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Mohanta UK, Abdullah SM, Al-Wasef, Chikufenji B, Ma Z, Li H, El-Sayed SAES, Amer MM, Do TT, Islam S, Nath TC, Li Y, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Guo Q, Xuan X. First molecular survey of tick-borne protozoan and bacterial pathogens in the questing tick population in Bangladesh. Acta Trop 2024; 256:107244. [PMID: 38762942 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Questing ticks carry various tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) that are responsible for causing tick-borne diseases (TBDs) in humans and animals around the globe, especially in the tropics and sub-tropics. Information on the distribution of ticks and TBPs in a specific geography is crucial for the formulation of mitigation measures against TBDs. Therefore, this study aimed to survey the TBPs in the questing tick population in Bangladesh. A total of 2748 questing hard ticks were collected from the pastures in Sylhet, Bandarban, Sirajganj, Dhaka, and Mymensingh districts through the flagging method. After morphological identification, the ticks were grouped into 142 pools based on their species, sexes, life stages, and collection sites. The genomic DNA extracted from tick specimens was screened for 14 pathogens, namely Babesia bigemina (AMA-1), Babesia bovis (RAP-1), Babesia naoakii (AMA-1), Babesia ovis (18S rRNA), Theileria luwenshuni (18S rRNA), Theileria annulata (Tams-1), Theileria orientalis (MPSP), Anaplasma marginale (groEL), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (16S rRNA), Anaplasma bovis (16S rRNA), Anaplasma platys (16S rRNA), Ehrlichia spp. (16S rRNA), Rickettsia spp. (gltA), and Borrelia (Bo.) spp. (flagellin B) using genus and species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The prevalence of the detected pathogens was calculated using the maximum likelihood method (MLE) with 95 % confidence interval (CI). Among 2748 ixodid ticks, 2332 (84.86 %) and 416 (15.14 %) were identified as Haemaphysalis bispinosa and Rhipicephalus microplus, respectively. Haemaphysalis bispinosa was found to carry all the seven detected pathogens, while larvae of R. microplus were found to carry only Bo. theileri. Among the TBPs, the highest detection rate was observed in A. bovis (20/142 pools, 0.81 %, CI: 0.51-1.20), followed by T. orientalis (19/142 pools, 0.72 %, CI: 0.44-1.09), T. luwenshuni (9/142 pools, 0.34 %, CI: 0.16-0.62), B. ovis (4/142 pools, 0.15 %, CI: 0.05 - 0.34) and Bo. theileri (4/142 pools, 0.15 %, CI: 0.05-0.34), Ehrlichia ewingii (3/142 pools, 0.11 %, CI: 0.03-0.29), and Babesia bigemina (1/142, 0.04 %, CI: 0.00 - 0.16). This study reports the existence of T. luwenshuni, E. ewingii, and Bo. theileri in Bangladesh for the first time. The novel findings of this study are the foremost documentation of transovarian transmission of B. bigemina and E. ewingii in H. bispinosa and also provide primary molecular evidence on the presence of E. ewingii and Bo. theileri in H. bispinosa. Therefore, this study may shed light on the circulating TBPs in ticks in the natural environment and thereby advocate awareness among physicians and veterinarians to control and prevent TBDs in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Kumar Mohanta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher‒e‒Bangla Agricultural University, Sher‒e‒Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - S M Abdullah
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher‒e‒Bangla Agricultural University, Sher‒e‒Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Al-Wasef
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher‒e‒Bangla Agricultural University, Sher‒e‒Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Boniface Chikufenji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Zhuowei Ma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Moaz M Amer
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Thanh Thom Do
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Saiful Islam
- Department of Parasitology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Tilagor, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Tilak Chandra Nath
- Department of Parasitology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Tilagor, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Yongchang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan; Laboratory of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Rika Umemiya-Shirafuji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Qingyong Guo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080‒8555, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Jacob SS, Sengupta PP, Kumar HBC, Maharana SM, Goudar A, Chandu AGS, Rakshitha TS, Shivakumar V, Gulati BR, Reddy GBM. Unveiling genotypic diversity of Theileria orientalis in lethal outbreaks among bovines in Karnataka, India. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:202. [PMID: 38703234 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Theileria orientalis, the causal agent of oriental theileriosis, is known to cause mild disease in cattle and buffalo across the world. Recently, different genotypes of T. orientalis have emerged as pathogenic, causing high reported morbidity in cattle. This study focuses on investigating three suspected outbreaks of oriental theileriosis that resulted in fatalities among crossbred and indigenous bulls in Karnataka, India. Examination of blood smears revealed the presence of T. orientalis piroplasms within erythrocytes. The genetic characterization of T. orientalis was conducted by targeting specific markers, including the mpsp gene, p23 gene, and ribosomal DNA markers (18S rRNA gene, ITS-1, and ITS-2). Analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene unveiled the presence of both Type A and Type E genotypes of T. orientalis in the outbreaks. The mpsp gene-based analysis identified genotype 7 of T. orientalis in crossbred cows, whereas genotype 1 (Chitose B) was found to be present in indigenous bulls. Haplotype network analysis based on the mpsp gene revealed the presence of 39 distinct haplotypes within the 12 defined genotypes of T. orientalis with a high haplotype diversity of 0.9545 ± 0.017. Hematological and biochemical analysis revealed a decrease in calcium, hemoglobin levels, red blood cell counts, and phosphorus. This study constitutes the initial documentation of a clinical outbreak of oriental theileriosis in indigenous bulls with genotype 1 (Chitose 1B). Substantial epidemiological investigations are imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of the geographical distribution of distinct genotypes and the diverse clinical manifestations of the disease across various hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siju Susan Jacob
- ICAR National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Pinaki Prasad Sengupta
- ICAR National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - H B Chethan Kumar
- ICAR National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - S Madhaba Maharana
- ICAR National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshata Goudar
- ICAR National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - A G S Chandu
- ICAR National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - T S Rakshitha
- ICAR National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - V Shivakumar
- Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hassan, Karnataka, India
| | - Baldev R Gulati
- ICAR National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
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3
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Nahal A, Ben Said M. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Piroplasma spp. Infection and Co-infection with Anaplasma marginale in Domestic Ruminants from Algeria. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:135-151. [PMID: 38157135 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis stand out as the primary diseases affecting livestock during periods of tick activity. These vector-borne diseases continue to emerge worldwide, exerting a detrimental impact on both animal health and national economies. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of Piroplasma spp. and its co-occurrence with Anaplasma marginale in domestic ruminants in Algeria. METHODS Three databases were systematically reviewed to identify eligible studies for the final meta-analysis, following the PRISMA statement. The 'meta' package in the R software was employed for the meta-analysis with the random effects model chosen for data pooling. RESULTS The meta-analysis encompasses 14 research papers spanning a 19-year period (2004-2023). Theileria spp. was identified in all studies, covering 1675 cattle, 190 sheep, and 128 goats, yielding an overall Theileria infection rate of 45% (95% CI 26-65%). Specifically, cattle had a 59% infection rate, while sheep and goats had rates of 18% and 20%, respectively. Babesia spp. was found in nine studies, involving 1183 cattle and 190 sheep, resulting in an overall Babesia infection rate of 7% (95% CI 4-15%), with cattle and sheep having rates of 10% and 3%, respectively. Notably, eight Piroplasma species T. annulata, T. orientalis, T. buffeli, T. equi, Theileria sp., B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. occultans were detected in cattle, with T. annulata being the most prevalent at 54%. Regional disparities and host factors also impacted infection rates, with higher rates in Northeastern Algeria and among suspected disease cattle. Additionally, gender, age, and breed influenced cattle susceptibility to Theileria infection. Furthermore, six distinct co-infections between Piroplasma spp. and A. marginale were observed, with T. annulata/A. marginale identified in six studies, demonstrating an 8.3% co-infection rate. CONCLUSION This analysis offers crucial insights into the current status of Piroplasmosis and its co-infection with A. marginale in Algerian domestic ruminants, providing valuable data for surveillance and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nahal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, Chadli Bendjedid University- El-Tarf, B.P 73, 36000, El-Tarf, Algeria.
