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Wannemacher R, Reiß A, Rohn K, Lühder F, Flügel A, Baumgärtner W, Hülskötter K. Ovalbumin-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells contribute to different susceptibility for Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus persistence. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194842. [PMID: 37292191 PMCID: PMC10244668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is the causative agent of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD); a well-established animal model for the chronic progressive form of human multiple sclerosis (MS). In susceptible mice with an inadequate immune response, TMEV-IDD is triggered by virus persistence and maintained by a T cell mediated immunopathology. OT-mice are bred on a TMEV-resistant C57BL/6 background and own predominantly chicken ovalbumin (OVA)-specific populations of CD8+ T cells (OT-I) or CD4+ T cells (OT-II), respectively. It is hypothesized that the lack of antigen specific T cell populations increases susceptibility for a TMEV-infection in OT-mice on a TMEV-resistant C57BL/6 background. OT-I, OT-II, and C57BL/6 control mice were infected intracerebrally with the TMEV-BeAn strain. Mice were scored weekly for clinical disease and after necropsy, histological and immunohistochemical evaluation was performed. OT-I mice started to develop progressive motor dysfunction between 7 and 21 days post infection (dpi), leading up to hind limb paresis and critical weight loss, which resulted in euthanasia for humane reasons between 14 and 35 dpi. OT-I mice displayed a high cerebral virus load, an almost complete absence of CD8+ T cells from the central nervous system (CNS) and a significantly diminished CD4+ T cell response. Contrarily, only 60% (12 of 20) of infected OT-II mice developed clinical disease characterized by mild ataxia. 25% of clinically affected OT-II mice (3 of 12) made a full recovery. 5 of 12 OT-II mice with clinical disease developed severe motor dysfunction similar to OT-I mice and were euthanized for humane reasons between 13 and 37 dpi. OT-II mice displayed only low virus-immunoreactivity, but clinical disease correlated well with severely reduced infiltration of CD8+ T cells and the increased presence of CD4+ T cells in the brains of OT-II mice. Though further studies are needed to reveal the underlying pathomechanisms following TMEV infection in OT mice, findings indicate an immunopathological process as a main contributor to clinical disease in OT-II mice, while a direct virus-associated pathology may be the main contributor to clinical disease in TMEV-infected OT-I mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouven Wannemacher
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Reiß
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Data Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Flügel
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kirsten Hülskötter
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Temmermand R, Barrett JE, Fontana ACK. Glutamatergic systems in neuropathic pain and emerging non-opioid therapies. Pharmacol Res 2022; 185:106492. [PMID: 36228868 PMCID: PMC10413816 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, a disease of the somatosensory nervous system, afflicts many individuals and adequate management with current pharmacotherapies remains elusive. The glutamatergic system of neurons, receptors and transporters are intimately involved in pain but, to date, there have been few drugs developed that therapeutically modulate this system. Glutamate transporters, or excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), remove excess glutamate around pain transmitting neurons to decrease nociception suggesting that the modulation of glutamate transporters may represent a novel approach to the treatment of pain. This review highlights and summarizes (1) the physiology of the glutamatergic system in neuropathic pain, (2) the preclinical evidence for dysregulation of glutamate transport in animal pain models, and (3) emerging novel therapies that modulate glutamate transporters. Successful drug discovery requires continuous focus on basic and translational methods to fully elucidate the etiologies of this disease to enable the development of targeted therapies. Increasing the efficacy of astrocytic EAATs may serve as a new way to successfully treat those suffering from this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Temmermand
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - James E Barrett
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Andréia C K Fontana
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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3
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Vincenzi M, Milella MS, D’Ottavio G, Caprioli D, Reverte I, Maftei D. Targeting Chemokines and Chemokine GPCRs to Enhance Strong Opioid Efficacy in Neuropathic Pain. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030398. [PMID: 35330149 PMCID: PMC8955776 DOI: 10.3390/life12030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) originates from an injury or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. This heterogeneous origin and the possible association with other pathologies make the management of NP a real challenge. To date, there are no satisfactory treatments for this type of chronic pain. Even strong opioids, the gold-standard analgesics for nociceptive and cancer pain, display low efficacy and the paradoxical ability to exacerbate pain sensitivity in NP patients. Mounting evidence suggests that chemokine upregulation may be a common mechanism driving NP pathophysiology and chronic opioid use-related consequences (analgesic tolerance and hyperalgesia). Here, we first review preclinical studies on the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in the development and maintenance of NP. Second, we examine the change in chemokine expression following chronic opioid use and the crosstalk between chemokine and opioid receptors. Then, we examine the effects of inhibiting specific chemokines or chemokine receptors as a strategy to increase opioid efficacy in NP. We conclude that strong opioids, along with drugs that block specific chemokine/chemokine receptor axis, might be the right compromise for a favorable risk/benefit ratio in NP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vincenzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (I.R.)
| | - Michele Stanislaw Milella
- Toxicology and Poison Control Center Unit, Department of Emergency, Anesthesia and Critical Care, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital-Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ginevra D’Ottavio
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), 00143 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (D.C.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Caprioli
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), 00143 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (D.C.)
