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Espinoza Oyarce DA, Burns RA, Shaw ME, Butterworth P, Cherbuin N. Neural correlates of the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory: A cross-sectional structural neuroimaging study in middle-aged adults. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14574. [PMID: 38546153 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) proposes that neurobiological systems control behavior: the fight-flight-freeze (FFFS) for avoidance of threat; behavioral approach/activation (BAS) for approach to rewards; and behavioral inhibition (BIS) for conflict resolution when avoidance and approach are possible. Neuroimaging studies have confirmed some theoretical associations between brain structures and the BAS and BIS; however, little representative population data are available for the FFFS. We investigated the neural correlates of the revised RST in a sample of 404 middle-aged adults (Mage = 47.18 (SD = 1.38); 54.5% female). Participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging and completed health questionnaires and the BIS/BAS/FFFS scales. We used multiple regression analyses to investigate the association between scale scores and volumes of a priori theoretically linked regions of interest while controlling for sex, age, intracranial volume, and cardio-metabolic variables; and conducted exploratory analyses on cortical thickness. The BIS was negatively associated with hippocampus laterality. At standard significance levels, the fear component of the FFFS was positively associated with anterior cingulate cortex; the BAS was positively associated with bilateral caudate; and the BIS was positively associated with posterior cingulate cortex volume. Furthermore, these neurobiological systems showed distinct patterns of association with cortical thickness though future work is needed. Our results showed that the neurobiological systems of the revised RST characterized in rodents can also be identified in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Espinoza Oyarce
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Richard A Burns
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Marnie E Shaw
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Peter Butterworth
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Martinelli MK, Schreyer CC, Vanzhula IA, Guarda AS. Impulsivity and reward and punishment sensitivity among patients admitted to a specialized inpatient eating disorder treatment program. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1325252. [PMID: 38832324 PMCID: PMC11145411 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1325252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Eating disorders (EDs) are conceptualized as disorders of under- and over-control, with impulsivity reflecting under-control. Extant research indicates that impulsivity and related factors such as reward sensitivity and punishment sensitivity may serve as trait-level transdiagnostic risk and/or maintenance factors in EDs. Findings on impulsivity and reward and punishment sensitivity by diagnosis are mixed and research on the relationship between these factors and ED symptoms, hospital course, and treatment outcomes is limited. Methods Participants (N = 228) were patients admitted to a specialized inpatient behavioral treatment program for EDs who agreed to participate in a longitudinal study and completed self-report measures of impulsivity, reward sensitivity, and punishment sensitivity at admission. Weight and ED symptomatology were measured at admission and discharge. Hospital course variables included length of stay and premature treatment dropout. Results Impulsivity was lower in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) restricting type compared to those with AN binge/purge type or bulimia nervosa; no other group differences were observed. Higher impulsivity was associated with greater bulimic symptoms on the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (EDI-2) at admission. Impulsivity was not related to ED symptoms, weight outcomes, length of hospital stay, or treatment dropout at program discharge. Conclusion Impulsivity may help distinguish restrictive versus binge/purge EDs, but does not necessarily relate to discharge outcomes in an intensive inpatient ED program. Findings from this study provide novel contributions to the literature on personality traits in EDs and have important clinical implications. Results suggest that patients with higher levels of impulsivity or reward and punishment sensitivity can be expected to respond to inpatient treatment. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. Martinelli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Brown CS, Devine S, Otto AR, Bischoff-Grethe A, Wierenga CE. Greater reliance on model-free learning in adolescent anorexia nervosa: An examination of dual-system reinforcement learning. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.31.24302097. [PMID: 38352608 PMCID: PMC10863009 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.31.24302097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Alterations in learning and decision-making systems are thought to contribute to core features of anorexia nervosa (AN), a psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent dietary restriction and weight loss. Instrumental learning theory identifies a dual-system of habit and goal-directed decision-making, linked to model-free and model-based reinforcement learning algorithms. Difficulty arbitrating between these systems, resulting in an over-reliance on one strategy over the other, has been implicated in compulsivity and extreme goal pursuit, both of which are observed in AN. Characterizing alterations in model-free and model-based systems, and their neural correlates, in AN may clarify mechanisms contributing to symptom heterogeneity (e.g., binge/purge symptoms). This study tested whether adolescents with restricting AN (AN-R; n = 36) and binge/purge AN (AN-BP; n = 20) differentially utilized model-based and model-free learning systems compared to a healthy control group (HC; n = 28) during a Markov two-step decision-making task under conditions of reward and punishment. Associations between model-free and model-based learning and resting-state functional connectivity between neural regions of interest, including orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), nucleus accumbens (NAcc), putamen, and sensory motor cortex (SMC) were examined. AN-R showed higher utilization of model-free learning compared to HC for reward, but attenuated model-free and model-based learning for punishment. In AN-R only, higher model-based learning was associated with stronger OFC-to-left NAcc functional connectivity, regions linked to goal-directed behavior. Greater utilization of model-free learning for reward in AN-R may differentiate this group, particularly during adolescence, and facilitate dietary restriction by prioritizing habitual control in rewarding contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina S. Brown
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
| | | | | | | | - Christina E. Wierenga
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
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Howard MC. Relations of behavioral inhibition and activation system sensitivities with vaccination outcomes: Investigating the mediating role of vaccine hesitancy in older adults. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:28-41. [PMID: 37691413 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231197645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS) sensitivities has produced a multitude of models and frameworks to better understand decision-making and behavior. We extend this research to the study of a vaccination by exploring the relation of BIS and BAS sensitivities with vaccination willingness, receipt, and word-of-mouth. We also assess whether dimensions of vaccine hesitancy mediate these relations, testing whether they are viable explanatory mechanisms. By conducting a multi-wave survey study, our results support that BIS sensitivity does not meaningfully relate to vaccine hesitancy or vaccination outcomes. On the other hand, BAS sensitivity related to detrimental vaccination outcomes, and these effects were mediated by vaccine hesitancy dimensions associated with perceptions that vaccines cause health risks and are not needed for healthy individuals. Based on extant BIS and BAS theory, these results suggest that certain people may see refraining from vaccination as a nonpunishment.
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Espinoza Oyarce DA, Burns R, Butterworth P, Cherbuin N. A New Measure of the Revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) proposes that neurobiological systems mediate behavior and their functioning can be associated with personality. The functions and associations of RST systems were revised into fight–flight–freeze system (FFFS), behavioral approach/activation system (rBAS), and behavioral inhibition system (rBIS); however, there is limited study of the revised systems due to lack of validated measures. We investigated scale structure, sex invariance, and psychometric properties of the revised RST questionnaire (rRST-Q). The rRST-Q showed good fit as a 5-factor structure with free interfactor correlations and was sex invariant, and associations with personality and mental health measures were consistent with theory and literature. The rRST-Q is a reliable measure, and its use will help understand the link between brain, personality, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A. Espinoza Oyarce
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Richard Burns
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Peter Butterworth
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Sutton CA, L'Insalata AM, Fazzino TL. Reward sensitivity, eating behavior, and obesity-related outcomes: A systematic review. Physiol Behav 2022; 252:113843. [PMID: 35577107 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has identified reward sensitivity as an important factor that may contribute to the engagement in eating behavior (e.g., binge eating, emotional eating, etc.) and increase obesity risk. In the current study, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine the relationships between reward sensitivity, eating behavior, and obesity-related outcomes. The study focused on two commonly used measures of reward sensitivity in the literature: the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) and the Behavioral Inhibition Scale/Behavioral Activation Scale (BIS/BAS Scale). METHOD We conducted a systematic search to identify studies that analyzed reward sensitivity as a predictor of eating behavior or obesity-related outcomes, and measured reward sensitivity using the SPSRQ or BIS/BAS Scale. The search yielded N=19 total publications included in the review. RESULTS Findings indicated that reward sensitivity, primarily measured by summary scores on the SPSRQ or BIS/BAS Scale, were positively associated with a variety of eating behaviors and obesity-related outcomes with small to moderate effect sizes. Findings were most consistent across studies that examined the association between reward sensitivity and eating behavior outcomes (e.g., binge eating, emotional eating) (r values= .08 to .41; p values < .001 to p < .05) and food consumption outcomes (e.g., palatable food intake) (r values = .21 to .40; p < .001 to p values < .05). Findings were less consistent for food craving and BMI outcomes, and revealed these relationships may depend on individual-level factors and/or environment-related factors, (e.g., food cues). A quality evaluation using the Critical Appraisal Tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS tool) indicated that most studies were rated as moderate to strong quality (84%). CONCLUSION Findings indicate that elevated reward sensitivity may be a risk factor for engagement in eating behaviors that may increase obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra A Sutton
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66046, United States; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Alexa M L'Insalata
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66046, United States; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Tera L Fazzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66046, United States; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States.
