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Herrijgers C, Verboon P, Florence E, Vandebosch H, Poels K, Platteau T. Assessing the Effectiveness of an mHealth Intervention to Support Men Who Have Sex With Men Engaging in Chemsex (Budd): Single-Case and Pre-Post Experimental Design Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e56606. [PMID: 39365642 DOI: 10.2196/56606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study focuses on the Budd app, a mobile health intervention designed for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men who participate in chemsex. Chemsex, the use of psychoactive drugs in a sexual context, presents substantial health risks including increased HIV transmission and mental health issues. Addressing these risks requires innovative interventions tailored to the unique needs of this population. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Budd app in promoting drug harm reduction practices among its users, focusing on knowledge, behavioral intention, risk behavior awareness, and self-efficacy. METHODS The study used a mixed methods approach, combining a single-case experimental design and a pre-post study. A total of 10 participants from an outpatient clinic were recruited, and each attended the clinic 3 times. During the first visit, participants installed a restricted version of the Budd app, which allowed them to report daily mood and risk behavior after chemsex sessions. Phase A (baseline) lasted at least 2 weeks depending on chemsex participation. In the second visit, participants gained full access to the Budd app, initiating phase B (intervention). Phase B lasted at least 6 weeks, depending on chemsex participation, with identical data input as phase A. Participants completed pre- and postintervention surveys assessing behavioral determinants during the first and third visit. RESULTS The study observed an increased knowledge about chemsex substances postintervention, with a mean percentage improvement in knowledge scores of 20.59% (SD 13.3%) among participants. Behavioral intention and self-efficacy showed mixed results, with some participants improving while others experienced a decrease. There was also a variable impact on awareness of risk behavior, with half of the participants reporting a decrease postintervention. Despite these mixed results, the app was generally well-received, with participants engaging with the app's features an average of 50 times during the study. CONCLUSIONS The Budd app showed effectiveness in enhancing knowledge about chemsex substances among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. However, its impact on safe dosing behavior, behavioral intention, self-efficacy, and risk behavior awareness was inconsistent. These findings suggest that while educational interventions can increase knowledge, translating this into behavioral change is more complex and may require more participants, a longer follow-up period, and additional strategies and support mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Herrijgers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Peter Verboon
- Department of Psychology, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, Belgium
| | - Eric Florence
- General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Heidi Vandebosch
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Karolien Poels
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Tom Platteau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Colautti L, Iannello P, Silveri MC, Giovagnoli AR, Elia AE, Pepe F, Magni E, Antonietti A. Deepening the decisional processes under value-based conditions in patients affected by Parkinson's disease: A comparative study. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2024:10.3758/s13415-024-01211-x. [PMID: 39266937 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-024-01211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD) display a tendency toward making risky choices in value-based conditions. Possible causes may encompass the pathophysiologic characteristics of PD that affect neural structures pivotal for decision making (DM) and the dopaminergic medications that may bias choices. Nevertheless, excluding patients with concurrent impulse control disorders, results are few and mixed. Conversely, other factors, such as individual differences (e.g., emotional state, impulsivity, consideration for future consequences) and cognitive functioning, in particular executive functions (EFs), are involved, even though few studies investigated their possible role. The present study investigated (1) the differences in value-based DM between 33 patients with PD without impulse control disorders and 33 matched healthy controls, and (2) the relationships among decisional performances, EFs, and individual differences in a group of 42 patients with PD who regularly undertake dopaminergic medications. All participants underwent an individual assessment to investigate value-based DM, cognitive abilities, and individual differences associated with DM. Nonparametric analyses showed the presence of riskier decisions in patients compared with healthy controls, depending on the characteristics of the decisional situation. Moreover, parameters of the decisional tasks involving the number of risky choices were significantly related to the posology of dopaminergic medications, EFs, and individual differences. Findings were discussed, highlighting possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Colautti
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 1, 20123, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Iannello
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 1, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Silveri
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 1, 20123, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Giovagnoli
- Department of Diagnostics and Technology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Emanuele Elia
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Pepe
- Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero Brescia, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenio Magni
- Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero Brescia, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonietti
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 1, 20123, Milan, Italy
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Pertl SM, Srirangarajan T, Urminsky O. A multinational analysis of how emotions relate to economic decisions regarding time or risk. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01927-3. [PMID: 39210027 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Emotions have been theorized to be important drivers of economic choices, such as intertemporal or risky decisions. Our systematic review and meta-analysis of the previous literature (378 results and 50,972 participants) indicates that the empirical basis for these claims is mixed and the cross-cultural generalizability of these claims has yet to be systematically tested. We analysed a dataset with representative samples from 74 countries (n = 77,242), providing a multinational test of theoretical claims that individuals' ongoing emotional states predict their economic preferences regarding time or risk. Overall, more positive self-reported emotions generally predicted a willingness to wait for delayed rewards or to take favourable risks, in line with some existing theories. Contrary to the assumption of a universal relationship between emotions and decision-making, we show that these relationships vary substantially and systematically across countries. Emotions were stronger predictors of economic decisions in more economically developed and individualistic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Pertl
- Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | | | - Oleg Urminsky
- University of Chicago Booth School of Business, Chicago, IL, USA
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Cosenza M, Sacco M, Ciccarelli M, Pizzini B, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernández-Aranda F, Nigro G. Getting even: chasing behavior, decision-making, and craving in habitual gamblers. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:445. [PMID: 39155391 PMCID: PMC11331606 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunctional decision-making and intense craving represent pivotal aspects across all addictive behaviors, notably evident in gambling addiction where these factors significantly shape chasing behavior-continuing gambling to recoup losses-indicative of problematic gambling. This study explores the correlation between chasing behavior, craving, affective decision-making, decision-making styles, and gambling severity among habitual Italian gamblers. METHODS One hundred and sixty-six participants from diverse gambling venues completed assessments including the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), the General Decision-Making Style (GDMS), the Gambling Craving Scale (GACS), and a computerized task to measure chasing behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to Control and Loss chasing conditions. RESULTS Regression analyses revealed craving as a predictor of chasing behavior. Interestingly, individuals with a dependent decision-making style exhibited lower tendencies to chase. While IGT performance correlates with chasing frequency, it is not associated with the decision to continue or cease gambling. Intriguingly, gambling severity (SOGS total score) did not feature in the final models of both regression analyses. DISCUSSION These findings emphasize the significant role of craving in driving chasing behavior. Additionally, this study introduces, for the first time, the idea that a dependent decision-making style could potentially serve as a safeguard against chasing proneness. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests a fundamental dichotomy between chasers and nonchasers among gamblers, irrespective of gambling severity. This distinction could be instrumental in tailoring more effective intervention strategies for gambling disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cosenza
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31, Caserta, 81100, Italy.
| | - Mariagiulia Sacco
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31, Caserta, 81100, Italy
| | - Maria Ciccarelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31, Caserta, 81100, Italy
| | - Barbara Pizzini
- Giustino Fortunato Telematic University, Viale Raffaele Delcogliano, 12, Benevento, 82100, Italy
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanna Nigro
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico, 31, Caserta, 81100, Italy.
