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Wendo JK, Mbaria JM, Nyariki JN, Isaac AO. Ginkgo biloba attenuated detrimental inflammatory and oxidative events due to Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in mice treated with melarsoprol. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012103. [PMID: 38620045 PMCID: PMC11045140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe late stage Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r) is characterized by damage to the blood brain barrier, severe brain inflammation, oxidative stress and organ damage. Melarsoprol (MelB) is currently the only treatment available for this disease. MelB use is limited by its lethal neurotoxicity due to post-treatment reactive encephalopathy. This study sought to assess the potential of Ginkgo biloba (GB), a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, to protect the integrity of the blood brain barrier and ameliorate detrimental inflammatory and oxidative events due to T.b.r in mice treated with MelB. METHODOLOGY Group one constituted the control; group two was infected with T.b.r; group three was infected with T.b.r and treated with 2.2 mg/kg melarsoprol for 10 days; group four was infected with T.b.r and administered with GB 80 mg/kg for 30 days; group five was given GB 80mg/kg for two weeks before infection with T.b.r, and continued thereafter and group six was infected with T.b.r, administered with GB and treated with MelB. RESULTS Co-administration of MelB and GB improved the survival rate of infected mice. When administered separately, MelB and GB protected the integrity of the blood brain barrier and improved neurological function in infected mice. Furthermore, the administration of MelB and GB prevented T.b.r-induced microcytic hypochromic anaemia and thrombocytopenia, as well as T.b.r-driven downregulation of total WBCs. Glutathione analysis showed that co-administration of MelB and GB prevented T.b.r-induced oxidative stress in the brain, spleen, heart and lungs. Notably, GB averted peroxidation and oxidant damage by ameliorating T.b.r and MelB-driven elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain, kidney and liver. In fact, the co-administered group for the liver, registered the lowest MDA levels for infected mice. T.b.r-driven elevation of serum TNF-α, IFN-γ, uric acid and urea was abrogated by MelB and GB. Co-administration of MelB and GB was most effective in stabilizing TNFα levels. GB attenuated T.b.r and MelB-driven up-regulation of nitrite. CONCLUSION Utilization of GB as an adjuvant therapy may ameliorate detrimental effects caused by T.b.r infection and MelB toxicity during late stage HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Khatenje Wendo
- The University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kangemi (Nairobi), Kenya
- The Technical University of Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Mucunu Mbaria
- The University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kangemi (Nairobi), Kenya
| | - James Nyabuga Nyariki
- The Technical University of Kenya, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alfred Orina Isaac
- The Technical University of Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Oula JO, Mose JM, Waiganjo NN, Chepukosi KW, Mitalo NS, Isaac AO, Nyariki JN. Vitamin B12 blocked Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-driven disruption of the blood brain barrier, and normalized nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels in a mouse model. Parasitol Int 2023; 96:102775. [PMID: 37390918 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r) causes acute Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Africa. This study determined the effect of vitamin B12 on T.b.r -driven pathological events in a mouse model. Mice were randomly assigned into four groups; group one was the control. Group two was infected with T.b.r; group three was supplemented with 8 mg/kg vitamin B12 for two weeks; before infection with T.b.r. For group four, administration of vitamin B12 was started from the 4th days post-infection with T.b.r. At 40 days post-infection, the mice were sacrificed to obtain blood, tissues, and organs for various analyses. The results showed that vitamin B12 administration enhanced the survival rate of T.b.r infected mice, and prevented T.b.r-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier and decline in neurological performance. Notably, T.b.r-induced hematological alteration leading to anaemia, leukocytosis and dyslipidemia was alleviated by vitamin B12. T.b.r-induced elevation of the liver alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin as well as the kidney damage markers urea, uric acid and creatinine were attenuated by vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 blocked T.b.r-driven rise in TNF-α and IFN-γ, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde. T.b.r-induced depletion of GSH levels were attenuated in the presence of vitamin B12 in the brain, spleen and liver tissues; a clear indication of the antioxidant activity of vitamin B12. In conclusion, treatment with vitamin B12 potentially protects against various pathological events associated with severe late-stage HAT and presents a great opportunity for further scrutiny to develop an adjunct therapy for severe late-stage HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O Oula
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology, Technical University of Kenya, P. O. Box 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Mokua Mose
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology, Technical University of Kenya, P. O. Box 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Naomi N Waiganjo
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology, Technical University of Kenya, P. O. Box 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kennedy W Chepukosi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Kenya, P. O. Box 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nancy S Mitalo
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology, Technical University of Kenya, P. O. Box 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alfred Orina Isaac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, P. O. Box 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Nyabuga Nyariki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Kenya, P. O. Box 52428, 00200 Nairobi, Kenya.