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Kambanis PE, Bottera AR, De Young KP. Development and validation of a questionnaire assessing weighing tendencies: the Approach/Avoidance of Weighing Questionnaire (AAWQ). Eat Disord 2022; 30:302-322. [PMID: 33135546 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2020.1833620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Frequent weighing to assess shape and weight is common in eating disorders, as is going to great lengths to avoid knowledge of weight. However, few tools exist to measure these different weighing tendencies. This study reports on the development of a self-report measure of weighing tendencies using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA; CFA). An EFA using 10 items identified 2 factors and indicated all items should be retained. Two CFAs in two independent samples indicated that a 2-factor, 6-item version fit reasonably well. The factors indicate the tendency to approach weighing and to avoid weighing. Additional evidence of convergent and discriminant validity is presented, covering a number of eating behaviors and relevant behavioral constructs. Findings suggest that individuals characterized by approach weighing tendencies may weight-check to reduce the anxiety and distress of not knowing their weights, and those characterized by avoidance may reduce the anxiety and distress of knowing their weights by avoiding weight-related information. This may have important clinical implications, as the feared stimulus for one group is uncertainty about their weights, whereas for the other, it is awareness of their weights, suggesting different treatment targets. Overall, the AAWQ appears to be a promising tool that may aid in examining weighing tendencies, in turn having the potential to aid in eating disorder cognitive-behavioral clinical case formulation and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyle P De Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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Espinoza Oyarce DA, Burns R, Butterworth P, Cherbuin N. Bridging Classical and Revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Research: A Longitudinal Analysis of a Large Population Study. Front Psychol 2022; 12:737117. [PMID: 35069316 PMCID: PMC8771200 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.737117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) proposes that neurobiological systems mediate protective and appetitive behaviours and the functioning of these systems is associated to personality traits. In this manner, the RST is a link between neuroscience, behaviour, and personality. The theory evolved to the present revised version describing three systems: fight-flight-freezing, behavioural approach/activation (BAS), and behavioural inhibition (BIS). However, the most widely available measure of the theory, the BIS/BAS scales, only investigates two systems. Using a large longitudinal community survey, we found that the BIS/BAS scales can be re-structured to investigate the three systems of the theory with a BIS scale, three BAS scales, and a separate fight-flight-freezing system (FFFS) scale. The re-structured scales were age, sex, and longitudinally invariant, and associations with personality and mental health measures followed theoretical expectations and previously published associations. The proposed framework can be used to investigate behavioural choices influencing physical and mental health and bridge historical with contemporary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Espinoza Oyarce
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health & Welbeing, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Richard Burns
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health & Welbeing, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter Butterworth
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health & Welbeing, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nicolas Cherbuin
- Centre for Research on Ageing, Health & Welbeing, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Cavicchioli M, Kraslavski A, Movalli M, Maffei C, Ogliari A. The investigation of mechanisms underlying addictive behaviors: a case-control study. J Addict Dis 2021; 40:306-325. [PMID: 34751104 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2021.1989250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: The contradictory nature of behavioral addictions has sustained a nondefinitive debate regarding their construct validity. Objective(s): The current study aims at exploring mechanisms underlying two distinct classes of behaviors-behavioral addictions characterized by core alterations in reward processing systems (ARPS) and behaviors with a main function of maladaptive coping. Methods: This case-control study included 99 treatment-seeking individuals with a primary diagnosis of alcohol use disorder (male: N = 68; female: N = 31) and 74 healthy control (HC) subjects (male: N = 38; female: N = 36). The severity of maladaptive behaviors was measured through the Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire (SPQ). Latent mechanisms were assessed by the Disinhibition Domain of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5-DI) and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). Results: The clinical group showed higher severity of behavioral addictions than HC. This difference was not replicated for the other class of maladaptive behaviors, except for compulsive buying. Ordinal regression analysis showed that the clinical group significantly predicted SPQ scores reflecting ARPS, SPQ shopping and starving subscales. This was not replicated for the overall SPQ score capturing maladaptive coping and binge eating behaviors. Controlling for PID-5-DI and AAQ-II scores, which were significantly associated to SPQ subscales, effects of the aforementioned clinical group were not significant. Conclusions: The study highlighted distinct and common mechanisms underlying different classes of maladaptive behaviors. Results supported future neuroscience research for clarifying the role of ARPS in compulsive sex and buying in order to consider them as addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cavicchioli
- Department of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexandra Kraslavski
- Department of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Movalli
- Department of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Maffei
- Department of Psychology, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ogliari
- Unit of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, San Raffaele-Turro Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Child in Mind Lab, University "Vita-Salute San Raffaele", Milan, Italy
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Gibson D, Benabe J, Watters A, Oakes J, Mehler PS. Personality characteristics and medical impact of stimulant laxative abuse in eating disorder patients-a pilot study. J Eat Disord 2021; 9:146. [PMID: 34736530 PMCID: PMC8567337 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-021-00502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulant laxative abuse as a purging behavior can be profound in those with eating disorders. However, the psychopathology leading to stimulant laxative abuse is poorly understood. Furthermore, the medical impact of stimulant laxative abuse has not been studied in this population. METHODS Six individuals abusing stimulant laxatives underwent a barium enema to assess for evidence of the cathartic colon syndrome and 29 individuals engaging in any purging behaviors completed the Tri-dimensional Personality Questionnaire-Short Form, Sensitivity to Punishment/Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire-Short Form, Beck Depression Inventory, and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaires. RESULTS Three of the six patients completing the barium enema had the radiographic findings consistent with cathartic colon. Individuals engaging in laxative abuse showed higher Novelty Seeking compared to those engaging in other forms of purging, and those engaging in any form of purging behavior showed greater Sensitivity to Punishment compared to Sensitivity to Reward. There was also the presence of greater Harm Avoidance than Reward Dependence in this population. CONCLUSION There may be different psychopathology that contributes to the abuse of stimulant laxatives than that associated with other forms of purging. Regardless of the driving factor, further research is warranted to discover best therapeutic interventions given the potential to develop the cathartic colon syndrome with ongoing use of stimulant laxatives. Cathartic colon is a condition whereby the colon, or lower intestine, is converted into an inert tube incapable of propagating fecal matter. It is thought to develop due to over-use of stimulant laxatives. However, it is unclear if this condition truly exists and whether it contributes to the constipation experienced by individuals with eating disorders who have extensive past histories of abusing laxatives. It is also unclear if laxative abuse presents with different medical complications than other forms of purging. The purpose of this study is to determine whether radiographic evidence of cathartic colon can be found in eating disorder patients abusing stimulant laxatives, whether there are different medical complications with laxative abuse versus other forms of purging, and to examine the psychological composition of individuals who engage in severe laxative abuse. Specifically, the authors investigated the interrelationship between Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependence, with emphasis on gaining a better understanding of Reward Dependence by examining both Sensitivity to Reward and Sensitivity to Punishment in patients who engage in severe laxative abuse. Our findings suggest that stimulant laxative abuse may cause the development of cathartic colon changes and that there may be unique psychopathology that contributes to the abuse of stimulant laxatives. Given the higher Novelty Seeking personality-dimension in those abusing laxatives, it is possible that this purging behavior may be considered addiction-like in nature, which would have distinct treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Gibson
- ACUTE Center for Eating Disorders at Denver Health, 723 Delaware Street, Denver, CO, 80204, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Jodie Benabe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ashlie Watters
- ACUTE Center for Eating Disorders at Denver Health, 723 Delaware Street, Denver, CO, 80204, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Judy Oakes
- ACUTE Center for Eating Disorders at Denver Health, 723 Delaware Street, Denver, CO, 80204, USA
- Department of Medicine, Denver Health Hospital Authority, 780 Bannock Street, Denver, CO, 80204, USA
| | - Philip S Mehler
