effect of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive ageing and wellbeing in cognitively healthy older adults. Nutr J 2011; 10:117. [PMID: 22011460 PMCID: PMC3210089 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Some studies have suggested an association between omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFAs) and better cognitive outcomes in older adults. To date, only two randomised, controlled trials have assessed the effect of n-3 LC PUFA supplementation on cognitive function in older cognitively healthy populations. Of these trials only one found a benefit, in the subgroup carrying the ApoE-ε4 allele. The benefits of n-3 LC PUFA supplementation on cognitive function in older normal populations thus still remain unclear. The main objective of the current study was to provide a comprehensive assessment of the potential of n-3 LC PUFAs to slow cognitive decline in normal elderly people, and included ApoE-ε4 allele carriage as a potential moderating factor. The detailed methodology of the trial is reported herein. Methods The study was a parallel, 18-month, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention with assessment at baseline and repeated 6-monthly. Participants (N = 391, 53.7% female) aged 65-90 years, English-speaking and with normal cognitive function, were recruited from metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. Participants in the intervention arm received capsules containing fish-oil at a daily dosage of 1720 mg of docosahexaenoic acid and 600 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid while the placebo arm received the equivalent amount of olive oil in their capsules. The primary outcome is rate of change in cognitive performance, as measured by latent variables for the cognitive constructs (encompassing Reasoning, Working Memory, Short-term Memory, Retrieval Fluency, Inhibition, Simple and Choice-Reaction Time, Perceptual Speed, Odd-man-out Reaction Time, Speed of Memory Scanning, and Psychomotor Speed) and assessed by latent growth curve modeling. Secondary outcomes are change in the Mini-mental State Examination, functional capacity and well-being (including health status, depression, mood, and self-report cognitive functioning), blood pressure, and biomarkers of n-3 LC PUFA status, glucose, lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. Trial registration Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12607000278437
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Danthiir
- Preventative Health Research Flagship, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation - Food and Nutritional Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Keith TZ, Reynolds MR, Roberts LG, Winter AL, Austin CA. Sex differences in latent cognitive abilities ages 5 to 17: Evidence from the Differential Ability Scales—Second Edition. INTELLIGENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Advances in the assessment of cognitive skills using computer-based measurement. Behav Res Methods 2011; 44:125-34. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-011-0136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
20
|
Torniainen M, Suvisaari J, Partonen T, Castaneda AE, Kuha A, Perälä J, Saarni S, Lönnqvist J, Tuulio-Henriksson A. Sex differences in cognition among persons with schizophrenia and healthy first-degree relatives. Psychiatry Res 2011; 188:7-12. [PMID: 21126773 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggests differences between women and men in the clinical features of schizophrenia, but studies examining sex differences in neuropsychological functioning have reached inconsistent results. In the present study, sex differences in cognition and clinical features were investigated in population-based samples of participants with schizophrenia (n=218), their healthy first-degree relatives (n=438) and controls (n=123). Sex differences in illness features were small; nevertheless, women with schizophrenia had less negative symptoms and lived independently more often than men. The schizophrenia group had impairments in all studied neuropsychological domains, and the relatives were impaired in processing speed and set-shifting. In all groups, women performed better than men in processing speed, set-shifting and verbal episodic memory, whereas men outperformed women in visual working memory. The group-by-sex interaction was significant in two variables: women outperformed men in the relatives group in immediate verbal reproduction and in the use of semantic clustering as a learning strategy, while there was no sex difference in the schizophrenia group. In conclusion, sex differences in cognition are mostly similar in schizophrenia to those among controls, despite sex differences in illness features. The preservation of sex differences also in first-degree relatives supports the conclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minna Torniainen
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Roivainen E. Gender differences in processing speed: A review of recent research. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
23
|