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Microbiology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
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4
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Chamuah JK, Jacob SS, Ezung L, Awomi L, Aier I, Kumar H, Goswami P, Lalzampuia H, Khate K, Vupru K, Singh M, Hanah SS, Shivanagowda GP. First report of Ikeda genotype of Theileria orientalis in Mithun (Bos frontalis) from northeastern hilly region of India. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:36. [PMID: 38086995 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Oriental theileriosis caused by Theileria orientalis, previously considered a benign disease, is posing a significant threat to the livestock industry across the globe. To elucidate the prevalence of Theileria orientalis in ticks and their host, the Mithun, a comprehensive study was undertaken in the two northeastern states of India, viz. Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 340 of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks and 25 Ambylomma sp. ticks were screened for the presence of Theileria orientalis through PCR. Among the R. microplus ticks examined, 25 of them tested positive for T. orientalis infection whereas none of the Amblyomma ticks was positive. Additionally, a total of 275 blood samples were collected from Mithun from Arunachal and Nagaland and 31 animals were found to be positive for T. orientalis infection. Notably, six positive cases were identified in Porba (Phek district), six in Tening, and one in Bamsiakilwa village (Peren district) of Nagaland. Moreover, out of the 41 animals examined at Medziphema farms, Nagaland, 18 were found to be positive for T. orientalis infection. Moreover, the phylogenetic investigation has unveiled the presence of the highly pathogenic Type 2 (Ikeda) T. orientalis genotype in Mithun, supported by a strong bootstrap value of 100%. This study marks the initial documentation of oriental theileriosis in mithun. It underscores the need for vigilant monitoring and active surveillance of mithun populations in the northeastern states of India. Timely treatment of infected animals is imperative to avert economic losses for the farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siju Susan Jacob
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Investigation, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Livika Awomi
- ICAR-NRC On Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | | | - Harshit Kumar
- ICAR-NRC On Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | | | | | - Kobu Khate
- ICAR-NRC On Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | | | - Mahak Singh
- ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Dipamur, India
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5
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Wang BH, Du LF, Zhang MZ, Xia LY, Li C, Lin ZT, Wang N, Gao WY, Ye RZ, Liu JY, Han XY, Shi WQ, Shi XY, Jiang JF, Jia N, Cui XM, Zhao L, Cao WC. Genomic Characterization of Theileria luwenshuni Strain Cheeloo. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0030123. [PMID: 37260375 PMCID: PMC10434005 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00301-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileria, a tick-borne intracellular protozoan, can cause infections of various livestock and wildlife around the world, posing a threat to veterinary health. Although more and more Theileria species have been identified, genomes have been available only from four Theileria species to date. Here, we assembled a whole genome of Theileria luwenshuni, an emerging Theileria, through next-generation sequencing of purified erythrocytes from the blood of a naturally infected goat. We designated it T. luwenshuni str. Cheeloo because its genome was assembled by the researchers at Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China. The genome of T. lunwenshuni str. Cheeloo was the smallest in comparison with the other four Theileria species. T. luwenshuni str. Cheeloo possessed the fewest gene gains and gene family expansion. The protein count of each category was always comparable between T. luwenshuni str. Cheeloo and T. orientalis str. Shintoku in the Eukaryote Orthologs annotation, though there were remarkable differences in genome size. T. luwenshuni str. Cheeloo had lower counts than the other four Theileria species in most categories at level 3 of Gene Ontology annotation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotation revealed a loss of the c-Myb in T. luwenshuni str. Cheeloo. The infection rate of T. luwenshuni str. Cheeloo was up to 81.5% in a total of 54 goats from three flocks. The phylogenetic analyses based on both 18S rRNA and cox1 genes indicated that T. luwenshuni had relatively low diversity. The first characterization of the T. luwenshuni genome will promote better understanding of the emerging Theileria. IMPORTANCE Theileria has led to substantial economic losses in animal husbandry. Whole-genome sequencing data of the genus Theileria are currently limited, which has prohibited us from further understanding their molecular features. This work depicted whole-genome sequences of T. luwenshuni str. Cheeloo, an emerging Theileria species, and reported a high prevalence of T. luwenshuni str. Cheeloo infection in goats. The first assembly and characterization of T. luwenshuni genome will benefit exploring the infective and pathogenic mechanisms of the emerging Theileria to provide scientific basis for future control strategies of theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Hui Wang
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Feng Du
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhu Zhang
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luo-Yuan Xia
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Tao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wan-Ying Gao
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Run-Ze Ye
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Yue Liu
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Fu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- Institute of EcoHealth, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Mohanta UK, Chikufenji B, Galon EM, Ji S, Ma Z, El-Sayed SAES, Ringo AE, Do TT, Xuan X. Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analyses of Babesia spp. and Theileria spp. in Livestock in Bangladesh. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1563. [PMID: 37375065 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Piroplasmosis, caused by Babesia spp. and Theileria spp., poses significant constraints for livestock production and upgradation in Bangladesh. Besides examining blood smears, few molecular reports are available from some selected areas in the country. Therefore, the actual scenario of piroplasmosis in Bangladesh is deficient. This study aimed to screen the piroplasms in different livestock species by molecular tools. A total of 276 blood samples were collected from cattle (Bos indicus), gayals (Bos frontalis) and goats (Capra hircus) in five geographies of Bangladesh. After that, screening was conducted through a polymerase chain reaction, and species were confirmed by sequencing. The prevalence of Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, B. naoakii, B. ovis, Theileria annulata and T. orientalis was 49.28%, 0.72%, 1.09%, 32.26%, 6.52% and 46.01%, respectively. The highest prevalence (79/109; 72.48%) of co-infections was observed with B. bigemina and T. orientalis. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the sequences of B. bigemina (BbigRAP-1a), B. bovis (BboSBP-4), B. naoakii (AMA-1), B. ovis (ssu rRNA) and T. annulata (Tams-1) were included in one clade in the respective phylograms. In contrast, T. orientalis (MPSP) sequences were separated into two clades, corresponding to Types 5 and 7. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular report on piroplasms in gayals and goats in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Kumar Mohanta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Boniface Chikufenji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Zhuowei Ma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aaron Edmond Ringo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Thanh Thom Do
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan
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Krishnamoorthy P, Parween N, Sangeetha TR, Jacob SS, Ballari S, Suresh KP. Epidemiological analysis of cattle ticks and tick-borne pathogens in Gadag district, Karnataka state in India. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:387-399. [PMID: 37193487 PMCID: PMC10182199 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, epidemiological analysis on 839 ticks collected from 50 cattle in Gadag district, Karnataka state, tick identification and detection of tick-borne pathogens was conducted by PCR, sequencing, and phylogeny. The morphological identification revealed that Haemaphysalis spp. [48.6%], Rhipicephalus spp. [48.4%], and Hyalomma spp. [3.0%] tick genera in Gadag district. Further, a higher infestation of Haemaphysalis spp. [69.0%] and Rhipicephalus spp. [62.3%] in Shirahatti and Gadag taluk, respectively was observed. Based on the taluk-wise and tick genus-wise analysis, a higher number of ticks was present in the dewlap region of cattle body sites, except for Hyalomma spp., the majority of which was present in the neck. Tick genus prevalence was 45.1, 42.7%, and 12.2 for Haemaphysalis spp., Rhipicephalus spp., and Hyalomma spp., respectively. The mean tick per cattle was 11.6, 11.0, and 2.5 for Rhipicephalus spp., Haemaphysalis spp., and Hyalomma spp., respectively. The prevalence of Anaplasma marginale, Babesia spp., and Rickettsia rickettsii was 8.0, 6.4, and 6.4%, respectively in the tick DNA samples and was negative for Ehrlichia and Theileria spp. The sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene revealed the presence of Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Rhipicephalus decoloratus, and Rhipicephalus microplus tick species in the Gadag district. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the tick species have similarities and identity with the isolates from India and neighboring countries. Thus, the study provides knowledge on tick genus distribution and tick-borne pathogens in Gadag district, Karnataka which will help in developing the control and prevention strategies by the policymakers and for profitable dairy farming by farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramanandham Krishnamoorthy
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - Nahid Parween
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - Tadaga Revanaiah Sangeetha
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | - Siju Susan Jacob
- Parasitology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
| | | | - Kuralayanapalya Puttahonappa Suresh
- Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064 India
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8
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Multiplex PCR for rapid differential diagnosis of co-prevalent species of Theileria (Theileria annulata and Theileria orientalis) in cattle. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1189-1197. [PMID: 36897381 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Theileriosis is a tick-borne disease that causes enormous losses in the dairy industry. There are several species of Theileria that can infect bovines. Generally, more than one species are prevalent in any geographical area; thus, chances of co-infections are high. Differentiation of these species may not be possible by microscopic examination or serological tests. Therefore, in this study, a multiplex PCR assay was standardized and evaluated for rapid and simultaneous differential detection of two species of Theileria viz., Theileria annulata and Theileria orientalis. Species-specific primers were designed to target the merozoite piroplasm surface antigen gene (TAMS1) of T. annulata and the major piroplasm surface protein gene of T. orientalis, yielding specific amplicon of 229 bp and 466 bp, respectively. The sensitivity of multiplex PCR was 102 and 103 copies for T. annulata and T. orientalis, respectively. The simplex and multiplex PCRs were specific and showed no cross-reactivity with other hemoprotozoa for either primer. For comparative evaluation, blood samples from 216 cattle were tested by simplex and multiplex PCR for both species. Using multiplex PCR, 131 animals were found infected for theileriosis, of which 112 were infected with T. annulata, five were infected with T. orientalis, and 14 had mixed infections. This is the first report of T. orientalis from Haryana, India. Representative sequences of T. annulata (ON248941) and T. orientalis (ON248942) were submitted in GenBank. The standardized multiplex PCR assay used in this study was specific, sensitive, for the screening of field samples.
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9
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Baghel KR, Saravanan BC, Jeeva K, Chandra D, Singh KP, Ghosh S, Tewari AK. Oriental theileriosis associated with a new genotype of Theileria orientalis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves in Uttar Pradesh, India. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102077. [PMID: 36402047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Theileria orientalis is known to cause a benign infection in cattle and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). However, the Ikeda and Chitose genotypes of the parasite cause lethal disease in beef and dairy cattle. Recently an outbreak of clinical oriental theileriosis occurred in buffalo calves in a Government Animal Husbandry and Agricultural Farm located in Uttar Pradesh, India. Examination of Giemsa stained thin blood smears revealed typical rod-shaped T. orientalis piroplasms in the erythrocytes. The clinical signs included pyrexia, nasal discharge, lacrimation, lethargy, inappetence and anaemia with varying degrees of paleness of the visible mucous membranes. Vascular congestion in internal organs, pulmonary emphysema and consolidation of lungs, focal areas of necrosis in the heart with mononuclear cell infiltration, focal mononuclear cell aggregation in the cortex and tubular degeneration of the kidney were significant necropsy findings. The T. orientalis major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the PCR product revealed 84.8% identity between the T. orientalis Uttar Pradesh isolate and other reference genotypes available in the public domain. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis of the MPSP gene sequence ratified that this is a new genotype of T. orientalis. This is the first report of a clinical outbreak of oriental theileriosis in Indian buffalo calves caused by a novel genotype of T. orientalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Baghel
- CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - B C Saravanan
- CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India.
| | - K Jeeva
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Dinesh Chandra
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - K P Singh
- CADRAD, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - S Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - A K Tewari
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
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10
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Chen Y, Chen YY, Liu G, Lyu C, Hu Y, An Q, Qiu HY, Zhao Q, Wang CR. Prevalence of Theileria in cattle in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2021; 162:105369. [PMID: 34952152 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Theileria, one of the causative agents of blood protozoan, has brought a huge economic loss to the cattle industry worldwide. However, the epidemiology of Theileria in Chinese cattle has not been systematically investigated. This comprehensive review aimed at investigating the prevalence of Theileria infection in cattle in China. A total of 48 published papers on Theileria infection in cattle in China (including data from 21,366 animals) from inception to October 8, 2021 met the inclusion standard after searching in five databases (Technology Periodical Database, Wan Fang Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, PubMed, and ScienceDirect). The pooled prevalence of Theileria in cattle in China was 32.4% identified by using a random effects model. The prevalence in Northeastern China (45.3%) was higher than that in other regions. In the sex subgroup, the prevalence of Theileria was higher in females (48.9%) than that in males (45.8%). The prevalence of Theileria was higher in cattle of free range (34.4%) compared with that of intensive farming (22.3%). The prevalence prior to 2013 (36.1%) was higher than that after 2013 (33.6%). Among three cattle species, dairy cows had the lowest prevalence (21.5%). The prevalence of Theileria (T.) annulata (22.2%) and T. sergenti (26.2%) was higher than other species of Theileria (T. buffeli: 17.5%, T. luwenshuni: 0.9%, T. orientalis: 15.5%, T. ovis: 0.21%, T. sinensis: 20.2%, T. uilenbergi: 6.2%, Others: 0.9%). We also analyzed the impact of different geographic factor subgroups (longitude, latitude, precipitation, temperature, humidity, and altitude) on the prevalence of Theileria in cattle. Among them, climatic factors of longitude, latitude, precipitation, humidity, temperature were associated with the prevalence of Theileria. These analyses suggested that Theileria was common in cattle in China. Targeted prevention programs based on geographic and climatic conditions in different areas may play an important role in reducing Theileria infection among cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, 130600, PR China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Ying-Yu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, PR China
| | - Chuang Lyu
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266100, PR China
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Qi An
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Hong-Yu Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, 130600, PR China.
| | - Chun-Ren Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, PR China.
