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Han LL, Lu QQ, Zheng WW, Li YL, Song YY, Zhang XZ, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. A novel trypsin of Trichinella spiralis mediates larval invasion of gut epithelium via binding to PAR2 and activating ERK1/2 pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011874. [PMID: 38166153 PMCID: PMC10786404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases secreted by Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) play an important role in larval invasion and pathogenesis. However, the mechanism through which proteases mediate larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) remains unclear. A novel T. spiralis trypsin (TsTryp) was identified in IIL excretory/secretory (ES) proteins. It was an early and highly expressed protease at IIL stage, and had the potential as an early diagnostic antigen. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological characteristics of this novel TsTryp, its role in larval invasion of gut epithelium, and the mechanisms involved. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING TsTryp with C-terminal domain was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the rTsTryp had the enzymatic activity of natural trypsin, but it could not directly degrade gut tight junctions (TJs) proteins. qPCR and western blotting showed that TsTryp was highly expressed at the invasive IIL stage. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA), ELISA and Far Western blotting revealed that rTsTryp specifically bound to IECs, and confocal microscopy showed that the binding of rTsTryp with IECs was mainly localized in the cytomembrane. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) confirmed that rTsTryp bound to protease activated receptors 2 (PAR2) in Caco-2 cells. rTsTryp binding to PAR2 resulted in decreased expression levels of ZO-1 and occludin and increased paracellular permeability in Caco-2 monolayers by activating the extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. rTsTryp decreased TJs expression and increased epithelial permeability, which could be abrogated by the PAR2 antagonist AZ3451 and ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. rTsTryp facilitated larval invasion of IECs, and anti-rTsTryp antibodies inhibited invasion. Both inhibitors impeded larval invasion and alleviated intestinal inflammation in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS TsTryp binding to PAR2 activated the ERK1/2 pathway, decreased the expression of gut TJs proteins, disrupted epithelial integrity and barrier function, and consequently mediated larval invasion of the gut mucosa. Therefore, rTsTryp could be regarded as a potential vaccine target for blocking T. spiralis invasion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Qi Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen Wen Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Li Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Grüttner J, van Rijn JM, Geiser P, Florbrant A, Webb DL, Hellström PM, Sundbom M, Sellin ME, Svärd SG. Trophozoite fitness dictates the intestinal epithelial cell response to Giardia intestinalis infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011372. [PMID: 37141303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a non-invasive, protozoan parasite infecting the upper small intestine of most mammals. Symptomatic infections cause the diarrhoeal disease giardiasis in humans and animals, but at least half of the infections are asymptomatic. However, the molecular underpinnings of these different outcomes of the infection are still poorly defined. Here, we studied the early transcriptional response to G. intestinalis trophozoites, the disease-causing life-cycle stage, in human enteroid-derived, 2-dimensional intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) monolayers. Trophozoites preconditioned in media that maximise parasite fitness triggered only neglectable inflammatory transcription in the IECs during the first hours of co-incubation. By sharp contrast, "non-fit" or lysed trophozoites induced a vigorous IEC transcriptional response, including high up-regulation of many inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, "fit" trophozoites could even suppress the stimulatory effect of lysed trophozoites in mixed infections, suggesting active G. intestinalis suppression of the IEC response. By dual-species RNA-sequencing, we defined the IEC and G. intestinalis gene expression programs associated with these differential outcomes of the infection. Taken together, our results inform on how G. intestinalis infection can lead to such highly variable effects on the host, and pinpoints trophozoite fitness as a key determinant of the IEC response to this common parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Grüttner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jorik M van Rijn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petra Geiser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Florbrant
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dominic-Luc Webb
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per M Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Sundbom
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Wu J, Yang Y, Liu L, Zhu W, Liu M, Yu X, Li W. ROS-AMPK/mTOR-dependent enterocyte autophagy is involved in the regulation of Giardia infection-related tight junction protein and nitric oxide levels. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1120996. [PMID: 36999034 PMCID: PMC10043474 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, a cosmopolitan noninvasive protozoan parasite of zoonotic concern and public health importance, infects the upper portions of the small intestine and causes one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases globally termed giardiasis, especially in situations lacking safe drinking water and adequate sanitation services. The pathogenesis of giardiasis is complex and involves multiple factors from the interaction of Giardia and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic pathway that involves multiple pathological conditions including infection. Thus far, it remains uncertain if autophagy occurs in Giardia-infected IECs and if autophagic process is associated with the pathogenic factors of giardiasis, such as tight junction (TJ) barrier defects and nitric oxide (NO) release of IECs. Here Giardia-in vitro exposed IECs showed upregulation of a series of autophagy-related molecules, such as LC3, Beclin1, Atg7, Atg16L1, and ULK1, and downregulation of p62 protein. IEC autophagy induced by Giardia was further assessed by using autophagy flux inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ), with the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I significantly increased and downregulated p62 significantly reversed. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) rather than CQ could markedly reverse Giardia-induced downregulation of TJ proteins (claudin-1, claudin-4, occludin, and ZO-1; also known as epithelial cell markers) and NO release, implying the involvement of early-stage autophagy in TJ/NO regulation. We subsequently confirmed the role of ROS-mediated AMPK/mTOR signaling in modulating Giardia-induced autophagy, TJ protein expression, and NO release. In turn, impairment of early-stage autophagy by 3-MA and late-stage autophagy by CQ both exhibited an exacerbated effect on ROS accumulation in IECs. Collectively, we present the first attempt to link the occurrence of IEC autophagy with Giardia infection in vitro, and provides novel insights into the contribution of ROS-AMPK/mTOR-dependent autophagy to Giardia infection-related downregulation of TJ protein and NO levels.
