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Guimarães TG, Parmera JB, Castro MAA, Cury RG, Barbosa ER, Kok F. X-Linked Levodopa-Responsive Parkinsonism-Epilepsy Syndrome: A Novel PGK1 Mutation and Literature Review. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2024; 11:556-566. [PMID: 38341651 PMCID: PMC11078492 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic underpinnings in Parkinson's disease (PD) and parkinsonian syndromes are challenging, and recent discoveries regarding their genetic pathways have led to potential gene-specific treatment trials. CASES We report 3 X-linked levodopa (l-dopa)-responsive parkinsonism-epilepsy syndrome cases due to a hemizygous variant in the phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) gene. The likely pathogenic variant NM_000291.4 (PGK1):c.950G > A;p.(Gly317Asp) was identified in a hemizygous state. LITERATURE REVIEW Only 8 previous cases have linked this phenotype to PGK1, a gene more commonly associated with hemolytic anemia and myopathy. The unusual association of epilepsy, psychiatric symptoms, action tremor, limb dystonia, cognitive symptoms, and l-dopa-responsive parkinsonism must draw attention to PGK1 mutations, especially because this gene is absent from most commercial hereditary parkinsonism panels. CONCLUSIONS This report aims to shed light on an overlooked gene that causes hereditary parkinsonian syndromes. Further research regarding genetic pathways in PD may provide a better understanding of its pathophysiology and open possibilities for new disease-modifying trials, such as SNCA, LRRK2, PRKN, PINK1, and DJ-1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Gonçalves Guimarães
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders CenterUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics CenterUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Jacy Bezerra Parmera
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders CenterUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Rubens Gisbert Cury
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders CenterUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Egberto Reis Barbosa
- Department of Neurology, Movement Disorders CenterUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Fernando Kok
- Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics CenterUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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Bernardo P, Cuccurullo C, Rubino M, De Vita G, Terrone G, Bilo L, Coppola A. X-Linked Epilepsies: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4110. [PMID: 38612920 PMCID: PMC11012983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
X-linked epilepsies are a heterogeneous group of epileptic conditions, which often overlap with X-linked intellectual disability. To date, various X-linked genes responsible for epilepsy syndromes and/or developmental and epileptic encephalopathies have been recognized. The electro-clinical phenotype is well described for some genes in which epilepsy represents the core symptom, while less phenotypic details have been reported for other recently identified genes. In this review, we comprehensively describe the main features of both X-linked epileptic syndromes thoroughly characterized to date (PCDH19-related DEE, CDKL5-related DEE, MECP2-related disorders), forms of epilepsy related to X-linked neuronal migration disorders (e.g., ARX, DCX, FLNA) and DEEs associated with recently recognized genes (e.g., SLC9A6, SLC35A2, SYN1, ARHGEF9, ATP6AP2, IQSEC2, NEXMIF, PIGA, ALG13, FGF13, GRIA3, SMC1A). It is often difficult to suspect an X-linked mode of transmission in an epilepsy syndrome. Indeed, different models of X-linked inheritance and modifying factors, including epigenetic regulation and X-chromosome inactivation in females, may further complicate genotype-phenotype correlations. The purpose of this work is to provide an extensive and updated narrative review of X-linked epilepsies. This review could support clinicians in the genetic diagnosis and treatment of patients with epilepsy featuring X-linked inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Bernardo
- Pediatric Psychiatry and Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Cuccurullo
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, Ospedale del Mare Hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marica Rubino
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy (L.B.)
| | - Gabriella De Vita
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Child Neuropsychiatry Units, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Leonilda Bilo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy (L.B.)
| | - Antonietta Coppola
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy (L.B.)