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11
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Akhil KS, Chackochan M, Sunanda C, Rojan PM, Nair SN, Simon S, Sanjay D, Dinesh CN, Ravindran R. South Indian zebu dwarf cattle show higher natural resistance to tick infestation compared to crossbreds: preliminary observations. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:498. [PMID: 34611774 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of various factors on the host resistance of cattle against tick infestation in Kerala State, South India. The number of naturally infested semi-engorged female ticks present on the cattle was counted on a sample cattle population across the four regions of Kerala. Then, the animals were grouped based on the tick count. The chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used to identify the effects of genetic and non-genetic factors on tick burden in cattle. It was found that the Holstein Friesian crossbred and Jersey crossbred cattle had a significantly higher level of tick infestation than the indigenous Vechur breed (Bos indicus). No tick infestation was observed in indigenous Kasaragod Dwarf cattle (B. indicus). Tick infestation was more in heifers and dry animals than lactating animals. However, the sex of the animal and the stage of lactation did not influence the tick load. Tick infestation was also influenced by parity, grazing, and region.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Akhil
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Pookode, 673576, India
| | - M Chackochan
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Pookode, 673576, India
| | - C Sunanda
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Pookode, 673576, India
| | - P M Rojan
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Pookode, 673576, India
| | - S N Nair
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Mannuthy, 680651, India
| | - S Simon
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Mannuthy, 680651, India
| | - D Sanjay
- Kerala State Department of Animal Husbandry, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - C N Dinesh
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Pookode, 673576, India
| | - R Ravindran
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University), Kerala, Pookode, 673576, India.
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12
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Kovalchuk SN. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic study of Theileria sp. parasites detected in cattle from the Moscow region of Russia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 13:101835. [PMID: 34601345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Theileriae are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites which are transmitted by ixodid ticks and infect both wild and domestic ruminants worldwide. Theileriosis causes significant economic losses to the livestock industry in many countries due to the high morbidity and mortality in cattle herds. In Russia, information concerning prevalence of Theileria spp. in cattle is very limited. This study reports on molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Theileria spp. parasites detected in cattle from the Moscow region of Russia. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full length 18S rRNA gene revealed that the Russian Theileria parasites belong to the Theileria orientalis / Theileria buffeli / Theileria sergenti group and share a common genotype with T. buffeli Marula from Kenya, T. buffeli isolates from Japan and South Korea, T. orientalis isolate from Australia and T. sergenti isolate from Japan, which belong to the pathogenic Chitose genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N Kovalchuk
- Institute of Innovative Biotechnologies in Animal Husbandry - the branch of L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Kostyakova str., 12/4, Moscow, 127422 Russia
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13
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Patial V, Gupta T, Angaria S, Bali D, Katoch A, Gautam M, Singh NK, Sharma M, Chahota R. Theileria orientalis outbreak in an organized cattle breeding farm. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 24:100572. [PMID: 34024388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Theileriosis is an important tick borne disease of cattle caused by a haemoprotozoan of genus Theileria. Clinical bovine theileriosis is mainly caused by T. annulata or T. parva but the clinical disease due to T. orientalis is rare. T. orientalis mainly infect RBCs and causes "Oriental theileriosis" or Theileria-associated bovine anaemia in cattle and other livestock species. Two genotypes of T. orientalis (Chitose and Ikeda) are reported to cause severe disease in some countries. In this report, a spontaneous outbreak of Oriental theileriosis was studied in an organized Holstein-Friesian cattle breeding farm situated in the south-eastern Himalayan ranges of Himachal Pradesh State of India. Animal blood and tick samples were tested using cytological and PCR techniques. The disease episode occurred in a protracted manner spanning over 10 to 12 months and association of T. orientalis was confirmed in 93.3% of the blood and 21.7% of Rhipicephalus microplus (tick) samples. No other tick borne pathogen was detected except Anaplasma marginale in two blood samples. Haematological profiling of infected cattle showed characteristic indicators of anaemia like haemoblobin, RBC count, haematocrit value and mean corpuscular volume at either lower than normal or near the lower normal range. The prevailing persistent anaemic changes led to more severe clinical manifestations like abortion and joint inflammation. The detected T. orientalis strains and ticks species were further confirmed by nucleotide sequence analysis of 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes. Phylogenetically, T. orientalis strains showed clustering with other reported strains of T. orientalis from the surrounding regions. This first report of clinical Oriental theileriosis from India emphasises the importance of T. orientalis as an emerging tick borne pathogen and role of widely prevalent ticks species in disease transmission and their impact on livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanita Patial
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur 176 062, India
| | - Tania Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur 176 062, India
| | - Shivani Angaria
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur 176 062, India
| | - Diksha Bali
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur 176 062, India
| | - Ajay Katoch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur 176 062, India
| | - Mayank Gautam
- Department of Veterinary Animal Husbandary, Government of Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nirbhay Kumar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana 141 004, India
| | - Mandeep Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur 176 062, India
| | - Rajesh Chahota
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur 176 062, India.
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14
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Prabhakaran HS, Ghosh KK, Kumari RR, Kumar P, Kumar M. Evaluation of sporozoite and macroschizont antigen (Spm2) of Theileria annulata for its diagnostic potential. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101691. [PMID: 33667832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Theileria are tick-borne apicomplexan parasites, which mainly infect ruminants in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The present study was directed to investigate the serological methods for the diagnosis of theileriosis in crossbred cattle. Blood samples (n = 176) were collected from the regional cattle populations of Bihar state situated at the Gangetic plains of India. Microscopic examination of blood smears from the cattle revealed the presence of tick-borne infectious organisms (Theileria and Anaplasma) in the region. PCR-based detection of Tams1 (Theileria annulata merozoite surface antigen) gene and the sequencing of 18S rRNA amplicon from the blood samples confirmed T. annulata as the primary causative agent of theileriosis in cattle of the Bihar region. Similarly, the amplification of the msp5 gene confirmed Anaplasma marginale infection. For the large-scale epidemiological investigation, sporozoite and macroschizont (spm2) partial gene from T. annulata was cloned in pET-28a (+) vector and overexpressed in E. coli BL21 cells. Overexpressed recombinant-Spm2 (43 kDa) was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and was used for immunodetection of theileriosis in cattle serum samples. Sequence analysis of the cloned partial spm2 gene in this study showed multiple SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in T. annulata. Recombinant-Spm2 antigen was explicitly recognised by the immunoglobulins (IgG) of the cattle naturally infected with Theileria. Further, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using partial r-Spm2 antigen that exhibited high sensitivity (100 %) and specificity (90.9 %). Thus, this study suggests that partial r-Spm2 can be used as a diagnostic antigen for seroepidemiological studies of T. annulata infection in crossbred cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Sheeja Prabhakaran
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Karukriti Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Rashmi Rekha Kumari
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Bihar Veterinary College, BASU, Patna, 800 014, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Division of Livestock and Fisheries Management, ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, 800 014, Bihar, India.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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15
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Lakew BT, Kheravii SK, Wu SB, Eastwood S, Andrew NR, Jenkins C, Walkden-Brown SW. Endemic infection of cattle with multiple genotypes of Theileria orientalis on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales despite limited presence of ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 12:101645. [PMID: 33388554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine theileriosis, caused by the Theileria orientalis complex, causes a mild persistent infection with the severity dependent on the infecting genotype and host exposure status. Clinical theileriosis was first detected on the Northern Tablelands of NSW in 2009 and a high prevalence of infection in cattle reported in 2013. However, the parasite was not genotyped and likely vectors not investigated. In response to ongoing clinical cases, here we identify the Theileria genotypes present in the region and potential vectors. Genotype-specific multiplex qPCR of 90 blood samples from eight farms revealed a 100 % prevalence of T. orientalis in individual cattle with concurrent infection with all three genotypes present in 73 % of cases. The prevalence of the pathogenic genotype (Ikeda) differed significantly between farms; however, the level of parasitemia was not affected by genotype or associated with clinical disease. Parasitaemia levels were higher in heifers than cows. Questing tick collection on six of the farms between November 2017 and May 2019 yielded 358 questing ticks from one farm, all of which were morphologically identified as Haemaphysalis bancrofti. Larvae accounted for 59 % of the ticks followed by nymphs (34 %) and adults (7%). Theileria was detected only in nymphs with Ikeda and Buffeli genotypes each being detected in one of four pools of ticks. The high prevalence of co-infection with three genotypes of T. orientalis indicates that they are now endemic in the region and confirms the lack of cross-protection between genotypes. This is the first detection of T. orientalis in questing H. bancrofti ticks: indicating that it may be a vector for T. orientalis in this region. However, the high prevalence of bovine infection is at odds with the absence of captured ticks or history of tick infestation on five of the six farms raising the possibility that other vectors or transmission pathways play key roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biniam T Lakew
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P. O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Steve Eastwood
- Local Land Services, Northern Tablelands, Armidale, 2350, NSW, Australia
| | - Nigel R Andrew
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia; Insect Ecology Lab, Zoology, Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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16
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Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing and Informatics as an Effective Tool to Establish the Composition of Bovine Piroplasm Populations in Endemic Regions. Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010021. [PMID: 33374586 PMCID: PMC7822421 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protists of the genera Babesia and Theileria (piroplasms) cause some of the most prevalent and debilitating diseases for bovines worldwide. In this study, we established and used a next-generation sequencing-informatic approach to explore the composition of Babesia and Theileria populations in cattle and water buffalo in a country (Pakistan) endemic for these pathogens. We collected individual blood samples from cattle (n = 212) and water buffalo (n = 154), extracted genomic DNAs, PCR-amplified the V4 hypervariable region of 18S small subunit rRNA gene from piroplasms, sequenced amplicons using Illumina technology, and then analysed data using bioinformatic platforms. The results revealed piroplasms in 68.9% (252/366) samples, with overall occurrence being markedly higher in cattle (85.8%) than in water buffaloes (45.5%). Babesia (B.) occultans and Theileria (T.) lestoquardi-like species were recorded for the first time in Pakistan, and, overall, T. annulata was most commonly detected (65.8%) followed by B. bovis (7.1%), B. bigemina (4.4%), and T. orientalis (0.5%), with the genetic variability within B. bovis being pronounced. The occurrence and composition of piroplasm species varied markedly across different agro-ecological zones. The high detection of T. annulata in asymptomatic animals suggested a relatively high level of endemic stability of tropical theileriosis in the bovine population.