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), 00143 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (I.R.)
| | - Daniela Maftei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), 00143 Rome, Italy; (G.D.); (D.C.)
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Maguire AD, Bethea JR, Kerr BJ. TNFα in MS and Its Animal Models: Implications for Chronic Pain in the Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:780876. [PMID: 34938263 PMCID: PMC8686517 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.780876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease often accompanied by severe chronic pain. The most common type of pain in MS, called neuropathic pain, arises from disease processes affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems. It is incredibly difficult to study these processes in patients, so animal models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice are used to dissect the complex mechanisms of neuropathic pain in MS. The pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a critical factor mediating neuropathic pain identified by these animal studies. The TNF signaling pathway is complex, and can lead to cell death, inflammation, or survival. In complex diseases such as MS, signaling through the TNFR1 receptor tends to be pro-inflammation and death, whereas signaling through the TNFR2 receptor is pro-homeostatic. However, most TNFα-targeted therapies indiscriminately block both arms of the pathway, and thus are not therapeutic in MS. This review explores pain in MS, inflammatory TNF signaling, the link between the two, and how it could be exploited to develop more effective TNFα-targeting pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislinn D Maguire
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Vahideh Mirzaei, Eidi A, Manaheji H, Oryan S, Zaringhalam J. β-Hydroxybutyrate Attenuates Clinical Symptoms and Pain Behaviors in MOG-Induced Encephalomyelitis. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Follow-Ups with callers of a palliative and hospice care hotline for severely affected multiple sclerosis patients: Evaluation of its impact. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 42:102079. [PMID: 32315978 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palliative and Hospice Care (PHC) focuses on improving quality of life for anyone who has a serious illness. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients have significant PHC needs, yet PHC still mostly attends to cancer patients. The implemented and evaluated nationwide PHC-MS hotline (Strupp et al., 2017) appeared to provide a useful service to patients. OBJECTIVES Prospective follow-up study to evaluate the impact of the hotline and analyse challenges and possible barriers to integrating PHC services. METHODS Information on implementing PHC services was gathered through follow-up hotline consultations utilising a standardised documentary sheet. Data was analysed descriptively and several individual cases are presented. RESULTS Of 303 calls to the hotline (54.5% female, mean age 51 years, 87.7% chronic progressive MS, mean duration of illness 17 years, median EDSS 8), for 84 (27.7%) PHC services were indicated. Of these 84 patients, 32 agreed to follow-up calls which were conducted at least once. For 6 (19%) patients, PHC service integration was successful. For 5 (16%) PHC was refused. For 5 (16%) PHC did not fit current patient needs, and for 7 (22%) PHC has not yet been contacted by patients (or caregivers). For a further 9 (28%) follow-ups revealed that no more consultation was possible (e.g., caller lost to follow-up). CONCLUSION The PHC approach and its services as well as legislation are still highly focused on cancer care, although patients with long-term neurological conditions would likely benefit greatly from them.