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Liu M, Yang Y, Zhu W, Wu J, Yu X, Li W. Specific TLR-mediated HSP70 activation plays a potential role in host defense against the intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1120048. [PMID: 36937289 PMCID: PMC10017776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1120048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, an important flagellated noninvasive protozoan parasite, infects the upper small intestine and causes a disease termed giardiasis globally. Few members of the heat shock protein (HSP) family have been shown to function as potential defenders against microbial pathogens, while such information is lacking for Giardia. Here we initially screened and indicated that in vitro Giardia challenge induced a marked early upregulation of HSP70 in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). As noted previously, apoptotic resistance, nitric oxide (NO)-dependent cytostatic effect and parasite clearance, and epithelial barrier integrity represent effective anti-Giardia host defense mechanisms. We then explored the function of HSP70 in modulating apoptosis, NO release, and tight junction (TJ) protein levels in Giardia-IEC interactions. HSP70 inhibition by quercetin promoted Giardia-induced IEC apoptosis, viability decrease, NO release reduction, and ZO-1 and occludin downregulation, while the agonist celastrol could reverse these Giardia-evoked effects. The results demonstrated that HSP70 played a previously unrecognized and important role in regulating anti-Giardia host defense via attenuating apoptosis, promoting cell survival, and maintaining NO and TJ levels. Owing to the significance of apoptotic resistance among those defense-related factors mentioned earlier, we then elucidated the anti-apoptotic mechanism of HSP70. It was evident that HSP70 could negatively regulate apoptosis in an intrinsic way via direct inhibition of Apaf-1 or ROS-Bax/Bcl-2-Apaf-1 axis, and in an extrinsic way via cIAP2-mediated inhibition of RIP1 activity. Most importantly, it was confirmed that HSP70 exerted its host defense function by downregulating apoptosis via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation, upregulating NO release via TLR4/TLR2 activation, and upregulating TJ protein expression via TLR2 activation. HSP70 represented a checkpoint regulator providing the crucial link between specific TLR activation and anti-Giardia host defense responses. Strikingly, independent of the checkpoint role of HSP70, TLR4 activation was proven to downregulate TJ protein expression, and TLR2 activation to accelerate apoptosis. Altogether, this study identified HSP70 as a potentially vital defender against Giardia, and revealed its correlation with specific TLR activation. The clinical importance of HSP70 has been extensively demonstrated, while its role as an effective therapeutic target in human giardiasis remains elusive and thus needs to be further clarified.
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Application of Proteomics to the Study of the Therapeutics and Pathogenicity of Giardia duodenalis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12112744. [DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12112744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis remains a neglected tropical disease. A key feature of the sustained transmission of Giardia is the ability to form environmentally resistant cysts. For the last 38 years, proteomics has been utilised to study various aspects of the parasite across different life cycle stages. Thirty-one articles have been published in PubMed from 2012 to 2022 related to the proteomics of G. duodenalis. Currently, mass spectrometry with LC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF/TOF has been commonly utilised in proteomic analyses of Giardia, which enables researchers to determine potential candidates for diagnostic biomarkers as well as vaccine and drug targets, in addition to allowing them to investigate the virulence of giardiasis, the pathogenicity mechanisms of G. duodenalis, and the post-translational modifications of Giardia proteins throughout encystation. Over the last decade, valuable information from proteomics analyses of G. duodenalis has been discovered in terms of the pathogenesis and virulence of Giardia, which may provide guidance for the development of better means with which to prevent and reduce the impacts of giardiasis. Nonetheless, there is room for improving proteomics analyses of G. duodenalis, since genomic sequences for additional assemblages of Giardia have uncovered previously unknown proteins associated with the Giardia proteome. Therefore, this paper aims to review the applications of proteomics for the characterisation of G. duodenalis pathogenicity and the discovery of novel vaccine as well as drug targets, in addition to proposing some general directions for future Giardia proteomic research.
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6
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Solaymani-Mohammadi S. Mucosal Defense Against Giardia at the Intestinal Epithelial Cell Interface. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817468. [PMID: 35250996 PMCID: PMC8891505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human giardiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia, Giardia intestinalis, Lamblia intestinalis), is one of the most commonly-identified parasitic diseases worldwide. Chronic G. duodenalis infections cause a malabsorption syndrome that may lead to failure to thrive and/or stunted growth, especially in children in developing countries. Understanding the parasite/epithelial cell crosstalk at the mucosal surfaces of the small intestine during human giardiasis may provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the parasite-induced immunopathology and epithelial tissue damage, leading to malnutrition. Efforts to identify new targets for intervening in the development of intestinal immunopathology and the progression to malnutrition are critical. Translating these findings into a clinical setting will require analysis of these pathways in cells and tissues from humans and clinical trials could be devised to determine whether interfering with unwanted mucosal immune responses developed during human giardiasis provide better therapeutic benefits and clinical outcomes for G. duodenalis infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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7
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Benchimol M, de Souza W. Giardia intestinalis and its Endomembrane System. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12893. [PMID: 35148450 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis has unique characteristics, even in the absence of certain organelles. For instance, Golgi and mitochondria are not found. On the other hand, there is a network of peripheral vacuoles (PVs) and mitosomes. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nuclear membrane, peroxisomes, and lipid bodies are present. The peripheral vacuole system seems to play several simultaneous roles. It is involved in the endocytic activity of the trophozoite but also has characteristics of early and late endosomes and even lysosomes, establishing a connection with the ER. Some of the PVs contain small vesicles, acting as multivesicular bodies, including the release of exosomes. The mitosomes are surrounded by two membranes, divide during mitosis, and are distributed throughout the cell. They do not contain DNA, enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle, respiratory chain, or ATP synthesis. However, they contain the iron-sulfur complex and transporters as TOM and TIM. Some mitosomes are linked to flagellar axonemes through a fibrillar connection. During encystation, two types of larger cytoplasmic vesicles appear. One originating from the ER contains the cyst wall proteins. Another contains carbohydrates. Both migrate to the cell periphery and fuse with plasma membrane secreting their contents to give rise to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Benchimol
- Universidade do Grande Rio (UNIGRANRIO), Rio de Janeiro Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, CENABIO-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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High-fat diet increases the severity of Giardia infection in association with low-grade inflammation and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18842. [PMID: 34552170 PMCID: PMC8458452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous factors that may influence the pathophysiology of Giardia infection remain incompletely understood. We have investigated the role of dietary fat in the pathogenesis of Giardia infection. Male 3 to 4-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed either a low fat (LF) or a high fat (HF) diet for 12 days and challenged with G. duodenalis. In infected animals, the trophozoite burden was higher in HF + Giardia mice compared to the LF + Giardia group at day 7 post infection. Fatty acids exerted direct pro-growth effects on Giardia trophozoites. Analysis of disease parameters showed that HF + Giardia mice exhibited more mucosal infiltration by inflammatory cells, decreased villus/crypt ratios, goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus disruption, increased gut motility, and elevated fecal water content compared with LF + Giardia. HF diet-dependent exacerbation of Giardia-induced goblet cell hyperplasia was associated with elevated Atoh1 and Muc2 gene expression. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that the HF diet alone induces a taxonomic shift. HF + Giardia mice exhibited microbiota dysbiosis characterized by an increase of Firmicutes and a decrease of Bacteroidetes and significant changes in α- and β-diversity metrics. Taken together, the findings suggest that a HF diet exacerbates the outcome of Giardia infection. The data demonstrate that elevated dietary fat represents an important exogenous factor promoting the pathophysiology of giardiasis.