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17
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Adelabu OA, Iweriebor BC, Okoh AI, Obi LC. Genomic Profiling for Piroplasms in Feeding Ixodid Ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121061. [PMID: 33353073 PMCID: PMC7767023 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Importation of tick-infected animals and the uncontrollable migration of birds and wild animals across borders can lead to geographical expansion and redistribution of ticks and pathogen vectors, thus leading to the emergence and re-emergence of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals. Comparatively, little is known about the occurrence of piroplasms in ixodid ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, thus necessitating this study, which is aimed at detecting piroplasms (Theileria and Babesia) from feeding tick samples collected from cattle, sheep, and goats in selected sites in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A total of 1200 feeding ixodid ticks collected from farm animals at selected homesteads were first subjected to molecular identification using mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene by PCR and were further tested for the presence of piroplasms through amplification of the 18S rRNA gene via nested-PCR followed by sequencing of the PCR products. The results indicated that 853 (71.1%) corresponded to the genus Rhipicephalus, 335 (27.9%) corresponded to genus Amblyomma, and 12 (1%) corresponded to genus Haemaphysalis. Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus were the most common identified ticks from this study. The 18S rRNA nested-PCR revealed that 44 (3.7%) samples were confirmed positive for Theileria. A homology search for the generated sequences revealed a high percentage identity of 98–98.9% similarity to T. buffeli, T. orientalis, and T. sergenti in the GenBank. Based on the results obtained herein, we conclude that there is a big diversity of Theileria species; therefore, we suggest that this research should cover more geographical areas in order to reveal the true prevalence of this pathogen in the studied area because this will be a great step in the possible prevention of an outbreak that could have devastating effects on livestock production and human health in both the studied areas and South Africa at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusesan Adeyemi Adelabu
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa;
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Benson Chuks Iweriebor
- School of Science and Technology Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (B.C.I.); (L.C.O.)
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa;
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Larry Chikwelu Obi
- School of Science and Technology Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (B.C.I.); (L.C.O.)
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Selim AM, Senapati SK, Das M, Mishra C, Patra RC, Panda SK. Molecular, epidemiological and haematological evaluation in Theileria orientalis infected cattle from an endemic region in India. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 32:663-670. [PMID: 32163002 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1738450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the epidemiological and haematological parameters with simultaneous molecular detection of Theileria orientalis infection of crossbred jersey (CBJ) cattle. Haematological values like mean hemoglobin (Hb) (7.31 ± 2.3 g/dl), packed cell volume (PCV) (21.69 ± 6.11%), red blood cells count (RBCs) (4.40 ± 1.6 M/μl), white blood cells count (WBCs) (6.93 ± 3.06 103/µl) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (33.56 ± 3.51 g/dl) were decreased significantly (p < 0.05), whereas mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (51.06 ± 6.14fl) and eosinophil count (0.39 ± 0.44 103/µl) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in cattle infected with T. orientalis. Analysis of major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) of 110 blood samples randomly collected from cattle from seven districts by PCR indicated that an average of 70% of cattle was positive for T. orientalis infection. In particular, Puri and Khorda districts were identified as relatively high-risk areas for T. orientalis infection, with infection rates of 76.66% and 72.4%, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of isolated T. orientalis MPSP gene (MN334767) classified it into type 5. Earlier Indian isolates were classified into three types viz.type 1, type 3 and type 7 and this is the first time to detect type 5 in Odisha, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Magdy Selim
- Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Santosh Kumar Senapati
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Manoranjan Das
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chinmoy Mishra
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra Patra
- Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Susen Kumar Panda
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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Gebrekidan H, Perera PK, Ghafar A, Abbas T, Gasser RB, Jabbar A. An appraisal of oriental theileriosis and the Theileria orientalis complex, with an emphasis on diagnosis and genetic characterisation. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:11-22. [PMID: 31811422 PMCID: PMC7223495 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oriental theileriosis, a tick-borne disease of bovids caused by members of the Theileria orientalis complex, has a worldwide distribution. Globally, at least 11 distinct genotypes of T. orientalis complex, including type 1 (chitose), type 2 (ikeda), type 3 (buffeli), types 4 to 8, and N1-N3, have been described based on the sequence of the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene. Of these 11 genotypes, mainly ikeda and chitose are known to be pathogenic and cause considerable morbidity (including high fever, anaemia, jaundice and abortion), production losses and/or mortality in cattle. Mixed infections with two or more genotypes of T. orientalis is common, but do not always lead to a clinical disease, posing challenges in the diagnosis of asymptomatic or subclinical forms of oriental theileriosis. The diagnosis of oriental theileriosis is usually based on clinical signs, the detection of piroplasms of T. orientalis in blood smears, and/or the use of serological or molecular techniques. This paper reviews current methods used for the diagnosis of T. orientalis infections and the genetic characterisation of members of the T. orientalis complex, and proposes that advanced genomic tools should be established for investigations of these and related haemoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagos Gebrekidan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piyumali K Perera
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Abdul Ghafar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tariq Abbas
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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20
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Nimisha M, Devassy JK, Pradeep RK, Pakideery V, Sruthi MK, Pious A, Kurbet PS, Amrutha BM, Chandrasekhar L, Deepa CK, Ajithkumar KG, Varghese A, Juliet S, Dinesh CN, Nair SN, Chandy G, Ghosh S, Ravindran R. Ticks and accompanying pathogens of domestic and wild animals of Kerala, South India. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 79:137-155. [PMID: 31489558 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to detect the chosen nucleotide DNA or RNA sequences of the pathogens in ticks of domestic and wild animals of Kerala, South India based on molecular techniques. Among 602 ticks collected, 413 were from bovines (cattle and buffalo), 26 from goats, 101 from dogs and 62 from wild animals. Amblyomma integrum, Am. gervaisi, Dermacentor auratus, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, Ha. intermedia, Ha. shimoga, Ha. spinigera, Rhipicephalus annulatus, Rh. microplus, Rh. haemaphysaloides and Rh. sanguineus s.l. were identified from various domestic and wild animals of Kerala. The cDNA synthesized from the RNA isolated from fully or partially engorged adult female/nymphal ticks was used as template for the specific polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Out of 602 ticks examined, nucleotide sequences of pathogens were detected in 28 ticks (4.65%). The nucleotide sequences of tick-borne pathogens like Theileria orientalis, Babesia vogeli, Hepatozoon canis, Anaplasma marginale, An. bovis, Rickettsia sp. closely related to Ri. raoultii, Ri. massiliae, Ri. africae and Ri. slovaca were detected. The identification of the previously unreported nucleotide sequences of rickettsial pathogens from India is of particular interest due to their zoonotic significance. The phylogenetic analysis of the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene of T. orientalis amplified from Rh. annulatus ticks revealed that they were genetically close to type 7, which belong to the highly pathogenic Ikeda group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murikoli Nimisha
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Jeena Kaitharath Devassy
- Center for Wildlife Studies, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Rangapura Kariyappa Pradeep
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Vidya Pakideery
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Meethalae Koombayil Sruthi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Anu Pious
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Prashant Somalingappa Kurbet
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Birur Mallappa Amrutha
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Leena Chandrasekhar
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Chundayil Kalarikkal Deepa
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | | | - Anju Varghese
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | | | - Suresh Narayanan Nair
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - George Chandy
- Center for Wildlife Studies, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP243122, India
| | - Reghu Ravindran
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India.
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Genetic characterization of Theileria species infecting bovines in India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103962. [PMID: 31302242 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic characterization of Theileria species infecting bovines in India was attempted targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA region of the parasite. Blood samples of bovines (n = 452), suspected for haemoprotozoan infections, from 9 different states of the country were microscopically examined for Theileria species infection. Four Theileria spp. positive blood samples from each state were randomly utilized for PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene (approx. 1529 bp) followed by cloning and sequencing. The sequence data analysis of all the 36 isolates revealed that 33 isolates had high sequence similarity with published sequences of T. annulata, whereas 3 isolates (MF287917, MF287924 and MF287928) showed close similarity with published sequences of T. orientalis. Sequence homology within the isolates ranged between 95.8 and 100% and variation in the length of targeted region was also noticed in different isolates (1527-1538 nt). Phylogenetic tree created for T. annulata sequences revealed that a total of 24 Indian isolates formed a major clade and grouped together with isolates originating from countries like China, Spain, Turkey and USA. Remaining 09 isolates clustered in a separate group and were closely related to the TA5 isolate of T. annulata (a new genotype) originating from India and also with the isolates from East Asian countries like Japan and Malaysia. All the three T. orientalis isolates had minimal intraspecific variation (99-100% homology) amongst themselves. Further, in the phylogenetic analysis T. orientalis Indian isolates were found to cluster away from other 14 isolates of T. buffeli/sergenti/orientalis originating from different countries (Australia, China, Indonesia and Spain). However, these 3 isolates clustered together with the T. buffeli Indian isolate (EF126184). Present study confirmed the circulation of different genotypes of T. annulata in India, along with T. orientalis isolates.