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Mohaved SB, Shilpa G, Li Q, Austah O, Bendele M, Brock R, Ruparel NB. Apical periodontitis-induced mechanical allodynia: A mouse model to study infection-induced chronic pain conditions. Mol Pain 2020; 16:1744806919900725. [PMID: 31902318 PMCID: PMC6977224 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919900725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection-induced chronic pain is an under-studied pain condition. One example is apical periodontitis, which evokes considerable mechanical allodynia that persists after treatment in 7% to 12% of patients. Available analgesics often provide incomplete relief. However, a preclinical model to study pain mechanisms associated with apical periodontitis is not available. Here, we report a mouse model of apical periodontitis to facilitate studies determining mechanisms mediating persistent infection-induced pain. Mice were anesthetized and the left first molar was exposed to the oral environment for six weeks. Bone resorption, as an indicator of apical periodontitis, was quantified using microcomputed tomography. Mechanical allodynia was determined using extraoral von-Frey filaments in both male and female mice. The expression of c-fos in the medullary dorsal horn was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Mice with apical periodontitis developed significant mechanical allodynia by day 7 that was maintained for 42 days. Mechanical thresholds were significantly lower in females compared to males. Administration of ibuprofen, morphine, or MK-801 reversed mechanical allodynia. Finally, apical periodontitis triggered an upregulation of c-fos in the medullary dorsal horn. Collectively, this model simulates signs of clinical pain experienced by patients with apical periodontitis, detects sex differences in allodynia, and permits the study of peripheral and central trigeminal pain mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed B Mohaved
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ganatra Shilpa
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Obadah Austah
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michelle Bendele
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert Brock
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nikita B Ruparel
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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8
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Moyano AL, Steplowski J, Wang H, Son KN, Rapolti DI, Marshall J, Elackattu V, Marshall MS, Hebert AK, Reiter CR, Ulloa V, Pituch KC, Givogri MI, Lu QR, Lipton HL, Bongarzone ER. microRNA-219 Reduces Viral Load and Pathologic Changes in Theiler's Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease. Mol Ther 2018; 26:730-743. [PMID: 29433936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of microRNA (miR) expression in the central nervous system white matter of SJL mice infected with the BeAn strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) revealed a significant reduction of miR-219, a critical regulator of myelin assembly and repair. Restoration of miR-219 expression by intranasal administration of a synthetic miR-219 mimic before disease onset ameliorates clinical disease, reduces neurogliosis, and partially recovers motor and sensorimotor function by negatively regulating proinflammatory cytokines and virus RNA replication. Moreover, RNA sequencing of host lesions showed that miR-219 significantly downregulated two genes essential for the biosynthetic cholesterol pathway, Cyp51 (lanosterol 14-α-demethylase) and Srebf1 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1), and reduced cholesterol biosynthesis in infected mice and rat CG-4 glial precursor cells in culture. The change in cholesterol biosynthesis had both anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. Because RNA viruses hijack endoplasmic reticulum double-layered membranes to provide a platform for RNA virus replication and are dependent on endogenous pools of cholesterol, miR-219 interference with cholesterol biosynthesis interfered virus RNA replication. These findings demonstrate that miR-219 inhibits TMEV-induced demyelinating disease through its anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lis Moyano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Steplowski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kyung-No Son
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Diana I Rapolti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vince Elackattu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michael S Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Amy K Hebert
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Cory R Reiter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Viviana Ulloa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Katarzyna C Pituch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Howard L Lipton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Mouse models of neurodegenerative disease: preclinical imaging and neurovascular component. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 12:1160-1196. [PMID: 29075922 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent great challenges for basic science and clinical medicine because of their prevalence, pathologies, lack of mechanism-based treatments, and impacts on individuals. Translational research might contribute to the study of neurodegenerative diseases. The mouse has become a key model for studying disease mechanisms that might recapitulate in part some aspects of the corresponding human diseases. Neurodegenerative disorders are very complicated and multifactorial. This has to be taken in account when testing drugs. Most of the drugs screening in mice are very difficult to be interpretated and often useless. Mouse models could be condiderated a 'pathway models', rather than as models for the whole complicated construct that makes a human disease. Non-invasive in vivo imaging in mice has gained increasing interest in preclinical research in the last years thanks to the availability of high-resolution single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), high field Magnetic resonance, Optical Imaging scanners and of highly specific contrast agents. Behavioral test are useful tool to characterize different animal models of neurodegenerative pathology. Furthermore, many authors have observed vascular pathological features associated to the different neurodegenerative disorders. Aim of this review is to focus on the different existing animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, describe behavioral tests and preclinical imaging techniques used for diagnose and describe the vascular pathological features associated to these diseases.
