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Oancea-Matei DA, Gherguț A, Maftei A. Do we react differently toward bionic devices vs. cochlear implants and wheelchairs? Possible links with personality traits. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2023; 4:1159663. [PMID: 37496700 PMCID: PMC10366533 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2023.1159663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored the attitudes toward individuals with bionic eyes and limbs, cochlear implants, and people with disabilities that imply using a wheelchair. Our sample consisted of 474 Romanian adults aged 18-61 (M = 27.56, SD = 11.80). Participants were randomly divided into five groups. They all filled scales related to personality characteristics, i.e., agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, comprehension/intellectual efficiency, and previous contact with disability. Then, each group was presented with a vignette describing a character (wheelchair/bionic eye/bionic leg/cochlear implant/control group). Finally, they answered questions about their emotions, cognitions, and behaviors related to that context. Overall, our results suggested that higher agreeability, extraversion, openness to experience, intellectual complexity, and lower neuroticism were generally associated with more positive attitudes toward disability. When examining the differences in participants' emotions, cognitions, and behaviors depending on the target's characteristics, our results generally suggested that the most negative reactions were toward the character with a bionic eye. We discuss these findings considering their importance for shaping positive attitudes related to disability, especially related to the future technological advances in bionic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandra Maftei
- Department of Education Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, Romania
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Matchanova A, Woods SP, Neighbors C, Medina LD, Podell K, Beltran-Najera I, Alex C, Babicz MA, Thompson JL. Are accuracy discernment and sharing of COVID-19 misinformation associated with older age and lower neurocognitive functioning? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37359606 PMCID: PMC9991876 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04464-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
The online proliferation of COVID-19 misinformation led to adverse health and societal consequences. This study investigated possible differences in COVID-19 headline accuracy discernment and online sharing of COVID-19 misinformation between older and younger adults, as well as the role of individual differences in global cognition, health literacy and verbal IQ. Fifty-two younger (18-35 years old) and fifty older adults (age 50 and older) completed a neurocognitive battery, health literacy and numeracy measures, and self-report questionnaires via telephone. Participants also completed a social media headline-sharing experiment (Pennycook et al., Psychological science, 31(7), 770-780, 2020) in which they were presented with true and false COVID-19 headlines about which they indicated: 1) the likelihood that they would share the story on social media; and 2) the factual accuracy of the story. A repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance controlling for gender and race/ethnicity showed no effects of age (p = .099) but a significant interaction between actual COVID-19 headline accuracy and the likelihood of sharing (p < .001), such that accuracy was more strongly related to sharing false headlines (r = -.64) versus true headlines (r = -.43). Moreover, a higher likelihood of sharing false COVID-19 headlines was associated with lower verbal IQ and numeracy skills in older adults (rs = -.51--.40) and with lower verbal IQ, numeracy, and global cognition in younger adults (rs = -.66--.60). Findings indicate that headline accuracy judgements, numeracy, and verbal IQ are important contributors to sharing COVID-19 misinformation in both older and younger adults. Future work might examine the benefits of psychoeducation for improving health and science literacy for COVID-19. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04464-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Matchanova
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd, 126 Heyne Bldg (Ste. 239d), Houston, TX 77004 USA
| | - Steven Paul Woods
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd, 126 Heyne Bldg (Ste. 239d), Houston, TX 77004 USA
| | - Clayton Neighbors
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd, 126 Heyne Bldg (Ste. 239d), Houston, TX 77004 USA
| | - Luis D. Medina
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd, 126 Heyne Bldg (Ste. 239d), Houston, TX 77004 USA
| | - Kenneth Podell
- Department of Neurology, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ilex Beltran-Najera
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd, 126 Heyne Bldg (Ste. 239d), Houston, TX 77004 USA
| | | | - Michelle A. Babicz
- Mental Health and Behavioral Science Service, James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Jennifer L. Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Blvd, 126 Heyne Bldg (Ste. 239d), Houston, TX 77004 USA
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Ruessmann JK, Unkelbach C. Rational Dictators in the Dictator Game Are Seen as Cold and Agentic but Not Intelligent. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 48:1298-1312. [PMID: 34459314 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211040686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Dictator Games, dictators decide how much of a given endowment to send to receivers with no further interactions. We explored the social inferences people draw about dictators from the dictators' money amount sent and vice versa in 11 experiments (N = 1,425): Participants rated "unfair" dictators, who sent little or no money, as more agentic, but less communal than "fair" dictators, who sent half of the endowment. Conversely, participants expected more agentic and conservative but less communal dictators to send less money than less agentic, more liberal, or more communal dictators. Participants also rated unfair dictators as less intelligent but expected less intelligent dictators to send more money. When participants played the Dictator Game with real money, only self-reported communion predicted the money amount sent. Thus, participants' inferences might not reflect reality, but rational social actors should not only fear to appear unfair but also unintelligent.