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22
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Özübek S, Aktaş M. Genetic diversity of Theileria orientalis from cattle in Turkey. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:132-136. [PMID: 31300102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Theileria orientalis is usually a benign parasite but some genotypes cause infection and economic losses to the cattle industry. This study was carried out to determine T. orientalis genotypes in cattle. T. orientalis positive 63 sample were analyzed by amplifying the MPSP gene region by PCR. As a result of the SSCP analysis, samples with different band profiles were sent to the sequence analysis and genotypes were determined. T. orientalis genotype-specific PCR was performed to determine the mix genotypes. Type 1 (chitose), type 3 and type 1-type 3 mix were found positive 11.1%, 46%, and 17.5% respectively. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was performed to separate the chitose genotypes, and two samples were found in chitose A, one sample was found in chitose B. Although chitose A genotype is suggested to be more pathogenic than chitose B, but there is little evidence for this. As a result of this study, we showed the presence of pathogenic genotype T. orientalis in Turkey. Therefore, extensive epidemiological studies are required to understand the geographic distribution, different genotypes and clinical pathologies of T. orientalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezayi Özübek
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Münir Aktaş
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
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Rehman A, Conraths FJ, Sauter-Louis C, Krücken J, Nijhof AM. Epidemiology of tick-borne pathogens in the semi-arid and the arid agro-ecological zones of Punjab province, Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:526-536. [PMID: 30383917 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) have a large impact on animal health and the livelihood of livestock owners, particularly in developing countries. Although climatic and ecological conditions in Pakistan may favour the transmission of tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), only a few systematic studies have been carried out on TBPs and the diseases that they cause in this country. To improve our understanding of the distribution of TBPs, 3,807 ticks were collected from ruminants (n = 369) on 108 livestock farms (semi-arid zone = 36, arid zone = 72) in Punjab Province. After morphological identification ticks were pooled into 405 pools (Hyalomma anatolicum = 300, Rhipicephalus microplus = 89, Hyalomma dromedarii = 9, Rhipicephalus turanicus = 7) based on their species, locality of collection, and the host. DNA from each pool was screened by a Reverse Line Blot (RLB) hybridization assay for the presence of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia, Babesia, and Theileria species. DNA from at least one TBP was found in 142 (35.1%) pools. Among the positive pools, 91 (64.1%) had a mixed infection with two or more TBPs, whereas 51 (35.9%) pools were infected with a single TBP. The detected pathogens not only included species that were known to be endemic in Pakistan, such as Theileria annulata (6.7%), Theileria orientalis (3.5%), Anaplasma marginale (5.7%), Anaplasma centrale (2.7%), Anaplasma ovis (1.5%), Babesia bigemina (0.7%), and Babesia bovis (0.2%), but also several TBPs that had not been reported to occur in Pakistan before. This included Ehrlichia minasensis (3.2%), an Anaplasma platys-like organism (1.2%), Babesia occultans (0.2%), and Rickettsia massiliae (0.2%), as well as two previously uncharacterized species: Ehrlichia sp. Multan (18.0%) and Anaplasma sp. (BL099-6) (2.22%). The pathogenicity of these novel species remains to be examined. This study shows that a much broader spectrum of TBPs is present in Pakistan than previously thought, including several zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rehman
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ard M Nijhof
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Ghosh S, Patra G, Kumar Borthakur S, Behera P, Tolenkhomba T, Deka A, Kumar Khare R, Biswas P. Prevalence of haemoprotozoa in cattle of Mizoram, India. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1518208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhamoy Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, CAU, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Gautam Patra
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, CAU, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Parthasarathi Behera
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, CAU, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - T.C. Tolenkhomba
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, CAU, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Abhijit Deka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, CAU, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Papia Biswas
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology. College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
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25
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Wang J, Yang J, Liu J, Wang X, Xu J, Liu A, Li Y, Liu Z, Ren Q, Luo J, Guan G, Yin H. Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Theileria orientalis in cattle in China. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3689-3694. [PMID: 30056555 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Theileria orientalis is a tick-borne intracellular protozoan parasite that is widely distributed throughout China. It causes bovine theileriosis in infected cattle, which results in huge economic losses to the cattle industry. In this study, the infection status of T. orientalis was determined in 260 blood samples from cattle from seven provinces across China. Results of a major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP)-PCR assay revealed that an average of 36.5% (95/260) of cattle was positive for T. orientalis infection. Based on the MPSP gene sequences, phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates of T. orientalis comprised of eight MPSP types, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, N1, and N2. This is the first report of new T. orientalis MPSP genotypes N1 and N2 in cattle in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Sahoo N, Behera BK, Khuntia HK, Dash M. Prevalence of carrier state theileriosis in lactating cows. Vet World 2017; 10:1471-1474. [PMID: 29391688 PMCID: PMC5771172 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1471-1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to examine the carrier status of theileriosis among apparently healthy cross-bred jersey cattle population of Odisha using conventional blood smear examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Materials and Methods: A total of 34 apparently healthy cross-bred Jersey lactating cows were considered in this study. Blood samples were subjected to microscopic examination after staining with Giemsa stain and PCR based molecular diagnosis using two sets of primer, i.e., N516/N517 and TorF1/TorF2 specific for Theileria annulata and Theileriaorientalis, respectively. Results: Examination of blood samples revealed presence of theileria parasites to a magnitude of 20.59% for T. annulata, 8.82% for T. orientalis, and 2.94% for both. Conclusion: Molecular diagnosis was found to be much more sensitive than conventional method for diagnosis of theileriosis. T. annulata was found to be the predominant species affecting the exotic cattle. T. orientalis was detected in apparently healthy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjana Sahoo
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Bikash Kumar Behera
- Centre for Wildlife Health, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Khuntia
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Manojita Dash
- Centre for Wildlife Health, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
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27
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Roy BC, Krücken J, Ahmed JS, Majumder S, Baumann MP, Clausen PH, Nijhof AM. Molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens infecting cattle in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh reveals emerging species ofAnaplasmaandBabesia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e231-e242. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. C. Roy
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universitaet Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Department of Parasitology; Bangladesh Agricultural University; Mymensingh Bangladesh
| | - J. Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universitaet Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - J. S. Ahmed
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universitaet Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Majumder
- Department of Agricultural Statistics; Bangladesh Agricultural University; Mymensingh Bangladesh
| | - M. P. Baumann
- FAO Reference Centre for Veterinary Public Health; Freie Universitaet Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - P.-H. Clausen
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universitaet Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - A. M. Nijhof
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universitaet Berlin; Berlin Germany
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28
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Kho KL, Amarajothi ADG, Koh FX, Panchadcharam C, Hassan Nizam QN, Tay ST. The first molecular survey of theileriosis in Malaysian cattle, sheep and goats. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 10:149-153. [PMID: 31014589 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the molecular detection of Theileria spp. from six cattle farms, a sheep farm and a goat farm located at different states in Peninsular Malaysia. Animal blood samples were screened for the presence of Theileria DNA using a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. A total of 155 (69.2%) of 224 cattle investigated were PCR-positive for Theileria DNA. The occurrences of Theileria spp. ranged from 17.5% to 100.0% across six cattle farms. Theileria DNA was detected from 90.0% of 40 sheep but none of 40 goats examined in this study. Sequence analyses of amplified 18S rRNA partial fragments (335-338bp) confirmed the identification of Theileria buffeli, Theileria sergenti, and Theileria sinensis in representative samples of cattle and ticks. T. luwenshuni was identified in the infected sheep. The high occurrences of Theileria spp. in our farm animals highlight the needs for appropriate control and preventive measures for theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ling Kho
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Asha Devi G Amarajothi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fui Xian Koh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Quaza Nizamuddin Hassan Nizam
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Malaysia, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62630 Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Sun Tee Tay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Kim S, Yu DH, Chae JB, Choi KS, Kim HC, Park BK, Chae JS, Park J. Pathogenic genotype of major piroplasm surface protein associated with anemia in Theileria orientalis infection in cattle. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:51. [PMID: 28750636 PMCID: PMC5532781 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious disease outbreaks in cattle caused by Theileria orientalis have emerged in the Asia-Pacific region. Genetic variables of the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) expressed on the surface of the piroplasm inside T. orientalis-infected erythrocytes are considered to be associated with variation in the pathogenicity of T. orientalis. Our study describes the clinically relevant MPSP types associated with anemia in Theileria-infected cattle. These results revealed that MPSP expression plays an important role in hematological alterations in Theileria-infected cattle, and that MPSP type 1 is strongly associated with bovine anemia, which can be a potential target for the prevention of bovine theileriosis.
