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Masamba P, Kappo AP. Immunological and Biochemical Interplay between Cytokines, Oxidative Stress and Schistosomiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137216. [PMID: 34281269 PMCID: PMC8268096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The host–parasite schistosome relationship relies heavily on the interplay between the strategies imposed by the schistosome worm and the defense mechanisms the host uses to counter the line of attack of the parasite. The ultimate goal of the schistosome parasite entails five important steps: evade elimination tactics, survive within the human host, develop into adult forms, propagate in large numbers, and transmit from one host to the next. The aim of the parasitized host on the other hand is either to cure or limit infection. Therefore, it is a battle between two conflicting aspirations. From the host’s standpoint, infection accompanies a plethora of immunological consequences; some are set in place to defend the host, while most end up promoting chronic disease, which ultimately crosses paths with oxidative stress and cancer. Understanding these networks provides attractive opportunities for anti-schistosome therapeutic development. Hence, this review discusses the mechanisms by which schistosomes modulate the human immune response with ultimate links to oxidative stress and genetic instability.
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2
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Malta KK, Silva TP, Palazzi C, Neves VH, Carmo LAS, Cardoso SJ, Melo RCN. Changing our view of the Schistosoma granuloma to an ecological standpoint. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1404-1420. [PMID: 33754464 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a neglected parasitic tropical disease that has plagued humans for centuries, remains a major public health burden. A primary challenge to understanding schistosomiasis is deciphering the most remarkable pathological feature of this disease, the granuloma - a highly dynamic and self-organized structure formed by both host and parasite components. Granulomas are considered a remarkable example of how parasites evolved with their hosts to establish complex and intimate associations. However, much remains unclear regarding life within the granuloma, and strategies to restrain its development are still lacking. Here we explore current information on the hepatic Schistosoma mansoni granuloma in the light of Ecology and propose that this intricate structure acts as a real ecosystem. The schistosomal granuloma is formed by cells (biotic component), protein scaffolds, fibres, and chemical compounds (abiotic components) with inputs/outputs of energy and matter, as complex as in classical ecosystems. We review the distinct cell populations ('species') within the granuloma and examine how they integrate with each other and interact with their microenvironment to form a multifaceted cell community in different space-time frames. The colonization of the hepatic tissue to form granulomas is explained from the point of view of an ecological succession whereby a community is able to modify its physical environment, creating conditions and resources for ecosystem construction. Remarkably, the granuloma represents a dynamic evolutionary system that undergoes progressive changes in the 'species' that compose its community over time. In line with ecological concepts, we examine the granuloma not only as a place where a community of cells is settled (spatial niche or habitat) but also as a site in which the functional activities of these combined populations occur in an orchestrated way in response to microenvironmental gradients such as cytokines and egg antigens. Finally, we assert how the levels of organization of cellular components in a granuloma as conventionally defined by Cell Biology can fit perfectly into a hierarchical structure of biological systems as defined by Ecology. By rethinking the granuloma as an integrating and evolving ecosystem, we draw attention to the inner workings of this structure that are central to the understanding of schistosomiasis and could guide its future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kássia K Malta
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biodiversity, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biodiversity, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Palazzi
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vitor H Neves
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lívia A S Carmo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas, Rodovia AL-115, Bom Sucesso, Arapiraca, AL, 57309-005, Brazil
| | - Simone J Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Biodiversity, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Laboratory of Plankton Ecology, Department of Zoology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biodiversity, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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3