- ACUTE Center for Eating Disorders at Denver Health, 723 Delaware Street, Denver, CO, 80204, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Eating Recovery Center, 7351 E Lowry Blvd, Denver, CO, 80230, USA
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Lyvers M, Sweetnam T, Thorberg FA. Alexithymia, rash impulsiveness, and reward sensitivity in relation to symptoms of exercise dependence in physically active young adults. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1981747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lyvers
- School of Psychology, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Taylor Sweetnam
- School of Psychology, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Claes L, Kiekens G, Boekaerts E, Depestele L, Dierckx E, Gijbels S, Schoevaerts K, Luyckx K. Are Sensitivity to Punishment, Sensitivity to Reward and Effortful Control Transdiagnostic Mechanisms Underlying the Eating Disorder/Obesity Spectrum? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103327. [PMID: 34684327 PMCID: PMC8541040 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it has been postulated that eating disorders (EDs) and obesity form part of a broad spectrum of eating- and weight-related disorders, this has not yet been tested empirically. In the present study, we investigated interindividual differences in sensitivity to punishment, sensitivity to reward, and effortful control along the ED/obesity spectrum in women. We used data on 286 patients with eating disorders (44.6% AN-R, 24.12% AN-BP, and 31.82% BN), 126 healthy controls, and 640 Class II/III obese bariatric patients (32.81% Class II and 67.19% Class III) with and without binge eating. Participants completed the behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation scales, as well as the effortful control scale, to assess sensitivity to punishment and reward and effortful control. Results showed that patients with EDs scored significantly higher on punishment sensitivity (anxiety) compared to healthy controls and Class II/III obese patients; the different groups did not differ significantly on reward sensitivity. Patients with binge eating or compensatory behaviors scored significantly lower on effortful control than patients without binge eating. Differences in temperamental profiles along the ED/obesity spectrum appear continuous and gradual rather than categorical. This implies that it may be meaningful to include emotion regulation and impulse regulation training in the treatment of both EDs and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.K.); (K.L.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-32-61-33
| | - Glenn Kiekens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.K.); (K.L.)
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Boekaerts
- Obesity Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (E.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Lies Depestele
- Psychiatric Hospital Alexianen Zorggroep Tienen, 3300 Tienen, Belgium; (L.D.); (E.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Eva Dierckx
- Psychiatric Hospital Alexianen Zorggroep Tienen, 3300 Tienen, Belgium; (L.D.); (E.D.); (K.S.)
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Gijbels
- Obesity Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; (E.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Katrien Schoevaerts
- Psychiatric Hospital Alexianen Zorggroep Tienen, 3300 Tienen, Belgium; (L.D.); (E.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Koen Luyckx
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (G.K.); (K.L.)
- UNIBS, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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Wilson DR, Loxton NJ, O'Donovan A. From BIS to binge: The role of negative affect in the pathway between personality and binge eating. Eat Behav 2021; 41:101479. [PMID: 33631490 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted the utility of using revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) to further understand the individual differences that influence binge eating behaviours. The current study draws on both RST and theoretical models that implicate negative affect in binge eating, with the aim of identifying indirect pathways between individual differences in RST systems and binge eating as mediated through negative affect. Undergraduate students (n = 229, M = 22.67 years of age, SD = 8.95, 76% female) completed self-report measures of revised reinforcement sensitivities, negative affect and binge eating symptoms. Bootstrapped tests of indirect effects showed that negative affect mediated the pathway between the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) and binge eating symptoms. Additionally, negative affect mediated the pathway between rash impulsivity and binge eating symptoms. This study supports and extends previous research by highlighting the experience of negative affect as a possible mechanism through which heightened BIS and rash impulsivity leads to binge eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Wilson
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4122, Australia.
| | - Natalie J Loxton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4122, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Analise O'Donovan
- Health Group, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4122, Australia
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Dierickx S, Dierckx E, Claes L, Rossi G. Measuring Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation in Older Adults: Construct Validity of the Dutch BIS/BAS Scales. Assessment 2021; 29:1061-1074. [PMID: 33736472 DOI: 10.1177/10731911211000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Research on the validity of the behavioral inhibition system/behavioral approach system (BIS/BAS) scales focused on adolescent, student and adult populations. This study is the first to examine the psychometric properties of the BIS/BAS scales in a community (n = 368) and a clinical sample (n = 160) of older adults. Exploratory structural equation modelling with target rotation to the Carver and White model supported the construct validity of the BIS/BAS scales. Internal consistencies of the scales were generally satisfactory. Female participants scored higher on BIS and BAS-Reward Responsiveness compared with males. The community-dwelling sample scored higher on BAS-Drive and BAS-Reward Responsiveness compared with the clinical sample. Concerning the nomological net, BIS was positively related to Anxiety, Depression, maladaptive coping strategies, Neuroticism and Cluster C personality disorders. BAS was positively related to Openness, Extraversion, Active Confronting and Cluster B personality disorders and negatively related to the schizoid personality disorder. The BIS/BAS Scales are a useful instrument for measuring Gray's theory of personality in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafine Dierickx
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Dierckx
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.,Alexianen Zorggroep Tienen, Tienen, Belgium
| | - Laurence Claes
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Universiteit Antwerpen (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gina Rossi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Heffer T, Lundale C, Wylie BE, Willoughby T. Investigating sensitivity to threat with the Behavioral Inhibition Scale (BIS) among children, adolescents and university students: The role of negatively-phrased questions. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Corr PJ. Clarifying Problems in Behavioural Control: Interface, Lateness and Consciousness. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/per.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The target paper highlights a number of unresolved issues that, I believe, continue to impede the construction of a viable model of behavioural control in personality psychology; namely, (a) the relationship between controlled and automatic processing (the ‘interface’ problem’) and (b) the time it takes for controlled processes, including consciousness, to be generated (the ‘lateness’ problem). The diversity of views expressed in the commentatories indicates that these are, indeed, real and unresolved problems. This response is structured around the following key questions. (1) How long–term goal planning interfaces with the automatic machinery of behaviour? (2) The extent of the impact of the ‘lateness’ of controlled (including conscious) processes for building models of behavioural control? (3) How best to characterise the personality traits associated with the FFFS, BIS and BAS? (4) How does the BIS control mismatch detection, the generation of error signals, and response inhibition and switching? (5) Is consciousness really a necessary explanatory construct in models of behavioural control? (6) Might neural ‘crosstalk’ of encapsulated action–goal response systems point to the functional significance of consciousness? (7) What are the implications of issues raised in the target paper for lexical and social–cognitive approaches to personality? I conclude by re–iterating the importance of the problems of ‘lateness’ and ‘interface’ for the construction of a viable model of behavioural control sufficient for the fostering of theoretical integration within personality psychology as well as affording the building of conceptual bridges with general psychology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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BİLGE Y. Davranışsal İnhibisyon Sistemi ve Davranışsal Aktivasyon Sistemi Ölçeğinin Türk Toplum Örnekleminde Psikometrik Özellikleri. PSIKIYATRIDE GUNCEL YAKLASIMLAR - CURRENT APPROACHES IN PSYCHIATRY 2020. [DOI: 10.18863/pgy.785113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Raemen L, Luyckx K, Müller A, Buelens T, Verschueren M, Claes L. Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Pathological Buying in Community Adults and Patients with Eating Disorders: Associations with Reactive and Regulative Temperament. Psychol Belg 2020; 60:396-410. [PMID: 33442483 PMCID: PMC7774363 DOI: 10.5334/pb.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the (co-)occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and pathological buying (PB) and their associations with reactive/regulative temperament in a sample of female patients with eating disorders (ED) and in a sample of community adults. Our samples consisted of 254 community adults (48.8% female) and 60 female patients with ED. All participants filled out self-report questionnaires to assess NSSI, PB, and reactive/regulative temperament. Prevalence rates of NSSI and PB were respectively 14.5% and 4.8% for community women, 13.1% and 1.5% for community men, and 36.7% and 10% for female patients with ED. Only for community women, NSSI was positively related to PB. NSSI was negatively related to self-regulation in community men and women. Additionally, NSSI was negatively predicted by BAS reactivity in the clinical sample and by the interaction of BAS reactivity and self-regulation in community men. PB was predicted by low self-regulation in the three groups. Additionally, PB was positively predicted by BAS reactivity and by the interaction of BAS reactivity and self-regulation in community women. These findings indicated group differences in the (co-)occurrence of NSSI and PB and in their associations with underlying temperamental characteristics between individuals with and without ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leni Raemen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BE