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Liang Y, Wan L, Yan H, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhu G, Yang G. Synonymous variants in the ATP6AP2 gene may lead to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1320514. [PMID: 38274877 PMCID: PMC10808393 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1320514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To the literature, variants in the ATP6AP2 gene may cause abnormal nervous system development and associated neurological symptoms. Methods We report a patient with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) carrying an ATP6AP2 c.858G > A (p.Ala286=) synonymous variant. In addition, an overview of reported patients with the same variant were collected and summarized to compare our findings. Results The patient started experiencing tonic seizures at 3.5 months of age, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated impaired brain white matter development and reduced left hippocampal volume. Furthermore, electroencephalography showed multifocal interictal epileptiform discharges. Treatment with various anti-seizure medications yielded unsatisfactory results, and the disorder eventually developed into epileptic spasms. An in vitro splicing assay for the ATP6AP2 gene mRNA revealed that the variant caused a deletion in exon 8 and a corresponding protein truncation. A review of previously reported ATP6AP2-related DEE patients found that synonymous variants in the ATP6AP2 gene can cause early DEE onset, progressive changes in early-life MRI, and exon skipping in all ATP6AP2-related DEE patients. Significance We found that synonymous variants in ATP6AP2 may have significant pathogenicity and are highly correlated with DEE. Due to increased isoform production, ATP6AP2 synonymous variants may cause nervous system developmental disorders by competitively reducing the generation of full-length transcripts, resulting in defects in ATP6AP2-related physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Xinting Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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Mattison KA, Tossing G, Mulroe F, Simmons C, Butler KM, Schreiber A, Alsadah A, Neilson DE, Naess K, Wedell A, Wredenberg A, Sorlin A, McCann E, Burghel GJ, Menendez B, Hoganson GE, Botto LD, Filloux FM, Aledo-Serrano Á, Gil-Nagel A, Tatton-Brown K, Verbeek NE, van der Zwaag B, Aleck KA, Fazenbaker AC, Balciuniene J, Dubbs HA, Marsh ED, Garber K, Ek J, Duno M, Hoei-Hansen CE, Deardorff MA, Raca G, Quindipan C, van Hirtum-Das M, Breckpot J, Hammer TB, Møller RS, Whitney A, Douglas AGL, Kharbanda M, Brunetti-Pierri N, Morleo M, Nigro V, May HJ, Tao JX, Argilli E, Sherr EH, Dobyns WB, Baines RA, Warwicker J, Parker JA, Banka S, Campeau PM, Escayg A. ATP6V0C variants impair V-ATPase function causing a neurodevelopmental disorder often associated with epilepsy. Brain 2023; 146:1357-1372. [PMID: 36074901 PMCID: PMC10319782 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar H+-ATPase is an enzymatic complex that functions in an ATP-dependent manner to pump protons across membranes and acidify organelles, thereby creating the proton/pH gradient required for membrane trafficking by several different types of transporters. We describe heterozygous point variants in ATP6V0C, encoding the c-subunit in the membrane bound integral domain of the vacuolar H+-ATPase, in 27 patients with neurodevelopmental abnormalities with or without epilepsy. Corpus callosum hypoplasia and cardiac abnormalities were also present in some patients. In silico modelling suggested that the patient variants interfere with the interactions between the ATP6V0C and ATP6V0A subunits during ATP hydrolysis. Consistent with decreased vacuolar H+-ATPase activity, functional analyses conducted in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed reduced LysoSensor fluorescence and reduced growth in media containing varying concentrations of CaCl2. Knockdown of ATP6V0C in Drosophila resulted in increased duration of seizure-like behaviour, and the expression of selected patient variants in Caenorhabditis elegans led to reduced growth, motor dysfunction and reduced lifespan. In summary, this study establishes ATP6V0C as an important disease gene, describes the clinical features of the associated neurodevelopmental disorder and provides insight into disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari A Mattison
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gilles Tossing
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fred Mulroe
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Manchester, UK
| | - Callum Simmons
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Manchester, UK
| | - Kameryn M Butler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC, USA
| | - Alison Schreiber
- Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Adnan Alsadah
- Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Derek E Neilson
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix Children’s Medical Group, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Karin Naess
- Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Wedell
- Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Deparment of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Wredenberg
- Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arthur Sorlin
- National Center of Genetics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Emma McCann
- Liverpool Center for Genomic Medicine, Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - George J Burghel
- Genomic Diagnostic Laboratory, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - George E Hoganson
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lorenzo D Botto
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Francis M Filloux
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ángel Aledo-Serrano
- Genetic Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Nagel
- Genetic Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology, Ruber International Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katrina Tatton-Brown