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10
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Grace PM, Loram LC, Christianson JP, Strand KA, Flyer-Adams JG, Penzkover KR, Forsayeth JR, van Dam AM, Mahoney MJ, Maier SF, Chavez RA, Watkins LR. Behavioral assessment of neuropathic pain, fatigue, and anxiety in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and attenuation by interleukin-10 gene therapy. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 59:49-54. [PMID: 27189037 PMCID: PMC5108696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is commonly associated with motor impairments, neuropathic pain, fatigue, mood disorders, and decreased life expectancy. However, preclinical pharmacological studies predominantly rely on clinical scoring of motor deficit as the sole behavioral endpoint. Thus, the translational potential of these studies is limited. Here, we have assessed the therapeutic potential of a novel anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (IL-10) non-viral gene therapy formulation (XT-101-R) in a rat relapsing remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. EAE induced motor deficits and neuropathic pain as reflected by induction of low-threshold mechanical allodynia, suppressed voluntary wheel running, decreased social exploration, and was associated with markedly enhanced mortality. We also noted that voluntary wheel running was depressed prior to the onset of motor deficit, and may therefore serve as a predictor of clinical symptoms onset. XT-101-R was intrathecally dosed only once at the onset of motor deficits, and attenuated each of the EAE-induced symptoms and improved survival, relative to vehicle control. This is the first pharmacological assessment of such a broad range of EAE symptoms, and provides support for IL-10 gene therapy as a clinical strategy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Grace
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Lisa C. Loram
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John P. Christianson
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Keith A. Strand
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Johanna G. Flyer-Adams
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kathryn R. Penzkover
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melissa J. Mahoney
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven F. Maier
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA,Xalud Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA, USA
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11
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Gilli F, Royce DB, Pachner AR. Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27911409 DOI: 10.3791/54616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
After intracerebral infection with the Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV), susceptible SJL mice develop a chronic-progressive demyelinating disease, with clinical features similar to the progressive forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The mice show progressive disability with loss of motor and sensory functions, which can be assessed with multiple apparatuses and protocols. Among them, the Rotarod performance test is a very common behavioral test, its advantage being that it provides objective measurements, but it is often used assuming that it is straightforward and simple. In contrast to visual scoring systems used in some models of MS, which are highly subjective, the Rotarod test generates an objective, measurable, continuous variable (i.e., length of time), allowing almost perfect inter-rater concordances. However, inter-laboratory reliability is only achieved if the various testing parameters are replicated. In this manuscript, recommendations of specific testing parameters, such as size, speed, and acceleration of the rod; amount of training given to the animals; and data processing, are presented for the Rotarod test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gilli
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth;
| | - Darlene B Royce
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
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12
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Burma NE, Leduc-Pessah H, Fan CY, Trang T. Animal models of chronic pain: Advances and challenges for clinical translation. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1242-1256. [PMID: 27376591 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a global problem that has reached epidemic proportions. An estimated 20% of adults suffer from pain, and another 10% are diagnosed with chronic pain each year (Goldberg and McGee, ). Despite the high prevalence of chronic pain (an estimated 1.5 billion people are afflicted worldwide), much remains to be understood about the underlying causes of this condition, and there is an urgent requirement for better pain therapies. The discovery of novel targets and the development of better analgesics rely on an assortment of preclinical animal models; however, there are major challenges to translating discoveries made in animal models to realized pain therapies in humans. This review discusses common animal models used to recapitulate clinical chronic pain conditions (such as neuropathic, inflammatory, and visceral pain) and the methods for assessing the sensory and affective components of pain in animals. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of modeling chronic pain in animals as well as highlighting strategies for improving the predictive validity of preclinical pain studies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Burma
- Departments of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather Leduc-Pessah
- Departments of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Churmy Y Fan
- Departments of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tuan Trang
- Departments of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Linsenbardt HR, Cook JL, Young EE, Vichaya EG, Young CR, Reusser NM, Storts R, Welsh CJ, Meagher MW. Social disruption alters pain and cognition in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 288:56-68. [PMID: 26531695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although pain and cognitive deficits are widespread and debilitating symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), they remain poorly understood. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection is an animal model of MS where disease course is exacerbated by prior stressors. Here chronic infection coupled with prior social stress increased pain behavior and impaired hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation during the demyelinating phase of disease in SJL mice. These results suggest that the TMEV model may be useful in investigating pain and cognitive impairments in MS. However, in contrast to prior Balb/cJ studies, stress failed to consistently alter behavioral and physiological indicators of disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Linsenbardt
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - J L Cook