| | - Koen Luyckx
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BE
- UNIBS, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, ZA
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, DE
| | - Tinne Buelens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BE
| | | | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BE
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BE
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Vecchione M, Corr PJ. Development and Validation of a Short Version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ-S). J Pers Assess 2020; 103:535-546. [PMID: 32783537 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1801702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We conducted three studies (total n = 998) aimed at developing and validating a shortened version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (i.e., the RST-PQ-S). In Study 1 (n = 341), twenty-two items were selected from the original RST-PQ, based on both theoretical and empirical criteria. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on this short-form supported the six-factor structure comprising: FFFS, BIS, and four BAS components (Reward Interest, Goal Drive-Persistence, Reward Reactivity, and Impulsivity). The six scale scores showed adequate levels of internal consistency. Construct validity was supported by correlations with established personality measures. In Study 2 (n = 340), CFA results were cross-validated in an independent sample and construct validity was supported by correlations with BIS/BAS scales. In Study 3 (n = 317) test-retest correlations showed acceptable-to-good levels of temporal stability over a four-week interval. Results revealed a substantial overlap with original, full-length RST-PQ, providing evidence for the comparability of the two versions. Latent State-Trait analyses showed that the items of the RST-PQ-S mostly capture interindividual differences that are stable across situations. Taken together, findings indicate that the RST-PQ-S provides an efficient, valid and reliable alterative to the longer RST-PQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Vecchione
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome
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Che Q, Yang P, Gao H, Liu M, Zhang J, Cai T. Application of the Chinese Version of the BIS/BAS Scales in Participants With a Substance Use Disorder: An Analysis of Psychometric Properties and Comparison With Community Residents. Front Psychol 2020; 11:912. [PMID: 32457687 PMCID: PMC7225352 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carver and White developed the Behavioral Inhibition/Behavioral Activation Scales (the BIS/BAS Scales) based on Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory proposed by Gray. Subsequent studies proposed that substance abuse was closely related to Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS). However, researches on the psychometric properties of the BIS/BAS scales in clinical samples are scarce. The present study was conducted to analyze the applicability of the BIS/BAS scales in a sample suffering from a substance use disorder (SUD) and undergoing treatment in compulsory detoxification institutions (n = 1117). Meanwhile, 822 community residents were selected for comparison. Confirmatory factor analysis was carried out to examine the construct validity and the results showed that the five-factor model was the best fit for people with a substance use disorder' data. Besides, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.808, indicating the satisfactory internal consistency reliability. Analysis of the correlation coefficient of the questionnaire with the corresponding personality traits showed that BAS was more associated with the impulsive trait. Surprisingly, participants with a substance use disorder showed more insensitivity for the reward dimension compared with that of community residents and the result of comparison between two samples supported joint subsystems hypothesis. Generally, the BIS/BAS scales showed good reliability and validity. These findings provide more direct evidence on the personality traits of people with a substance use disorder and should form the basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Che
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Peiwen Yang
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Meizhu Liu
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Hunan Judicial Police Vocational College, Changsha, China
| | - Taisheng Cai
- Medical Psychological Center, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Medical Psychological Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Changsha, China
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21
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Kelley NJ, Kramer AM, Young KS, Echiverri-Cohen AM, Chat IKY, Bookheimer SY, Nusslock R, Craske MG, Zinbarg RE. Evidence for a general factor of behavioral activation system sensitivity. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2019; 79:30-39. [PMID: 30853731 PMCID: PMC6402348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in one's propensity to engage the behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) have primarily been studied with Caver and White's (1994) BIS/BAS scale. Whereas, Carver and White identified the BIS as a unidimensional scale, they identified three separable BAS group factors - drive, fun seeking, and reward responsiveness -which Carver urged against combining into a BAS total score. Despite this, a BAS total score has been used extensively although researchers have yet to test whether a BAS general factor exists and, if so, whether a BAS total score can be interpreted as primarily being a measure of the general factor. The current study observed that the best fitting BAS factor model of those we tested was a hierarchical model with three group facets and a general factor. This model was largely invariant across both sex and race/ethnicity. We show, for the first time, that a general factor accounts for the majority of the variance in BAS total scores. Due to the superior fit of the hierarchical model and variance accounted for by the general factor, we conclude that researchers are psychometrically justified in using a BAS total score.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard E. Zinbarg
- Northwestern University, Los Angeles
- The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Los Angeles
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22
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Jin MJ, Jung W, Hyun MH, Lee SH. Effect of behavioral inhibition system and childhood emotional neglect on serotonergic activity, negative affect, and rejection sensitivity in non-clinical adults. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207746. [PMID: 30458038 PMCID: PMC6245683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) has a strong genetic basis, and emotional neglect (EN) in childhood is one of many environmental experiences that can affect individuals. This study aimed to examine the effects and interaction between BIS and EN on central serotonergic activity and other negative affect and cognition. Methods A total of 153 non-clinical volunteers (54 men and 99 women; average age, 27.72 years, standard deviation = 6.40) were included in the analyses. The Behavioral Inhibition System scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and negative affect and cognition (Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire) were measured. As a biomarker of central serotonergic activity, the loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials was measured. Results High EN was associated with higher loudness dependence of auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) levels and low EN was associated with lower LDAEP levels in high BIS people only. People with high EN people showed significantly higher levels of depression and state anxiety than did those with low EN. Moreover, of people with low BIS, those who had more EN experience had higher levels of rejection sensitivity than did those with less EN experience, while people with high BIS did not show different patterns of rejection sensitivity regardless of the difference of EN. Conclusions This study revealed different effects on physiological (loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials), intrapersonal (depression and state anxiety), and interpersonal aspects (rejection sensitivity) based on the interaction of BIS and EN. Our results suggest that the physiological and interpersonal aspects, but not the intrapersonal aspect, are significantly influenced by the interactive effect of BIS and EN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin Jin
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookyoung Jung
- Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Ho Hyun
- Department of Psychology, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University, Ilsan-Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: ,
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Wilborn DD, Kramer MP, Stevenson BL, Dvorak RD. Should I stay or should I go? Approach/avoidance conflict and emotional functioning. Personal Ment Health 2018; 12:298-308. [PMID: 30014574 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Personality has long held a prevalent place in the pantheon of psychological research. In the last 40 years, neuropsychological models of personality have become a popular predictor of human behaviour and emotionality. With a particular focus on Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, this study investigated the interaction of high Behavioural Activation System (BAS) and Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) as a predictor of emotional functioning. Participants (n = 499) recruited from the community completed an online survey composed of questions on demographic information, behavioural inhibition and activation, emotional instability and indices of depression, anxiety and mixed depression-anxiety. Consistent with our primary hypothesis, the interaction of high BAS × BIS predicted emotional instability using an observed variable path model. This was subsequently associated with depression, anxiety and mixed depression-anxiety symptoms. Future avenues for research using BIS/BAS monitoring in clinical practice and study limitations are discussed. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter D Wilborn