Williams SE, Turley C, Nettelbeck T, Burns NR. A measure of inspection time in 4-year-old children: The Benny Bee IT task. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 27:669-80. [DOI: 10.1348/026151008x354573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Interactive effects of sex hormones and gender stereotypes on cognitive sex differences--a psychobiosocial approach. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009; 34:389-401. [PMID: 18992993 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biological and social factors have been shown to affect cognitive sex differences. For example, several studies have found that sex hormones have activating effects on sex-sensitive tasks. On the other hand, it has been shown that gender stereotypes can influence the cognitive performance of (gender-) stereotyped individuals. However, few studies have investigated the combined effects of both factors. The present study investigated the interaction between sex hormones and gender stereotypes within a psychobiosocial approach. One hundred and fourteen participants (59 women) performed a battery of sex-sensitive cognitive tasks, including mental rotation, verbal fluency, and perceptual speed. Saliva samples were taken immediately after cognitive testing. Levels of testosterone (T) were analysed using chemiluminescence immunoassay (LIA). To activate gender stereotypes, a questionnaire was applied to the experimental group that referred to the cognitive tasks used. The control group received an identical questionnaire but with a gender-neutral content. As expected, significant sex differences favouring males and females appeared for mental rotation and verbal fluency tasks, respectively. The results revealed no sex difference in perceptual speed. The male superiority in the Revised Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotations Tests (MRT-3D) was mainly driven by the stereotype-active group. No significant sex difference in MRT-3D appeared in the control group. The MRT-3D was also the task in which a strong gender-stereotype favouring males was present for both males and females. Interestingly, T levels of the stereotype-activated group were 60% higher than that of male controls. The results suggest that sex hormones mediate the effects of gender stereotypes on specific cognitive abilities.
Collapse
|
26
|
Keith TZ, Reynolds MR, Patel PG, Ridley KP. Sex differences in latent cognitive abilities ages 6 to 59: Evidence from the Woodcock–Johnson III tests of cognitive abilities. INTELLIGENCE 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Garaas TW, Pomplun M. Inspection time and visual–perceptual processing. Vision Res 2008; 48:523-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
29
|
Montgomery JW, Windsor J. Examining the language performances of children with and without specific language impairment: contributions of phonological short-term memory and speed of processing. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2007; 50:778-97. [PMID: 17538115 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/054)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of processing speed and phonological short-term memory (PSTM) on children's language performance. METHOD Forty-eight school-age children with specific language impairment (SLI) and age peers completed auditory detection reaction time (RT) and nonword repetition tasks, the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised (CELF-R; E. Semel, E. Wiig, & W. Secord, 1987), and a word recognition RT task. Correlation and regression were used to determine unique and shared contributions to variance among measures. RESULTS Children with SLI were outperformed by age peers on each task. Auditory detection RT was correlated with nonword repetition (NWR) in each group. However, both variables covaried with age, and auditory detection RT did not contribute unique variance to NWR in either group. For the SLI group, NWR predicted unique variance in CELF-R performance (about 15%); auditory detection RT predicted a smaller amount of unique variance in the word recognition RT task (about 9%). CONCLUSION Processing speed and PSTM measures covaried with chronological age. Processing speed was associated with offline language performance only through association with PSTM. Processing speed contributed to online language performance, suggesting that speed is associated with processing more familiar language material (i.e., lexical content and structure) than less familiar material (e.g., various content on the CELF-R).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Montgomery
- School of Hearing, Speech & Language Sciences, Grover Center W231, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA. E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zajac IT, Burns NR. Measuring Auditory Inspection Time in Primary School Children. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001.28.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between visual inspection time (VIT) and a new measure of auditory inspection time (AIT: see Parker, Crawford, & Stephen, 1999 ). The purpose was twofold: first, to understand the generality of the mechanism underpinning performance on visual IT tasks (VIT); second, to evaluate the efficacy of this new auditory task. Participants were 80 primary school children aged 10–12 years. They each completed AIT, VIT, and a marker test for each of general speediness (Gs), fluid ability (Gf), and crystallized ability (Gc). AIT and VIT were positively correlated with each other, and they both correlated with the marker of Gs. However, the data suggest that the nature of IT tasks changes as task difficulty increases. Thus, IT appears to be a purer measure of processing speed at longer exposure durations. These findings are discussed in relation to the methodology employed in IT estimation and in light of recent comments concerning the psychological complexity of IT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian T. Zajac
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|