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Tight Junctions as a Key for Pathogens Invasion in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052506. [PMID: 33801524 PMCID: PMC7958858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions play a major role in maintaining the integrity and impermeability of the intestinal barrier. As such, they act as an ideal target for pathogens to promote their translocation through the intestinal mucosa and invade their host. Different strategies are used by pathogens, aimed at directly destabilizing the junctional network or modulating the different signaling pathways involved in the modulation of these junctions. After a brief presentation of the organization and modulation of tight junctions, we provide the state of the art of the molecular mechanisms leading to permeability breakdown of the gut barrier as a consequence of tight junctions’ attack by pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
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Giardia duodenalis Induces Apoptosis in Intestinal Epithelial Cells via Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Mitochondrial Pathway In Vitro. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090693. [PMID: 32842537 PMCID: PMC7559850 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal protozoan parasite, Giardia duodenalis, infects a large number of people in the world annually. Giardia infection has been considered a negative effect on intestinal epithelial cell growth, while the underlying mechanisms remain to be explored. Here we evaluated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptotic events in Giardia trophozoites-stimulated Caco-2 cells via fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, western blot, and cell counting kit-8 analyses. The results showed that Giardia trophozoite treatment could induce lactate dehydrogenase release and Caco-2 cell apoptosis. The ROS levels were increased post treatment. The observed typical characteristics of mitochondria damage include significant swelling and degeneration of matrix and cristae. After trophozoite treatment, the level of Bax protein expression was increased, while Bcl-2 protein decreased. Trophozoite stimulation also led to reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm, and this process was accompanied by activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 cleavage. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a ROS inhibitor, reversed G. duodenalis-induced Caco-2 cell apoptosis. Taken together, we indicated that G. duodenalis could induce Caco-2 cell apoptosis through a ROS- and mitochondria-mediated caspase-dependent pathway. This study furthers our understanding of the cellular mechanism of the interaction between Giardia trophozoites and host cells.
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Allain T, Buret AG. Pathogenesis and post-infectious complications in giardiasis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 107:173-199. [PMID: 32122529 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia is an important cause of diarrhoea, and results in post-infectious and extra-intestinal complications. This chapter presents a state-of-the art of our understanding of how this parasite may cause such abnormalities, which appear to develop at least in part in Assemblage-dependent manner. Findings from prospective longitudinal cohort studies indicate that Giardia is one of the four most prevalent enteropathogens in early life, and represents a risk factor for stunting at 2 years of age. This may occur independently of diarrheal disease, in strong support of the pathophysiological significance of the intestinal abnormalities induced by this parasite. These include epithelial malabsorption and maldigestion, increased transit, mucus depletion, and disruptions of the commensal microbiota. Giardia increases epithelial permeability and facilitates the invasion of gut bacteria. Loss of intestinal barrier function is at the core of the acute and post-infectious complications associated with this infection. Recent findings demonstrate that the majority of the pathophysiological responses triggered by this parasite can be recapitulated by the effects of its membrane-bound and secreted cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Allain
- University of Calgary, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Inflammation Research Network, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Canada
| | - André G Buret
- University of Calgary, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Inflammation Research Network, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Canada.
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Allain T, Fekete E, Buret AG. Giardia Cysteine Proteases: The Teeth behind the Smile. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:636-648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Liu J, Fu Z, Hellman L, Svärd SG. Cleavage specificity of recombinant Giardia intestinalis cysteine proteases: Degradation of immunoglobulins and defensins. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 227:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Liu J, Ma'ayeh S, Peirasmaki D, Lundström-Stadelmann B, Hellman L, Svärd SG. Secreted Giardia intestinalis cysteine proteases disrupt intestinal epithelial cell junctional complexes and degrade chemokines. Virulence 2018; 9:879-894. [PMID: 29726306 PMCID: PMC5955458 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1451284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is a common diarrheal disease caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis. Cysteine proteases (CPs) are acknowledged as virulence factors in Giardia but their specific role in the molecular pathogenesis of disease is not known. Herein, we aimed to characterize the three main secreted CPs (CP14019, CP16160 and CP16779), which were identified by mass spectrometry in the medium during interaction with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro. First, the CPs were epitope-tagged and localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic vesicle-like structures. Second, we showed that recombinant CPs, expressed in Pichia pastoris, are more active in acidic environment (pH 5.5-6) and we determined the kinetic parameters using fluorogenic substrates. Third, excretory-secretory proteins (ESPs) from Giardia trophozoites affect the localization of apical junctional complex (AJC) proteins and recombinant CPs cleave or re-localize the AJC proteins (claudin-1 and -4, occludin, JAM-1, β-catenin and E-cadherin) of IECs. Finally, we showed that the ESPs and recombinant CPs can degrade several chemokines, including CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, IL-8, CCL2, and CCL20, which are up-regulated in IECs during Giardia-host cell interactions. This is the first study that characterizes the role of specific CPs secreted from Giardia and our results collectively indicate their roles in the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier and modulating immune responses during Giardia infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Showgy Ma'ayeh
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Dimitra Peirasmaki
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | | | - Lars Hellman
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- a Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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Ma'ayeh SY, Knörr L, Sköld K, Garnham A, Ansell BRE, Jex AR, Svärd SG. Responses of the Differentiated Intestinal Epithelial Cell Line Caco-2 to Infection With the Giardia intestinalis GS Isolate. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:244. [PMID: 30062089 PMCID: PMC6055019 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a parasitic protist that causes diarrhea in humans, affecting mainly children of the developing world, elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Humans are infected by two major Giardia assemblages (i.e. genetic subtypes), A and B, with the latter being the most common. So far, there is little information on molecular or cellular changes during infections with assemblage B. Here, we used RNA sequencing to study transcriptional changes in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) co-incubated with assemblage B (GS isolate) trophozoites for 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h. We aimed to identify early molecular events associated with the establishment of infection and followed cellular protein changes up to 10 h. IEC transcriptomes showed a dominance of immediate early response genes which was sustained across all time points. Transcription of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., cxcl1-3, ccl2, 1l1a, and il1b) peaked at 1.5 and 3 h of infection. Compared to co-incubation with assemblage A Giardia, we identified the induction of novel cytokines (cxcl8, cxcl10, csf1, cx3cl1, il12a, il11) and showed that inflammatory signaling is mediated by Erk1/2 phosphorylation (mitogen activated protein kinase, MAPK), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and adaptor protein-1 (AP-1). We also showed that GS trophozoites attenuate P38 (MAPK) phosphorylation in IECs. Low amounts of IL-8, CXCL1 and CCL20 proteins were measured in the interaction medium, which was attributed to cytokine degradation by trophozoite secreted proteases. Based on the transcriptome, the decay of cytokines mRNA mediated by zinc finger protein 36 might be another mechanism controlling cytokine levels at later time points. IEC transcriptomes suggested homeostatic responses to counter oxidative stress, glucose starvation, and disturbances in amino acid and lipid metabolism. A large group of differentially transcribed genes were associated with cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis, which was validated at protein level. IEC transcriptomes also suggested changes in tight junction's integrity, microvilli structure and the extracellular mucin layer. This is the first study to illuminate transcriptional and protein regulatory events underlying IECs responses and pathogenesis during Giardia assemblage B infection. It highlights differences compared to assemblage A infections which might account for the differences observed in human infections with the two assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showgy Y Ma'ayeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Livia Knörr