- Department of Psychology, The University of Central Florida, USA
| | - Matthew P Kramer
- Department of Psychology, The University of Central Florida, USA
| | | | - Robert D Dvorak
- Department of Psychology, The University of Central Florida, USA
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Wilson DR, Loxton NJ, O'Shannessy D, Sheeran N, Morgan A. Similarities and differences in revised reinforcement sensitivities across eating disorder subtypes. Appetite 2018; 133:70-76. [PMID: 30359629 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory has been used to investigate personality in the development and maintenance of disordered eating. However, the vast majority of research from this perspective has been limited by the use of measures developed to assess the original theory, rather than the significantly revised theory, potentially overlooking key personality differences in eating disorder subtypes. The current study aimed to overcome limitations when using measures based on the original theory by investigating differences and similarities in reinforcement sensitivity across eating disorder subtypes and healthy controls. The measure based on the revised theory assesses i) reward sensitivity [goal-drive persistence; reward interest, reward reactivity], ii) impulsivity, iii) behavioural inhibition, and iv) threat sensitivity. A total of 374 women from the community participated, including those with a past or present AN-R diagnosis (AN-R = 109); those with a past or present binge-type ED (Binge-type = 132); and healthy controls (HC = 133). Participants completed a questionnaire assessing personality, eating disorder symptoms, and past or present eating disorder diagnoses. Results showed that both the AN-R and Binge-type groups were higher in behavioural inhibition and threat sensitivity compared to the HC group. The Binge-type group showed higher impulsivity relative to the AN-R and HC group, and lower Goal-Drive Persistence relative to the HC group. The AN-R group showed lower Reward Interest and Reward Responsiveness relative to the HC group. This study supports and extends previous research with the findings of heightened threat and anxiety sensitivity in those with diagnosed eating disorders. Additionally, among those with a past or present eating disorder, the findings implicate impulsivity in differentiating bingeing versus restricting subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Wilson
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4122, Australia
| | - Natalie J Loxton
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4122, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Dustin O'Shannessy
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4122, Australia
| | - Nicola Sheeran
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4122, Australia
| | - Angela Morgan
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, 4122, Australia
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Brockdorf AN, Kennedy GA, Keel PK. Examining associations among sensitivity to punishment and reward, shame, and eating pathology through tests of mediation. Eat Disord 2018; 26:407-417. [PMID: 29199902 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2017.1408293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated associations between sensitivity to punishment and reward, shame, and eating pathology by testing alternative mediation models in which shame mediated associations between temperament and eating pathology or eating pathology mediated associations between temperament and shame. Participants were 96 female undergraduate students who completed questionnaires. Results indicated shame fully mediated the relationship between sensitivity to punishment and eating pathology. Further, eating pathology did not mediate the association between sensitivity to punishment and shame. In contrast, for sensitivity to reward, shame fully mediated the relationship between sensitivity to reward and eating pathology, and eating pathology fully mediated the relationship between sensitivity to reward and shame. If associations are supported by longitudinal research, results suggest that it may be valuable to develop prevention approaches targeting shame to reduce risk for the development of eating pathology for those who are high in sensitivity to punishment. For those higher in sensitivity to reward, interventions targeting shame may reduce risk for eating pathology and those targeting eating pathology may reduce shame.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace A Kennedy
- a Department of Psychology , Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
| | - Pamela K Keel
- a Department of Psychology , Florida State University , Tallahassee , FL , USA
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Fussner LM, Luebbe AM, Smith AR. Social reward and social punishment sensitivity in relation to dietary restraint and binge/purge symptoms. Appetite 2018; 127:386-392. [PMID: 29787829 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Disordered eating symptoms are associated with disrupted sensitivity to reward and punishment, broadly assessed. However, it is unknown how eating pathology is related to sensitivity to social reward and social punishment specifically. Drawing on Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, the current study utilized a multi-method design to test whether disordered eating symptoms, specifically dietary restraint (DR) and binge/purge (BP), were similarly or uniquely related to sensitivity to social punishment and social reward. Female university students (N = 110, M = 18.66, SD = 0.89) completed self-report measures and a novel behavioral task measuring willingness to work for or to avoid social feedback. DR and BP symptoms were related to increased self-reported and behavioral sensitivity to social punishment, yet only when symptoms were tested in isolation. DR was associated with increased sensitivity to social reward across self-report and behavioral paradigms. BP symptoms were uniquely and positively related to self-reported sensitivity to social reward, but decreased behavioral sensitivity to social reward. Findings suggest that sensitivity to punishment may be a common factor related to DR and BP, whereas sensitivity to social reward may be a key factor differentiating disordered eating symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Fussner
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Aaron M Luebbe
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - April R Smith
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Kidd C, Loxton NJ. Junk food advertising moderates the indirect effect of reward sensitivity and food consumption via the urge to eat. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:276-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Monteleone AM, Cardi V, Volpe U, Fico G, Ruzzi V, Pellegrino F, Castellini G, Monteleone P, Maj M. Attachment and motivational systems: Relevance of sensitivity to punishment for eating disorder psychopathology. Psychiatry Res 2018; 260:353-359. [PMID: 29232577 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An altered balance of reward and inhibition systems may explain Eating Disorder (ED) behaviors and could be related to difficulties in socio-emotional processing. According to attachment theory, early interaction with caregivers affects the ability to regulate emotion in adult interpersonal situation. The aim of our study was to investigate if insecure attachment may be related to ED symptomatology through changes in reward and inhibition systems. Seventy-eight people affected by EDs and 45 healthy controls (HC) filled in the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), the Behavioral Inhibition System-Behavioral Activation System Scale (BIS-BAS) and the Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2) questionnaire. ED people reported significantly higher scores than HC in EDI-2 scores, all dimensions of insecure attachment style and sensitivity to punishment (BIS score). In ED patients, ASQ anxiety scores correlated with almost all EDI-2 subscores and sensitivity to punishment. The association between anxious attachment style and ED symptomatology (drive to thinness and body dissatisfaction) was totally mediated by an indirect effect of sensitivity to punishment. These findings suggest, for the first time, increased sensitivity to punishment as a pathway that may explain the relationship between anxious attachment and ED symptomatology highlighting the relevance to target social experiences as an important psychotherapeutic focus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valentina Cardi
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London (KCL), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Umberto Volpe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fico
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Ruzzi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Pellegrino
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Castellini
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Palmiero Monteleone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Scuola Medica Salernitana', Section of Neurosciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Revision and clarification of the sensitivity to punishment sensitivity to reward questionnaire. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vervoort L, De Caluwé E, Vandeweghe L, De Decker A, Wante L, Van Beveren ML, Goossens L, Verbeken S, Sioen I, Michels N, Braet C. Parent-Reported BIS/BAS Scales for Children: Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance Across Age and Gender. Assessment 2017; 26:1282-1295. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191117739017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the factor structure and measurement invariance of the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Approach System (BIS/BAS) scales parent-report in children and adolescents ( N = 1,444, 58% girls) across age (Group 1, 2-5 years; Group 2, 6-9 years; Group 3, 10-13 years; Group 4, 14-18 years old) and gender. The results consistently underscored a four-factor structure, resembling the original factor structure, with one BIS-factor and three BAS-factors. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis showed full measurement invariance across gender as well as across Group 1 and 2, and Group 2 and 3. Strong measurement invariance was found across Group 3 and 4, Group 1 and 3, and Group 2 and 4. Configural and metric invariance was found across Group 1 and 4. Hence, mean-level BIS/BAS scores can be compared across gender and age although comparison between preschool children (Group 1) and late secondary school children (Group 4) should be done with caution.