- Medical Genetics, St. George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute for Molecular and Cell Sciences, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
| | - Nienke E Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Zwaag
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kyrieckos A Aleck
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix Children’s Medical Group, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew C Fazenbaker
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix Children’s Medical Group, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jorune Balciuniene
- Divison of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- PerkinElmer Genomics, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Holly A Dubbs
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric D Marsh
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn Garber
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jakob Ek
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Duno
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina E Hoei-Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew A Deardorff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gordana Raca
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Quindipan
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michele van Hirtum-Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Trine Bjørg Hammer
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center, Fildelfia, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center, Fildelfia, Dianalund, Denmark
- Insititue for Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andrea Whitney
- Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew G L Douglas
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Service, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mira Kharbanda
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Manuela Morleo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Halie J May
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James X Tao
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emanuela Argilli
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Pediatrics Institute of Human Genetics and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elliot H Sherr
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Pediatrics Institute of Human Genetics and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Richard A Baines
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Manchester, UK
| | - Jim Warwicker
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J Alex Parker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Division of Evolution, Infection, and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Andrew Escayg
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Spagnoli C, Fusco C, Pisani F. Pediatric-Onset Epilepsy and Developmental Epileptic Encephalopathies Followed by Early-Onset Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043796. [PMID: 36835207 PMCID: PMC9965035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic early-onset Parkinsonism is unique due to frequent co-occurrence of hyperkinetic movement disorder(s) (MD), or additional neurological of systemic findings, including epilepsy in up to 10-15% of cases. Based on both the classification of Parkinsonism in children proposed by Leuzzi and coworkers and the 2017 ILAE epilepsies classification, we performed a literature review in PubMed. A few discrete presentations can be identified: Parkinsonism as a late manifestation of complex neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DE-EE), with multiple, refractory seizure types and severely abnormal EEG characteristics, with or without preceding hyperkinetic MD; Parkinsonism in the context of syndromic conditions with unspecific reduced seizure threshold in infancy and childhood; neurodegenerative conditions with brain iron accumulation, in which childhood DE-EE is followed by neurodegeneration; and finally, monogenic juvenile Parkinsonism, in which a subset of patients with intellectual disability or developmental delay (ID/DD) develop hypokinetic MD between 10 and 30 years of age, following unspecific, usually well-controlled, childhood epilepsy. This emerging group of genetic conditions leading to epilepsy or DE-EE in childhood followed by juvenile Parkinsonism highlights the need for careful long-term follow-up, especially in the context of ID/DD, in order to readily identify individuals at increased risk of later Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Spagnoli
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Presidio Ospedaliero Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0522-296033
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Presidio Ospedaliero Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Schwartz CE, Louie RJ, Toutain A, Skinner C, Friez MJ, Stevenson RE. X-Linked intellectual disability update 2022. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:144-159. [PMID: 36300573 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genes that are involved in the transcription process, mitochondrial function, glycoprotein metabolism, and ubiquitination dominate the list of 21 new genes associated with X-linked intellectual disability since the last update in 2017. The new genes were identified by sequencing of candidate genes (2), the entire X-chromosome (2), the whole exome (15), or the whole genome (2). With these additions, 42 (21%) of the 199 named XLID syndromes and 27 (25%) of the 108 numbered nonsyndromic XLID families remain to be resolved at the molecular level. Although the pace of discovery of new XLID genes has slowed during the past 5 years, the density of genes on the X chromosome that cause intellectual disability still appears to be twice the density of intellectual disability genes on the autosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annick Toutain
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Tours, France
| | - Cindy Skinner
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