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Kolte SW, Larcombe SD, Jadhao SG, Magar SP, Warthi G, Kurkure NV, Glass EJ, Shiels BR. PCR diagnosis of tick-borne pathogens in Maharashtra state, India indicates fitness cost associated with carrier infections is greater for crossbreed than native cattle breeds. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174595. [PMID: 28358861 PMCID: PMC5373575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens (TBP) are responsible for significant economic losses to cattle production, globally. This is particularly true in countries like India where TBP constrain rearing of high yielding Bos taurus, as they show susceptibility to acute tick borne disease (TBD), most notably tropical theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata. This has led to a programme of cross breeding Bos taurus (Holstein-Friesian or Jersey) with native Bos indicus (numerous) breeds to generate cattle that are more resistant to disease. However, the cost to fitness of subclinical carrier infection in crossbreeds relative to native breeds is unknown, but could represent a significant hidden economic cost. In this study, a total of 1052 bovine blood samples, together with associated data on host type, sex and body score, were collected from apparently healthy animals in four different agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra state. Samples were screened by PCR for detection of five major TBPs: T. annulata, T. orientalis, B. bigemina, B. bovis and Anaplasma spp.. The results demonstrated that single and co-infection with TBP are common, and although differences in pathogen spp. prevalence across the climatic zones were detected, simplistic regression models predicted that host type, sex and location are all likely to impact on prevalence of TBP. In order to remove issues with autocorrelation between variables, a subset of the dataset was modelled to assess any impact of TBP infection on body score of crossbreed versus native breed cattle (breed type). The model showed significant association between infection with TBP (particularly apicomplexan parasites) and poorer body condition for crossbreed animals. These findings indicate potential cost of TBP carrier infection on crossbreed productivity. Thus, there is a case for development of strategies for targeted breeding to combine productivity traits with disease resistance, or to prevent transmission of TBP in India for economic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil W. Kolte
- Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Stephen D. Larcombe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Suresh G. Jadhao
- Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swapnil P. Magar
- Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ganesh Warthi
- Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin V. Kurkure
- Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Elizabeth J. Glass
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R. Shiels
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Assessing the performance of multiplexed tandem PCR for the diagnosis of pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis using pooled blood samples from cattle. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 31:70-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jirapattharasate C, Adjou Moumouni PF, Cao S, Iguchi A, Liu M, Wang G, Zhou M, Vudriko P, Efstratiou A, Changbunjong T, Sungpradit S, Ratanakorn P, Moonarmart W, Sedwisai P, Weluwanarak T, Wongsawang W, Suzuki H, Xuan X. Molecular detection and genetic diversity of bovine Babesia spp., Theileria orientalis, and Anaplasma marginale in beef cattle in Thailand. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:751-762. [PMID: 28028631 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Babesia spp., Theileria orientalis, and Anaplasma marginale are significant tick-borne pathogens that affect the health and productivity of cattle in tropical and subtropical areas. In this study, we used PCR to detect the presence of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, and T. orientalis in 279 beef cattle from Western Thailand and A. marginale in 608 beef cattle from the north, northeastern, and western regions. The PCRs were performed using species-specific primers based on the B. bovis spherical body protein 2 (BboSBP2), B. bigemina rhoptry-associated protein 1a (BbiRAP-1a), T. orientalis major piroplasm surface protein (ToMPSP), and A. marginale major surface protein 4 (AmMSP4) genes. To determine the genetic diversity of the above parasites, amplicons of B. bovis and B. bigemina ITS1-5.8s rRNA gene-ITS2 regions (B. bovis ITS, B. bigemina ITS), ToMPSP, and AmMSP4 genes were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. PCR results revealed that the prevalence of B. bovis, B. bigemina, T. orientalis, and A. marginale in the Western region was 11.1, 12.5, 7.8, and 39.1 %, respectively. Coinfections of two or three parasites were observed in 17.9 % of the animals sampled. The study revealed that the prevalence of A. marginale in the western region was higher than in the north and northeastern regions (7 %). Sequence analysis showed the BboSBP2 gene to be more conserved than B. bovis ITS in the different isolates and, similarly, the BbiRAP-1a was more conserved than B. bigemina ITS. In the phylogenetic analysis, T. orientalis MPSP sequences were classified into types 3, 5, and 7 as previously reported. A. marginale MSP4 gene sequences shared high identity and similarity with each other and clustered with isolates from other countries. This study provides information on the prevalence and genetic diversity of tick-borne pathogens in beef cattle and highlights the need for effective strategies to control these pathogens in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charoonluk Jirapattharasate
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.,Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shinuo Cao
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Aiko Iguchi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mingming Liu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Guanbo Wang
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mo Zhou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Artemis Efstratiou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Sivapong Sungpradit
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Parntep Ratanakorn
- Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Walasinee Moonarmart
- Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Poonyapat Sedwisai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Thekhawet Weluwanarak
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Witsanu Wongsawang
- Livestock and Wildlife Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Kanchanaburi Campus, Saiyok District, Kanchanaburi, 71150, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Gebrekidan H, Abbas T, Wajid M, Ali A, Gasser RB, Jabbar A. Molecular characterisation of Theileria orientalis in imported and native bovines from Pakistan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 47:19-25. [PMID: 27838527 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological aspects of Theileria orientalis in Pakistan are unknown; therefore, investigations using sensitive and precise molecular techniques are required. This study reports the first molecular characterisation of T. orientalis detected from imported (Bos taurus) and native cattle (Bos indicus×Bos taurus) and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) selected from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan. DNA samples from blood (n=246) were extracted and tested using conventional PCR utilising the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene and multiplexed tandem PCR (MT-PCR). Theileria orientalis DNA was detected (15%; 22/147) only in imported cattle by conventional PCR, whereas 24.5% (36/147), 6% (3/50) and 6.1% (3/49) of the imported cattle and native Pakistani cattle and buffaloes, respectively were test-positive for T. orientalis using MT-PCR. Using MT-PCR, the prevalence of T. orientalis was significantly higher (P<0.0001) in imported cattle compared to that of detected in native Pakistani bovines. The prevalence of T. orientalis and DNA copies of chitose and ikeda were significantly higher (P<0.05) in imported cattle than those detected in native Pakistani bovines. DNA sequencing of amplicons of the conventional PCR revealed the presence of buffeli, chitose and ikeda genotypes of T. orientalis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the MPSP sequences of buffeli, chitose and ikeda from imported cattle were closely related to those sequences reported previously from Australia and other regions. This study provides the first survey of T. orientalis infection in imported and native bovines in Pakistan, and highlights the need for future studies to understand the spread of transboundary animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagos Gebrekidan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tariq Abbas
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wajid
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Ali
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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34
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Genetic characterization of Theileria orientalis from cattle in the Republic of Korea. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:449-454. [PMID: 27817011 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Theileria orientalis is the causative agent of benign theileriosis, which is distributed mainly in Asian countries, and causes serious economic losses in the livestock industry. The present study was performed to investigate the epidemiology of T. orientalis infections in cattle in the Republic of Korea (ROK) and to characterize the genetic diversity of T. orientalis based on the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) genes. In 2015, between July and August, blood samples were collected from 138 asymptomatic cattle in four different geographical regions (Hoengseong, Jeongeup, Namwon, and Jeju island) in the ROK. In total, 57 blood samples (41.3 %, 57/138) were positive for T. orientalis based on PCR amplification of the MPSP gene. A high prevalence of T. orientalis infection was observed in Jeju island, whereas the infection rate was relatively low in Jeongeup. Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates identified in this study belonged to four MPSP genotypes, specifically types 1, 2, 3, and 7. The distribution of the four genotypes varied considerably among the four regions; types 1, 2, and 3 were detected in Jeju island, whereas types 1 and 7 were found in Namwon, types 1 and 2 in Jeongeup, and type 2 in Hoengseong. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of type 7 T. orientalis in cattle in the ROK. These results suggest that the MPSP genotypes detected in this study showed genetic diversity related to geographical location. Our findings revealed that the T. orientalis infection rate was relatively high, indicating that T. orientalis infection is closely associated with grazing. Of the four MPSP genotypes, the prevalence of the most pathogenic type 2 was relatively high in the ROK. Therefore, further studies should focus on the development of an effective monitoring and prevention program for T. orientalis.
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Silveira JAG, de Oliveira CHS, Silvestre BT, Albernaz TT, Leite RC, Barbosa JD, Oliveira CMC, Ribeiro MFB. Molecular assays reveal the presence of Theileria spp. and Babesia spp. in Asian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis, Linnaeus, 1758) in the Amazon region of Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:1017-1023. [PMID: 27344507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of buffalo herds in Brazil are located in Pará state in northern Brazil. There are several properties where cattle and buffalo live and graze together, and thus, buffalo pathogens may threaten the health of cattle and vice versa. Therefore, knowledge of infectious agents of buffalo is essential for maintaining healthy livestock. Clinical disease caused by Theileria and Babesia parasites in the Asian water buffalo is not common, although these animals may act as reservoir hosts, and the detection of these hemoparasites in buffaloes is as important as it is in cattle. Studies of the infection of buffaloes by hemoparasites in Brazil are scarce. The objective of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Piroplasmida parasites in Asian water buffaloes in the state of Pará in the Amazon region of Brazil using nested PCR assays and phylogenetic analysis. The 18S rRNA gene and ITS complete region were amplified from DNA extracted from blood samples collected from 308 apparently healthy buffaloes bred on six properties in the state of Pará, Brazil. The prevalence of positive buffalo samples was 4.2% (13/308) for Theileria spp., 3.6% (11/308) for Babesia bovis and 1% (3/308) for Babesia bigemina. Animals infected with Theileria were detected in 50% (3/6) of the assessed properties. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the Theileria species detected in this study were closely related to Theileria buffeli, Theileria orientalis and Theileria sinensis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Theileria in Asian water buffaloes in the Americas. The majority of Theileria-positive buffaloes (11/13) belong to a property that has a history of animals presenting lymphoproliferative disease of unknown etiology. Therefore, the present research suggests that this disorder can be associated with Theileria infection in this property. Our results provide new insights on the distribution and biological aspects of hemoparasites transmissible from buffaloes to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia A G Silveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Cairo H S de Oliveira
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna T Silvestre
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiana T Albernaz
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rômulo C Leite
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José D Barbosa
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Carlos M C Oliveira
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Múcio F B Ribeiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Weerasooriya G, Sivakumar T, Lan DTB, Long PT, Takemae H, Igarashi I, Inoue N, Yokoyama N. Epidemiology of bovine hemoprotozoa parasites in cattle and water buffalo in Vietnam. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1361-7. [PMID: 27149894 PMCID: PMC5053943 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A PCR-based survey of hemoprotozoa parasites detected Babesia bigemina, Theileria orientalis and Trypanosoma theileri among cattle and water buffalo in Vietnam, and a new Babesia sp. closely related to Babesia ovata was detected in cattle only. In addition, Theileria annulata and Trypanosoma evansi were not detected in both cattle and water buffalo. Phylogenetic analysis detected T. orientalis MPSP genotypes 3, 5, 7 and N3 in cattle and 5, 7, N1 and N2 in water buffalo. Additionally, water buffalo-derived T. theileri CATL sequences clustered together with a previously reported cattle-derived sequence from Vietnam. This is the first report of a new Babesia sp. in cattle, and T. orientalis MPSP genotype 7 and T. theileri in water buffalo in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani Weerasooriya