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Kitwan L, Makobe C, Mdachi R, Maranga DN, Isaac AO, Nyariki JN. Coenzyme Q 10 prevented Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-mediated breach of the blood brain barrier, inflammation and organ damage in late stage of Human African Trypanosomiasis. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:167-184. [PMID: 36910316 PMCID: PMC9998817 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During the late stage of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), there is severe cytokine-driven inflammation, oxidative stress and organ damage. Controlling inflammation and oxidative damage presents unique therapeutic opportunities to improve treatment outcome. The current study sought to determine the putative impact of Coenzyme-Q10 (Co-Q10), a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, on adverse inflammatory and oxidative events during Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r) infection. Group one constituted the control; the second group was infected with T.b.r; the third group was orally administered with 200 mg/kg Co-Q10 for two weeks; thereafter, Co-Q10 administration continued after infection with T.b.r. Co-Q10 improved the survival rate of infected mice and prevented full blown parasite driven splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. Co-Q10 prevented characteristic T.b.r-driven breach of the blood brain barrier and improved neurological integrity among T.b.r infected mice. Co-Q10 protected from T.b.r-induced microcytic hypochromic anaemia and thrombocytopenia. T.b.r-induced oxidative stress in the vital organs was assuaged following exposure to Co-Q10. Co-Q10 blocked T.b.r-induced derangement of high density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels. Co-Q10 significantly abrogated T.b.r-driven elevation of serum TNF-α and IFN-γ levels. Moreover, T.b.r-induced kidney and liver damage was assuaged by Co-Q10 administration. Co-Q10 administration downregulated T.b.r-induced elevation of uric acid and C-reactive protein. Likewise, T.b.r infected mice receiving Co-Q10 exhibited normal brain architecture. In conclusion, treatment with Co-Q10 may be useful in protecting against T.b.r-mediated organ injury, lethal inflammation and oxidative stress commonly present in severe late stage HAT; and presents unique opportunities for an adjunct therapy for late stage HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Kitwan
- Department of Medical Microbiology Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Celestine Makobe
- Department of Medical Microbiology Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Raymond Mdachi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | | | - Alfred Orina Isaac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Nyabuga Nyariki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
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Tea Polyphenols Reduce Inflammation of Orbital Fibroblasts in Graves' Ophthalmopathy via the NF-κB/NLRP3 Pathway. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:123-129. [PMID: 36821039 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the effects of tea polyphenols (TP) on inflammation of orbital fibroblasts in Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) and to provide new ideas for GO treatment. METHODS Primary orbital fibroblasts were extracted from orbital adipose/connective tissues of patients with and without GO. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 in non-GO and GO orbital fibroblasts. The CCK-8 assay was used to determine the appropriate concentration of TP for subsequent experiments. RT-qPCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to investigate the effects of TP on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of inflammatory cytokines. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression was measured using Western blotting analysis. NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) expression was detected using both Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS The mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1 in GO orbital fibroblasts were significantly higher than those in non-GO cells. TP treatment significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of inflammatory factors, including IL-6, IL-1β, and MCP-1. TP also inhibited the expression levels of NF-κB and NLRP3. Inflammation in the GO orbital fibroblasts was higher than that in non-GO cells. TP inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines in GO orbital fibroblasts in vitro through the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TP may have a potential role in GO treatment.