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Meziane H, Birling MC, Wendling O, Leblanc S, Dubos A, Selloum M, Pavlovic G, Sorg T, Kalscheuer VM, Billuart P, Laumonnier F, Chelly J, van Bokhoven H, Herault Y. Large-Scale Functional Assessment of Genes Involved in Rare Diseases with Intellectual Disabilities Unravels Unique Developmental and Behaviour Profiles in Mouse Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123148. [PMID: 36551904 PMCID: PMC9775489 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Major progress has been made over the last decade in identifying novel genes involved in neurodevelopmental disorders, although the task of elucidating their corresponding molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms, which are an essential prerequisite for developing therapies, has fallen far behind. We selected 45 genes for intellectual disabilities to generate and characterize mouse models. Thirty-nine of them were based on the frequency of pathogenic variants in patients and literature reports, with several corresponding to de novo variants, and six other candidate genes. We used an extensive screen covering the development and adult stages, focusing specifically on behaviour and cognition to assess a wide range of functions and their pathologies, ranging from basic neurological reflexes to cognitive abilities. A heatmap of behaviour phenotypes was established, together with the results of selected mutants. Overall, three main classes of mutant lines were identified based on activity phenotypes, with which other motor or cognitive deficits were associated. These data showed the heterogeneity of phenotypes between mutation types, recapitulating several human features, and emphasizing the importance of such systematic approaches for both deciphering genetic etiological causes of ID and autism spectrum disorders, and for building appropriate therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Meziane
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), PHENOMIN, CELPHEDIA, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), PHENOMIN, CELPHEDIA, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Olivia Wendling
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), PHENOMIN, CELPHEDIA, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Sophie Leblanc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), PHENOMIN, CELPHEDIA, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Aline Dubos
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), PHENOMIN, CELPHEDIA, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), PHENOMIN, CELPHEDIA, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), PHENOMIN, CELPHEDIA, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Tania Sorg
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), PHENOMIN, CELPHEDIA, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Vera M. Kalscheuer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Research Group Development and Disease, Ihnestr. 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre Billuart
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, INSERM U1266, “Genetic and Development of Cerebral Cortex”, 75014 Paris, France
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Laumonnier
- UMR1253, iBrain, University of Tours, Inserm, 37032 Tours, France
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire, 37044 Tours, France
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), PHENOMIN, CELPHEDIA, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-388-65-5715
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Ben-Mahmoud A, Jun KR, Gupta V, Shastri P, de la Fuente A, Park Y, Shin KC, Kim CA, da Cruz AD, Pinto IP, Minasi LB, Silva da Cruz A, Faivre L, Callier P, Racine C, Layman LC, Kong IK, Kim CH, Kim WY, Kim HG. A rigorous in silico genomic interrogation at 1p13.3 reveals 16 autosomal dominant candidate genes in syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:979061. [PMID: 36277487 PMCID: PMC9582330 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.979061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide chromosomal microarray is extensively used to detect copy number variations (CNVs), which can diagnose microdeletion and microduplication syndromes. These small unbalanced chromosomal structural rearrangements ranging from 1 kb to 10 Mb comprise up to 15% of human mutations leading to monogenic or contiguous genomic disorders. Albeit rare, CNVs at 1p13.3 cause a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) including development delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), autism, epilepsy, and craniofacial anomalies (CFA). Most of the 1p13.3 CNV cases reported in the pre-microarray era encompassed a large number of genes and lacked the demarcating genomic coordinates, hampering the discovery of positional candidate genes within the boundaries. In this study, we present four subjects with 1p13.3 microdeletions displaying DD, ID, autism, epilepsy, and CFA. In silico comparative genomic mapping with three previously reported subjects with CNVs and 22 unreported DECIPHER CNV cases has resulted in the identification of four different sub-genomic loci harboring five positional candidate genes for DD, ID, and CFA at 1p13.3. Most of these genes have pathogenic variants reported, and their interacting genes are involved in NDDs. RT-qPCR in various human tissues revealed a high expression pattern in the brain and fetal brain, supporting their functional roles in NDDs. Interrogation of variant databases and interacting protein partners led to the identification of another set of 11 potential candidate genes, which might have been dysregulated by the position effect of these CNVs at 1p13.3. Our studies define 1p13.3 as a genomic region harboring 16 NDD candidate genes and underscore the critical roles of small CNVs in in silico comparative genomic mapping for disease gene discovery. Our candidate genes will help accelerate the isolation of pathogenic heterozygous variants from exome/genome sequencing (ES/GS) databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif Ben-Mahmoud
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kyung Ran Jun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, South Korea