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Priolo G, D’Alessandro M, Bizzego A, Franchin L, Bonini N. Normatively irrelevant disgust interferes with decision under uncertainty: Insights from the Iowa gambling task. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306689. [PMID: 39088485 PMCID: PMC11293706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates whether a not informative, irrelevant emotional reaction of disgust interferes with decision-making under uncertainty. We manipulate the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) by associating a disgust-eliciting image with selections from Disadvantageous/Bad decks (Congruent condition) or Advantageous/Good decks (Incongruent condition). A Control condition without manipulations is also included. Results indicate an increased probability of selecting from a Good deck as the task unfolds in all conditions. However, this effect is modulated by the experimental manipulation. Specifically, we detect a detrimental effect (i.e., a significant decrease in the intercept) of the disgust-eliciting image in Incongruent condition (vs. Control), but this effect is limited to the early stages of the task (i.e., first twenty trials). No differences in performance trends are detected between Congruent and Control conditions. Anticipatory Skin Conductance Response, heart rate, and pupil dilation are also assessed as indexes of anticipatory autonomic activation following the Somatic Marker Hypothesis, but no effects are shown for the first two indexes in any of the conditions. Only a decreasing trend is detected for pupil dilation as the task unfolds in Control and Incongruent conditions. Results are discussed in line with the "risk as feelings" framework, the Somatic Marker Hypothesis, and IGT literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Priolo
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Bizzego
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Laura Franchin
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Nicolao Bonini
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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Li X, Turel O, He Q. Sex modulated the relationship between trait approach motivation and decision-making. Neuroimage 2024; 291:120598. [PMID: 38555995 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been observed that one's Behavioral Approach System (BAS) can have an effect on decision-making under uncertainty, although the results have been mixed. To discern the underlying neural substrates, we hypothesize that sex may explain the conflicting results. To test this idea, a large sample of participants was studied using resting state fMRI, utilizing fractional Amplitude of Low Frequency Fluctuations (fALFF) and Resting-State Functional Connectivity (rsFC) techniques. The results of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) revealed an interaction between sex and BAS, particularly in the last 60 trials (decision-making under risk). Males with high BAS showed poorer performance than those with low BAS. fALFF analysis showed a significant interaction between BAS group and sex in the left superior occipital gyrus, as well as the functional connectivity between this region and the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Additionally, this functional connectivity was further positively correlated with male performance in the IGT, particularly in the decision-making under risk stage. Furthermore, it was found that the functional connectivity between left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and left superior occipital gyrus could mediate the relationship between BAS and decision-making in males, particularly in the decision-making under risk stage. These results suggest possible sex-based differences in decision-making, providing an explanation for the inconsistent results found in prior research. Since the research was carried out exclusively with Chinese university students, it is essential to conduct further studies to investigate whether the findings can be generalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Li
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Lab of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing , China
| | - Ofir Turel
- School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Qinghua He
- Faculty of Psychology, MOE Key Lab of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Chongqing , China; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Southwest University Branch, Chongqing, China.
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7
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Zanini L, Picano C, Spitoni GF. The Iowa Gambling Task: Men and Women Perform Differently. A Meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2024:10.1007/s11065-024-09637-3. [PMID: 38462590 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-024-09637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was designed to assess decision-making under conditions of complexity and uncertainty; it is currently one of the most widely used tests to assess decision-making in both experimental and clinical settings. In the original version of the task, participants are given a loan of play money and four decks of cards and are asked to maximize profits. Although any single card unpredictably yields wins/losses, variations in frequency and size of gains/losses ultimately make two decks more advantageous in the long term. Several studies have previously suggested that there may be a sex-related difference in IGT performance. Thus, the present study aimed to explore and quantify sex differences in IGT performance by pooling the results of 110 studies. The meta-analysis revealed that males tend to perform better than females on the classic 100-trial IGT (UMD = 3.381; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the significant heterogeneity observed suggests high variability in the results obtained by individual studies. Results were not affected by publication bias or other moderators. Factors that may contribute to differences in male and female performance are discussed, such as functional sex-related asymmetries in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala, as well as differences in sensitivity to wins/losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Zanini
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli, 1, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Picano
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Fernanda Spitoni
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Via degli Apuli, 1, Rome, Italy
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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8
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Singh V. Bittersweet memories and somatic marker hypothesis: adaptive control in emotional recall facilitates long-term decision-making in the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1214271. [PMID: 38292897 PMCID: PMC10824841 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1214271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The somatic marker hypothesis states that emotional recall and its somatic influence guide long-term decision-making. However, the mechanism through which decision-making benefits from emotional recall is unclear; whether emotional recall and the induced affect increase the regulatory demand or amplify the affect state that requires inhibition. It is unclear if controlling the automatic flow of emotion in recall improves adaptive decision-making. Two studies examine the hypothesis that affect control in emotional recall facilitates inhibitory control and benefits long-term decision-making. In Experiment 1 (n = 137), affect control was assessed in emotional recall to examine if switching of affect in recall of positive and negative valence (order: positive-negative memory recall vs. negative-positive memory recall) is linked with long-term decision-making. Results for long-term decision-making showed that negative-positive recall sequence was associated with higher long-term decision-making, whereas automatic frequency-based decision-making remained unaffected by the recall sequence. In experiment 2 (n = 71, all male), emotional recall (positive vs. negative), recall specificity (i.e., specific vs. overgeneralized recall), and post-recall mood regulation (post-recall positive mood regulation vs. no regulation) was expected to facilitate long-term decision-making. Results showed that emotional recall and post-recall mood regulation (i.e., negative recall - positive mood and positive recall - negative mood) were associated with higher long-term decision-making (decks C' and D'). Results of frequency decision-making showed that positive emotional recall, and poor recall specificity led to infrequent punishment deck choices (decks B' and D'). Hierarchical regression indicated that emotional recall increased infrequent deck choices and accounted for 10% of choices made, recall specificity increased the explanatory power to 19%, and higher recall specificity was associated with fewer infrequent punishment deck choices. Affect control engaged via negative emotional recall, post-recall mood regulation, and recall specificity might be a potential mechanism through which affect control in emotional recall might facilitate long-term decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Singh
- Humanities and Social Science, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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9
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Buelow MT, Wirth JH, Kowalsky JM. Poorer decision making among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence for "pandemic-brain". JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36977338 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2186129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Did living through the COVID-19 pandemic cause healthy college students to experience "pandemic-brain," a phenomenon characterized by difficulties with various cognitive abilities? Did students shift from deliberative to more impulsive decision making? PARTICIPANTS We compared a pre-pandemic sample of 722 undergraduate students to 161 undergraduate students recruited in Fall 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD We compared scores on the Adult Decision Making Competence scale among participants who completed the task pre-pandemic or across two time points in Fall 2020, during the pandemic. RESULTS Decision making was less consistent and more reliant on gain/loss framing during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic, but college students were no less confident in their decisions. No significant changes in decision making occurred during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS These decision making changes could increase the risk of making an impulsive choice with negative health consequences affecting demands on student health centers and imperiling learning environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Buelow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, Ohio, USA
| | - James H Wirth
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, Ohio, USA
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10