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Elucidating the interactions of bioactive compounds identified from Camellia Sinensis plant as promising candidates for the management of fibroids - A computational approach. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Wambulwa MC, Meegahakumbura MK, Kamunya S, Wachira FN. From the Wild to the Cup: Tracking Footprints of the Tea Species in Time and Space. Front Nutr 2021; 8:706770. [PMID: 34422884 PMCID: PMC8377202 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.706770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is one of the world's most popular beverages, known for its cultural significance and numerous health benefits. A clear understanding of the origin and history of domestication of the tea species is a fundamental pre-requisite for effective germplasm conservation and improvement. Though there is a general consensus about the center of origin of the tea plant, the evolutionary origin and expansion history of the species remain shrouded in controversy, with studies often reporting conflicting findings. This mini review provides a concise summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the origin, domestication, and dissemination of the species around the world. We note that tea was domesticated around 3000 B.C. either from non-tea wild relatives (probably Camellia grandibracteata and/or C. leptophylla) or intra-specifically from the wild Camellia sinensis var. assamica trees, and that the genetic origins of the various tea varieties may need further inquiry. Moreover, we found that lineage divergence within the tea family was apparently largely driven by a combination of orogenic, climatic, and human-related forces, a fact that could have important implications for conservation of the contemporary tea germplasm. Finally, we demonstrate the robustness of an integrative approach involving linguistics, historical records, and genetics to identify the center of origin of the tea species, and to infer its history of expansion. Throughout the review, we identify areas of debate, and highlight potential research gaps, which lay a foundation for future explorations of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses C. Wambulwa
- Department of Life Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | | | - Samson Kamunya
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Tea Research Institute (KALRO-TRI), Kericho, Kenya
| | - Francis N. Wachira
- Department of Life Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, Kenya
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Ndungu K, Thungu D, Wamwiri F, Mireji P, Ngae G, Gitonga P, Mulinge J, Auma J, Thuita J. Route of inoculation influences Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei virulence in Swiss white mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218441. [PMID: 31220132 PMCID: PMC6586304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments on infections caused by trypanosomes are widely performed in Swiss white mice through various inoculation routes. To better understand the effect of route of trypanosome inoculation on disease outcomes in this model, we characterised the virulence of two isolates, Trypanosoma brucei KETRI 2710 and T. congolense KETRI 2765 in Swiss white mice. For each of the isolates, five routes of parasite inoculation, namely intraperitoneal (IP), subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM) intradermal (ID) and intravenous (IV) were compared using groups (n = 6) of mice, with each mouse receiving 1x104 trypanosomes. We subsequently assessed impact of the routes on disease indices that included pre-patent period (PP), parasitaemia levels, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), bodyweight changes and survival time. Pre-patent period for IP inoculated mice was a mean ± SE of 3.8 ± 0.2 and 6.5 ± 0.0 for the T brucei and T. congolense isolates respectively; the PP for mice groups inoculated using other routes were not significantly different(p> 0.05) irrespective of route of inoculation and species of trypanosomes. With ID and IP routes, parasitaemia was significantly higher in T. brucei and significantly lower in T. congolense infected mice and the progression to peak parasitaemia routes showed no significant different between the routes of either species of trypanosome. The IM and ID routes in T. congolense inoculations, and IP and IV in T. b. brucei induced the fastest and slowest parasitaemia progressions respectively. There were significant differences in rates of reduction of PCV with time post infection in mice infected by the two species and which was more pronounced in sc and ip injected mice. No significant differences in mice body weight changes and survivorship was observed between the routes of inoculation. Inoculation route therefore appears to be a critical determinant of pathogenicity of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei in murine mouse model of African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kariuki Ndungu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Daniel Thungu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Florence Wamwiri
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Paul Mireji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research—Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Geoffrey Ngae
- Food Crops Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Purity Gitonga
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | | | - Joanna Auma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - John Thuita
- Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya