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - E E Young
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - E G Vichaya
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - C R Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - N M Reusser
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - R Storts
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - C J Welsh
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - M W Meagher
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States; Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
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14
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Widespread Pressure Pain Hypersensitivity in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis With and Without Pain as Sign of Central Sensitization. Clin J Pain 2015; 31:66-72. [DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Rahn EJ, Iannitti T, Donahue RR, Taylor BK. Sex differences in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis: neuropathic pain behavior in females but not males and protection from neurological deficits during proestrus. Biol Sex Differ 2014; 5:4. [PMID: 24581045 PMCID: PMC3974112 DOI: 10.1186/2042-6410-5-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS), a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is one of the most prevalent neurological disorders in the industrialized world. This disease afflicts more than two million people worldwide, over two thirds of which are women. MS is typically diagnosed between the ages of 20-40 and can produce debilitating neurological impairments including muscle spasticity, muscle paralysis, and chronic pain. Despite the large sex disparity in MS prevalence, clinical and basic research investigations of how sex and estrous cycle impact development, duration, and severity of neurological impairments and pain symptoms are limited. To help address these questions, we evaluated behavioral signs of sensory and motor functions in one of the most widely characterized animal models of MS, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. METHODS C57BL/6 male and female mice received flank injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or CFA plus myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55) to induce EAE. Experiment 1 evaluated sex differences of EAE-induced neurological motor deficits and neuropathic pain-like behavior over 3 weeks, while experiment 2 evaluated the effect of estrous phase in female mice on the same behavioral measures for 3 months. EAE-induced neurological motor deficits including gait analysis and forelimb grip strength were assessed. Neuropathic pain-like behaviors evaluated included sensitivity to mechanical, cold, and heat stimulations. Estrous cycle was determined daily via vaginal lavage. RESULTS MOG35-55-induced EAE produced neurological impairments (i.e., motor dysfunction) including mild paralysis and decreases in grip strength in both females and males. MOG35-55 produced behavioral signs of neuropathic pain-mechanical and cold hypersensitivity-in females, but not males. MOG35-55 did not change cutaneous heat sensitivity in either sex. Administration of CFA or CFA + MOG35-55 prolonged the time spent in diestrus for 2 weeks, after which normal cycling returned. MOG35-55 produced fewer neurological motor deficits when mice were in proestrus relative to non-proestrus phases. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that female mice are superior to males for the study of neuropathic pain-like behaviors associated with MOG35-55-induced EAE. Further, proestrus may be protective against EAE-induced neurological deficits, thus necessitating further investigation into the impact that estrous cycle exerts on MS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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16
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Abstract
There is a high prevalence of pain, depression, and cognitive dysfunction in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). These symptoms affect daily tasks resulting in a significant reduction in quality of life. Pain and cognitive changes have been studied across various animal models of MS. In these models the onset of pain and cognitive dysfunction occur early, and do not coincide with the pattern of motor deficits. This is likely underpinned by a number of different mechanisms including changes in glutamate transmission, glial cell activation, and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Changes in pain and cognition have been described as belonging to a cluster of symptoms and have been linked through centrally driven processes. In particular, the overactive immune response can induce a state of "sickness-like behaviours" that can influence both pain and cognition. Investigating the mechanism of inflammatory sickness behaviors in MS could lead to a better understanding of the links between pain and cognition. There are currently few effective treatments for pain and cognition dysfunction in MS. Studying the relationship between these symptoms will allow better management of both symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis Benson
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 8-120, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
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17
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The effect of electroacupuncture on osteosarcoma tumor growth and metastasis: analysis of different treatment regimens. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:387169. [PMID: 24228059 PMCID: PMC3818845 DOI: 10.1155/2013/387169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor found in children and adolescents and is associated with many complications including cancer pain and metastasis. While cancer patients often seek complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches to treat cancer pain and fatigue or the side effects of chemotherapy and treatment, there is little known about the effect of acupuncture treatment on tumor growth and metastasis. Here we evaluate the effects of six different electroacupuncture (EA) regimens on osteosarcoma tumor growth and metastasis in both male and female mice. The most significant positive effects were observed when EA was applied to the ST-36 acupoint twice weekly (EA-2X/3) beginning at postimplantation day 3 (PID 3). Twice weekly treatment produced robust reductions in tumor growth. Conversely, when EA was applied twice weekly (EA-2X/7), starting at PID 7, there was a significant increase in tumor growth. We further demonstrate that EA-2X/3 treatment elicits significant reductions in tumor lymphatics, vasculature, and innervation. Lastly, EA-2X/3 treatment produced a marked reduction in pulmonary metastasis, thus providing evidence for EA's potential antimetastatic capabilities. Collectively, EA-2X/3 treatment was found to reduce both bone tumor growth and lung metastasis, which may be mediated in part through reductions in tumor-associated vasculature, lymphatics, and innervation.