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Zmigrod L, Eisenberg IW, Bissett PG, Robbins TW, Poldrack RA. The cognitive and perceptual correlates of ideological attitudes: a data-driven approach. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200424. [PMID: 33611995 PMCID: PMC7935109 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human existence is enveloped by ideologies, remarkably little is understood about the relationships between ideological attitudes and psychological traits. Even less is known about how cognitive dispositions-individual differences in how information is perceived and processed- sculpt individuals' ideological worldviews, proclivities for extremist beliefs and resistance (or receptivity) to evidence. Using an unprecedented number of cognitive tasks (n = 37) and personality surveys (n = 22), along with data-driven analyses including drift-diffusion and Bayesian modelling, we uncovered the specific psychological signatures of political, nationalistic, religious and dogmatic beliefs. Cognitive and personality assessments consistently outperformed demographic predictors in accounting for individual differences in ideological preferences by 4 to 15-fold. Furthermore, data-driven analyses revealed that individuals' ideological attitudes mirrored their cognitive decision-making strategies. Conservatism and nationalism were related to greater caution in perceptual decision-making tasks and to reduced strategic information processing, while dogmatism was associated with slower evidence accumulation and impulsive tendencies. Religiosity was implicated in heightened agreeableness and risk perception. Extreme pro-group attitudes, including violence endorsement against outgroups, were linked to poorer working memory, slower perceptual strategies, and tendencies towards impulsivity and sensation-seeking-reflecting overlaps with the psychological profiles of conservatism and dogmatism. Cognitive and personality signatures were also generated for ideologies such as authoritarianism, system justification, social dominance orientation, patriotism and receptivity to evidence or alternative viewpoints; elucidating their underpinnings and highlighting avenues for future research. Together these findings suggest that ideological worldviews may be reflective of low-level perceptual and cognitive functions. This article is part of the theme issue 'The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leor Zmigrod
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian W. Eisenberg
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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West K, Eaton AA. Prejudiced and unaware of it: Evidence for the Dunning-Kruger model in the domains of racism and sexism. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Right-wing ideology and numeracy: A perception of greater ability, but poorer performance. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500006100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRight-wing ideology and cognitive ability, including objective numeracy, have been found to relate negatively. Although objective and subjective numeracy correlate positively, it is unclear whether subjective numeracy relates to political ideology in the same way. Replicating and extending previous research, across two samples of American adults (ns= 455, 406), those who performed worse on objective numeracy tasks scored higher on right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO), and they self-identified as more conservative on general, social, and economic continua. Controlling for objective numeracy, subjective numeracy related positively to measures of right-wing ideologies. In other words, those who strongly (vs. weakly) endorsed right-wing ideologies believed they are good with numbers yet performed worse on numeracy tasks. We discuss implications for the opposing direction of associations between ideology with objective versus subjective numeracy and similarities with literature on overconfidence.
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De keersmaecker J, Dunning D, Pennycook G, Rand DG, Sanchez C, Unkelbach C, Roets A. Investigating the Robustness of the Illusory Truth Effect Across Individual Differences in Cognitive Ability, Need for Cognitive Closure, and Cognitive Style. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019; 46:204-215. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167219853844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
People are more inclined to believe that information is true if they have encountered it before. Little is known about whether this illusory truth effect is influenced by individual differences in cognition. In seven studies (combined N = 2,196), using both trivia statements (Studies 1-6) and partisan news headlines (Study 7), we investigate moderation by three factors that have been shown to play a critical role in epistemic processes: cognitive ability (Studies 1, 2, 5), need for cognitive closure (Study 1), and cognitive style, that is, reliance on intuitive versus analytic thinking (Studies 1, 3-7). All studies showed a significant illusory truth effect, but there was no evidence for moderation by any of the cognitive measures across studies. These results indicate that the illusory truth effect is robust to individual differences in cognitive ability, need for cognitive closure, and cognitive style.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David G. Rand
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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Earle M, Hodson G. Right‐wing adherence and objective numeracy as predictors of minority group size perceptions and size threat reactions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Earle
- Department of Psychology Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| | - Gordon Hodson
- Department of Psychology Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
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De keersmaecker J, Bostyn DH, Fontaine JRJ, Van Hiel A, Roets A. Toward an Integrated Cognition Perspective on Ethnic Prejudice. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617722201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Both ability and motivation aspects of cognition have been shown to relate to ethnic prejudice. In line with recent theorizing, the present study advances an integrated cognition perspective on ethnic prejudice by examining the interplay between cognitive ability (measured with the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test) and cognitive motivation (measured with the Need for Cognitive Closure [NFC] Scale) in a Belgian, heterogeneous adult sample ( N = 315). Path analysis revealed that intelligence and NFC each have unique and independent effects on ethnic prejudice, and that both right-wing authoritarianism and essentialist thinking play a mediating role in these effects. Hence, although cognitive abilities and motivations are to some extent interrelated and operate in similar ways, they uniquely and additively contribute to the explained variance in ethnic prejudice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De keersmaecker
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dries H. Bostyn
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johnny R. J. Fontaine
- Department of Personnel Management, Work and Organizational Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
- School of Human Resource Sciences, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, Potchefstroom Campus, North West University, South Africa
| | - Alain Van Hiel
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arne Roets
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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