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Kanagaratham C, El Ansari YS, Lewis OL, Oettgen HC. IgE and IgG Antibodies as Regulators of Mast Cell and Basophil Functions in Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603050. [PMID: 33362785 PMCID: PMC7759531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is a major health issue, affecting the lives of 8% of U.S. children and their families. There is an urgent need to identify the environmental and endogenous signals that induce and sustain allergic responses to ingested allergens. Acute reactions to foods are triggered by the activation of mast cells and basophils, both of which release inflammatory mediators that lead to a range of clinical manifestations, including gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and respiratory reactions as well as systemic anaphylaxis. Both of these innate effector cell types express the high affinity IgE receptor, FcϵRI, on their surface and are armed for adaptive antigen recognition by very-tightly bound IgE antibodies which, when cross-linked by polyvalent allergen, trigger degranulation. These cells also express inhibitory receptors, including the IgG Fc receptor, FcγRIIb, that suppress their IgE-mediated activation. Recent studies have shown that natural resolution of food allergies is associated with increasing food-specific IgG levels. Furthermore, oral immunotherapy, the sequential administration of incrementally increasing doses of food allergen, is accompanied by the strong induction of allergen-specific IgG antibodies in both human subjects and murine models. These can deliver inhibitory signals via FcγRIIb that block IgE-induced immediate food reactions. In addition to their role in mediating immediate hypersensitivity reactions, mast cells and basophils serve separate but critical functions as adjuvants for type 2 immunity in food allergy. Mast cells and basophils, activated by IgE, are key sources of IL-4 that tilts the immune balance away from tolerance and towards type 2 immunity by promoting the induction of Th2 cells along with the innate effectors of type 2 immunity, ILC2s, while suppressing the development of regulatory T cells and driving their subversion to a pathogenic pro-Th2 phenotype. This adjuvant effect of mast cells and basophils is suppressed when inhibitory signals are delivered by IgG antibodies signaling via FcγRIIb. This review summarizes current understanding of the immunoregulatory effects of mast cells and basophils and how these functions are modulated by IgE and IgG antibodies. Understanding these pathways could provide important insights into innovative strategies for preventing and/or reversing food allergy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yasmeen S El Ansari
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Owen L Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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4
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Abstract
Parasitic infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Management strategies rely primarily on antiparasitic drugs that have side effects and risk of drug resistance. Therefore, novel strategies are needed for treatment of parasitic infections. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a viable alternative, which targets host pathways responsible for parasite invasion/survival/pathogenicity. Recent innovative combinations of genomics, proteomics and computational biology approaches have led to discovery of several host pathways that could be promising targets for HDT for treating parasitic infections. Herein, we review major advances in HDT for parasitic disease with regard to core regulatory pathways and their interactions.
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5
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Longo V, Longo A, Di Sano C, Cigna D, Cibella F, Di Felice G, Colombo P. In vitro exposure to 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) impairs innate inflammatory response. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:845-854. [PMID: 30562690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants that are added to numerous products to prevent accidental fires. PBDEs are present in the environment and they bio-accumulate in human and animal tissues. Recently, their presence has been correlated to several pathologies but little is known about their effect on the human innate immune system activity. In this study we investigated the effect of the congener 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) on the functional activity of the THP-1 human macrophages cell line and on ex vivo freshly isolated human basophils. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity studies showed that PBDE-47 was able to induce toxic effects on the THP-1 cell line viability at concentrations ≥25 μM. Immune function of THP-1 was studied after stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and PBDE-47 exposure at concentrations granting macrophage viability. Two dimensional electrophoresis showed modification of the proteome in the 3 μM PBDE-47 treated sample and Real Time PCR and ELISA demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in the expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α cytokines. Furthermore, PBDE-47 was able to perturbate genes involved in cell motility upregulating CDH-1 and downregulating MMP-12 expressions. Finally, basophil activation assay showed reduced CD63 activation in PBDE-47 treated samples. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that PBDE-47 may perturb the activities of cells involved in innate immunity dampening the expression of macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and genes involved in cell motility (MMP-12 and E-cadherin) and interfering with basophil activation suggesting that this compound can impair innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Longo
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longo
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Di Sano
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Diego Cigna
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Felice
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy.