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Karvelis P, Paulus MP, Diaconescu AO. Individual differences in computational psychiatry: a review of current challenges. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105137. [PMID: 36940888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Bringing precision to the understanding and treatment of mental disorders requires instruments for studying clinically relevant individual differences. One promising approach is the development of computational assays: integrating computational models with cognitive tasks to infer latent patient-specific disease processes in brain computations. While recent years have seen many methodological advancements in computational modelling and many cross-sectional patient studies, much less attention has been paid to basic psychometric properties (reliability and construct validity) of the computational measures provided by the assays. In this review, we assess the extent of this issue by examining emerging empirical evidence. We find that many computational measures suffer from poor psychometric properties, which poses a risk of invalidating previous findings and undermining ongoing research efforts using computational assays to study individual (and even group) differences. We provide recommendations for how to address these problems and, crucially, embed them within a broader perspective on key developments that are needed for translating computational assays to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Povilas Karvelis
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA; Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Andreea O Diaconescu
- Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Hultman C, Tjernström N, Vadlin S, Rehn M, Nilsson KW, Roman E, Åslund C. Exploring decision-making strategies in the Iowa gambling task and rat gambling task. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:964348. [PMID: 36408452 PMCID: PMC9669572 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.964348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Decision-making requires that individuals perceive the probabilities and risks associated with different options. Experimental human and animal laboratory testing provide complimentary insights on the psychobiological underpinnings of decision-making. The Iowa gambling task (IGT) is a widely used instrument that assesses decision-making under uncertainty and risk. In the task participants are faced with a choice conflict between cards with varying monetary reinforcer/loss contingencies. The rat gambling task (rGT) is a pre-clinical version using palatable reinforcers as wins and timeouts mimicking losses. However, interspecies studies elaborating on human and rat behavior in these tasks are lacking. This study explores decision-making strategies among young adults (N = 270) performing a computerized version of the IGT, and adult outbred male Lister Hooded rats (N = 72) performing the rGT. Both group and individual data were explored by normative scoring approaches and subgroup formations based on individual choices were investigated. Overall results showed that most humans and rats learned to favor the advantageous choices, but to a widely different extent. Human performance was characterized by both exploration and learning as the task progressed, while rats showed relatively consistent pronounced preferences for the advantageous choices throughout the task. Nevertheless, humans and rats showed similar variability in individual choice preferences during end performance. Procedural differences impacting on the performance in both tasks and their potential to study different aspects of decision-making are discussed. This is a first attempt to increase the understanding of similarities and differences regarding decision-making processes in the IGT and rGT from an explorative perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Hultman
- Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital Västerås, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nikita Tjernström
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Vadlin
- Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital Västerås, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Mattias Rehn
- Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital Västerås, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Kent W. Nilsson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital Västerås, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
- School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Erika Roman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Åslund
- Centre for Clinical Research, Västmanland Hospital Västerås, Region Västmanland, Uppsala University, Västerås, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sullivan-Toole H, Haines N, Dale K, Olino TM. Enhancing the Psychometric Properties of the Iowa Gambling Task Using Full Generative Modeling. COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2022; 6:189-212. [PMID: 37332395 PMCID: PMC10275579 DOI: 10.5334/cpsy.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Poor psychometrics, particularly low test-retest reliability, pose a major challenge for using behavioral tasks in individual differences research. Here, we demonstrate that full generative modeling of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) substantially improves test-retest reliability and may also enhance the IGT's validity for use in characterizing internalizing pathology, compared to the traditional analytic approach. IGT data ( n = 50 ) was collected across two sessions, one month apart. Our full generative model incorporated (1) the Outcome Representation Learning (ORL) computational model at the person-level and (2) a group-level model that explicitly modeled test-retest reliability, along with other group-level effects. Compared to the traditional 'summary score' (proportion good decks selected), the ORL model provides a theoretically rich set of performance metrics (Reward Learning Rate ( A + ) , Punishment Learning Rate ( A - ) , Win Frequency Sensitivity ( β f ) , Perseveration Tendency ( β p ) , Memory Decay ( K ) ), capturing distinct psychological processes. While test-retest reliability for the traditional summary score was only moderate (r = . 37 , BCa 95% CI [.04, .63]), test-retest reliabilities for ORL performance metrics produced by the full generative model were substantially improved, with test-retest correlations ranging between r = . 64 - . 82 for the five ORL parameters. Further, while summary scores showed no substantial associations with internalizing symptoms, ORL parameters were significantly associated with internalizing symptoms. Specifically, Punishment Learning Rate was associated with higher self-reported depression and Perseveration Tendency was associated with lower self-reported anhedonia. Generative modeling offers promise for advancing individual differences research using the IGT, and behavioral tasks more generally, through enhancing task psychometrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristina Dale
- Temple University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, US
| | - Thomas M. Olino
- Temple University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, US
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Lin C, Zhuo S, Peng W. Ongoing pain facilitates emotional decision-making behaviors. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2022.9050005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion toward anticipated and actual outcomes acts as a vital signal on emotional decision-making, and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) can mimic this decision-making process. Pain can impair emotional decision-making behaviors because it captures attention and distracts from the task at hand. Alternatively, pain may facilitate emotional decision-making behaviors by prompting alertness and mobilizing cognitive resources to maximize rewards. The present study investigated the influence of ongoing pain on emotional decision-making behaviors using the IGT. Our study recruited two groups of participants and applied capsaicin (pain group) or control cream (control group) to their forearms. We then compared performances and selections between the pain and control groups. The results revealed that participants successfully learned the required adaptive selection strategy as the task progressed. The study observed a tendency toward optimal choices for both groups under the condition of frequent–small losses. However, we observed a disadvantageous preference for the control group, but not the pain group, when faced with choices with infrequent but large losses. The study implies that a distressing pain experience motivates individuals to adjust goal-directed behaviors to maximize their rewards in a task. Thus, the finding suggests that ongoing pain facilitates emotional decision-making behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chennan Lin
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiwei Zhuo
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiwei Peng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, Guangdong, China
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Buelow MT, Jungers MK, Parks C, Rinato B. Contextual Factors Affecting Risky Decision Making: The Influence of Music on Task Performance and Perceived Distraction. Front Psychol 2022; 13:818689. [PMID: 35310222 PMCID: PMC8926386 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.818689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has investigated factors that contribute to the development of different risk-taking behaviors, such as can occur on lab-based behavioral risky decision making tasks. On several of the most common tasks, participants must develop an adequate understanding of the relative risks and benefits associated with each decision in order to learn to decide advantageously. However, contextual factors can affect the decision making process and one's ability to weigh the risks and benefits of a decision. The present study investigates the extent to which music may be an additional contextual factor that can disrupt decision making and other executive functions. Across four studies we examine whether having music playing passively in the background or having participants actively listen to music affects performance on measures of risky decision making, working memory, processing speed, and problem solving. Participants reported greater distraction for rock music than classical music in the passive listening studies but did not report any differences in distraction across conditions in the active listening studies. Despite this self-reported increased level of distraction, few significant differences were found in task performance across groups and across studies. The Angling Risk Task (ART) was sensitive to differences in risk by condition, with music leading to greater risk-taking in a passive listening study, but less risk-taking in an active listening study, compared to no music. The extent to which music serves as a contextual factor disrupting performance on measures of risky decision making and other executive functions may depend in part on whether individuals are actively versus passively listening to the music.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Buelow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, United States
| | - Melissa K Jungers
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, United States
| | - Cora Parks
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, United States
| | - Bonnie Rinato
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, United States