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Sköld
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Garnham
- Population Health & Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan R E Ansell
- Population Health & Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Population Health & Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Giardipain-1, a protease secreted by Giardia duodenalis trophozoites, causes junctional, barrier and apoptotic damage in epithelial cell monolayers. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:621-639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Martens EC, Neumann M, Desai MS. Interactions of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms with the intestinal mucosal barrier. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018; 16:457-470. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Roxas JL, Monasky RC, Roxas BAP, Agellon AB, Mansoor A, Kaper JB, Vedantam G, Viswanathan V. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EspH-Mediated Rho GTPase Inhibition Results in Desmosomal Perturbations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:163-180. [PMID: 30003123 PMCID: PMC6039986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The diarrheagenic pathogen, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), uses a type III secretion system to deliver effector molecules into intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). While exploring the basis for the lateral membrane separation of EPEC-infected IECs, we observed infection-induced loss of the desmosomal cadherin desmoglein-2 (DSG2). We sought to identify the molecule(s) involved in, and delineate the mechanisms and consequences of, EPEC-induced DSG2 loss. METHODS DSG2 abundance and localization was monitored via immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. Junctional perturbations were visualized by electron microscopy, and cell-cell adhesion was assessed using dispase assays. EspH alanine-scan mutants as well as pharmacologic agents were used to evaluate impacts on desmosomal alterations. EPEC-mediated DSG2 loss, and its impact on bacterial colonization in vivo, was assessed using a murine model. RESULTS The secreted virulence protein EspH mediates EPEC-induced DSG2 degradation, and contributes to desmosomal perturbation, loss of cell junction integrity, and barrier disruption in infected IECs. EspH sequesters Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors and inhibits Rho guanosine triphosphatase signaling; EspH mutants impaired for Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor interaction failed to inhibit RhoA or deplete DSG2. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1, which locks Rho guanosine triphosphatase in the active state, jasplakinolide, a molecule that promotes actin polymerization, and the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A, respectively, rescued infected cells from EPEC-induced DSG2 loss. Wild-type EPEC, but not an espH-deficient strain, colonizes mouse intestines robustly, widens paracellular junctions, and induces DSG2 re-localization in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our studies define the mechanism and consequences of EPEC-induced desmosomal alterations in IECs. These perturbations contribute to the colonization and virulence of EPEC, and likely related pathogens.
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Key Words
- A/E, attaching and effacing
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CM, calcium and magnesium
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- DSC, desmocollin
- DSG, desmoglein
- DSG2
- Desmoglein
- EPEC
- EPEC, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factors
- GTPase, guanosine triphosphatase
- Host–Pathogen Interaction
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- IF, intermediate filament
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- T3SS, type 3 secretion system
- TER, transepithelial electrical resistance
- TJ, tight junction
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lising Roxas
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ross Calvin Monasky
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Bryan Angelo P. Roxas
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Al B. Agellon
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- BIO5 Institute for Collaborative Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Asad Mansoor
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - James B. Kaper
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gayatri Vedantam
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- BIO5 Institute for Collaborative Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System, Tucson, Arizona
| | - V.K. Viswanathan
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- BIO5 Institute for Collaborative Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: V. K. Viswanathan, PhD, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, 1006 E. Lowell, Building 106, Room 231, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721. fax: (520) 621-6366.
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20
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Ma’ayeh SY, Liu J, Peirasmaki D, Hörnaeus K, Bergström Lind S, Grabherr M, Bergquist J, Svärd SG. Characterization of the Giardia intestinalis secretome during interaction with human intestinal epithelial cells: The impact on host cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006120. [PMID: 29228011 PMCID: PMC5739509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giardia intestinalis is a non-invasive protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis in humans, the most common form of parasite-induced diarrhea. Disease mechanisms are not completely defined and very few virulence factors are known. METHODOLOGY To identify putative virulence factors and elucidate mechanistic pathways leading to disease, we have used proteomics to identify the major excretory-secretory products (ESPs) when Giardia trophozoites of WB and GS isolates (assemblages A and B, respectively) interact with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro. FINDINGS The main parts of the IEC and parasite secretomes are constitutively released proteins, the majority of which are associated with metabolism but several proteins are released in response to their interaction (87 and 41 WB and GS proteins, respectively, 76 and 45 human proteins in response to the respective isolates). In parasitized IECs, the secretome profile indicated effects on the cell actin cytoskeleton and the induction of immune responses whereas that of Giardia showed anti-oxidation, proteolysis (protease-associated) and induction of encystation responses. The Giardia secretome also contained immunodominant and glycosylated proteins as well as new candidate virulence factors and assemblage-specific differences were identified. A minor part of Giardia ESPs had signal peptides (29% for both isolates) and extracellular vesicles were detected in the ESPs fractions, suggesting alternative secretory pathways. Microscopic analyses showed ESPs binding to IECs and partial internalization. Parasite ESPs reduced ERK1/2 and P38 phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. Giardia ESPs altered gene expression in IECs, with a transcriptional profile indicating recruitment of immune cells via chemokines, disturbances in glucose homeostasis, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, cell cycle and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study identifying Giardia ESPs and evaluating their effects on IECs. It highlights the importance of host and parasite ESPs during interactions and reveals the intricate cellular responses that can explain disease mechanisms and attenuated inflammatory responses during giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showgy Y. Ma’ayeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Peirasmaki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Hörnaeus
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Bergström Lind
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Manfred Grabherr
- Department of Medical Biochemsitry and Microbiology, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan G. Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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21