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Ebrahimi A, Bondarian F, Mahjoubi F, Hervan E, Gonbad R. Evaluation of phytochemical content of white tea clone 100 and changes the expression of tumor suppressor genes on colorectal cancer cell line HCT116. Pharmacognosy Res 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pr.pr_39_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Liu L, Wu X, Zhang B, Yang W, Li D, Dong Y, Yin Y, Chen Q. Protective effects of tea polyphenols on exhaustive exercise-induced fatigue, inflammation and tissue damage. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1333390. [PMID: 28659745 PMCID: PMC5475289 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1333390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The beneficial properties of tea polyphenols have been extensively studied; however, less attention has been paid to their effects, especially anti-inflammatory effect during exhaustive exercise. Objective: The present study assessed the potential protective effects of tea polyphenols against the fatigue, inflammation and tissue injury caused by an exhaustive exercise bout in rats. Design: Twenty-four healthy male rats were divided into three groups. Group C was a sedentary control group, Groups E+TP and Group E performed a single exhaustive swimming test; all groups had normal diets, but Group E+TP was supplemented with tea polyphenols. All rats were immediately euthanized after exhaustive exercise, and biochemical and inflammatory parameters, including lactic acid (LA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) activity levels, were measured. Reverse transcription (RT) and Real-Time PCR was employed to evaluate the mRNA expression of IL-1β in the liver. Results: The results showed a decrease in serum LA levels (22%, p < 0.05) in rats that consumed dietary tea polyphenols. Interestingly, dietary tea polyphenols decreased the serum levels of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α: 13%, p < 0.05; IL-1β: 10%, p < 0.05; and IL-6: 48%, p < 0.05) and shifted the serum IL-10/TNF-α ratio to a predominantly anti-inflammatory milieu (0.52 ± 0.07 vs. 0.67 ± 0.10, p < 0.01). Furthermore, the polyphenols effectively inhibited the release of tissue damage markers (CK: 24%, p < 0.05 and LDH: 28%, p < 0.05) in the serum and decreased IL-1β mRNA expression in the liver. Conclusions: This study indicated that tea polyphenols could significantly protect rats from the fatigue, inflammation and tissue damage induced by acute exhaustive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiuqin Wu
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bingchen Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daliang Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanqiu Dong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yujiao Yin
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.,Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Mbuthia KS, Mireji PO, Ngure RM, Stomeo F, Kyallo M, Muoki C, Wachira FN. Tea (Camellia sinensis) infusions ameliorate cancer in 4TI metastatic breast cancer model. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:202. [PMID: 28388918 PMCID: PMC5383982 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea (Camellia sinensis) infusions are widely consumed beverages with numerous health benefits. However, physiological and molecular responses mediating these activities are poorly understood. METHOD Three replicates of 4TI cancer cell suspension (2.0 × 105 cells/ml) were challenged in vitro with various concentrations of green, black and purple tea infusions to asseses their cytoxicity and associated differentially expressed genes in the cells. Inhibitory activity was tested by using serial dilutions of respective tea infusions in a 96 well ELISA plate. RESULTS Green tea had the highest inhibition on 4TI cells proliferation at a concentration of IC50 = 13.12 μg/ml. Further analysis of the 4TI cancer cell line treated with tea using 454 pyrosequencing generated 425,696 reads with an input mean length of 286.54. Trimmed sequences were imported on a CLC genomic workbench v7.03 and annotated on a reference mouse genome (Mus musculus strain C57BL/6 J). Results revealed a differential expression of apoptosis related genes in the transcriptome. Casp8, Casp9, Casp3, Casp6, Casp8AP2, Aifm1, Aifm2 and Apopt1 genes were significantly upregulated indicating the process of apoptosis was initiated and executed. CONCLUSION These findings on caspases offer valuable information on the mechanism of tea as an anticancer agent and will contribute to further research in future novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karori S. Mbuthia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O Box 536 20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Paul O. Mireji
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 607 Laboratory of Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Raphael M. Ngure
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Egerton University, P.O Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Francesca Stomeo
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa- International Livestock Research Institute, (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martina Kyallo
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa- International Livestock Research Institute, (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chalo Muoki
- Crop Improvement and Management Programme, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Organisation-Tea Research Institute (KARLO-TRI), P.O Box 820-20200, Kericho, Kenya
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Mergia E, Shibeshi W, Terefe G, Teklehaymanot T. Antitrypanosomal activity of Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. (Scrophulariaceae) against Trypanosoma congolense isolates. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:362. [PMID: 27629546 PMCID: PMC5024474 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with a large impact on the livelihood of the rural poor in Sub-Saharan Africa. The available drugs for managing this disease are old, expensive and are facing the problem of drug resistance. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo antitrypanosomal efficacy of aqueous and absolute methanol leaf extracts of Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. against Trypanosoma congolense field isolate. METHODS Verbascum sinaiticum (Local name 'qetetina') is a biennial plant, and 60-150 cm tall. It is traditionally used to treat wound, stomachache, viral infection, cancer, sunstroke, fever, abdominal colic, diarrhea, hemorrhage, anthrax, and hepatitis. The efficacy of aqueous and absolute methanol leaf extracts of V. sinaiticum was evaluated in a randomized experiment with Swiss albino mice infected with T. congolense field isolate. The extracts were administered at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection for seven days at 12 Days Post-Infection (DPI) when the peak parasitaemia level was approximately 10(8) trypanosomes/ml. Parasitaemia, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), mean survival time and change in body weight were used as indices for monitoring