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Positive cognitive reappraisal is beneficial for women’s but not for men’s IGT decision-making. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Wang J, Cui R, Stolarz-Fantino S, Fantino E, Liu X. Differences in Mood, Optimism, and Risk-Taking Behavior Between American and Chinese College Students. Front Psychol 2022; 12:781609. [PMID: 35145455 PMCID: PMC8823508 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mood and optimism have been demonstrated to influence risk-taking decisions; however, the literature on mood, optimism, and decision-making is mixed and conducted primarily with western samples. This study sought to address this gap in the literature by examining the impact of mood and dispositional optimism on risk-taking and whether these associations differed between undergraduate students from the United States (N = 141) and the People’s Republic of China (N = 90). Both samples completed a dispositional optimism questionnaire and an autobiographical mood induction task. They were then tasked with choosing to complete the Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices reasoning task on easy, medium, or hard difficulty for hypothetical money. Selecting harder difficulties was interpreted as more risk-taking due to a higher chance of failure. More positive mood and higher dispositional optimism were associated with decreased risk-taking, i.e., selecting easier puzzle difficulties, in the American sample but increased risk-taking decisions, i.e., selecting harder difficulties, in the Chinese sample (p < 0.05 for all). These findings suggest that the effect of mood and optimism on decision-making may differ by nationality and/or culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Center for Ideological and Political Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jiao Wang,
| | - Ruifeng Cui
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Edmund Fantino
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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McCarthy M, Zhang L, Monacelli G, Ward T. Using Methods From Computational Decision-making to Predict Nonadherence to Fitness Goals: Protocol for an Observational Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e29758. [PMID: 34842557 PMCID: PMC8665389 DOI: 10.2196/29758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Can methods from computational models of decision-making be used to build a predictive model to identify individuals most likely to be nonadherent to personal fitness goals? Such a model may have significant value in the global battle against obesity. Despite growing awareness of the impact of physical inactivity on human health, sedentary behavior is increasingly linked to premature death in the developed world. The annual impact of sedentary behavior is significant, causing an estimated 2 million deaths. From a global perspective, sedentary behavior is one of the 10 leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Annually, considerable funding and countless public health initiatives are applied to promote physical fitness, with little impact on sustained behavioral change. Predictive models developed from multimodal methodologies combining data from decision-making tasks with contextual insights and objective physical activity data could be used to identify those most likely to abandon their fitness goals. This has the potential to enable development of more targeted support to ensure that those who embark on fitness programs are successful. Objective The aim of this study is to determine whether it is possible to use decision-making tasks such as the Iowa Gambling Task to help determine those most likely to abandon their fitness goals. Predictive models built using methods from computational models of decision-making, combining objective data from a fitness tracker with personality traits and modeling from decision-making games delivered via a mobile app, will be used to ascertain whether a predictive algorithm can identify digital personae most likely to be nonadherent to self-determined exercise goals. If it is possible to phenotype these individuals, it may be possible to tailor initiatives to support these individuals to continue exercising. Methods This is a siteless study design based on a bring your own device model. A total of 200 healthy adults who are novice exercisers and own a Fitbit (Fitbit Inc) physical activity tracker will be recruited via social media for this study. Participants will provide consent via the study app, which they will download from the Google Play store (Alphabet Inc) or Apple App Store (Apple Inc). They will also provide consent to share their Fitbit data. Necessary demographic information concerning age and sex will be collected as part of the recruitment process. Over 12 months, the scheduled study assessments will be pushed to the subjects to complete. The Iowa Gambling Task will be administered via a web app shared via a URL. Results Ethics approval was received from Dublin City University in December 2020. At manuscript submission, study recruitment was pending. The expected results will be published in 2022. Conclusions It is hoped that the study results will support the development of a predictive model and the study design will inform future research approaches. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04783298; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04783298
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie McCarthy
- Insight Centre For Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lili Zhang
- Insight Centre For Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Greta Monacelli
- Insight Centre For Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tomas Ward
- Insight Centre For Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Decision-making, cognitive functions, impulsivity, and media multitasking expectancies in high versus low media multitaskers. Cogn Process 2021; 22:593-607. [PMID: 34047893 PMCID: PMC8547206 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-021-01029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In several studies, individuals who reported to frequently multitask with different media displayed reduced cognitive performance, for example in fluid intelligence and executive functioning. These cognitive functions are relevant for making advantageous decisions under both objective risk (requiring reflection and strategical planning) and ambiguous risk (requiring learning from feedback). Thus, compared to low media multitaskers (LMMs), high media multitaskers (HMMs) may perform worse in both types of decision situations. The current study investigated HMMs and LMMs in a laboratory setting with the Game of Dice Task (GDT; objective risk), the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; ambiguous risk), various tests quantifying cognitive functions (logical reasoning, working memory, information processing, general executive functions), and self-report measures of impulsivity, media multitasking expectancies, and problematic Internet use. From 182 participants, 25 HMMs and 19 LMMs were identified using the Media Multitasking Index. Results show that HMMs compared to LMMs performed weaker on the IGT but not on the GDT. Furthermore, HMMs had slightly decreased performance in tests of logical reasoning and working memory capacity. HMMs tended to increased information processing speed but this difference was not significant. Furthermore, HMMs have more positive expectancies regarding media multitasking and reported higher tendencies toward problematic Internet use. HMMs and LMMs did not differ significantly with respect to impulsivity and executive functions. The results give a first hint that HMMs may have difficulties in decision-making under ambiguous but not under objective risk. HMMs may be more prone to errors in tasks that require feedback processing. However, HMMs appear not to be impaired in aspects of long-term strategic decision-making.
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Buelow MT, Hupp JM, Porter BL, Coleman CE. The effect of prosody on decision making: Speech rate influences speed and quality of decisions. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Hostler TJ, Berrios R. The impact of mixed emotions on judgements: a naturalistic study during the FIFA world cup. Cogn Emot 2020; 35:341-355. [PMID: 33153396 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2020.1840965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Experiencing mixed emotions, a combination of two oppositely-valenced emotions, has been shown to reduce bias in decision making and improve the accuracy of judgements made. However, most previous research has been limited to laboratory-based experiments. In this pre-registered study, we looked at mixed emotions and judgements in the naturalistic context of watching sport during the FIFA world cup. N = 80 participants reported on mixed emotions before and after each England game during the World Cup, and made score predictions for each game, collecting a total of k = 480 observations. We used a lagged-effect design and multilevel modelling to analyse the data. We found that participants who felt more mixed emotions at the end of a match made significantly more likely score predictions in the following match, indicating that experiencing stronger mixed emotions subsequently predicted more reasonable judgements. This result was supported even after controlling for a number of affective, attitudinal, and socio-demographic variables. This provides evidence that naturally occurring mixed emotions are related to improved real-world judgements. The evidence is discussed through the lens of fantasy realisation theory, and the importance of feeling mixed during decisions involving puzzling or uncertain outcomes is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hostler
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Raul Berrios
- Department of Management, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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21
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Relationships between the big five personality characteristics and performance on behavioral decision making tasks. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.109931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Li Y, Ramoz N, Derrington E, Dreher JC. Hormonal responses in gambling versus alcohol abuse: A review of human studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 100:109880. [PMID: 32004637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine system plays an essential role in communication between various organs of the body to maintain homeostasis. Both substance use disorders (SUDs) and non-substance abuse disrupt this system and lead to hormonal dysregulations. Here, we focus on the comparison between the function of the endocrine system in gambling disorders and alcohol addiction to understand the commonalities and differences in their neurobiological and psychological underpinnings. We review human research to compare findings on gambling addiction and alcohol dependence pertaining to the dynamic interplay between testosterone and cortisol. Understanding and classifying similarities in hormonal responses between behavioural addiction and SUDs may facilitate development of treatments and therapeutic interventions across different types of addictive disorders, while describing differences may shed light on therapeutic interventions for specific disorders. Although research on gambling addiction is in its infancy, such evaluation may still have a positive effect for addiction research, thereby stimulating discovery of "crossover" pharmacotherapies with benefits for both SUDs and nonsubstance addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Li
- Competition, Addiction and Social Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM UMRS1266, Paris, France.
| | - Edmund Derrington
- Neuroeconomics Laboratory, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France
| | - Jean-Claude Dreher
- Neuroeconomics Laboratory, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France.