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Kraft MR, Klotz C, Bücker R, Schulzke JD, Aebischer T. Giardia's Epithelial Cell Interaction In Vitro: Mimicking Asymptomatic Infection? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:421. [PMID: 29018775 PMCID: PMC5622925 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis is responsible for more than 280 million cases of gastrointestinal complaints ("giardiasis") every year, worldwide. Infections are acquired orally, mostly via uptake of cysts in contaminated drinking water. After transformation into the trophozoite stage, parasites start to colonize the duodenum and upper jejunum where they attach to the intestinal epithelium and replicate vegetatively. Outcome of Giardia infections vary between individuals, from self-limiting to chronic, and asymptomatic to severely symptomatic infection, with unspecific gastrointestinal complaints. One proposed mechanism for pathogenesis is the breakdown of intestinal barrier function. This has been studied by analyzing trans-epithelial electric resistances (TEER) or by indicators of epithelial permeability using labeled sugar compounds in in vitro cell culture systems, mouse models or human biopsies and epidemiological studies. Here, we discuss the results obtained mainly with epithelial cell models to highlight contradictory findings. We relate published studies to our own findings that suggest a lack of barrier compromising activities of recent G. duodenalis isolates of assemblage A, B, and E in a Caco-2 model system. We propose that this epithelial cell model be viewed as mimicking asymptomatic infection. This view will likely lead to a more informative use of the model if emphasis is shifted from aiming to identify Giardia virulence factors to defining non-parasite factors that arguably appear to be more decisive for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Kraft
- Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg-Dieter Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Amat CB, Motta JP, Fekete E, Moreau F, Chadee K, Buret AG. Cysteine Protease-Dependent Mucous Disruptions and Differential Mucin Gene Expression in Giardia duodenalis Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2486-2498. [PMID: 28823873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal mucous layer provides a critical host defense against pathogen exposure and epithelial injury, yet little is known about how enteropathogens may circumvent this physiologic barrier. Giardia duodenalis is a small intestinal parasite responsible for diarrheal disease and chronic postinfectious illness. This study reveals a complex interaction at the surface of epithelial cells, between G. duodenalis and the intestinal mucous layer. Here, we reveal mechanisms whereby G. duodenalis evades and disrupts the first line of host defense by degrading human mucin-2 (MUC2), depleting mucin stores and inducing differential gene expression in the mouse small and large intestines. Human colonic biopsy specimens exposed to G. duodenalis were depleted of mucus, and in vivo mice infected with G. duodenalis had a thinner mucous layer and demonstrated differential Muc2 and Muc5ac mucin gene expression. Infection in Muc2-/- mice elevated trophozoite colonization in the small intestine and impaired weight gain. In vitro, human LS174T goblet-like cells were depleted of mucus and had elevated levels of MUC2 mRNA expression after G. duodenalis exposure. Importantly, the cysteine protease inhibitor E64 prevented mucous degradation, mucin depletion, and the increase in MUC2 expression. This article describes a novel role for Giardia's cysteine proteases in pathogenesis and how Giardia's disruptions of the mucous barrier facilitate bacterial translocation that may contribute to the onset and propagation of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Amat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Motta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elena Fekete
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - France Moreau
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Andre G Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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23
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Cuellar P, Hernández-Nava E, García-Rivera G, Chávez-Munguía B, Schnoor M, Betanzos A, Orozco E. Entamoeba histolytica EhCP112 Dislocates and Degrades Claudin-1 and Claudin-2 at Tight Junctions of the Intestinal Epithelium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:372. [PMID: 28861400 PMCID: PMC5561765 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During intestinal invasion, Entamoeba histolytica opens tight junctions (TJs) reflected by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) dropping. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this, we studied in vitro and in vivo the damage produced by the recombinant E. histolytica cysteine protease (rEhCP112) on TJ functions and proteins. rEhCP112 reduced TEER in Caco-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner; and EhCP112-overexpressing trophozoites provoked major epithelial injury compared to control trophozoites. rEhCP112 penetrated through the intercellular space, and consequently the ion flux increased and the TJs fence function was disturbed. However, macromolecular flux was not altered. Functional in vitro assays revealed specific association of rEhCP112 with claudin-1 and claudin-2, that are both involved in regulating ion flux and fence function. Of note, rEhCP112 did not interact with occludin that is responsible for regulating macromolecular flux. Moreover, rEhCP112 degraded and delocalized claudin-1, thus affecting interepithelial adhesion. Concomitantly, expression of the leaky claudin-2 at TJ, first increased and then it was degraded. In vivo, rEhCP112 increased intestinal epithelial permeability in the mouse colon, likely due to apical erosion and claudin-1 and claudin-2 degradation. In conclusion, we provide evidence that EhCP112 causes epithelial dysfunction by specifically altering claudins at TJ. Thus, EhCP112 could be a potential target for therapeutic approaches against amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cuellar
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Hernández-Nava
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico
| | - Guillermina García-Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaMexico, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico
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24
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Hernández-Nava E, Cuellar P, Nava P, Chávez-Munguía B, Schnoor M, Orozco E, Betanzos A. Adherens junctions and desmosomes are damaged by Entamoeba histolytica: Participation of EhCPADH complex and EhCP112 protease. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28656597 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites adhere to epithelium at the cell-cell contact and perturb tight junctions disturbing the transepithelial electrical resistance. Behind tight junctions are the adherens junctions (AJs) that reinforce them and the desmosomes (DSMs) that maintain the epithelium integrity. The damage produced to AJs and DMSs by this parasite is unknown. Here, we studied the effect of the trophozoites, the EhCPADH complex, and the EhCP112 recombinant enzyme (rEhCP112) on AJ and DSM proteins. We found that trophozoites degraded β-cat, E-cad, Dsp l/ll, and Dsg-2 with the participation of EhCPADH and EhCP112. After contact of epithelial cells with trophozoites, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy assays revealed EhCPADH and rEhCP112 at the intercellular space where they colocalised with β-cat, E-cad, Dsp l/ll, and Dsg-2. Moreover, our results suggested that rEhCP112 could be internalised by caveolae and clathrin-coated vesicles. Immunoprecipitation assays showed the interaction of EhCPADH with β-cat and Dsp l/ll. Besides, in vivo assays demonstrated that rEhCP112 concentrates at the cellular borders of the mouse intestine degrading E-cad and Dsp I/II. Our research gives the first clues on the trophozoite attack to AJs and DSMs and point out the role of the EhCPADH and EhCP112 in the multifactorial event of trophozoites virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hernández-Nava
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Cuellar
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Porfirio Nava
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City, Mexico
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25
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Cabrera-Licona A, Solano-González E, Fonseca-Liñán R, Bazán-Tejeda ML, Raúl Argüello-García, Bermúdez-Cruz RM, Ortega-Pierres G. Expression and secretion of the Giardia duodenalis variant surface protein 9B10A by transfected trophozoites causes damage to epithelial cell monolayers mediated by protease activity. Exp Parasitol 2017; 179:49-64. [PMID: 28668253 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is the protozoan parasite responsible for most cases of parasitic diarrhea worldwide. The pathogenic mechanisms of giardiasis have not yet been fully characterized. In this context parasite's excretory/secretory products have been related to the damage induced by the parasite on enterocytes. Among these is the Variable Surface Proteins (VSPs) family involved in antigenic variation and in the induction of protective response. In proteomic analyses carried out to identify the proteases with high molecular weight secreted by Giardia trophozoites during the initial phase of interaction with IEC-6 cell monolayers we identified the VSP9B10A protein. In silico bioinformatics analyses predicted a central region in residues 324-684 displaying the catalytic triad and the substrate binding pocket of cysteine proteases. The analysis of the effect of the VSP9B10A protein on epithelial cell monolayers using trophozoites that were transfected with a plasmid carrying the vsp9b10a gene sequence under the control of a constitutive promoter showed that transfected trophozoites expressing the VSP9B10A protein caused cytotoxic damages on IEC-6 and MDCK cell monolayers. This was characterized by loss of cell-cell contacts and cell detachment from the substrate while no damage was observed with trophozoites that did not express the VSP9B10A protein. The same cytotoxic effect was detected when IEC-6 cell monolayers were incubated only with supernatants from co-cultures of IEC-6 cell monolayers with VSP9B10A transfected trophozoites and this effect was not observed when transfected trophozoites were incubated with a monospecific polyclonal antibody anti-VSP9B10A previous to interaction with IEC-6 monolayers. These results demonstrate that the VSP9B10A protein secreted upon interaction with epithelial cells caused damage in these cells. Thus this protein might be considered as a conditional virulence factor candidate. To our knowledge this is the first report on the proteolytic activity from a Giardia VSP opening new research lines on these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Cabrera-Licona