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Choi KS, Yu DH, Chae JS, Park BK, Yoo JG, Park J. Seasonal changes in hemograms and Theileria orientalis infection rates among Holstein cattle pastured in the mountains in the Republic of Korea. Prev Vet Med 2016; 127:77-83. [PMID: 27094144 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we compared seasonal changes in complete blood counts (CBCs) and rates of infection with a tick-borne pathogen between Holstein cattle housed indoors and those maintained outside on pasture. There were differences in white blood cell (WBC) parameters, but the changes were not associated with seasons or the housing type. Analysis of red blood cell (RBC) parameters showed lower values in August and November versus March, and in the cattle maintained on pasture versus the housed cattle. In comparison with the RBC count of the housed cattle in March (10.1M/μL), the RBC counts of the pastured cattle were significantly lower in August (7.8M/μL; p<0.01) and November (7.5M/μL; p<0.01). The hematocrit (HCT) also showed a decrease in March (33.5%), August (30.0%, p<0.01) and November (28.5%, p<0.01). According to PCR analysis, the Theileria infection rate among the pastured cattle in March was only 11%, but this rate increased to 22% and 60% in August and November, respectively. The RBC count (7.4M/μL) and HCT (27.7%) values in Theileria-positive pastured cattle in November showed a dramatic decrease compared to those of cattle examined in March. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these Theileria isolates correspond to T. orientalis. These results suggest that a remarkable increase in tick infestation in mountainous areas in the summer may cause increased rates of infection with T. orientalis, leading to significant changes in the RBC profile after grazing. Therefore, these hematological changes may be associated with T. orientalis infection caused by tick-biting; thus, additional studies on the pathogenicity of T. orientalis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Seong Choi
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Hyeon Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae-Keun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gyu Yoo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinics, National Institute of Animal Science Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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Gebrekidan H, Gasser RB, Baneth G, Yasur-Landau D, Nachum-Biala Y, Hailu A, Jabbar A. Molecular characterization of Theileria orientalis from cattle in Ethiopia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:742-747. [PMID: 27034193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the first molecular characterization of Theileria orientalis in local breeds of cattle in Ethiopia. A conventional PCR utilizing major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene and an established multiplexed tandem PCR (MT-PCR) were used to characterize T. orientalis and to assess the infection intensity, respectively. Of 232 blood samples tested, T. orientalis DNA was detected in only 2.2% of samples using conventional PCR; two genotypes buffeli (1.3%; 3/232) and type 5 (0.9%; 2/232) of T. orientalis were detected. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the buffeli MPSP sequences from Ethiopia were closely related to those reported from Kenya, Sri Lanka and Myanmar, and type 5 sequences from Ethiopia grouped with those from Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand. A higher number of samples (3.9%; 9/232) were test-positive by MT-PCR and four genotypes (buffeli, chitose, ikeda and type 5) of T. orientalis were detected. The average intensity of infections with genotypes buffeli (DNA copy numbers 11,056) and type 5 (7508) were significantly higher (P<0.0001) than the pathogenic genotype ikeda (61 DNA copies). This first insight into T. orientalis from cattle in Ethiopia using MPSP gene provides a basis for future studies of T. orientalis in various agroclimatic zones and of the impact of oriental theilerosis on cattle in this and other countries of Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagos Gebrekidan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Gad Baneth
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Yasur-Landau
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaarit Nachum-Biala
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Jenkins C, Bogema DR. Factors associated with seroconversion to the major piroplasm surface protein of the bovine haemoparasite Theileria orientalis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:106. [PMID: 26912048 PMCID: PMC4766684 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine theileriosis caused by Theileria orientalis is an emerging disease of cattle in the Asia-Pacific region where it causes a significant economic burden to meat and milk production. While host immunological responses to the lymphocyte-transforming species of Theileria, T. parva and T. annulata, have been well studied, little is known about the immune response to this non-transforming species. Methods We developed a recombinant antigen ELISA based on the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) of T. orientalis and investigated whether seroconversion to the MPSP was associated with clinical factors (anaemia), parasite burden and parasite genotype. We also examined the dynamics of seroconversion in animals acutely infected with T. orientalis. Results In cattle testing qPCR positive for T. orientalis, seroconversion was more frequent in anaemic compared to normal cattle (P < 0.0001). The ELISA ratio (ER) was highly correlated with total parasite burden as measured by qPCR (r = 0.69; P < 0.0001); however when loads of individual genotypes of the parasite were examined, only the pathogenic Ikeda genotype was highly correlated with ER. Conversely, seroconversion was less frequently detected in the presence of benign T. orientalis genotypes. Temporal measurement of the serological response, parasite burden and packed cell volume (PCV) in acutely infected animals revealed that seroconversion to the MPSP occurs within 2-3 weeks of the initial qPCR detection of the parasite and coincides with a peak in infection intensity and a declining PCV. Conclusion Whether the serological response to the MPSP is immunoprotective against re-infection or recrudescence requires further investigation; however the MPSP represents a promising target for a subunit vaccine given that genetic variability within the MPSP results in differential pathogenicity of T. orientalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia.
| | - Daniel R Bogema
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia. .,The ithree institute, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
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FatalTheileria orientalisN2 genotype infection among Asian water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in a commercial dairy farm in Kerala, India. Parasitology 2015; 143:69-74. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182015001468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYFifteen dairy buffaloes of a farm in the state of Kerala, India developed fatal oriental theileriosis within 2 months of their procurement. Typical piroplasms ofTheileria orientaliswere observed in the erythrocytes of all affected animals by Giemsa–Leishman staining of blood smears. Case fatality rate was 87·5% (seven out of eight) in the clinically progressed cases. Therapeutic management with anti-theilerial drugs buparvaquone and oxytetracycline led to recovery of seven other animals in less advanced stages of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the reasons for increased virulence of this pathogen, hitherto considered to be benign. Acute haemolytic anaemia was the predominant haematological finding in the affected animals. Lymphocytic infiltration and degeneration of vital organs leading to functional derangement was the cause of the high mortality. Identification ofT. orientaliswas confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA sequencing of the PCR products revealed close identity with already reported sequences ofT. orientalis/buffeliN2 genotype. The sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession number KM609973 and KM043772.Rhipicephalusticks, previously not reported as vectors for oriental theileriosis, were identified as the potential vectors. This is the first report of fatal oriental theileriosis in Asian water buffaloes.
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Jirapattharasate C, Adjou Moumouni PF, Cao S, Iguchi A, Liu M, Wang G, Zhou M, Vudriko P, Changbunjong T, Sungpradit S, Ratanakorn P, Moonarmart W, Sedwisai P, Weluwanarak T, Wongsawang W, Suzuki H, Xuan X. Molecular epidemiology of bovine Babesia spp. and Theileria orientalis parasites in beef cattle from northern and northeastern Thailand. Parasitol Int 2015; 65:62-69. [PMID: 26475202 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Beef cattle production represents the largest cattle population in Thailand. Their productivity is constrained by tick-borne diseases such as babesiosis and theileriosis. In this study, we determined the prevalence of Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis and Theileria orientalis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genetic markers that were used for detection of the above parasites were sequenced to determine identities and similarity for Babesia spp. and genetic diversity of T. orientalis. Furthermore the risk factors for the occurrence of the above protozoan parasites in beef cattle from northern and northeastern parts of Thailand were assessed. A total of 329 blood samples were collected from beef cattle in 6 provinces. The study revealed that T. orientalis was the most prevalent (30.1%) parasite in beef cattle followed by B. bigemina (13.1%) and B. bovis (5.5%). Overall, 78.7% of the cattle screened were infected with at least one of the above parasites. Co-infection with Babesia spp. and T. orientalis was 30.1%. B. bigemina and T. orientalis were the most prevalent (15.1%) co-infection although triple infection with the three parasites was observed in 3.0% of the samples. Sequencing analysis revealed that B. bigemina RAP1 gene and B. bovis SBP2 gene were conserved among the parasites from different cattle samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the T. orientalis MPSP gene from parasites isolated from cattle in north and northeast Thailand was classified into types 5 and 7 as reported previously. Lack of tick control program was the universal risk factor of the occurrence of Babesia spp. and T. orientalis infection in beef cattle in northern and northeastern Thailand. We therefore recommend training of farmers on appropriate tick control strategies and further research on potential vectors for T. orientalis and elucidate the effect of co-infection with Babesia spp. on the pathogenicity of T. orientalis infection on beef in northern and northeastern Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charoonluk Jirapattharasate
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shinuo Cao
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Aiko Iguchi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mingming Liu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Guanbo Wang
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Mo Zhou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sivapong Sungpradit
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Parntep Ratanakorn
- Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Walasinee Moonarmart
- Department of Clinical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Poonyapat Sedwisai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Thekhawet Weluwanarak
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Witsanu Wongsawang
- Livestock and Wildlife Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University (Kanchanaburi Campus), Saiyok District, Kanchanaburi 71150, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
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Adjou Moumouni PF, Aboge GO, Terkawi MA, Masatani T, Cao S, Kamyingkird K, Jirapattharasate C, Zhou M, Wang G, Liu M, Iguchi A, Vudriko P, Ybanez AP, Inokuma H, Shirafuji-Umemiya R, Suzuki H, Xuan X. Molecular detection and characterization of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Theileria species and Anaplasma marginale isolated from cattle in Kenya. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:496. [PMID: 26420543 PMCID: PMC4589125 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections with Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Theileria species and Anaplasma marginale are endemic in Kenya yet there is a lack of adequate information on their genotypes. This study established the genetic diversities of the above tick-borne hemoparasites infecting cattle in Kenya. Methods Nested PCR and sequencing were used to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of the above parasites in 192 cattle blood samples collected from Ngong and Machakos farms. B. bovis spherical body protein 4, B. bigemina rhoptry-associated protein 1a, A. marginale major surface protein 5, Theileria spp. 18S rRNA, T. parva p104 and T. orientalis major piroplasm surface protein were used as the marker genes. Results B. bovis, B. bigemina, T. parva, T. velifera, T. taurotragi, T. mutans and A. marginale were prevalent in both farms, whereas T. ovis, Theileria sp. (buffalo) and T. orientalis were found only in Ngong farm. Co-infections were observed in more than 50 % of positive samples in both farms. Babesia parasites and A. marginale sequences were highly conserved while T. parva and T. orientalis were polymorphic. Cattle-derived T. parva was detected in Machakos farm. However, cattle and buffalo–derived Theileria were detected in Ngong farm suggesting interactions between cattle and wild buffaloes. Generally, the pathogens detected in Kenya were genetically related to the other African isolates but different from the isolates in other continents. Conclusions The current findings reaffirm the endemicity and co-infection of cattle with tick-borne hemoparasites, and the role of wildlife in pathogens transmission and population genetics in Kenya. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1106-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. .,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Gabriel Oluga Aboge
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. .,Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kangemi, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya.