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Olino TM, McMakin DL, Forbes EE. Toward an Empirical Multidimensional Structure of Anhedonia, Reward Sensitivity, and Positive Emotionality: An Exploratory Factor Analytic Study. Assessment 2016; 25:679-690. [PMID: 27872347 DOI: 10.1177/1073191116680291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Positive emotionality, anhedonia, and reward sensitivity share motivational and experiential elements of approach motivation and pleasure. Earlier work has examined the interrelationships among these constructs from measures of extraversion. More recently, the Research Domain Criteria introduced the Positive Valence Systems as a primary dimension to better understand psychopathology. However, the suggested measures tapping this construct have not yet been integrated within the structural framework of personality, even at the level of self-report. Thus, this study conducted exploratory factor and exploratory bifactor analyses on 17 different dimensions relevant to approach motivation, spanning anhedonia, behavioral activation system functioning, and positive emotionality. Convergent validity of these dimensions is tested by examining associations with depressive symptoms. Relying on multiple indices of fit, our preferred model included a general factor along with specific factors of affiliation, positive emotion, assertiveness, and pleasure seeking. These factors demonstrated different patterns of association with depressive symptoms. We discuss the plausibility of this model and highlight important future directions for work on the structure of a broad Positive Valence Systems construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Olino
- 1 Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,2 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Keating C, Castle DJ, Newton R, Huang C, Rossell SL. Attachment Insecurity Predicts Punishment Sensitivity in Anorexia Nervosa. J Nerv Ment Dis 2016; 204:793-798. [PMID: 27441458 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000000569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) experience insecure attachment. We investigated whether insecure attachment is associated with punishment and reward sensitivity in women with AN. Women with AN (n = 24) and comparison women (n = 26) (CW) completed The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, The Attachment Style Questionnaire, and Sensitivity to Punishment/Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire. Participants with AN returned higher ratings for insecure attachment (anxious and avoidant) experiences and greater sensitivity to punishment (p = 0.001) than CW. In AN, sensitivity to punishment was positively correlated with anxious attachment and negative emotionality but not eating disorder symptoms. Regression analysis revealed that anxious attachment independently predicted punishment sensitivity in AN. Anxious attachment experiences are related to punishment sensitivity in AN, independent of negative emotionality and eating disorder symptoms. Results support ongoing investigation of the contribution of attachment experiences in treatment and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Keating
- *Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre (BPsyC), Faculty of Health, Art and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn; †Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne; ‡Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne; §Austin Health, Heidelberg; ∥The Melbourne Clinic, Melbourne; and ¶Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPrc), Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Kramer SL, Rodriguez BF. A Comparison of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Measures: Unique Associations With Social Interaction Anxiety and Social Observation Anxiety. Assessment 2016; 25:627-639. [PMID: 27343246 DOI: 10.1177/1073191116654003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the behavior inhibition system (BIS) and fight-flight-freeze system play a role in the individual differences seen in social anxiety disorder; however, findings concerning the role of the behavior approach system (BAS) have been mixed. To date, the role of revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) subsystems underlying social anxiety has been measured with scales designed for the original RST. This study examined how the BIS, BAS, and fight, flight, freeze components of the fight-flight-freeze system uniquely relate to social interaction anxiety and social observation anxiety using both a measure specifically designed for the revised RST and a commonly used original RST measure. Comparison of regression analyses with the Jackson-5 and the commonly used BIS/BAS Scales revealed important differences in the relationships between RST subsystems and social anxiety depending on how RST was assessed. Limitations and future directions for revised RST measurement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam L Kramer
- 1 Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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Vandeweghe L, Vervoort L, Verbeken S, Moens E, Braet C. Food Approach and Food Avoidance in Young Children: Relation with Reward Sensitivity and Punishment Sensitivity. Front Psychol 2016; 7:928. [PMID: 27445898 PMCID: PMC4919346 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has recently been suggested that individual differences in Reward Sensitivity and Punishment Sensitivity may determine how children respond to food. These temperamental traits reflect activity in two basic brain systems that respond to rewarding and punishing stimuli, respectively, with approach and avoidance. Via parent-report questionnaires, we investigate the associations of the general motivational temperamental traits Reward Sensitivity and Punishment Sensitivity with Food Approach and Food Avoidance in 98 preschool children. Consistent with the conceptualization of Reward Sensitivity in terms of approach behavior and Punishment Sensitivity in terms of avoidance behavior, Reward Sensitivity was positively related to Food Approach, while Punishment Sensitivity was positively related to Food Avoidance. Future research should integrate these perspectives (i.e., general temperamental traits Reward Sensitivity and Punishment Sensitivity, and Food Approach and Avoidance) to get a better understanding of eating behavior and related body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vandeweghe
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leentje Vervoort
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Verbeken
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ellen Moens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
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Geenen NY, Urbig D, Muehlfeld K, van Witteloostuijn A, Gargalianou V. BIS and BAS: Biobehaviorally rooted drivers of entrepreneurial intent. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Personality and defensive behaviour: A factor analytic approach to threat scenario choices. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kuss DJ, Lopez-Fernandez O. Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research. World J Psychiatry 2016; 6:143-76. [PMID: 27014605 PMCID: PMC4804263 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v6.i1.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To provide a comprehensive overview of clinical studies on the clinical picture of Internet-use related addictions from a holistic perspective. A literature search was conducted using the database Web of Science. METHODS Over the last 15 years, the number of Internet users has increased by 1000%, and at the same time, research on addictive Internet use has proliferated. Internet addiction has not yet been understood very well, and research on its etiology and natural history is still in its infancy. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association included Internet Gaming Disorder in the appendix of the updated version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as condition that requires further research prior to official inclusion in the main manual, with important repercussions for research and treatment. To date, reviews have focused on clinical and treatment studies of Internet addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder. This arguably limits the analysis to a specific diagnosis of a potential disorder that has not yet been officially recognised in the Western world, rather than a comprehensive and inclusive investigation of Internet-use related addictions (including problematic Internet use) more generally. RESULTS The systematic literature review identified a total of 46 relevant studies. The included studies used clinical samples, and focused on characteristics of treatment seekers and online addiction treatment. Four main types of clinical research studies were identified, namely research involving (1) treatment seeker characteristics; (2) psychopharmacotherapy; (3) psychological therapy; and (4) combined treatment. CONCLUSION A consensus regarding diagnostic criteria and measures is needed to improve reliability across studies and to develop effective and efficient treatment approaches for treatment seekers.
