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Hofmann MJ, Mokros A, Schneider S. The joy of being frightened: Fear experience in psychopathy. J Pers 2024; 92:321-341. [PMID: 37929319 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychopathic traits are associated with abnormalities in fear processing. While traditional theories focus on a lack of fear, Hosker-Field et al. (2016) provided a new perspective. They suggested that individuals with elevated psychopathic traits may experience threatening situations with appreciation or positivity, resulting in reduced negative fear responses and heightened positive responses (fear enjoyment hypothesis, FEH). METHOD Our study aimed to refine Hosker-Field et al.'s (2016) study design, addressing methodological limitations and improving the inconsistent operationalization of fear experience in the literature. In an online sample of 353 participants from the general population, we examined the relationship between the FEH and relevant psychopathic traits, specifically those derived from the PCL-R framework (i.e., SRP 4 Factor 1), and from a more trait-based approach to psychopathy with assumed links to fearlessness (i.e., TriPM Boldness). RESULTS By employing linear mixed effect models, we extended Hosker-Field et al.'s correlational analysis and provided further evidence for the FEH, particularly in relation to psychopathic traits measured using the PCL-R framework. The results regarding Boldness, however, are somewhat inconclusive. CONCLUSION The present study enhances existing research on fear deficits in psychopathy by assessing the subjective experience of individuals facing threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam J Hofmann
- Faculty of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mokros
- Faculty of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schneider
- Faculty of Psychology, FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, Germany
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Chan HO, Beech A. Risky Sexual Behavior and Psychopathy: Testing the Relationship in a Non-Clinical Sample of Young Adults in Hong Kong. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:94. [PMID: 38392448 PMCID: PMC10885930 DOI: 10.3390/bs14020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between risky sexual behavior (RSB) and psychopathy in a non-clinical sample of 714 Hong Kong adults, shedding light on sex differences. Our findings reveal that males exhibit significantly higher mean levels of RSB (general, penetrative, and nonpenetrative), as well as egocentric (Factor 1) and callous (Factor 3) traits of psychopathy, along with increased sexual desire compared to females. Regression analyses indicate that elevated levels of antisociality (Factor 2) and callousness (Factor 3) traits of psychopathy, along with sexual desire, emerge as significant risk factors for engaging in general, penetrative, and nonpenetrative RSB. Intriguingly, higher age and being in a long-term relationship are associated with RSB. The implications of this study suggest potential avenues for reducing, if not entirely preventing, the inclination to engage in RSB in the presence of psychopathic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Oliver Chan
- Department of Social Policy, Sociology, and Criminology, School of Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anthony Beech
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Ploe ML, Berluti K, Ibonie SG, Villanueva CM, Marsh A, Gruber J. Psychopathy and Associations with Reward Responsiveness and Social Networks in Emerging Adults. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Salgari GC, Kramer MP, Spencer CC, Dvorak R, Bohil C, O'Donnell JP, Bedwell JS. Psychometric psychopathy: Relationships with indices of reinforcement sensitivity theory factors. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Satchell LP, Corr PJ, Latzman RD. Pirates with psychopathic personalities? The role of sub-clinical and normative traits in illegal streaming and downloading of media. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hofmann MJ, Schneider S, Mokros A. Fearless but anxious? A systematic review on the utility of fear and anxiety levels to classify subtypes of psychopathy. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2021; 39:512-540. [PMID: 34723393 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychopathic traits have been linked to anomalies in experiencing fear and anxiety. It remains unclear, however, to what extent fear and anxiety levels are useful parameters to effectively distinguish between subtypes of psychopathy. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate whether different psychopathic phenotypes (primary and secondary psychopathy) can be delineated based on fear/anxiety levels. To investigate associations between psychopathic traits and conscious experiences of fear and/or anxiety a systematic qualitative review of studies was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Seventeen studies were included in the review. We found some evidence for attenuated fear/anxiety levels in primary psychopathy. In secondary psychopathy, the experience of fear/anxiety seemed rather intact. Moreover, primary psychopathy might be associated with a more positive appraisal of the conscious feeling of fear. We reason that consciously experienced fear and anxiety are distinctly related to primary and secondary psychopathy. Due to a lack of consistent and comprehensive operationalizations of fear and anxiety, however, conclusions about their potential to differentiate psychopathic subtypes should be drawn with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam J Hofmann
- FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schneider
- FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Andreas Mokros
- FernUniversität in Hagen (University of Hagen), Hagen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