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23
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Kjær SW, Callesen MB, Larsen L, Borghammer P, Østergaard K, Damholdt MF. Applied strategy in the Iowa Gambling Task: Comparison of individuals with Parkinson's disease to healthy controls. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2020; 42:425-435. [PMID: 32283989 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2020.1749237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decision-making impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) have frequently been measured using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), though results have been inconsistent. At present, task performance has primarily been evaluated based on the total IGT score, and there is a need for further analysis of the strategy of older individuals with PD and healthy control (HC) participants in IGT. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to explore possible impairments in IGT performance in individuals with PD compared to healthy controls using strategy analysis, extending previous results on this subject, and to discuss potential effects of medication on task performance. METHODS 67 individuals with PD and 29 HC participants completed the IGT. Results were analyzed to evaluate impairments, applied strategies, presence of subgroups, and potential effects of medication on performance. RESULTS Both groups obtained a low overall IGT score and individuals with PD had significantly lower total IGT scores compared to HC participants. Regression analysis showed a small, but significant relationship between levodopa and dopamine agonist dosage and total IGT score, indicating that medication level could be a marker of level of executive functions. Subgroups of advantageous and disadvantageous choosers differed significantly in deck preferences for both groups. CONCLUSION Individuals with PD were significantly impaired in IGT performance, both in overall scores and in detailed analyses, and they utilized an inefficient strategy during task performance. However, HC participants also presented with a suboptimal strategy and results suggest the presence of subgroups in both individuals with PD and HC participants, which may reflect age-related changes. These results are in line with previous research on performance of older individuals and alternative deck preferences in the IGT and underline the importance of considering the applied strategy in the evaluation of IGT performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Wohlert Kjær
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Buhl Callesen
- Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Larsen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karen Østergaard
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Malene Flensborg Damholdt
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Philosophy and the History of Ideas, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
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Joyal CC, Tardif M, Spearson-Goulet JA. Executive Functions and Social Cognition in Juveniles Who Have Sexually Offended. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 32:179-202. [PMID: 30419790 DOI: 10.1177/1079063218807487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although neuropsychological assessments provide valuable information for those working in forensic mental health, few neuropsychological studies concern persons who sexually offend, particularly juveniles who have sexually offended (JSO). It has been suggested that, contrary to current theories, executive function in JSO, as a group, is no more impaired than it is in juvenile delinquents in general. However, JSO with child victims seem to be more impulsive than JSO whose victims are peers or adults. To verify this potentially important (and unexpected) finding, a sample of adolescent males (N = 134; 15.6 ± 1.5 years old) that included JSO, general delinquents, and underprivileged nondelinquents was assessed using a battery of behavioral and psychological tests that focus on impulsivity. No difference was found between groups regarding higher order executive functions as measured with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task but JSO with child victims were found to be the most impulsive subgroup as evidenced with the Iowa Gambling Task, the Stop-Signal Reaction Task, and the Impulsive scale of the Social Problem Solving Inventory. They also had the highest number of prescriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication. These results, which contradict hypotheses derived from assessment of adult sex offenders, illustrate an important difference between the cognitive profiles of adult and juvenile males who sexually offended. They also confirm that JSO whose victims are children appear to be more impulsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Joyal
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
- Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Monique Tardif
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
- Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Karyadi KA, Nitch SR, Kinney DI, Britt WG. Decision making of forensic psychiatric inpatients deemed incompetent to stand trial. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:66-76. [PMID: 31957489 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1709847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined decision making and its correlates among forensic psychiatric inpatients deemed incompetent to stand trial (IST). This study utilized archival data (n = 41; Mean Age = 44.27, SD = 15.89, 79.1% Male; 34.1% Caucasian). Decision making was measured using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which is purported to simulate real-life decision making. Correlates included cognitive functioning, psychiatric symptom severity, and impulsivity. Participants selected more frequently from disadvantageous decks, which yield larger immediate monetary gains with a larger long-term monetary losses (Mean NET = -9.51, SD = 26.70), but avoided decks yielding frequent monetary losses (Mean GLF = 10.10, SD = 26.70). Consistently, participants selected most frequently from a deck yielding the most immediate monetary gains and the least frequent monetary losses compared to other decks (ps < 0.05). Based upon their selections, participants lost a significant amount of money (M = -$1,493.22, SD = $1,182.26). IGT outcomes were differentially associated with cognitive functioning (rs = -0.26 to 0.47), psychiatric symptom severity (rs = -0.41 to 0.37), and impulsivity (rs = -0.47 to 0.28; all ps = 0.003-0.98). Findings can guide future research, as well as guide competency restoration and decision-making interventions, for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny A Karyadi
- Department of Psychology, Patton State Hospital, Patton, CA, USA.,Behavioral Health Institute, Loma Linda University, Redlands, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Nitch
- Department of Psychology, Patton State Hospital, Patton, CA, USA
| | | | - William G Britt
- Department of Psychology, Patton State Hospital, Patton, CA, USA.,Behavioral Health Institute, Loma Linda University, Redlands, CA, USA
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Runyon M, Buelow MT. Risky decision-making and delusion proneness: An initial examination. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02767. [PMID: 31844706 PMCID: PMC6895726 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Delusion proneness is an individual-differences characteristic, existing on a continuum from no delusional thoughts to a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Previous research found individuals high in delusion proneness request less information to make decisions, potentially making a decision without sufficient information (jumping to conclusions). The present study examined risky decision-making as a function of delusion proneness. Participants (n = 102) completed the Peters Delusions Inventory to assess delusion proneness, and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and Game of Dice Task (GDT) to assess risky decision-making. Although no significant results emerged on the GDT, those scoring higher in delusion proneness decided more advantageously on the IGT than those scoring lower in delusion proneness. Exploratory analyses indicated no significant relationship between gender and task performance. The present study provides further insight into risky decision making as a function of delusion proneness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisha Runyon
- The Ohio State University Newark, 1179 University Drive, Newark, OH, 43055, USA
| | - Melissa T Buelow
- The Ohio State University Newark, 1179 University Drive, Newark, OH, 43055, USA
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27
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Buelow MT, Jungers MK, Chadwick KR. Manipulating the decision making process: Influencing a “gut” reaction. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2019; 41:1097-1113. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1662374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T. Buelow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, USA
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Soshi T, Nagamine M, Fukuda E, Takeuchi A. Pre-specified Anxiety Predicts Future Decision-Making Performances Under Different Temporally Constrained Conditions. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1544. [PMID: 31354572 PMCID: PMC6634256 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In real-life circumstances, people occasionally require making forced decisions when encountering unpredictable events and situations that yield socially and privately unfavorable consequences. In order to prevent future negative consequences, it is beneficial to successfully predict future decision-making behaviors based on various types of information, including behavioral traits and/or psychological states. For this prospective purpose, the present study used the Iowa Gambling Task, which simulates multiple aspects of real-life decision-making processes, such as choice preference, selection and evaluation of output feedback, and investigated how anxiety profiles predict decision-making performances under conditions with different temporal pressures on task execution. To conduct a temporally causal analysis, we assessed the trait and state anxiety profiles of 33 young participants prior to the task and analyzed their subsequent decision-making performances. We separated two disadvantageous card decks with high rewards and losses into high- and middle-risk decks, and calculated local performance indexes for decision-making immediately after salient penalty events for the high-risk deck in addition to traditional global performance indexes concerning overall trial outcomes such as final winnings and net scores. For global decision-making, higher trait anxiety predicted more risky choices solely in the self-paced condition without temporal pressure. For local decision-making, state anxiety predicted risk-taking performances differently in the self- and forced-paced conditions. In the self-paced condition, higher state anxiety predicted higher risk-avoidance. In the forced-paced condition, higher state anxiety predicted more frequent choices of the middle-risk deck. These findings suggest not only that pre-specified anxiety profiles can effectively predict future decision-making behaviors under different temporal pressures, but also newly indicate that behavioral mechanisms for moderate risk-taking under an emergent condition should be focused on to effectively prevent future unfavorable consequences when actually encountering negative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Soshi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsue Nagamine