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18
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Raza A, Ericson ME, Nugent JS, Dreis CD, Vince R. A bio-mimetic approach to DNA photoprotection. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:559-562. [PMID: 23938461 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Raza
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marna E Ericson
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jaime S Nugent
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christine D Dreis
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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19
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Krementsov DN, Wall EH, Martin RA, Subramanian M, Noubade R, Rio RD, Mawe GM, Bond JP, Poynter ME, Blankenhorn EP, Teuscher C. Histamine H(3) receptor integrates peripheral inflammatory signals in the neurogenic control of immune responses and autoimmune disease susceptibility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62743. [PMID: 23894272 PMCID: PMC3718788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine H3 receptor (Hrh3/H3R) is primarily expressed by neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) where it functions as a presynaptic inhibitory autoreceptor and heteroreceptor. Previously, we identified an H3R-mediated central component in susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the principal autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis (MS), related to neurogenic control of blood brain barrier permeability and peripheral T cell effector responses. Furthermore, we identified Hrh3 as a positional candidate for the EAE susceptibility locus Eae8. Here, we characterize Hrh3 polymorphisms between EAE-susceptible and resistant SJL and B10.S mice, respectively, and show that Hrh3 isoform expression in the CNS is differentially regulated by acute peripheral inflammatory stimuli in an allele-specific fashion. Next, we show that Hrh3 is not expressed in any subpopulations of the immune compartment, and that secondary lymphoid tissue is anatomically poised to be regulated by central H3R signaling. Accordingly, using transcriptome analysis, we show that, inflammatory stimuli elicit unique transcriptional profiles in the lymph nodes of H3RKO mice compared to WT mice, which is indicative of negative regulation of peripheral immune responses by central H3R signaling. These results further support a functional link between the neurogenic control of T cell responses and susceptibility to CNS autoimmune disease coincident with acute and/or chronic peripheral inflammation. Pharmacological targeting of H3R may therefore be useful in preventing the development and formation of new lesions in MS, thereby limiting disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Hematopoiesis/immunology
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Intracellular Space/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Histamine H3/chemistry
- Receptors, Histamine H3/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry N. Krementsov
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Emma H. Wall
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Martin
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Meenakumari Subramanian
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Rajkumar Noubade
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Roxana Del Rio
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Gary M. Mawe
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey P. Bond
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Matthew E. Poynter
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P. Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Elevation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Dorsal Root Ganglia and Spinal Cord is Associated with Neuroimmune Modulation of Pain in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:677-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Sacerdote P, Franchi S, Moretti S, Castelli M, Procacci P, Magnaghi V, Panerai AE. Cytokine modulation is necessary for efficacious treatment of experimental neuropathic pain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 8:202-11. [PMID: 23242694 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain originates from a damage or disease affecting the somatosensory system. Its treatment is unsatisfactory as it appears refractory to most analgesics. Animal models of neuropathic pain are now available that help to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Recently it has been recognized that inflammatory and immune mechanisms in the peripheral and in the central nervous system play a role in the onset and the maintenance of pain. In response to nervous tissue damage, activation of resident or recruited immune cells leads to the production of inflammatory mediators, as cytokines. In models of neuropathic pain, such as nerve injury and diabetes induced neuropathy, the time course of the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 and of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 has been well characterized both in the peripheral (sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia) and the central (spinal cord) nervous system. These cytokines appear activated/modulated in the nervous tissue in parallel with the occurrence of painful behaviour, i.e. allodynia and hyperalgesia. Novel therapeutic approaches efficacious to reduce painful symptoms, for example treatments with the non specific purinergic antagonist PPADS, the phytoestrogen genistein and a cell stem therapy with murine adult neural stem cells also re-established a balance between pro and antinflammatory mediators in the peripheral and central nervous system. These data suggest a pivotal role of immune system and inflammation in neuropathic pain. The modulation of inflammatory molecules appears to be a common trait accomplished throughout different mechanisms by different drugs that might converge in neuropathic pain modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sacerdote
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, Italy.