the efficacy of the extracts. Diminazene (28 mg/kg) was used as a positive control while 2 % Tween was used as the negative control. Phytochemicals screening were conducted following standard methods. RESULTS The extracts showed no toxicity effect in Swiss albino mice and had LD50 above 2000 mg/kg. The phytochemicals screened in V. sinaiticum were alkaloids, flavonoids, glycoside, saponins, steroids, phenolic compounds, and tannins. The mice treated with absolute methanol leaf extract of V. sinaiticum at 400 mg/kg dose had significantly lower mean parasitaemia (7.20 ± 0.16) (p < 0.001) as compared to the negative control group (8.82 ± 0.12) on day 14 of treatment. Animals treated with the same dose had significant (p < 0.001) higher PCV value and body weight and as well as the highest mean survival time of 40.20 ± 0.31 days as compared to the negative control at the end of the observation period. CONCLUSION This study established that Verbascum sinaiticum had trypanocidal activity. The crude extracts have partially eliminated trypanosomes in a dose-dependent manner. The study can be a basis for future in-depth analysis of the biologically active chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermias Mergia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Workineh Shibeshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Terefe
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Teklehaymanot
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Jamal R, Shimogawara R, Yamamoto KI, Ohta N. Anti-trypanosome effects of nutritional supplements and vitamin D3: in vitro and in vivo efficacy against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Trop Med Health 2016; 44:26. [PMID: 27579019 PMCID: PMC4989295 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-016-0024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous publications suggest that nutritional supplements have anti-trypanosome activity in vitro, although apparent efficacy was not noted in vivo. This study was conducted by experimentally infecting mice with Trypanosoma brucei brucei to assess the anti-trypanosome activity of various nutritional supplements with the hope of finding possible application in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis. METHODS Activities of nutritional supplements were screened in vitro against bloodstream forms of T. b. brucei. To evaluate selectivity, we used two mammalian cells, Jurkat cells and Vero cells. The IC50 values and selectivity index values were calculated, and supplements with promising efficacy in vitro were selected for further testing in vivo. Mice were infected intraperitoneally with 1 × 10(3) T. b. brucei. We observed parameters for disease progression such as parasitemia, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, survivability, and splenomegaly. Morphological profiles after the treatment were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Vitamin D3 showed anti-trypanosome efficacies both in vitro and in vivo. It seemed to have suppressive effects on parasitemia, and spleen weight was also significantly lower in vitamin D3-treated mice when compared to non-treated control mice. There was, however, no significant prolonged survivability of infected mice treated with vitamin D3. Among green tea extracts, polyphenon-60 and epigallocatechin gallate had suppressive effects against T. b. brucei in vitro, but in vivo efficacies were marginal. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with nutritional supplements, vitamin D3, and polyphenon-60 seemed to have anti-trypanosome activity in vitro and protective activity to some extent in vivo, respectively, although those supplements themselves did not have curable effects. The exact mechanisms of action are not clear, but the significant efficacy in vitro suggested direct effects of supplements against African trypanosome parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripa Jamal
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | - Rieko Shimogawara
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | - Ki-ichi Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
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He X, Li J, Zhao W, Liu R, Zhang L, Kong X. Chemical fingerprint analysis for quality control and identification of Ziyang green tea by HPLC. Food Chem 2015; 171:405-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Feyera T, Terefe G, Shibeshi W. Evaluation of in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of crude extracts of Artemisia abyssinica against aTrypanosoma congolense isolate. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:117. [PMID: 24684992 PMCID: PMC4230807 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African trypanosomiasis is a major disease of economic and public health importance affecting agricultural and human development. The search for alternative compounds against African trypanosomiasis is justified by various limitations of existing chemotherapeutic agents. This study was aimed at screening the hydromethanolic and dichloromethane (DCM) crude extracts of aerial parts of Artemisia abyssinica for in vivo antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma congolense isolate in mice. METHODS The aerial parts of the plant were extracted by maceration technique using dichloromethane and 80% methanol to obtain the corresponding crude extracts. The plant extracts at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight were administered intraperitoneally daily for 7 days to mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Diminazene aceturate and distilled water were used as positive and as negative controls respectively. The level of parasitaemia, body weight, packed cell volume, differential leukocyte counts and mean survival period were monitored. RESULTS The study showed that the DCM extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg, and the hydromethanolic extract at 400 mg/kg reduced parasitaemia (p < 0.05), ameliorated anaemia (p < 0.05), prevented body weight loss (p < 0.05) and resulted in significant increase in neutrophil levels (p < 0.05) and marked decrease in lymphocyte levels (p < 0.05) compared to the negative control. CONCLUSIONS This study established that aerial parts of A. abyssinica have antitrypanosomal potential and can be considered a potential source of new drugs for the treatment of tropical diseases caused by trypanosomes.