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Studer J, Baggio S, Mohler-Kuo M, Daeppen JB, Gmel G. Factor structure and psychometric properties of a French and German shortened version of the Behavioural Inhibition System/Behavioural Activation System scales. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2016; 25:44-54. [PMID: 27471754 PMCID: PMC6877149 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Behavioural Inhibition System/Behavioural Activation System scales (BIS/BAS scales) constitute one of the most prominent questionnaires to assess individual differences in sensitivity to punishment and reward. However, some studies questioned its validity, especially that of the French and German translations. The aim of the present study was to re-evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the BIS/BAS scales in a large sample of French- and German-speaking young Swiss men (N = 5872). Results showed that factor structures previously found in the literature did not meet the standards of fit. Nine items had to be removed to achieve adequate fit statistics in confirmatory factor analysis, yielding a shortened version with four factors: one BIS factor comprising five items and three BAS factors, namely Reward Reactivity, Drive and Fun Seeking, each comprising two items. Convergent validity and group invariance analyses suggest that the shortened BIS/BAS scales constitute a valid and reliable instrument. Researchers interested in assessing individual differences in BIS and BAS reactivity in French- and German-speaking individuals should avoid using the BIS/BAS scales as originally specified. The shortened version may be a sound alternative at least in samples of young adults. Its shorter format may be particularly suited for surveys with constraints on questionnaire length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Studer
- Alcohol Treatment Centre; Lausanne University Hospital CHUV; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Baggio
- Life Course and Social Inequality Research Centre; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Meichun Mohler-Kuo
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jean-Bernard Daeppen
- Alcohol Treatment Centre; Lausanne University Hospital CHUV; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Alcohol Treatment Centre; Lausanne University Hospital CHUV; Lausanne Switzerland
- Addiction Switzerland; Lausanne Switzerland
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
- University of the West of England; Bristol UK
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Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaires: Structural survey with recommendations. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gender differences in the relationship between impulsivity and disordered eating behaviors and attitudes. Eat Behav 2015; 18:120-4. [PMID: 26042919 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated relationships among gender, impulsivity and disordered eating in healthy college students. METHOD Participants (N=1223) were healthy, undergraduate men (28.5%) and women (71.5%), who completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale - Version 11 (BIS-11) and a four-factor version of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-16). RESULTS As predicted, mean scores on all four EAT-16 factors were significantly higher for women than for men. Attentional impulsivity was related to poorer self-perception of body shape, more dieting, and a greater preoccupation with food for the sample as a whole. Moreover, motor impulsivity was related to poorer self-perceptions of body shape and a greater preoccupation with food. However, no gender differences emerged in the relationship between impulsivity and disordered eating attitudes. DISCUSSION This study elucidates the role of impulsivity in disordered eating behaviors among non-clinical college students. For both women and men, attentional and motor impulsivity were related to disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. Overall, these findings suggest that different facets of impulsivity are related to disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in a non-clinical college population.
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Via E, Soriano-Mas C, Sánchez I, Forcano L, Harrison BJ, Davey CG, Pujol J, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Menchón JM, Fernández-Aranda F, Cardoner N. Abnormal Social Reward Responses in Anorexia Nervosa: An fMRI Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133539. [PMID: 26197051 PMCID: PMC4510264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) display impaired social interactions, implicated in the development and prognosis of the disorder. Importantly, social behavior is modulated by reward-based processes, and dysfunctional at-brain-level reward responses have been involved in AN neurobiological models. However, no prior evidence exists of whether these neural alterations would be equally present in social contexts. In this study, we conducted a cross-sectional social-judgment functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of 20 restrictive-subtype AN patients and 20 matched healthy controls. Brain activity during acceptance and rejection was investigated and correlated with severity measures (Eating Disorder Inventory -EDI-2) and with personality traits of interest known to modulate social behavior (The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire). Patients showed hypoactivation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) during social acceptance and hyperactivation of visual areas during social rejection. Ventral striatum activation during rejection was positively correlated in patients with clinical severity scores. During acceptance, activation of the frontal opercula-anterior insula and dorsomedial/dorsolateral prefrontal cortices was differentially associated with reward sensitivity between groups. These results suggest an abnormal motivational drive for social stimuli, and involve overlapping social cognition and reward systems leading to a disruption of adaptive responses in the processing of social reward. The specific association of reward-related regions with clinical and psychometric measures suggests the putative involvement of reward structures in the maintenance of pathological behaviors in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Via
- Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Sánchez
- Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Forcano
- Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM Research Institute at the Hospital de Mar, clinical research group in human pharmacology and neuroscience, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ben J. Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher G. Davey
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jesús Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, Hospital del Mar, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M. Menchón
- Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcís Cardoner
- Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Lavender JM, Wonderlich SA, Engel SG, Gordon KH, Kaye WH, Mitchell JE. Dimensions of emotion dysregulation in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A conceptual review of the empirical literature. Clin Psychol Rev 2015; 40:111-22. [PMID: 26112760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several existing conceptual models and psychological interventions address or emphasize the role of emotion dysregulation in eating disorders. The current article uses Gratz and Roemer's (2004) multidimensional model of emotion regulation and dysregulation as a clinically relevant framework to review the extant literature on emotion dysregulation in anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Specifically, the dimensions reviewed include: (1) the flexible use of adaptive and situationally appropriate strategies to modulate the duration and/or intensity of emotional responses, (2) the ability to successfully inhibit impulsive behavior and maintain goal-directed behavior in the context of emotional distress, (3) awareness, clarity, and acceptance of emotional states, and (4) the willingness to experience emotional distress in the pursuit of meaningful activities. The current review suggests that both AN and BN are characterized by broad emotion regulation deficits, with difficulties in emotion regulation across the four dimensions found to characterize both AN and BN, although a small number of more specific difficulties may distinguish the two disorders. The review concludes with a discussion of the clinical implications of the findings, as well as a summary of limitations of the existing empirical literature and suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Lavender
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Stephen A Wonderlich
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Scott G Engel
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Kathryn H Gordon
- North Dakota State University, Department of Psychology, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Walter H Kaye
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James E Mitchell
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA; University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, ND, USA
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Matton A, Goossens L, Vervaet M, Braet C. Temperamental differences between adolescents and young adults with or without an eating disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2015; 56:229-38. [PMID: 25266847 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is an increasing interest into the role of temperament, and more specifically the traits Sensitivity to Punishment (SP) and Sensitivity to Reward (SR), in the occurrence of eating disorder (ED) symptoms. However, the results on this topic are inconsistent, different instruments are used to measure SP and SR and there is a lack of research on adolescents and young adults, although they form a group at risk to develop an ED. Therefore, the present objective was to study personality profiles co-occurring with specific EDs in adolescents and young adults. METHOD The present study examined the levels of SP and SR for different ED-diagnoses, namely Anorexia Nervosa of the Restricting type (AN-R; n=41), Anorexia Nervosa of the Binge/Purge type (AN-B/P; n=20) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN; n=30), and compared these with a Healthy Control group (HC; n=292). SP and SR were measured by three different temperament questionnaires in order to rule out instrument-specific findings. Only female participants between the age of 14 and 25 years were included. RESULTS SP was transdiagnostically increased compared to HCs, whereas SR was lower in AN-R patients compared to BN patients. These results were independent of the questionnaire being used. DISCUSSION Further research is necessary to explain how these traits may influence specific ED-symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Matton