- Institute for Liberal Arts, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Fukuda
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Economics, School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Takeuchi
- College of Economics, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
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Saperia S, Da Silva S, Siddiqui I, Agid O, Daskalakis ZJ, Ravindran A, Voineskos AN, Zakzanis KK, Remington G, Foussias G. Reward-driven decision-making impairments in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2019; 206:277-283. [PMID: 30442476 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to use feedback to guide optimal decision-making is essential for goal-directed behaviour. While impairments in feedback-driven decision-making have been associated with schizophrenia and depression, this has been examined primarily in the context of binary probabilistic choice paradigms. In real-world decision-making, however, individuals must make choices when there are more than two competing options that vary in the frequency and magnitude of potential rewards and losses. Thus, the current study examined win-stay/lose-shift (WSLS) behaviour on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in order to evaluate the influence of immediate rewards and losses in guiding real-world decision-making in patients with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Fifty-one patients with schizophrenia, 43 patients with major depressive disorder, and 51 healthy controls completed the IGT, as well as a series of clinical and cognitive measures. WSLS was assessed by quantifying trial-by-trial behaviour following rewards and losses on the IGT. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed that patients with schizophrenia demonstrated intact lose-shift behaviour, but significantly reduced win-stay rates compared to healthy controls. In contrast, no WSLS impairments emerged in the depressed group. Win-stay impairments in the schizophrenia group were significantly related to deficits in motivation and cognition. Patients with schizophrenia exhibit impaired reward-driven decision-making in the context of multiple choices with concurrent rewards and losses, and this appears to be driven by a reduced propensity for advantageous win-stay behaviour. With the importance of reward learning and decision-making in generating goal-directed behaviour, these findings suggest a potential mechanism contributing to the motivation deficits seen in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saperia
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Susana Da Silva
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ishraq Siddiqui
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ofer Agid
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Z Jeff Daskalakis
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arun Ravindran
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aristotle N Voineskos
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Gary Remington
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - George Foussias
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Yilmaz S, Kafadar H. Investigating the relationship between decision-making processes and cognitive processes, personality traits, and affect via the structural equation model in young adults. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2019; 27:558-569. [PMID: 30849236 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1576690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selin Yilmaz
- Department of Psychology, Adana Science and Technology University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hatice Kafadar
- Department of Psychology, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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Chick CF. Cooperative versus competitive influences of emotion and cognition on decision making: A primer for psychiatry research. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:493-500. [PMID: 30708200 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Clinical research across the developmental spectrum increasingly reveals the nuanced ways in which emotion and cognition can work to either support or derail rational (i.e., healthy or goal-consistent) decision making. However, psychological theories offer discrepant views on how these processes interact, and on whether emotion is helpful or harmful to rational decision making. In order to translate theoretical predictions from basic psychology to clinical research, an understanding of theoretical perspectives on emotion and cognition, as informed by experimental psychology, is needed. Here, I review the ways in which dual-process theories have incorporated emotion into the process of decision making, discussing how they account for both positive and negative influences. I first describe seven theoretical perspectives that make explicit assumptions and predictions about the interaction between emotion and cognition: affect as information, the affect heuristic, risk as feelings, hot versus cool cognition, the somatic parker hypothesis, prospect theory, and fuzzy-trace theory. I then discuss the conditions under which each theoretical perspective conceptualizes emotion as beneficial or harmful to decision making, providing examples from research on psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina F Chick
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, Palo Alto, CA 94305, United States.
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Shukla M, Rasmussen EC, Nestor PG. Emotion and decision-making: Induced mood influences IGT scores and deck selection strategies. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2019; 41:341-352. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2018.1562049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohinish Shukla
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eileen C. Rasmussen
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul G. Nestor
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Gianfranchi E, Tagliabue M, Spoto A, Vidotto G. Sensation Seeking, Non-contextual Decision Making, and Driving Abilities As Measured through a Moped Simulator. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2126. [PMID: 29321751 PMCID: PMC5732172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The general aim of the present study was to explore the relations between driving style (assessed through a moped riding simulator) and psychological variables such as sensation seeking and decision making. Because the influences of sensation seeking and decision making on driving styles have been studied separately in the literature, we have tried to investigate their mutual relations so as to include them in a more integrated framework. Participants rode the Honda Riding Trainer (HRT) simulator, filled in the Sensation Seeking Scale V (SSS V), and performed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). A cluster analysis of the HRT riding indexes identified three groups: Prudent, Imprudent, and Insecure riders. First, the results showed that Insecure males seek thrills and adventure less than both Prudent males and Insecure females, whereas Prudent females are less disinhibited than both Prudent males and Insecure females. Moreover, concerning the relations among SSS, decision making as measured by the IGT, and riding performance, high thrill and adventure seekers performed worse in the simulator only if they were also bad decision makers, indicating that these two traits jointly contribute to the quality of riding performance. From an applied perspective, these results also provide useful information for the development of protocols for assessing driving abilities among novice road users. Indeed, the relation between risk proneness and riding style may allow for the identification of road-user populations who require specific training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Spoto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulio Vidotto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Schmitz F, Kunina-Habenicht O, Hildebrandt A, Oberauer K, Wilhelm O. Psychometrics of the Iowa and Berlin Gambling Tasks: Unresolved Issues With Reliability and Validity for Risk Taking. Assessment 2018; 27:232-245. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191117750470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is one of the most prominent paradigms employed for the assessment of risk taking in the laboratory, and it was shown to distinguish between various patient groups and controls. The present study was conducted to test the psychometric characteristics of the original IGT and of a new gambling task variant for assessing individual differences. Two studies were conducted with adults of the general population ( n = 220) and with adolescents ( n = 389). Participants were also tested on multiple measures of working memory capacity, fluid intelligence, personality traits associated with risk-taking behavior, and self-reported risk taking in various domains. Both gambling tasks had only moderate retest reliability within the same session. Moderate relations were obtained with cognitive ability. However, card selections in the gambling tasks were not correlated with personality or risk taking. These findings point to limitations of IGT type gambling tasks for the assessment of individual differences in risky decision making.