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pinang Shastri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, Fayetteville, NC, United States
| | - Alberto de la Fuente
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yongsoo Park
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kyung Chul Shin
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Faculdade de Medicina, Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança – Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aparecido Divino da Cruz
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Nucleus, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goias, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Irene Plaza Pinto
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Nucleus, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goias, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lysa Bernardes Minasi
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Nucleus, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goias, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Alex Silva da Cruz
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Group, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Genetics Master Program, Replicon Research Nucleus, School of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Goias, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD, Genetics of Developmental Disorders, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Hôpital d’Enfants, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Callier
- UMR 1231 GAD, Inserm – Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Racine
- UMR 1231 GAD, Inserm – Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Lawrence C. Layman
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility and Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Hyung-Goo Kim,
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9
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Edelman WC, Kiianitsa K, Virmani T, Martinez RA, Young JE, Keene CD, Bird TD, Raskind WH, Korvatska O. Reduced gene dosage is a common mechanism of neuropathologies caused by ATP6AP2 splicing mutations. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2022; 101:31-38. [PMID: 35779466 PMCID: PMC10012809 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations that alter splicing of X-linked ATP6AP2 cause a spectrum of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative pathologies including parkinsonism in affected males. All previously reported splicing mutations increase the level of a minor isoform with skipped exon 4 (Δe4) that encodes a functionally deficient protein. OBJECTIVES We investigated the pathogenic mechanism of a novel c.168+6T>A variant reported in a family with X-linked intellectual disability, epilepsy, and parkinsonism. We also analyzed ATP6AP2 splicing defects in brains of carriers of a c.345C>T variant associated with X-linked spasticity and parkinsonism. METHODS We generated induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with c.168+6T>A, reprogrammed them to neural progenitor cells and analyzed them by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR. We also quantified ATP6AP2 isoforms in the brains of c.345C>T carriers by Nanostring nCounter. RESULTS The c.168+6T>A increased skipping of ATP6AP2 exon 2 and usage of cryptic intronic donor splice sites. This results in out-of-frame splicing products and a reciprocal 50% reduction in functional full-length ATP6AP2 transcripts. Neural progenitors of patients with c.168+6T>A exhibited downregulated neural development gene networks. Analysis of blood transcriptomes of c.168+6T>A carriers identified potential biomarkers of ATP6AP2 deficiency in non-neural tissues. The c.345C>T variant increased exon 4 skipping with concomitant decrease of full length ATP6AP2 in brains of carriers. CONCLUSION A common pathogenic consequence of splicing mutations affecting inclusion of different ATP6AP2 exons is reduction of the functional full-length transcript. The exacerbated ATP6AP2 splicing defect in brains of c.345C>T carriers is consistent with their CNS-restricted clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Edelman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tuhin Virmani
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Refugio A Martinez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Puget Sound Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wendy H Raskind
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olena Korvatska
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Puget Sound Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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10
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Genetic disorders of cellular trafficking. Trends Genet 2022; 38:724-751. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Xu C, Liu C, Xiong J, Yu J. Cardiovascular aspects of the (pro)renin receptor: Function and significance. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22237. [PMID: 35226776 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101649rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including all types of disorders related to the heart or blood vessels, are the major public health problems and the leading causes of mortality globally. (Pro)renin receptor (PRR), a single transmembrane protein, is present in cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. PRR plays an essential role in cardiovascular homeostasis by regulating the renin-angiotensin system and several intracellular signals such as mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and wnt/β-catenin signaling in various cardiovascular cells. This review discusses the current evidence for the pathophysiological roles of the cardiac and vascular PRR. Activation of PRR in cardiomyocytes may contribute to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic or alcoholic cardiomyopathy, salt-induced heart damage, and heart failure. Activation of PRR promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, endothelial cell dysfunction, neovascularization, and the progress of vascular diseases. In addition, phenotypes of animals transgenic for PRR and the hypertensive actions of PRR in the brain and kidney and the soluble PRR are also discussed. Targeting PRR in local tissues may offer benefits for patients with CVDs, including heart injury, atherosclerosis, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanming Xu