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, University of Ghent, Belgium; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Center for Eating Disorders, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lien Goossens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | - Myriam Vervaet
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Center for Eating Disorders, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
| | - Caroline Braet
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, University of Ghent, Belgium
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Turner BJ, Claes L, Wilderjans TF, Pauwels E, Dierckx E, Chapman AL, Schoevaerts K. Personality profiles in Eating Disorders: further evidence of the clinical utility of examining subtypes based on temperament. Psychiatry Res 2014; 219:157-65. [PMID: 24878298 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent modifications to the DSM-V diagnostic criteria for Eating Disorders (ED; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), sources of variability in the clinical presentation of ED patients remain poorly understood. Consistent with previous research that has used underlying personality dimensions to identify distinct subgroups of ED patients, the present study examined (1) whether we could identify clinically meaningful subgroups of patients based on temperamental factors including Behavioral Inhibition (BIS), Behavioral Activation (BAS) and Effortful Control (EC), and (2) whether the identified subgroups would also differ with respect to ED, Axis-I and Axis-II psychopathology. One hundred and forty five ED inpatients participated in this study. Results of a k-means analysis identified three distinct groups of patients: an Overcontrolled/Inhibited group (n=53), an Undercontrolled/Dysregulated group (n=58) and a Resilient group (n=34). Further, group comparisons revealed that patients in the Undercontrolled/Dysregulated group demonstrated more severe symptoms of bulimia, hostility and Cluster B Personality Disorders compared to the other groups, while patients in the Resilient group demonstrated the least severe psychopathology. These findings have important implications for understanding how individual differences in personality may impact patterns of ED symptoms and co-occurring psychopathology in patients with ED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Els Pauwels
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Alexian Brothers Psychiatric Hospital, Tienen, Belgium
| | - Eva Dierckx
- Alexian Brothers Psychiatric Hospital, Tienen, Belgium; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Segarra P, Poy R, López R, Moltó J. Characterizing Carver and White’s BIS/BAS subscales using the Five Factor Model of personality. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Keough MT, O'Connor RM. Clarifying the measurement and the role of the behavioral inhibition system in alcohol misuse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:1470-9. [PMID: 24588401 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to conflicting reward (Behavioral Approach System [BAS]) and/or punishment cues (Fight-Flight-Freeze System [FFFS]) the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) inhibits behavior, leading to increased attention to threat, high anxiety, and behavioral ambivalence. The role of BIS in alcohol misuse is complex, as anxiety promotes self-medication drinking, while attention to threat (e.g., negative outcomes of heavy drinking) may reduce risk. Theory suggests that a concurrent strong BAS may bias BIS-conflict in favor of alcohol approach, while a concurrent strong FFFS may increase the likelihood of alcohol avoidance. However, few studies measure BIS as a conflict system, and no studies incorporate such a measure into examinations of alcohol misuse. Our study goals were to (i) test the Motivational Flanker Task (MFT) as a new laboratory measure of the BIS, BAS, and FFFS; and (ii) use the MFT, in conjunction with self-report measures, to test BAS and FFFS as moderators of the BIS-alcohol misuse relation. We hypothesized that an elevated BIS would predict heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems, but only when BAS was high. Further, we expected an elevated BIS to be associated with reduced alcohol misuse, but only when FFFS was high. METHODS Students (N = 198) completed self-reports of BIS/BAS/FFFS and drinking behavior, and 2 reaction time tasks: MFT and Point Scoring Reaction Time Task (PSRTT). The PSRTT is a published measure of the revised BIS. RESULTS MFT BIS conflict was associated with self-report and PSRTT measures. MFT BAS, but not FFFS, was associated with self-reports. As expected, elevated BIS was associated with heavy drinking, but only when BAS-Drive and BAS-Fun Seeking was also high. FFFS was not supported as a moderator of the BIS-alcohol misuse association. CONCLUSIONS Results support the MFT as a promising measure of the revised BIS. Considering the joint effects of BIS and BAS clarified risk for alcohol misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Keough
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Boone L, Claes L, Luyten P. Too strict or too loose? Perfectionism and impulsivity: the relation with eating disorder symptoms using a person-centered approach. Eat Behav 2014; 15:17-23. [PMID: 24411744 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although both perfectionism (i.e. personal standards perfectionism and evaluative concerns perfectionism) and impulsivity have been shown to be implicated in eating disorders, no previous studies have examined the interplay between both personality dimensions in their association with eating disorder symptoms. This is the first study to investigate the relationship between empirically derived personality subtypes based on perfectionism and impulsivity and eating disorder symptoms (i.e., dietary restraint, and concerns over eating, weight and shape). Cluster analysis was used to establish naturally occurring combinations of perfectionism and impulsivity in adolescent boys and girls (N=460; M age=14.2 years, SD=.90). Evidence was obtained for four personality profiles: (1) a resilient subtype (low on perfectionism and impulsivity), (2) pure impulsivity subtype (high on impulsivity only), (3) pure perfectionism subtype (high on perfectionism only), and (4) combined perfectionism/impulsivity subtype (high on both perfectionism and impulsivity). Participants in these four clusters showed differences in terms of eating disorder symptoms in that participants with a combination of high perfectionism and high impulsivity (rather than the presence of one of these two characteristics alone) had the highest levels of ED symptoms. These findings shed new light on extant theories concerning ED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Luyten
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium; Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK
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Glashouwer KA, Bloot L, Veenstra EM, Franken IHA, de Jong PJ. Heightened sensitivity to punishment and reward in anorexia nervosa. Appetite 2013; 75:97-102. [PMID: 24389241 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate reinforcement sensitivity in anorexia nervosa (AN). It was tested whether self-reported punishment (PS) and reward sensitivity (RS) differed between adolescents with AN and healthy controls, and/or between AN-subtypes. In addition, the predictive validity of PS and RS was examined for AN symptoms one year later. METHOD In total, 165 female adolescents admitted for treatment of AN or eating disorder not otherwise specified resembling AN and 72 controls participated in the study. Participants completed measurements for eating disorder severity and the Sensitivity to Punishment/Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ). Percentage of underweight and severity of AN symptoms were measured again after one year in individuals with AN. RESULTS Individuals with AN scored higher on PS and RS than controls. In addition, the AN purging type showed higher PS than the AN restrictive type, whereas there were no differences in RS between AN-subtypes. Regression analyses indicated that PS and RS were independently associated with the degree of eating disorder symptoms, whereas only PS was related to percentage underweight. Yet, neither RS nor PS were related to percentage of underweight and AN symptoms after one year. DISCUSSION Although the present study clearly demonstrated that heightened punishment and reward sensitivity are both linked to AN, there was no evidence that these characteristics are also involved in the course of AN symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaske A Glashouwer
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands; Center for Eating Disorders, Accare, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Smilde, The Netherlands.
| | - Lotte Bloot
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther M Veenstra
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
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Helpful but insufficient: Incremental theory on challenge-confronting tendencies for students who fear being laughed at. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-013-9386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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