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Solano-González
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Rocío Fonseca-Liñán
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Ma Luisa Bazán-Tejeda
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Raúl Argüello-García
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Rosa Ma Bermúdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
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26
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Allain T, Amat CB, Motta JP, Manko A, Buret AG. Interactions of Giardia sp. with the intestinal barrier: Epithelium, mucus, and microbiota. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1274354. [PMID: 28452685 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1274354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how intestinal enteropathogens cause acute and chronic alterations has direct animal and human health perspectives. Significant advances have been made on this field by studies focusing on the dynamic crosstalk between the intestinal protozoan parasite model Giardia duodenalis and the host intestinal mucosa. The concept of intestinal barrier function is of the highest importance in the context of many gastrointestinal diseases such as infectious enteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and post-infectious gastrointestinal disorders. This crucial function relies on 3 biotic and abiotic components, first the commensal microbiota organized as a biofilm, then an overlaying mucus layer, and finally the tightly structured intestinal epithelium. Herein we review multiple strategies used by Giardia parasite to circumvent these 3 components. We will summarize what is known and discuss preliminary observations suggesting how such enteropathogen directly and/ or indirectly impairs commensal microbiota biofilm architecture, disrupts mucus layer and damages host epithelium physiology and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Allain
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Christina B Amat
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Motta
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Anna Manko
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - André G Buret
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
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Celentano A, Mignogna MD, McCullough M, Cirillo N. Pathophysiology of the Desmo-Adhesome. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:496-505. [PMID: 27505028 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of desmosomal diseases have provided a clear demonstration of the key role played by desmosomes in tissue and organ physiology, highlighting the importance of their dynamic and finely regulated structure. In this context, non-desmosomal regulatory molecules have acquired increasing relevance in the study of this organelle resulting in extending the desmosomal interactome, named the "desmo-adhesome." Spatiotemporal changes in the expression and regulation of the desmo-adhesome underlie a number of genetic, infectious, autoimmune, and malignant conditions. The aim of the present article was to examine the structural and functional relationship of the desmosome, by providing a comprehensive, yet focused overview of the constituents targeted in human disease. The inclusion of the novel regulatory network in the desmo-adhesome pathophysiology opens new avenues to a deeper understanding of desmosomal diseases, potentially unveiling pathogenic mechanisms waiting to be explored. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 496-505, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Celentano
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele Davide Mignogna
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre (CRC), University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Briceño MP, Nascimento LAC, Nogueira NP, Barenco PVC, Ferro EAV, Rezende-Oliveira K, Goulart LR, Alves PT, Barbosa BDF, Lima WR, Silva NM. Toxoplasma gondii Infection Promotes Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction of Caco-2 Cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:459-69. [PMID: 27370796 DOI: 10.1369/0022155416656349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After oral infection, Toxoplasma gondii invades intestinal cells, induces breakdown of intestinal physiology and barrier functions, and causes intestinal pathology in some animal species. Although parasites' invasion into host cells is a known phenomenon, the effects of T. gondii infection in the intestinal barrier are still not well established. To evaluate morphological and physiological modifications on the colorectal adenocarcinoma-derived Caco-2 cell line during T. gondii infection, microvilli, tight junction integrity, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were investigated under infection. It was observed that the dextran uptake (endocytosis) and distribution were smaller in infected than in noninfected Caco-2 cells. The infection leads to the partial loss of microvilli at the cell surface. Claudin-1, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and occludin expressions were colocalized by immunofluorescence and presented discontinuous net patterns in infected cells. Immunoblotting analysis at 24 hr postinfection revealed decreasing expression of occludin and ZO-1 proteins, whereas claudin-1 presented similar expression level compared with noninfected cells. T. gondii decreased TEER in Caco-2 cells 24 hr after infection. Our results suggest that T. gondii infection may lead to the loss of integrity of intestinal mucosa, resulting in impaired barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Pallete Briceño
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (MPB, LACN, NPN, PVCB, WRL, NMS)
| | | | - Nathalia Pires Nogueira
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (MPB, LACN, NPN, PVCB, WRL, NMS)
| | | | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (MPB, LACN, NPN, PVCB, WRL, NMS),Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil (BFB, EAVF)
| | - Karine Rezende-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil (KR-O)
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil (LRG, PTA)
| | - Patrícia Terra Alves
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (MPB, LACN, NPN, PVCB, WRL, NMS),Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil (LRG, PTA)
| | - Bellisa de Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil (BFB, EAVF)
| | - Wânia Rezende Lima
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (MPB, LACN, NPN, PVCB, WRL, NMS),Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil (WRL)
| | - Neide Maria Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (MPB, LACN, NPN, PVCB, WRL, NMS)
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Rehman Z, Deng Q, Umair S, Savoian M, Knight J, Pernthaner A, Simpson H. Excretory/secretory products of adult Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta which increase the permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayers are neutralised by antibodies from immune hosts. Vet Parasitol 2016; 221:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Halliez MCM, Motta JP, Feener TD, Guérin G, LeGoff L, François A, Colasse E, Favennec L, Gargala G, Lapointe TK, Altier C, Buret AG. Giardia duodenalis induces paracellular bacterial translocation and causes postinfectious visceral hypersensitivity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G574-85. [PMID: 26744469 PMCID: PMC4836132 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00144.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most frequent functional gastrointestinal disorder. It is characterized by abdominal hypersensitivity, leading to discomfort and pain, as well as altered bowel habits. While it is common for IBS to develop following the resolution of infectious gastroenteritis [then termed postinfectious IBS (PI-IBS)], the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Giardia duodenalis is a cosmopolitan water-borne enteropathogen that causes intestinal malabsorption, diarrhea, and postinfectious complications. Cause-and-effect studies using a human enteropathogen to help investigate the mechanisms of PI-IBS are sorely lacking. In an attempt to establish causality between giardiasis and postinfectious visceral hypersensitivity, this study describes a new model of PI-IBS in neonatal rats infected with G. duodenalis At 50 days postinfection with G. duodenalis (assemblage A or B), long after the parasite was cleared, rats developed visceral hypersensitivity to luminal balloon distension in the jejunum and rectum, activation of the nociceptive signaling pathway (increased c-fos expression), histological modifications (villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia), and proliferation of mucosal intraepithelial lymphocytes and mast cells in the jejunum, but not in the rectum. G. duodenalis infection also disrupted the intestinal barrier, in vivo and in vitro, which in turn promoted the translocation of commensal bacteria. Giardia-induced bacterial paracellular translocation in vitro correlated with degradation of the tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-4. The extensive observations associated with gut hypersensitivity described here demonstrate that, indeed, in this new model of postgiardiasis IBS, alterations to the gut mucosa and c-fos are consistent with those associated with PI-IBS and, hence, offer avenues for new mechanistic research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C. M. Halliez