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Korir M, Wachira F, Wanyoko J, Ngure R, Khalid R. The fortification of tea with sweeteners and milk and its effect on in vitro antioxidant potential of tea product and glutathione levels in an animal model. Food Chem 2014; 145:145-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mose MT, Moseti KO, Wanyoko JK, Kinyua JK, Kariuki D, Magiri EN, Obanda MA. Selected Inorganic Nutrients in Black Tea from Three Tea Growing Agro-Ecological Areas in Kenya. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.54061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kerio L, Wachira F, Wanyoko J, Rotich M. Total polyphenols, catechin profiles and antioxidant activity of tea products from purple leaf coloured tea cultivars. Food Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vigueira PA, Ray SS, Martin BA, Ligon MM, Paul KS. Effects of the green tea catechin (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on Trypanosoma brucei. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2012; 2:225-9. [PMID: 24533284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The current pharmacopeia to treat the lethal human and animal diseases caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei remains limited. The parasite's ability to undergo antigenic variation represents a considerable barrier to vaccine development, making the identification of new drug targets extremely important. Recent studies have demonstrated that fatty acid synthesis is important for growth and virulence of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, suggesting this pathway may have therapeutic potential. The first committed step of fatty acid synthesis is catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is a known target of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), an active polyphenol compound found in green tea. EGCG exerts its effects on ACC through activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase, which phosphorylates and inhibits ACC. We found that EGCG inhibited TbACC activity with an EC50 of 37 μM and 55 μM for bloodstream form and procyclic form lysates, respectively. Treatment with 100 μM EGCG induced a 4.7- and 1.7- fold increase in TbACC phosphorylation in bloodstream form and procyclic lysates. EGCG also inhibited the growth of bloodstream and procyclic parasites in culture, with a 48 h EC50 of 33 μM and 27 μM, respectively, which is greater than the EGCG plasma levels typically achievable in humans through oral dosing. Daily intraperitoneal administration of EGCG did not reduce the virulence of an acute mouse model of T. b. brucei infection. These data suggest a reduced potential for EGCG to treat T. brucei infections, but suggest that EGCG may prove to be useful as a tool to probe ACC regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Vigueira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Sunayan S Ray
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ben A Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Marianne M Ligon
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Kimberly S Paul
- Department of Genetics & Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Anti-inflammatory effects of a polyphenols-rich extract from tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers in acute and chronic mice models. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:537923. [PMID: 22900128 PMCID: PMC3413976 DOI: 10.1155/2012/537923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While beneficial health properties of tea leaves have been extensively studied, less attention is paid to the flowers of tea. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of hot water extract of tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers were investigated. Pharmacological studies found that administration of tea flowers extract (TFE) could effectively inhibit croton oil-induced ear edema and carrageenin-induced paw edema. Furthermore, administration of TFE also protected against Propionibacterium acnes (P. ances) plus lipopolysaccharide-(LPS-) induced liver inflammation by reversing the histologic damage and plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increase. Moreover, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-(TNF)-α and interleukin-(IL-) 1β mRNA in mouse liver were markedly suppressed after treatment with TFE in mice with immunological liver inflammation. These results indicated that tea flowers had potent anti-inflammatory effects on acute and immunological inflammation in vivo, and may be used as a functional natural food.
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Uchendu A. In Vivo Trypanocidal activity of Hydroethanolic extract of Hymenocardia acida stem bark in Rats. Vet World 2011. [DOI: 10.5455/vetworld.2011.113-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Bioactive components of tea: cancer, inflammation and behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:721-31. [PMID: 19258034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide. Several studies have suggested that catechins and theaflavins found in tea may reduce the risk of various types of cancers. Major advances have been made to understand the molecular events leading to cancer prevention; however, the evidence is not conclusive. Evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies also suggests that persistent inflammation can progress to cancer. Several possible mechanisms of action may explain the cancer preventive aspects of tea components specifically anti-inflammatory effects. In regards to brain health, green tea catechins have been recognized as multifunctional compounds for neuroprotection with beneficial effects on vascular function and mental performance. Theanine, a unique amino acid in tea, enhances cognition in humans and has neuroprotective effects. Human interventional studies with well characterized tea products are needed.
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