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Paixão R, Areias G. A Personalidade na Tomada de Decisão com o Iowa Gambling Task: Uma Revisão Integrativa. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/0102.3772e33415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O Iowa GamblingTask (IGT), apesar de amplamente utilizado na avaliação da tomada de decisão, apresenta uma grande variabilidade nos resultados. Pretende-se com este trabalho proceder a uma revisão integrativa da literatura que relacione a personalidade com o desempenho no IGT, de modo a identificar o papel dessa variável nesse desempenho. Para o efeito, foram selecionados e analisados 74 estudos referenciados na Web of Science e na b-on. Os resultados evidenciam alguma inconsistência e algumas relações não lineares entre variáveis, embora o mau desempenho no IGT surja associado mais frequentemente à dimensão neuroticismo, ansiedade, impulsividade, variáveis socioeconômicas e ao fator antissociabilidade na psicopatia e dependência de substâncias. À luz desses resultados, sugerem-se algumas orientações para a pesquisa na área.
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36
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A Method for Identifying the Mood States of Social Network Users Based on Cyber Psychometrics. FUTURE INTERNET 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/fi9020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Jardin C, Sharp C, Garey L, Zvolensky MJ. The Role of Impulsivity in the Relation Between Negative Affect and Risky Sexual Behaviors. JOURNAL OF SEX & MARITAL THERAPY 2017; 43:250-263. [PMID: 26829284 PMCID: PMC6029890 DOI: 10.1080/0092623x.2016.1141821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While risky sexual behavior associates with negative affect, and impulsivity often increases during negative affective states, little is known about the interrelations of these factors. This study examined whether impulsivity explained the relation between negative affect and risky sex among college students. Negative affect exhibited an indirect effect via impulsivity on number of sexual partners for both males and females, and on inconsistent condom use for females, but not males. Results suggest risky sex may serve to regulate negative affect, proposing the importance of negative affect in future strategies to reduce risky sex among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Jardin
- a Department of Psychology , University of Houston , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- b Department of Psychology , University of Houston, and Adolescent Treatment Program, The Menninger Clinic , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Lorra Garey
- c Department of Psychology , University of Houston , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- d Department of Psychology, University of Houston, and Department of Behavioral Sciences , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , Texas , USA
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Buelow MT, Wirth JH. Decisions in the face of known risks: Ostracism increases risky decision-making. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Barnhart WR, Buelow MT. Assessing impulsivity: Relationships between behavioral and self-report measures in individuals with and without self-reported ADHD. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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40
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Studer B, Scheibehenne B, Clark L. Psychophysiological arousal and inter- and intraindividual differences in risk-sensitive decision making. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:940-50. [PMID: 26927730 PMCID: PMC4869679 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study assessed peripheral responses during decision making under explicit risk, and tested whether intraindividual variability in choice behavior can be explained by fluctuations in peripheral arousal. Electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate (HR) were monitored in healthy volunteers (N = 68) during the Roulette Betting Task. In this task, participants were presented with risky gambles to bet on, with the chances of winning varying across trials. Hierarchical Bayesian analyses demonstrated that EDA and HR acceleration responses during the decision phase were sensitive to the chances of winning. Interindividual differences in this peripheral reactivity during risky decision making were related to trait sensitivity to punishment and trait sensitivity to reward. Moreover, trial-by-trial variation in EDA and HR acceleration responses predicted a small portion of intraindividual variability in betting choices. Our results show that psychophysiological responses are sensitive to explicit risk and can help explain intraindividual heterogeneity in choice behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Studer
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, University of DusseldorfDusseldorfGermany
| | | | - Luke Clark
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute (BCNI), Department of Psychology, University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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41
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Naor-Ziv R, Glicksohn J. Investigating Cognitive Deficits as Risk Factors for Developing Eating Disorders During Adolescence. Dev Neuropsychol 2016; 41:107-24. [PMID: 27135707 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1170129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents with eating disorders (ED) suffer from deficits in executive functions and "theory of mind." It is unclear whether these indicate state or trait characteristics. We examined cognitive functioning in 150 adolescents, comparing those at high risk and those not at risk for ED. Deficits in set shifting and in theory of mind were found in all high-risk groups. Adolescents at high risk for bulimia were found to be higher in impulsivity and in theory of mind deficits, compared to adolescents at high risk for anorexia. These are trait characteristics rather than state vulnerabilities and preexist the development of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revital Naor-Ziv
- a Department of Criminology , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Joseph Glicksohn
- a Department of Criminology , Bar-Ilan University , Ramat Gan , Israel
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Living in the Now: Decision-Making and Delay Discounting in Adolescent Gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2016; 32:1191-1202. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-016-9595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Okdie BM, Buelow MT, Bevelhymer-Rangel K. It's All in How You Think About It: Construal Level and the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:2. [PMID: 26834531 PMCID: PMC4722111 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has identified a number of factors that can influence performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) when it is used in clinical or research settings. The current studies examine the effects of construal level theory (CLT) on the IGT. Study 1 suggests that when primed with a high construal mindset (i.e., thinking abstractly vs. concretely), individuals learned to avoid Deck A more than those primed with a low construal mindset. Study 2 suggests that when construal level is manipulated through psychological distance (i.e., selecting for a close vs. distant friend), individuals in a high construal mindset instead showed a preference for Deck A compared to individuals in a low construal mindset or a control group. Taken together, these studies suggest that IGT performance is impacted by the manner in which one construes the task. Implications for decision making research and use of the IGT as a clinical and research instrument are discussed.
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Zhang L, Dong Y, Ji Y, Tao R, Chen X, Ye J, Zhang L, Yu F, Zhu C, Wang K. Trait-related decision making impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from decision making under ambiguity but not decision making under risk. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17312. [PMID: 26601899 PMCID: PMC4658550 DOI: 10.1038/srep17312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether deficits in decision making were potential
endophenotype markers for OCD considering different phases of the disease.