| | - Mohamad Alaa Terkawi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Shinuo Cao
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Ketsarin Kamyingkird
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Charoonluk Jirapattharasate
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Mo Zhou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Guanbo Wang
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Mingming Liu
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Aiko Iguchi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Adrian Patalinghug Ybanez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Inokuma
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Rika Shirafuji-Umemiya
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. .,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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Kakati P, Sarmah PC, Ray D, Bhattacharjee K, Sharma RK, Barkalita LM, Sarma DK, Baishya BC, Borah P, Stanley B. Emergence of oriental theileriosis in cattle and its transmission through Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Assam, India. Vet World 2015; 8:1099-104. [PMID: 27047205 PMCID: PMC4774779 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1099-1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of Theileria in blood samples of crossbred and indigenous adult cows raised under unorganized small scale farming system in a Babesia and Anaplasma endemic geographical area from Assam, India and to see its transmission through Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks. Materials and Methods: For the present study, 57 clinical cases of cattle suspected to be of hemoparasitic infections were taken into consideration. The parasites were identified based on morphology in giemsa stained blood smear followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sera samples were tested for T. annulata antibodies in plate and Dot-ELISA. PCR was also conducted in eggs of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus tick collected from a Theileria orientalis positive animal. Results: PCR amplified 1124, 776, and 160 bp DNA fragments of B. bigemina (64.91%), T. orientalis (21.05%) and A. marginale (14.03%), respectively. This assay further conducted in 12 T. orientalis positive blood samples with primers of Buffeli, Chitose, and Ikeda variants of T. orientalis showed 3 samples positive to Ikeda type and none for Buffeli and Chitose. Babesia bovis and Theileria annulata specific primers also did not amplify any fragment during the PCR assay of the blood samples. Further, all sera samples tested negative to T. annulata antibodies in Plate and Dot-ELISA. PCR conducted in eggs of R (B).microplus tick collected from a T. orientalis positive animal revealed presence of the parasite DNA. Gradual improvement in physical condition leading to complete recovery in 10 out of 12 T. orientalis infected clinical cases treated with buparvaquone(at 2.5mg/kg.b.wt I/M) was the feedback obtained from field veterinarians and the cattle owners. Conclusion: The present investigation represents the first report of occurrence of T. orientalis in cattle of Assam with involvement of pathogenic Ikeda strain in clinical outbreaks and its possible natural transmission by R (B). microplus through the transovarian mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parikshit Kakati
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Prabhat Chandra Sarmah
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Debdatta Ray
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kanta Bhattacharjee
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India
| | - Luit Moni Barkalita
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Sarma
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India
| | - Bhaben Chandra Baishya
- Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India
| | - Pranjal Borah
- Goat Research Station, Burnihat, Assam Agricultural University, Assam, India
| | - Bobitha Stanley
- Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Bogema D, Fell S, O'Rourke B, Collins D, Eamens G, Jenkins C. Development and validation of an inexpensive and efficient method for the extraction of Theileria orientalis DNA from blood. Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:379-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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George N, Bhandari V, Reddy DP, Sharma P. Emergence of new genotype and diversity of Theileria orientalis parasites from bovines in India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:27-34. [PMID: 26318544 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine theileriosis is a serious threat to livestock worldwide. Uncertainty around species prevalence, antigenic diversity and genotypes of strains make it difficult to assess the impact of this parasite and to provide necessary treatment. We aimed to characterize genotypic diversity, phylogeny and prevalence of Theileria orientalis parasites from the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, India by collecting bovine blood samples from the major districts of the two states. Bioinformatic analysis identified antigenic diversity among the prevalent parasite strains using major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene. Our study revealed a prevalence rate of 4.8% (n=41/862) of T. orientalis parasites in bovine animals and a new genotype of T. orientalis parasite which was not previously reported in India. The emergence of these new genotypes could be an explanation for the frequent outbreaks of bovine theileriosis. Further, whole genome sequencing of T. orientalis strains will help to elucidate the genetic factors relevant for transmissibility and virulence as well as vaccine and new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena George
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology-DBT, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - D Peddi Reddy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology-DBT, Hyderabad, India
| | - Paresh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology-DBT, Hyderabad, India.
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Temporal dynamics and subpopulation analysis of Theileria orientalis genotypes in cattle. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jabbar A, Abbas T, Sandhu ZUD, Saddiqi HA, Qamar MF, Gasser RB. Tick-borne diseases of bovines in Pakistan: major scope for future research and improved control. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:283. [PMID: 25994588 PMCID: PMC4443554 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) affect the productivity of bovines in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, leading to a significant adverse impact on the livelihoods of resource-poor farming communities. Globally, four main TBDs, namely anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis, and cowdriosis (heartwater) affect bovines, and the former three are of major economic importance in bovines in Pakistan. Given that the livestock sector has become an integral part of Pakistan’s economy and a large number of dairy cattle are being imported into the country, in order to meet an increasing demand of milk and milk products, it is timely to review current status of bovine TBDs in Pakistan and to identify gaps in the knowledge of TBDs and their control. Although there has been a recent increase in the number of studies of TBDs in this country, information on their prevalence, distribution, tick vectors, and control is limited. This article provides a brief background on key bovine TBDs and ticks and reviews the current status of bovine TBDs in Pakistan to identify gaps in knowledge and understanding of these diseases, propose areas for future research and draw attention to the need for improved tools for the diagnosis and control of TBDs in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tariq Abbas
- University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Zia-ud-Din Sandhu
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Hafiz A Saddiqi
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad F Qamar
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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Perera PK, Gasser RB, Pulford DJ, Stevenson MA, Firestone SM, McFadden AMJ, Jabbar A. Comparison of the performance of three PCR assays for the detection and differentiation of Theileria orientalis genotypes. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:192. [PMID: 25885744 PMCID: PMC4393603 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oriental theileriosis is a tick-borne disease of bovines caused by the members of the Theileria orientalis complex. Recently, we developed a multiplexed tandem (MT) PCR to detect, differentiate and quantitate four genotypes (i.e., buffeli, chitose, ikeda and type 5) of T. orientalis. In this study, we used MT PCR to assess the prevalence and infection intensity of four T. orientalis genotypes in selected cattle herds that experienced oriental theileriosis outbreaks in New Zealand, and compared the sensitivities and specificities of MT PCR, PCR-high resolution melting (PCR-HRM) and a TaqMan® qPCR. Methods MT PCR, PCR-HRM analysis for T. orientalis and a TaqMan® qPCR assay for ikeda genotype were employed to test 154 and 88 cattle blood samples from North (where oriental theileriosis outbreaks had occurred; designated as Group 1) and South (where no outbreaks had been reported; Group 2) Islands of New Zealand, respectively. Quantitative data from MT PCR assay were analyzed using generalized linear model and paired-sample t-test. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of the assays were estimated using a Bayesian latent class modeling approach. Results In Group 1, 99.4% (153/154) of cattle were test-positive for T. orientalis in both the MT PCR and PCR-HRM assays. The apparent prevalences of genotype ikeda in Group 1 were 87.6% (134/153) and 87.7% (135/154) using the MT PCR and Ikeda TaqMan® qPCR assays, respectively. Using the MT PCR test, all four genotypes of T. orientalis were detected. The infection intensity estimated for genotype ikeda was significantly higher (P = 0.009) in severely anaemic cattle than in those without anaemia, and this intensity was significantly higher than that of buffeli (P < 0.001) in the former cattle. Bayesian latent class analysis showed that the diagnostic sensitivities (97.1-98.9%) and specificities (96.5-98.9%) of the three PCR assays were very comparable. Conclusion The present findings show the advantages of using the MT PCR assay as a useful tool for in-depth epidemiological and transmission studies of T. orientalis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyumali K Perera
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia.
| | - David J Pulford
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centres and Response, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Mark A Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia.
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia.
| | - Andrew M J McFadden
- Investigation and Diagnostic Centres and Response, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia.
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49
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Perera PK, Gasser RB, Read E, Malmo J, Nguyen H, Nyein S, Cheng A, Jex AR, Rawlin G, Spithill TW, Jabbar A. Use of multiplexed tandem PCR to estimate the prevalence and intensity of Theileria orientalis infections in cattle. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:68-73. [PMID: 25735730 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study employed a semi-quantitative, multiplexed tandem PCR (MT-PCR) to assess the prevalence and infection intensity of four genotypes (buffeli, chitose, ikeda and type 5) of Theileria orientalis in cattle in Australia. Genomic DNA samples from blood samples (n=448) collected from 27 to 32 dairy cows from each of 15 dairy herds with a history of recent theileriosis outbreaks (Group 1), and from blood samples available from 24 cows with or without oriental theileriosis (Group 2) were tested using MT-PCR. Results revealed that all four genotypes were present in Group 1 cattle; genotype buffeli had the highest prevalence (80.5%), followed by genotypes ikeda (71.4%), chitose (38.6%) and type 5 (20.3%). Genotype ikeda had the highest average infection intensity in the cattle (relating to 55,277 DNA copies), followed by buffeli, chitose and type 5 (6354-51,648 copies). For Group 2, results indicated that genotype ikeda had a significantly higher average intensity of infection than buffeli in symptomatic cattle (P<0.001), and symptomatic cattle had a higher intensity of ikeda than asymptomatic cattle (P=0.004). Future studies should assess the utility of the present MT-PCR assay as a diagnostic and epidemiological tool in other parts of Australasia and the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyumali K Perera
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Read
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jakob Malmo
- Maffra Veterinary Centre, Maffra, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon Nyein
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allan Cheng
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grant Rawlin
- Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence W Spithill
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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50
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Development and validation of a quantitative PCR assay using multiplexed hydrolysis probes for detection and quantification of Theileria orientalis isolates and differentiation of clinically relevant subtypes. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:941-50. [PMID: 25588653 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03387-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileria orientalis is an emerging pathogen of cattle in Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. This organism is a vector-borne hemoprotozoan that causes clinical disease characterized by anemia, abortion, and death, as well as persistent subclinical infections. Molecular methods of diagnosis are preferred due to their sensitivity and utility in differentiating between pathogenic and apathogenic genotypes. Conventional PCR (cPCR) assays for T. orientalis detection and typing are laborious and do not provide an estimate of parasite load. Current real-time PCR assays cannot differentiate between clinically relevant and benign genotypes or are only semiquantitative without a defined clinical threshold. Here, we developed and validated a hydrolysis probe quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay which universally detects and quantifies T. orientalis and identifies the clinically associated Ikeda and Chitose genotypes (UIC assay). Comparison of the UIC assay results with previously validated universal and genotype-specific cPCR results demonstrated that qPCR detects and differentiates T. orientalis with high sensitivity and specificiy. Comparison of quantitative results based on percent parasitemia, determined via blood film analysis and packed cell volume (PCV) revealed significant positive and negative correlations, respectively. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that blood samples from animals with clinical signs of disease contained statistically higher concentrations of T. orientalis DNA than animals with subclinical infections. We propose clinical thresholds to assist in classifying high-, moderate-, and low-level infections and describe how parasite load and the presence of the Ikeda and Chitose genotypes relate to disease.
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