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6
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Schramm G, Suwandi A, Galeev A, Sharma S, Braun J, Claes AK, Braubach P, Grassl GA. Schistosome Eggs Impair Protective Th1/Th17 Immune Responses Against Salmonella Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2614. [PMID: 30487793 PMCID: PMC6246638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Countries with a high incidence of helminth infections are characterized by high morbidity and mortality to infections with intracellular pathogens such as Salmonella. Some patients with Salmonella-Schistosoma co-infections develop a so-called “chronic septicemic salmonellosis,” with prolonged fever and enlargement of the liver and spleen. These effects are most likely due to the overall immunoregulatory activities of schistosomes such as induction of Tregs, Bregs, alternatively activated macrophages, and degradation of antibodies. However, detailed underlying mechanisms are not very well investigated. Here, we show that intraperitoneal application of live Schistosoma mansoni eggs prior to infection with Salmonella Typhimurium in mice leads to an impairment of IFN-γ and IL-17 responses together with a higher bacterial load compared to Salmonella infection alone. S. mansoni eggs were found in granulomas in the visceral peritoneum attached to the colon. Immunohistological staining revealed IPSE/alpha-1, a glycoprotein secreted from live schistosome eggs, and recruited basophils around the eggs. Noteworthy, IPSE/alpha-1 is known to trigger IL-4 and IL-13 release from basophils which in turn is known to suppress Th1/Th17 responses. Therefore, our data support a mechanism of how schistosomes impair a protective immune response against Salmonella infection and increase our understanding of helminth-bacterial co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Schramm
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alibek Galeev
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Samriti Sharma
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janin Braun
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Claes
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guntram A Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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7
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Schwartz C, Fallon PG. Schistosoma "Eggs-Iting" the Host: Granuloma Formation and Egg Excretion. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2492. [PMID: 30459767 PMCID: PMC6232930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a major cause of morbidity in humans invoked by chronic infection with parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma. Schistosomes have a complex life-cycle involving infections of an aquatic snail intermediate host and a definitive mammalian host. In humans, adult male and female worms lie within the vasculature. Here, they propagate and eggs are laid. These eggs must then be released from the host to continue the life cycle. Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum reside in the mesenteric circulation of the intestines with egg excreted in the feces. In contrast, S. haematobium are present in the venus plexus of the bladder, expelling eggs in the urine. In an impressive case of exploitation of the host immune system, this process of Schistosome “eggs-iting” the host is immune dependent. In this article, we review the formation of the egg granuloma and explore how S. mansoni eggs laid in vasculature must usurp immunity to induce regulated inflammation, to facilitate extravasation through the intestinal wall and to be expelled in the feces. We highlight the roles of immune cell populations, stromal factors, and egg secretions in the process of egg excretion to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding a vastly unexplored mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwartz
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Inclan-Rico JM, Siracusa MC. First Responders: Innate Immunity to Helminths. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:861-880. [PMID: 30177466 PMCID: PMC6168350 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infections represent a significant public health concern resulting in devastating morbidity and economic consequences across the globe. Helminths migrate through mucosal sites causing tissue damage and the induction of type 2 immune responses. Antihelminth protection relies on the mobilization and activation of multiple immune cells, including type 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s), basophils, mast cells, macrophages, and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Further, epithelial cells and neurons have been recognized as important regulators of type 2 immunity. Collectively, these pathways stimulate host-protective responses necessary for worm expulsion and the healing of affected tissues. In this review we focus on the innate immune pathways that regulate immunity to helminth parasites and describe how better understanding of these pathways may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Inclan-Rico
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mark C Siracusa
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
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9
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Gutierre RC, Jared C, Antoniazzi MM, Coppi AA, Egami MI. Melanomacrophage functions in the liver of the caecilian Siphonops annulatus. J Anat 2018; 232:497-508. [PMID: 29205335 PMCID: PMC5807933 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomacrophages are phagocytes that synthesize melanin. They are found in the liver and spleen of ectothermic vertebrates, and in the kidney of fish. In agnathan and elasmobranch fish, melanomacrophages are seen as isolated cells, and forming clusters in all the other vertebrates. The natural phagocytic activity of melanomacrophages is poorly characterized, as most of the research works have focused on induced phagocytic activity only. Furthermore, little is known about amphibian melanomacrophages, mainly about those in caecilians - wormlike amphibians in the order of Gymnophiona, which is the least known group of terrestrial vertebrates. The present research work aimed at the structure and function of hepatic melanomacrophages of Siphonops annulatus, a species largely found in South America. We identified the role of these cells in the control of circulating basophils (pro-melanogenic cells), in the turnover of liver collagen stroma and in the hemocatheresis, interrelated physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Campos Gutierre
- Department of Morphology and GeneticsFederal University of São Paulo – Escola Paulista de MedicinaSão PauloBrazil
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryFederal University of São Paulo – Escola Paulista de MedicinaSão PauloBrazil
| | - Carlos Jared