Fifty-seven non-medicated OCD patients (nmOCD), 77 medicated OCD patients (mOCD), 48
remitted patients with OCD (rOCD) and 115 healthy controls were assessed with the
Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which measured decision making under ambiguity, and the
Game of Dice Task (GDT), which measured decision making under risk. While the three
patients groups showed impaired performance on the IGT compared with healthy
controls, all patients showed intact performance on the GDT. Furthermore, the rOCD
patients showed a preference for deck B, indicating that they showed more
sensitivity to the frequency of loss than to the magnitude of loss, whereas the mOCD
patients showed a preference for deck A, indicating that they had more sensitivity
to the magnitude of loss than to the frequency of loss. These data suggested that
OCD patients had trait-related impairments in decision making under ambiguity but
not under risk, and that dissociation of decision making under ambiguity and under
risk is an appropriate potential neurocognitive endophenotype for OCD. The subtle
but meaningful differences in decision making performance between the OCD groups
require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Mental Health Center of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yifu Ji
- Mental Health Center of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Tao
- Mental Health Center of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xuequan Chen
- Mental Health Center of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jianguo Ye
- Psychological Consultation Center of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fengqiong Yu
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Zhang L, Tang J, Dong Y, Ji Y, Tao R, Liang Z, Chen J, Wu Y, Wang K. Similarities and Differences in Decision-Making Impairments between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:259. [PMID: 26441583 PMCID: PMC4585296 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCH) share overlapping characteristics and may perform similarly on many cognitive tasks, cognitive dysfunctions common to both disorders do not necessarily share the same underlying mechanisms. Decision-making is currently a major research interest for both ASD and SCH. The aim of the present study was to make direct comparisons of decision-making and disorder-specific underlying neuropsychological mechanisms between the two disorders. Thirty-seven participants with ASD, 46 patients with SCH, and 80 healthy controls (HC) were assessed with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which measures decision-making under ambiguity, and the Game of Dice Task (GDT), which measures decision-making under risk. The results revealed that both the ASD and SCH groups had deficits for both the IGT and the GDT compared with the HC. More importantly, in the IGT, participants with ASD displayed a preference for deck A, indicating that they had more sensitivity to the magnitude of loss than to the frequency of loss, whereas patients with SCH displayed a preference for deck B, indicating that they showed more sensitivity to the frequency of loss than to the magnitude of loss. In the GDT, the impaired performance might be due to the deficits in executive functions in patients with SCH, whereas the impaired performance might be due to the deficits in feedback processing in participants with ASD. These findings demonstrate that there are similar impairments in decision-making tasks between ASD and SCH; however, these two disorders may have different impairment mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China ; Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
| | - Jiulai Tang
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
| | - Yi Dong
- Mental Health Center of Anhui Province , Hefei , China
| | - Yifu Ji
- Mental Health Center of Anhui Province , Hefei , China
| | - Rui Tao
- Mental Health Center of Anhui Province , Hefei , China
| | - Zhitu Liang
- Hefei Chunya Mutual Association , Hefei , China
| | - Jingsong Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hefei Jingu Hospital , Hefei , China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Psychology, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China ; Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Anhui Medical University , Hefei , China
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Baldner C, Longo GS, Scott MD. The relative roles of drive and empathy in self- and other-focused financial decision making. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Zhang L, Wang K, Zhu C, Yu F, Chen X. Trait Anxiety Has Effect on Decision Making under Ambiguity but Not Decision Making under Risk. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127189. [PMID: 26000629 PMCID: PMC4441420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that trait anxiety (TA) affects decision making. However, results remain largely inconsistent across studies. The aim of the current study was to further address the interaction between TA and decision making. 304 subjects without depression from a sample consisting of 642 participants were grouped into high TA (HTA), medium TA (MTA) and low TA (LTA) groups based on their TA scores from State Trait Anxiety Inventory. All subjects were assessed with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) that measures decision making under ambiguity and the Game of Dice Task (GDT) that measures decision making under risk. While the HTA and LTA groups performed worse on the IGT compared to the MTA group, performances on the GDT between the three groups did not differ. Furthermore, the LTA and HTA groups showed different individual deck level preferences in the IGT: the former showed a preference for deck B indicating that these subjects focused more on the magnitude of rewards, and the latter showed a preference for deck A indicating significant decision making impairment. Our findings suggest that trait anxiety has effect on decision making under ambiguity but not decision making under risk and different levels of trait anxiety related differently to individual deck level preferences in the IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fengqiong Yu
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingui Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Marinos G, Naziris N, Limnaios SA, Drakoulis N. Genes and personality characteristics: Possible association of the genetic background with intelligence and decision making in 830 Caucasian Greek subjects. Meta Gene 2014; 2:844-53. [PMID: 25606466 PMCID: PMC4287817 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that intelligence consists of a variety of interactional and cognitive skills and abilities (e.g. tradecraft; critical and divergent thinking; perception of foreign information). Decision making is defined as the conscious choice between given options, relating to a problem. Both genetic background and environment comprise key elements for personality characteristics of the human being. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency distribution of rs324420, rs1800497, rs363050, rs6265, rs1328674 polymorphisms known to be involved in individual personality characteristics, in 830 Greek Subjects. The study is independent from direct clinical measurements (e.g. IQ measurements; physiological tests). The population of the volunteers is described, based on genotype, sex, with the respective gene frequencies, including the Minor Allele Frequency (MAF). A potential influence of the volunteer gender with the above characteristics (based on genotypes and alleles) is examined and finally, volunteers are classified as follows: A volunteer receives + 1, for each genotype/allele, which enhances his intelligence or his decision-making. In contrast, he receives - 1, for each genotype/allele, which relegates the individual characteristic. No statistically significant gender-characteristics correlation is observed. According to their genetic profile, a rate of 92.5%, of the volunteers may be characterized by prudence and temperance of thought, with only a small proportion of them (7.5%) may be classified as genetically spontaneous and adventurous. Regarding intelligence, the study population may lay around average and a little above it, at a rate of 96.3%, while the edges of the scale suggest only a 0.5% of the volunteers, who, although the "smartest", somehow seem to lack prudence. In conclusion, individuals with low cognitive ability may be more prudent than others and vice versa, while the "smartest" ones tend to be more risky, in decision-making. Therefore, intelligence and decision-making may, after all, be less linked to each other than expected.
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Key Words
- 5-HT2A
- 5-HT2A, 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2A
- ANKK1
- ANKK1, Ankyrin Repeat and Kinase Associated Containing 1
- BDNF
- BDNF, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
- Decision making
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- EQ, Emotional Quotient
- FAAH1
- FAAH1, Fatty-Acid Amide Hydrolase 1
- GPCR, G Protein-Coupled Receptors
- IQ, Intelligence Quotient
- Intelligence
- MAF, Minor Allele Frequency
- Personality
- SNAP-25
- SNAP-25, Synaptosomal-Associated Protein, 25 kDa
- SNAREs, Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive Factor Attachment Protein REceptors
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Marinos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Naziris
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Greece
| | - Stefanos A Limnaios
- Hellenic Police, Forensic Science Division/Subdivision of Biological & Biochemical Examination & Analysis, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Greece
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Abstract
Behavioral measures of risky decision making are frequently used by researchers and clinicians; however, most of these measures are strongly associated with personality characteristics and state mood. The present study sought to examine personality, mood, and executive function predictors of performance on a newer measure of decision making, the Columbia Card Task (CCT). Participants were 489 undergraduate students who completed either the hot or cold version of the CCT as well as measures of state mood, impulsive sensation seeking, behavioral inhibition and activation systems, and executive functions (Wisconsin Card Sort Task; Digit Span). Results indicated that performance on the CCT-cold was predicted by Wisconsin Card Sort Task errors, and Digit Span predicted the CCT-hot. In addition, significant correlations were found between the CCT information use variables and the predictor variables. Implications for the utility of the CCT as a clinical instrument and its relationship with other measures of decision making are discussed.
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