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22
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Thibault K, Calvino B, Pezetl S. Characterisation of sensory abnormalities observed in an animal model of multiple sclerosis: A behavioural and pharmacological study. Eur J Pain 2012; 15:231.e1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Musgrave T, Olechowski CJ, Kerr BJ. Learning new tricks from an old dog: using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis to study comorbid symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Pain Manag 2011; 1:571-6. [DOI: 10.2217/pmt.11.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the CNS characterized by inflammation, demyelination and axonal injury. In addition to the well-recognized features of the disease such as weakness, fatigue and paralysis, patients with MS may also experience a number of other comorbid disorders. Chronic pain, anxiety and depression affect a large percentage of MS patients. While a number of animal models are available to study the pathophysiology of MS, it is only recently that these models have been used to ask questions about other comorbid conditions associated with the disease. We will now summarize some of the major findings in this area. Although these animal models have been in use for many decades, it is clear that they are still capable of addressing novel and clinically relevant questions about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Musgrave
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, 8–120, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G-2G3, Canada
| | - Camille J Olechowski
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, 8–120, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G-2G3, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, Clinical Sciences Building, 8–120, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G-2G3, Canada
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25
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Hains B, Vera-Portocarrero LP. Animal Models of Central Neuropathic Pain. ANIMAL MODELS OF PAIN 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-880-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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26
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Olechowski CJ, Parmar A, Miller B, Stephan J, Tenorio G, Tran K, Leighton J, Kerr BJ. A diminished response to formalin stimulation reveals a role for the glutamate transporters in the altered pain sensitivity of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Pain 2010; 149:565-572. [PMID: 20399559 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which neuropathic pain is now recognized as a major symptom. To date, few studies have examined the underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain in MS. Recently we showed that in a chronic-relapsing animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), characteristic neuropathic behaviours develop. However, responses to persistent noxious stimuli in EAE remain unexplored. We, therefore set out to characterize the changes in pain sensitivity in our EAE model to subcutaneous injection of formalin. We show here that female C57BL/6 mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG(35-55)) display a significant decrease in elicited pain behaviours in response to formalin injection. These effects were found to involve dysregulation of the glutamatergic system in EAE. We show here that these effects are mediated by decreased glutamate transporter expression associated with EAE. Our findings demonstrate that dysregulation of glutamate transporter function in EAE mice is an important mechanism underlying the abnormal pain sensitivity in response to persistent noxious stimulation of mice with EAE and also sheds light on a potential mechanism underlying neuropathic pain behaviours in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Joanne Olechowski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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27
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Colleoni M, Sacerdote P. Murine models of human neuropathic pain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:924-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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28
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Pain-related behaviors and neurochemical alterations in mice expressing sickle hemoglobin: modulation by cannabinoids. Blood 2010; 116:456-65. [PMID: 20304807 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-260372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease causes severe pain. We examined pain-related behaviors, correlative neurochemical changes, and analgesic effects of morphine and cannabinoids in transgenic mice expressing human sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Paw withdrawal threshold and withdrawal latency (to mechanical and thermal stimuli, respectively) and grip force were lower in homozygous and hemizygous Berkley mice (BERK and hBERK1, respectively) compared with control mice expressing human hemoglobin A (HbA-BERK), indicating deep/musculoskeletal and cutaneous hyperalgesia. Peripheral nerves and blood vessels were structurally altered in BERK and hBERK1 skin, with decreased expression of mu opioid receptor and increased calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactivity. Activators of neuropathic and inflammatory pain (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, STAT3, and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase) showed increased phosphorylation, with accompanying increase in COX-2, interleukin-6, and Toll-like receptor 4 in the spinal cord of hBERK1 compared with HbA-BERK. These neurochemical changes in the periphery and spinal cord may contribute to hyperalgesia in mice expressing HbS. In BERK and hBERK1, hyperalgesia was markedly attenuated by morphine and cannabinoid receptor agonist CP 55940. We show that mice expressing HbS exhibit characteristics of pain observed in sickle cell disease patients, and neurochemical changes suggestive of nociceptor and glial activation. Importantly, cannabinoids attenuate pain in mice expressing HbS.
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29
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Rahn EJ, Hohmann AG. Cannabinoids as pharmacotherapies for neuropathic pain: from the bench to the bedside. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:713-37. [PMID: 19789075 PMCID: PMC2755639 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating form of chronic pain resulting from nerve injury, disease states, or toxic insults. Neuropathic pain is often refractory to conventional pharmacotherapies, necessitating validation of novel analgesics. Cannabinoids, drugs that share the same target as Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, have the potential to address this unmet need. Here, we review studies evaluating cannabinoids for neuropathic pain management in the clinical and preclinical literature. Neuropathic pain associated with nerve injury, diabetes, chemotherapeutic treatment, human immunodeficiency virus, multiple sclerosis, and herpes zoster infection is considered. In animals, cannabinoids attenuate neuropathic nociception produced by traumatic nerve injury, disease, and toxic insults. Effects of mixed cannabinoid CB(1)/CB(2) agonists, CB(2) selective agonists, and modulators of the endocannabinoid system (i.e., inhibitors of transport or degradation) are compared. Effects of genetic disruption of cannabinoid receptors or enzymes controlling endocannabinoid degradation on neuropathic nociception are described. Specific forms of allodynia and hyperalgesia modulated by cannabinoids are also considered. In humans, effects of smoked marijuana, synthetic Delta(9)-THC analogs (e.g., Marinol, Cesamet) and medicinal cannabis preparations containing both Delta(9)-THC and cannabidiol (e.g., Sativex, Cannador) in neuropathic pain states are reviewed. Clinical studies largely affirm that neuropathic pain patients derive benefits from cannabinoid treatment. Subjective (i.e., rating scales) and objective (i.e., stimulus-evoked) measures of pain and quality of life are considered. Finally, limitations of cannabinoid pharmacotherapies are discussed together with directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Rahn