- Cell Biology LaboratoryInstituto ButantanSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Antonio Augusto Coppi
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Mizue Imoto Egami
- Department of Morphology and GeneticsFederal University of São Paulo – Escola Paulista de MedicinaSão PauloBrazil
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10
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Abstract
Basophils are mainly known as pro-inflammatory effector cells associated with allergy and helminth infections. Although they were identified over 130 years ago, their in vivo functions are still poorly understood. New insights into basophil development and function have been gained by the development of various transgenic mouse lines and staining techniques to detect and purify these cells from different organs. Several studies over the past few years have identified unexpected functions for basophils, including immunomodulatory properties and interactions with other immune cells. Here, I summarize and discuss the main findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Schiechl G, Hermann FJ, Rodriguez Gomez M, Kutzi S, Schmidbauer K, Talke Y, Neumayer S, Goebel N, Renner K, Brühl H, Karasuyama H, Obata-Ninomiya K, Utpatel K, Evert M, Hirt SW, Geissler EK, Fichtner-Feigl S, Mack M. Basophils Trigger Fibroblast Activation in Cardiac Allograft Fibrosis Development. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:2574-88. [PMID: 26932231 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a major component of chronic cardiac allograft rejection. Although several cell types are able to produce collagen, resident (donor-derived) fibroblasts are mainly responsible for excessive production of extracellular matrix proteins. It is currently unclear which cells regulate production of connective tissue elements in allograft fibrosis and how basophils, as potential producers of profibrotic cytokines, are involved this process. We studied this question in a fully MHC-mismatched model of heart transplantation with transient depletion of CD4(+) T cells to largely prevent acute rejection. The model is characterized by myocardial infiltration of leukocytes and development of interstitial fibrosis and allograft vasculopathy. Using depletion of basophils, IL-4-deficient recipients and IL-4 receptor-deficient grafts, we showed that basophils and IL-4 play crucial roles in activation of fibroblasts and development of fibrotic organ remodeling. In the absence of CD4(+) T cells, basophils are the predominant source of IL-4 in the graft and contribute to expansion of myofibroblasts, interstitial deposition of collagen and development of allograft vasculopathy. Our results indicated that basophils trigger the production of various connective tissue elements by myofibroblasts. Basophil-derived IL-4 may be an attractive target for treatment of chronic allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schiechl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - F J Hermann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Rodriguez Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Kutzi
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - K Schmidbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Y Talke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Neumayer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - N Goebel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - K Renner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - H Brühl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - H Karasuyama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Obata-Ninomiya
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Utpatel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Evert
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S W Hirt
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - E K Geissler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Fichtner-Feigl
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,RCI Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - M Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,RCI Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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12
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Etewa SE, Hegab MHA, Metwally AS, Abd Allah SH, Shalaby SM, El-Shal AS, Baredy M, El Shafey MA, Moawad HSF. Murine hepatocytes DNA changes as an assessment of the immunogenicity of potential anti-schistosomal vaccines experimentally. J Parasit Dis 2016; 41:219-229. [PMID: 28316416 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic affection by granulomatous inflammation in schistosomiasis suggested that a potential anti-pathology vaccine could be generated based on limiting the presence of hazardous hepatocytes induced apoptosis and caused reduction of granulomas number and size . So, this work is concerned with experimental assessment of the efficacy of different Schistosoma mansoni antigens (SEA, SWAP and combined SEA and SWAP) on murine liver after challenge by Schistosoma infection, histopathological, histochemical and molecular investigations were performed on sixty male laboratory bred Swiss Albino mice. A schedule of vaccination and challenge infection was followed and performed on 6 mice groups (each of ten); control normal (G1), control infected (G2), adjuvant received then infected (G3), SEA + adj. received then infected (G4), SWAP + adj. received then infected (G5) and SEA + SWAP + adj. received then infected (G6).Animals were euthanized 10 weeks post infection.Vaccination efficacy was assessed by histopathological, histochemical and molecular studies on murine hepatic tissues.Results showed that:The combined (SEA + SWAP) antigens were better in reducing the number and diameter of the hepatic granulomas, with more protection of the hepatocytes DNA, in addition to more decrease of hepatocytes induced apoptosis and fragmentation as demonstrated by molecular assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia E Etewa
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H A Hegab
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ashraf S Metwally
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Somia H Abd Allah
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sally M Shalaby
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Amal S El-Shal
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Baredy
- Histology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A El Shafey
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Howayda S F Moawad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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13