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Blanchard AE, Dunn TJ, Sumich A. Borderline personality traits in attractive women and wealthy low attractive men are relatively favoured by the opposite sex. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Satchell LP, Johnson HL, Hudson CA, Harper CA. Dispositional Disinhibition and Alcohol Use Disorders: Personality, Risk Appraisal and Problematic Alcohol Consumption. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:209-217. [PMID: 31847657 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1662809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: The relationship between psychopathic personality and problematic alcohol consumption could be important for understanding risk and potential interventions. This existing work on psychopathy and alcohol abuse is typically conducted in criminal and hospitalized populations and little attention has been paid to investigating the general populations' psychopathic personality and problematic consumption of alcohol. The psychopathy-focused Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (TriPM) and the more general Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality (RST) focus on individual differences related to low self-control and sensation seeking, and could relate to problematic alcohol consumption in non-forensic samples. The current study brings together RST and psychopathic personality traits to predict alcohol use disorders. We hypothesize that impulsivity and anxiety predict problematic alcohol consumption and related risk appraisal. Methods: We analyzed data from a sample of 349 general population participants who had completed measures of the TriPM, RST, alcohol use disorders (AUDIT), and their perceived negative outcomes of high risk behavior with the Cognitive Appraisal of Risky Events (CARE) measure. Results: We find some evidence that TriPM's disinhibition and RST's anxious personality traits relate to AUDIT scores. We find limited evidence that personality traits predict the negative appraisal of risky events, but alcohol use was related to increased perceptions of the negative outcomes of alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Overall this study shows that individual differences do relate to problematic alcohol consumption but not the appraisal of risks related to alcohol consumption. This has implications for the structuring of intervention for those at-risk of problematic consumption of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Satchell
- Department of Psychology, University of Winchester, Winchester, UK
| | - Henry L Johnson
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, Brentford, UK
| | | | - Craig A Harper
- School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Roman M, Bostan CM, Diaconu-Gherasim LR, Constantin T. Personality Traits and Postnatal Depression: The Mediated Role of Postnatal Anxiety and Moderated Role of Type of Birth. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1625. [PMID: 31354598 PMCID: PMC6639766 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated how personality traits are related to postnatal depression 2 weeks after giving birth and whether these relations are mediated by postnatal anxiety, measured after 3–4 days after giving birth and moderated by the type of birth. New mothers (N = 672, Mage = 29.33) completed scales assessing their personality traits, postnatal anxiety, and postnatal depression 3 or 4 days after giving birth (T1). They also reported postnatal depression 2 weeks after giving birth (T2). Path analysis indicated that postnatal anxiety explained the link between personality traits (i.e., neuroticism) and postnatal depression 2 weeks after childbirth. The type of birth moderated the relation among, personality traits, postnatal anxiety and depression. Neuroticism and consciousness, in the natural birth’s group, and neuroticism and agreeableness, in the cesarean birth’s group, were associated with postnatal depression. Further, anxiety explained the relation between neuroticism and postnatal depression in both natural and cesarean birth groups. In addition, postnatal anxiety mediated the relation between extraversion and postnatal depression in the cesarean birth group. Our findings highlight that postnatal anxiety is a potential mechanism explaining how personality traits (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion) are related to postnatal depression, and that these relations may depend on the type of childbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Roman
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iaşi, Romania
| | | | | | - Ticu Constantin
- Department of Psychology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iaşi, Romania
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Szabó E, Jones DN. Gender differences moderate Machiavellianism and impulsivity: Implications for Dark Triad research. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Satchell LP, Bacon AM, Firth JL, Corr PJ. Risk as reward: Reinforcement sensitivity theory and psychopathic personality perspectives on everyday risk-taking. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ioannou S, Morris PH, Baker M, Reddy V, Gallese V. Seeing a Blush on the Visible and Invisible Spectrum: A Functional Thermal Infrared Imaging Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:525. [PMID: 29163105 PMCID: PMC5675873 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
So far blushing has been examined in the context of a negative rather than a positive reinforcement where visual displays of a blush were based on subjective measures. The current study used infrared imaging to measure thermal patterns of the face while with the use of a video camera quantified on the visible spectrum alterations in skin color related to a compliment. To elicit a blush a three-phase dialog was adopted ending or starting with a compliment on a female sample (N = 22). When the dialog ended with a compliment results showed a linear increase in temperature for the cheek, and forehead whereas for the peri-orbital region a linear decrease was observed. The compliment phase marked the highest temperature on the chin independent of whether or not the experiment started with a compliment contrary to other facial regions, which did not show a significant change when the experiment started with a compliment. Analyses on the visible spectrum showed that skin pigmentation was getting deep red in the compliment condition compared to the serious and social dialog conditions for both the forehead and the cheeks. No significant association was observed between temperature values and erythrocyte displays on the forehead and cheek. Heat is the physiological product of an arousing social scenario, however, preconceived notions about blushing propensity seem to drive erythrocyte displays and not necessarily conscious awareness of somatic sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanos Ioannou
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul H Morris
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Situated Action and Communication, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Baker
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Situated Action and Communication, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Vasudevi Reddy
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Situated Action and Communication, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Vittorio Gallese