- grid.213876.9000000041936738XNeuroscience and Behavior Program, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 30602-3013 Athens, GA
| | - Andrea G. Hohmann
- grid.213876.9000000041936738XNeuroscience and Behavior Program, Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, 30602-3013 Athens, GA
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30
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Abstract
Many are frustrated with the lack of translational progress in the pain field, in which huge gains in basic science knowledge obtained using animal models have not led to the development of many new clinically effective compounds. A careful re-examination of animal models of pain is therefore warranted. Pain researchers now have at their disposal a much wider range of mutant animals to study, assays that more closely resemble clinical pain states, and dependent measures beyond simple reflexive withdrawal. However, the complexity of the phenomenon of pain has made it difficult to assess the true value of these advances. In addition, pain studies are importantly affected by a wide range of modulatory factors, including sex, genotype and social communication, all of which must be taken into account when using an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Mogil
- Department of Psychology and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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31
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Rodrigues DH, Sachs D, Teixeira AL. Mechanical hypernociception in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2009; 67:78-81. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2009000100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pain is an important clinical manifestation in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, though it has been neglected in clinical and experimental researches. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the nociceptive response in MOG35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-induced mice. METHOD: EAE was induced in 8 to 10 week old C57BL/6 female mice with an emulsion of MOG35-55, Complete Freund Adjuvant, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 RA and pertussis toxin. Nociception was evaluated by the von Frey filaments method. A clinical scale ranging from 0 to 15 was used to assess motor impairment. RESULTS: Clinical evidence of disease started at day 10 and peaked at day 14 after immunization. Thereafter, there was no worsening of symptoms until day 26. The EAE-induced mice presented reduced pressure threshold at days 7th and 10th after immunization and before the onset of clinical motor signs. CONCLUSION : The hypernociception found validates MOG35-55 EAE as a model for the study of pain in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Lucio Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
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32
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Symons FJ, Wendelschafer-Crabb G, Kennedy W, Heeth W, Bodfish JW. Degranulated mast cells in the skin of adults with self-injurious behavior and neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:365-70. [PMID: 19084591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nociceptive processes in relation to chronic, tissue-damaging self-injury among individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders is poorly understood. Scientific investigation has been limited, in part, by the clinical reality that the majority of individuals with severe intellectual impairments have co-morbid communicative impairments making it difficult to ascertain information regarding pain. Recently, we found abnormal patterns of peripheral epidermal nerve fiber (ENF) innervation and increased neuropeptide (substance P; SP) content among a subset of individuals with chronic self-injury. Here, we provide initial evidence for peripheral neuro-immune activity specific to self-injury. Skin samples from non-injury body-matched sites were compared between non-verbal adults with and without self-injury matched on gender and disability level. Relative to disability-matched controls, individuals with chronic self-injury had significantly more degranulated mast cells and were more responsive to tactile stimulation during a sensory testing procedure. Thus, nociceptive mechanisms and peripheral afferent sensitization may play a part in mediating and maintaining chronic self-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Symons
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, 56 River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Neuropathic pain behaviours in a chronic-relapsing model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Pain 2009; 141:156-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zwolak P, Jasinski P, Terai K, Gallus NJ, Ericson ME, Clohisy DR, Dudek AZ. Addition of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor to radiation increases tumour control in an orthotopic murine model of breast cancer metastasis in bone. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44:2506-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lynch JL, Alley JF, Wellman L, Beitz AJ. Decreased spinal cord opioid receptor mRNA expression and antinociception in a Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Res 2007; 1191:180-91. [PMID: 18096140 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis patients typically experience increased pain that is relatively insensitive to opiate treatment. The mechanistic basis for this increased nociception is currently poorly understood. In the present study, we utilized the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model of MS to examine possible changes in spinal cord opioid receptor mRNA over the course of disease progression. TMEV infection led to significantly decreased mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor mRNA expression as analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR in both male and female mice at days 90, 150 and 180 post-infection (PI). Since opioid receptor mRNA expression decreased in TMEV mice, we examined whether opiate analgesia is also altered. TMEV infected female mice had significantly decreased opiate analgesia in thermal nociceptive tests beginning at day 90 PI, while TMEV-infected male mice did not display significantly decreased opiate analgesia until day 120 PI. The novel finding that opioid receptor expression is significantly decreased in the spinal cord of TMEV mice could explain the increased nociception and loss of opiate analgesia observed in both TMEV mice and multiple sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Lynch
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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