- 1Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen and University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes, and Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen and Reims, France; ,2Department of Biological Sciences, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interaction NSERC-CREATE, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Jean-Paul Motta
- 2Department of Biological Sciences, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interaction NSERC-CREATE, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Troy D. Feener
- 2Department of Biological Sciences, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interaction NSERC-CREATE, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
| | - Gaetan Guérin
- 1Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen and University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes, and Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen and Reims, France;
| | - Laetitia LeGoff
- 1Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen and University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes, and Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen and Reims, France;
| | - Arnaud François
- 1Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen and University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes, and Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen and Reims, France; ,3Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologique CHU Rouen, Rouen cedex, France; and
| | - Elodie Colasse
- 3Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologique CHU Rouen, Rouen cedex, France; and
| | - Loic Favennec
- 1Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen and University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes, and Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen and Reims, France;
| | - Gilles Gargala
- 1Protozooses transmises par l'alimentation, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen and University of Reims Champagne-Ardennes, and Institute for Biomedical Research, Rouen and Reims, France;
| | - Tamia K. Lapointe
- 4Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christophe Altier
- 4Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - André G. Buret
- 2Department of Biological Sciences, Inflammation Research Network, Host-Parasite Interaction NSERC-CREATE, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada;
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Di Genova BM, Tonelli RR. Infection Strategies of Intestinal Parasite Pathogens and Host Cell Responses. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:256. [PMID: 26973630 PMCID: PMC4776161 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium sp., and Entamoeba histolytica are important pathogenic intestinal parasites and are amongst the leading causes worldwide of diarrheal illness in humans. Diseases caused by these organisms, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, and amoebiasis, respectively, are characterized by self-limited diarrhea but can evolve to long-term complications. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of diarrhea associated with these three pathogens are being unraveled, with knowledge of both the strategies explored by the parasites to establish infection and the methods evolved by hosts to avoid it. Special attention is being given to molecules participating in parasite–host interaction and in the mechanisms implicated in the diseases’ pathophysiologic processes. This review focuses on cell mechanisms that are modulated during infection, including gene transcription, cytoskeleton rearrangements, signal transduction pathways, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Di Genova
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata R Tonelli
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São PauloDiadema, Brazil
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32
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Reynoso-Robles R, Ponce-Macotela M, Rosas-López LE, Ramos-Morales A, Martínez–Gordillo MN, González-Maciel A. The invasive potential of Giardia intestinalis in an in vivo model. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15168. [PMID: 26470844 PMCID: PMC4607969 DOI: 10.1038/srep15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis is a neglected parasitic disease that affects primarily children, in whom it delays physical and mental development. The pathophysiology of giardiasis in not well understood, and most reports have identified Giardia intestinalis trophozoites only in the lumen and on the brush border of the small intestine. We identified Giardia trophozoites within the epithelium of the small intestine of a lactose intolerance patient. The Giardia trophozoites were obtained and cultured in vitro. In addition, we demonstrated Giardia trophozoite invasion in an animal model. Giardia trophozoites invaded the intestinal mucosa and submucosa of infected gerbils. The invasive trophozoites were observed at 21, 30 and 60 days age, and the average numbers of invaded sites were 17 ± 5, 15 ± 4, and 9 ± 3, respectively. We found trophozoites between epithelial cells, at the base of empty goblet cells, in lacteal vessels and within the submucosa. The morphological integrity of the invasive trophozoites was demonstrated via electron microscopy. The analysis of the gerbils infected with the trophozoites of the WB reference strain did not show intraepithelial trophozoites. These results demonstrate another Giardia pathogenic mechanism, opening the door to numerous future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Reynoso-Robles
- Laboratorio de Morfologia Celular y Tisular (Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexican National Institute of Paediatrics), Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico, D. F. C. P. 04530, Mexico
| | - M. Ponce-Macotela
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental (Laboratory of Experimental Parasitology), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexican National Institute of Paediatrics).
| | - L. E. Rosas-López
- Laboratorio de Morfologia Celular y Tisular (Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexican National Institute of Paediatrics), Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico, D. F. C. P. 04530, Mexico
| | - A. Ramos-Morales
- Laboratorio de Morfologia Celular y Tisular (Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexican National Institute of Paediatrics), Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico, D. F. C. P. 04530, Mexico
| | - M. N. Martínez–Gordillo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental (Laboratory of Experimental Parasitology), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexican National Institute of Paediatrics).
| | - A. González-Maciel
- Laboratorio de Morfologia Celular y Tisular (Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology), Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (Mexican National Institute of Paediatrics), Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico, D. F. C. P. 04530, Mexico
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Dibao-Dina A, Follet J, Ibrahim M, Vlandas A, Senez V. Electrical impedance sensor for quantitative monitoring of infection processes on HCT-8 cells by the waterborne parasite Cryptosporidium. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 66:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Desmosomes are cell-cell junctions that mediate adhesion and couple the intermediate filament cytoskeleton to sites of cell-cell contact. This architectural arrangement integrates adhesion and cytoskeletal elements of adjacent cells. The importance of this robust adhesion system is evident in numerous human diseases, both inherited and acquired, which occur when desmosome function is compromised. This review focuses on autoimmune and infectious diseases that impair desmosome function. In addition, we discuss emerging evidence that desmosomal genes are often misregulated in cancer. The emphasis of our discussion is placed on the way in which human diseases can inform our understanding of basic desmosome biology and in turn, the means by which fundamental advances in the cell biology of desmosomes might lead to new treatments for acquired diseases of the desmosome.