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Parma University, Parma, Italy.,Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Falkenbach DM, Reinhard EE, Larson FRR. Theory based gender differences in psychopathy subtypes. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Neria AL, Vizcaino M, Jones DN. Approach/avoidance tendencies in dark personalities. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Falkenbach DM, Barese TH, Balash J, Reinhard EE, Hughs CJ. The exploration of subclinical psychopathic subtypes and their relationship with types of aggression in female college students. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hauck N, Salvador-Silva R, Teixeira MAP. Análise Psicométrica Preliminar de um Instrumento de Autorrelato para Avaliar Traços de Psicopatia. PSICO-USF 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712015200213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>Pesquisadores brasileiros dispunham, até o momento, de limitados recursos metodológicos para avaliar traços de psicopatia em indivíduos da população geral. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar as propriedades psicométricas de um novo instrumento de autorrelato de traços de psicopatia para ser usado em pesquisas com amostras da população geral brasileira. Os participantes do presente estudo foram 1238 indivíduos da população geral (idades de 18 a 76 anos; <italic>M</italic>= 28,36; <italic>DP</italic>= 10,50; 71,8% mulheres) que responderam a um questionário <italic>on-line</italic>. Métodos de Teoria de Resposta ao Item e análise fatorial ordinal ajudaram a reter um conjunto de 60 itens informativos das dimensões Egocentrismo Maquiavélico, Descontrole e Audácia<italic>.</italic>Escores latentes nesses domínios apresentaram, também, padrões de correlação teoricamente esperados com variáveis relevantes, incluindo uma avaliação independente de psicopatia - a escala <italic>Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy</italic>. Embora novos estudos psicométricos sejam necessários, as análises preliminares do instrumento revelaram adequadas propriedades psicométricas.</p>
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Donahue JJ, Caraballo LJ. Examining the triarchic model of psychopathy using revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fearful victims and fearless bullies? Subjective reactions to emotional imagery scenes of children involved in school aggression. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Derefinko KJ. Psychopathy and Low Anxiety: Meta-Analytic Evidence for the Absence of Inhibition, Not Affect. J Pers 2014; 83:693-709. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Throwing more light on the dark side of psychopathy: An extension of previous findings for the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ioannou S, Morris P, Mercer H, Baker M, Gallese V, Reddy V. Proximity and gaze influences facial temperature: a thermal infrared imaging study. Front Psychol 2014; 5:845. [PMID: 25136326 PMCID: PMC4120854 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct gaze and interpersonal proximity are known to lead to changes in psycho-physiology, behavior and brain function. We know little, however, about subtler facial reactions such as rise and fall in temperature, which may be sensitive to contextual effects and functional in social interactions. Using thermal infrared imaging cameras 18 female adult participants were filmed at two interpersonal distances (intimate and social) and two gaze conditions (averted and direct). The order of variation in distance was counterbalanced: half the participants experienced a female experimenter's gaze at the social distance first before the intimate distance (a socially "normal" order) and half experienced the intimate distance first and then the social distance (an odd social order). At both distances averted gaze always preceded direct gaze. We found strong correlations in thermal changes between six areas of the face (forehead, chin, cheeks, nose, maxilliary, and periorbital regions) for all experimental conditions and developed a composite measure of thermal shifts for all analyses. Interpersonal proximity led to a thermal rise, but only in the "normal" social order. Direct gaze, compared to averted gaze, led to a thermal increase at both distances with a stronger effect at intimate distance, in both orders of distance variation. Participants reported direct gaze as more intrusive than averted gaze, especially at the intimate distance. These results demonstrate the powerful effects of another person's gaze on psycho-physiological responses, even at a distance and independent of context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanos Ioannou
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Parma University Parma, Italy ; Department of Psychology, Centre for Situated Action and Communication, University of Portsmouth Portsmouth, UK
| | - Paul Morris
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Situated Action and Communication, University of Portsmouth Portsmouth, UK
| | - Hayley Mercer
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Situated Action and Communication, University of Portsmouth Portsmouth, UK
| | - Marc Baker
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Situated Action and Communication, University of Portsmouth Portsmouth, UK
| | - Vittorio Gallese
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Parma University Parma, Italy
| | - Vasudevi Reddy
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Situated Action and Communication, University of Portsmouth Portsmouth, UK
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PTSD's underlying symptom dimensions and relations with behavioral inhibition and activation. J Anxiety Disord 2013; 27:645-51. [PMID: 24064333 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) stipulates that individuals have a behavioral activation system (BAS) guiding approach (rewarding) behaviors (Gray, 1971, 1981), and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) guiding conflict resolution between approach and avoidance (punishment) behaviors (Gray & McNaughton, 2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity overall relates to both BIS (e.g., Myers, VanMeenen, & Servatius, 2012; Pickett, Bardeen, & Orcutt, 2011) and BAS (Pickett et al., 2011). Using a more refined approach, we assessed specific relations between PTSD's latent factors (Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002) and observed variables measuring BIS and BAS using 308 adult, trauma-exposed primary care patients. Confirmatory factor analysis and Wald chi-square tests demonstrated a significantly greater association with BIS severity compared to BAS severity for PTSD's dysphoria, avoidance, and re-experiencing factors. Further, PTSD's avoidance factor significantly mediated relations between BIS/BAS severity and PTSD's dysphoria factor.
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Kastner RM, Sellbom M. Hypersexuality in college students: The role of psychopathy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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