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Eberle JU, Voehringer D. Role of basophils in protective immunity to parasitic infections. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:605-13. [PMID: 27116557 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Basophils have been recognized as important players for protective immunity against a variety of different endo- and ectoparasites. Although basophils represent a relatively rare and short-lived cell type, they produce large quantities of effector molecules including histamine, cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators which promote type 2 immune responses. Basophils can be activated either directly by parasite-derived factors or indirectly by recognition of parasite-derived antigens via IgE bound to its high-affinity receptor FcεRI on the cell surface. Many parasitic infections cause expansion and tissue recruitment of basophils, but the role of basophils for protective immunity remains poorly understood. The development of basophil-deficient mouse models over the past few years makes it possible to study their contributions in various infections. We review here the current knowledge regarding the role of basophils for protective or immunomodulatory functions of basophils mainly during infections of mice with protozoan parasites, helminths, and ectoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg U Eberle
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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14
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Yepes E, Varela-M RE, López-Abán J, Rojas-Caraballo J, Muro A, Mollinedo F. Inhibition of Granulomatous Inflammation and Prophylactic Treatment of Schistosomiasis with a Combination of Edelfosine and Praziquantel. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003893. [PMID: 26191954 PMCID: PMC4507859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is the third most devastating tropical disease worldwide caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. This parasitic disease is due to immunologic reactions to Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues. Egg-released antigens stimulate tissue-destructive inflammatory and granulomatous reactions, involving different immune cell populations, including T cells and granulocytes. Granulomas lead to collagen fibers deposition and fibrosis, resulting in organ damage. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for treating all species of schistosomes. However, PZQ kills only adult Schistosoma worms, not immature stages. The inability of PZQ to abort early infection or prevent re-infection, and the lack of prophylactic effect prompt the need for novel drugs and strategies for the prevention of schistosomiasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we have found that the alkylphospholipid analog edelfosine kills schistosomula, and displays anti-inflammatory activity. The combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine during a few days before and after cercariae infection in a schistosomiasis mouse model, simulating a prophylactic treatment, led to seven major effects: a) killing of Schistosoma parasites at early and late development stages; b) reduction of hepatomegaly; c) granuloma size reduction; d) down-regulation of Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses at late post-infection times, thus inhibiting granuloma formation; e) upregulation of IL-10 at early post-infection times, thus potentiating anti-inflammatory actions; f) down-regulation of IL-10 at late post-infection times, thus favoring resistance to re-infection; g) reduction in the number of blood granulocytes in late post-infection times as compared to infected untreated animals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these data suggest that the combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine promotes a high decrease in granuloma formation, as well as in the cellular immune response that underlies granuloma development, with changes in the cytokine patterns, and may provide a promising and effective strategy for a prophylactic treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Yepes
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén E. Varela-M
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio López-Abán
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Rojas-Caraballo
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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15
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Schwartz C, Eberle JU, Voehringer D. Basophils in inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:90-5. [PMID: 25959388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Basophils are functionally closely related to mast cells. Both cell types express the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) and rapidly release preformed mediator from intracellular stores upon IgE-mediated activation. However, in contrast to mast cells basophils finish their maturation in the bone marrow and have a lifespan of only 2-3 days. Basophil numbers increase in response to IL-3 or TSLP and migrate into tissues to promote type 2 immune responses. Here we review recent advances regarding the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of basophils in murine models and human allergic inflammation of the skin, lung and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwartz
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joerg U Eberle
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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16
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Schwartz C, Oeser K, Prazeres da Costa C, Layland LE, Voehringer D. T Cell–Derived IL-4/IL-13 Protects Mice against FatalSchistosoma mansoniInfection Independently of Basophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3590-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Karasuyama H, Yamanishi Y. Basophils have emerged as a key player in immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:1-7. [PMID: 25086241 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Basophils had long been neglected in immunological studies, because of their paucity and phenotypic similarity with tissue-resident mast cells. However, recent development of analytical tools has cast new light on this neglected minority, and revealed previously unappreciated roles of basophils, distinct from those of mast cells, in various immune responses. Primary function of basophils appears to be the protection against infections with parasites, including ticks and helminths. This is why basophils are evolutionally conserved well in many animal species, albeit a small number. Nevertheless, basophils sometimes exert host-deleterious functions in immunological disorders such as allergy. Here we summarize recent advance in our understanding of basophil ontogeny and their in vivo roles under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Karasuyama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan; JST, CREST, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Yamanishi
- Department of Immune Regulation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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