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Investigation of effects ofGiardia duodenalison transcellular and paracellular transport in enterocytes usingin vitroUssing chamber experiments. Parasitology 2014; 142:691-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe mechanisms by which different genotypes ofGiardia duodenalisresult in different symptoms remain unresolved. In particular, we lack detailed knowledge on which transport mechanisms (transcellular or paracellular) are affected by differentGiardiaisolates. Using horse radish peroxidase (HRP) and creatinine as transcellular and paracellular probes, respectively, we developed a robust assay that can be used with an Ussing chamber to investigate epithelial transport, as well as short-circuit current as an indicator of net ion transport. We investigated 2Giardiaisolates, both Assemblage A, one a lab-adapted strain and the other a field isolate. Results indicate that products from sonicatedGiardiatrophozoites increase both transcellular and paracellular transport. A non-significant increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and short-circuit current were also noted. The paracellular transport was increased significantly more in the field isolate than in the lab-adapted strain. Our results indicate that while both transcellular and paracellular transport mechanisms may be increased following exposure of cells toGiardiatrophozoite sonicate, perhaps by inducing non-specific increases in cellular traffic, it is important thatin vitrostudies ofGiardiapathophysiology are conducted with differentGiardiaisolates, not just lab-attenuated strains.
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Wu Z, Mirza H, Tan KSW. Intra-subtype variation in enteroadhesion accounts for differences in epithelial barrier disruption and is associated with metronidazole resistance in Blastocystis subtype-7. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2885. [PMID: 24851944 PMCID: PMC4031124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis is an extracellular, enteric pathogen that induces intestinal disorders in a range of hosts including humans. Recent studies have identified potential parasite virulence factors in and host responses to this parasite; however, little is known about Blastocystis-host attachment, which is crucial for colonization and virulence of luminal stages. By utilizing 7 different strains of the parasite belonging to two clinically relevant subtypes ST-4 and ST-7, we investigated Blastocystis-enterocyte adhesion and its association with parasite-induced epithelial barrier disruption. We also suggest that drug resistance in ST-7 strains might result in fitness cost that manifested as impairment of parasite adhesion and, consequently, virulence. ST-7 parasites were generally highly adhesive to Caco-2 cells and preferred binding to intercellular junctions. These strains also induced disruption of ZO-1 and occludin tight junction proteins as well as increased dextran-FITC flux across epithelial monolayers. Interestingly, their adhesion was correlated with metronidazole (Mz) susceptibility. Mz resistant (Mzr) strains were found to be less pathogenic, owing to compromised adhesion. Moreover, tolerance of nitrosative stress was also reduced in the Mzr strains. In conclusion, the findings indicate that Blastocystis attaches to intestinal epithelium and leads to epithelial barrier dysfunction and that drug resistance might entail a fitness cost in parasite virulence by limiting entero-adhesiveness. This is the first study of the cellular basis for strain-to-strain variation in parasite pathogenicity. Intra- and inter-subtype variability in cytopathogenicity provides a possible explanation for the diverse clinical outcomes of Blastocystis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaona Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haris Mirza
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kevin Shyong Wei Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Liévin-Le Moal V. Dysfunctions at human intestinal barrier by water-borne protozoan parasites: lessons from cultured human fully differentiated colon cancer cell lines. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:860-9. [PMID: 23437821 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Some water-borne protozoan parasites induce diseases through their membrane-associated functional structures and virulence factors that hijack the host cellular molecules and signalling pathways leading to structural and functional lesions in the intestinal barrier. In this Microreview we analyse the insights on the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Entamoeba intestinalis, Giardia and Cryptosporidium observed in the human colon carcinoma fully differentiated colon cancer cell lines, cell subpopulations and clones expressing the structural and functional characteristics of highly specialized fully differentiated epithelial cells lining the intestinal epithelium and mimicking structurally and functionally an intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Liévin-Le Moal
- CNRS, UMR 8076 BioCIS, Team Antiparasitic chemotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Châtenay-Malabry, 92296, France.
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Shibayama M, Martínez-Castillo M, Silva-Olivares A, Galindo-Gómez S, Navarro-García F, Escobar-Herrera J, Sabanero M, Tsutsumi V, Serrano-Luna J. Disruption of MDCK cell tight junctions by the free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 159:392-401. [PMID: 23258265 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.063255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is the aetiological agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. This parasite invades its host by penetrating the olfactory mucosa. However, the mechanism of epithelium penetration is not well understood. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of N. fowleri trophozoites and the non-pathogenic Naegleria gruberi on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) tight junction proteins, including claudin-1, occludin and ZO-1, as well as on the actin cytoskeleton. Trophozoites from each of the free-living amoeba species were co-cultured with MDCK cells in a 1 : 1 ratio for 1, 3, 6 or 10 h. Light microscopy revealed that N. fowleri caused morphological changes as early as 3 h post-infection in an epithelial MDCK monolayer. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that after 10 h of co-culture, N. fowleri trophozoites induced epithelial cell damage, which was characterized by changes in the actin apical ring and disruption of the ZO-1 and claudin-1 proteins but not occludin. Western blot assays revealed gradual degradation of ZO-1 and claudin-1 as early as 3 h post-infection. Likewise, there was a drop in transepithelial electrical resistance that resulted in increased epithelial permeability and facilitated the invasion of N. fowleri trophozoites by a paracellular route. In contrast, N. gruberi did not induce alterations in MDCK cells even at 10 h post-infection. Based on these results, we suggest that N. fowleri trophozoites disrupt epithelial monolayers, which could enable their penetration of the olfactory epithelium and subsequent invasion of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Moisés Martínez-Castillo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Angélica Silva-Olivares
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Silvia Galindo-Gómez
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Fernando Navarro-García
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Jaime Escobar-Herrera
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Myrna Sabanero
- Department of Biology, University of Guanajuato, 36050 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Víctor Tsutsumi
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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