- Translational Medicine Centre, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunju Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research and Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Morales-Briceno H, Fung VSC, Bhatia KP, Balint B. Parkinsonism and dystonia: Clinical spectrum and diagnostic clues. J Neurol Sci 2021; 433:120016. [PMID: 34642024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The links between the two archetypical basal ganglia disorders, dystonia and parkinsonism, are manifold and stem from clinical observations, imaging studies, animal models and genetics. The combination of both, i.e. the syndrome of dystonia-parkinsonism, is not uncommonly seen in movement disorders clinics and has a myriad of different underlying aetiologies, upon which treatment and prognosis depend. Based on a comprehensive literature review, we delineate the clinical spectrum of disorders presenting with dystonia-parkinsonism. The clinical approach depends primarily on the age at onset, associated neurological or systemic symptoms and neuroimaging. The tempo of disease progression, and the response to L-dopa are further important clues to tailor diagnostic approaches that may encompass dopamine transporter imaging, CSF analysis and, last but not least, genetic testing. Later in life, sporadic neurodegenerative conditions are the most frequent cause, but the younger the patient, the more likely the cause is unravelled by the recent advances of molecular genetics that are focus of this review. Here, knowledge of the associated phenotypic spectrum is key to guide genetic testing and interpretation of test results. This article is part of the Special Issue "Parkinsonism across the spectrum of movement disorders and beyond" edited by Joseph Jankovic, Daniel D. Truong and Matteo Bologna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Morales-Briceno
- Neurology Department, Movement Disorders Unit, Westmead Hospital, NSW, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Victor S C Fung
- Neurology Department, Movement Disorders Unit, Westmead Hospital, NSW, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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Robbins M, Clayton E, Kaminski Schierle GS. Synaptic tau: A pathological or physiological phenomenon? Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:149. [PMID: 34503576 PMCID: PMC8428049 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01246-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the synaptic aspects of Tau pathology occurring during Alzheimer's disease (AD) and how this may relate to memory impairment, a major hallmark of AD. Whilst the clinical diagnosis of AD patients is a loss of working memory and long-term declarative memory, the histological diagnosis is the presence of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated Tau and Amyloid-beta plaques. Tau pathology spreads through synaptically connected neurons to impair synaptic function preceding the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic loss, axonal retraction and cell death. Alongside synaptic pathology, recent data suggest that Tau has physiological roles in the pre- or post- synaptic compartments. Thus, we have seen a shift in the research focus from Tau as a microtubule-stabilising protein in axons, to Tau as a synaptic protein with roles in accelerating spine formation, dendritic elongation, and in synaptic plasticity coordinating memory pathways. We collate here the myriad of emerging interactions and physiological roles of synaptic Tau, and discuss the current evidence that synaptic Tau contributes to pathology in AD.
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14
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Di Lazzaro G, Magrinelli F, Estevez-Fraga C, Valente EM, Pisani A, Bhatia KP. X-Linked Parkinsonism: Phenotypic and Genetic Heterogeneity. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1511-1525. [PMID: 33960519 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked parkinsonism encompasses rare heterogeneous disorders mainly inherited as a recessive trait, therefore being more prevalent in males. Recent developments have revealed a complex underlying panorama, including a spectrum of disorders in which parkinsonism is variably associated with additional neurological and non-neurological signs. In particular, a childhood-onset encephalopathy with epilepsy and/or cognitive disability is the most common feature. Their genetic basis is also heterogeneous, with many causative genes and different mutation types ranging from "classical" coding variants to intronic repeat expansions. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the phenotypic and genetic spectrum of the most relevant X-linked parkinsonian syndromes, namely X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP, Lubag disease), fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN, NBIA/PARK-WDR45), Fabry disease, Waisman syndrome, methyl CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) spectrum disorder, phosphoglycerate kinase-1 deficiency syndrome (PGK1) and X-linked parkinsonism and spasticity (XPDS). All clinical and radiological features reported in the literature have been reviewed. Epilepsy occasionally represents the symptom of onset, predating parkinsonism even by a few years; action tremor is another common feature along with akinetic-rigid parkinsonism. A focus on the genetic background and its pathophysiological implications is provided. The pathogenesis of these disorders ranges from well-defined metabolic alterations (PGK1) to non-specific lysosomal dysfunctions (XPDS) and vesicular trafficking alterations (Waisman syndrome). However, in other cases it still remains poorly defined. Recognition of the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of X-linked parkinsonism has important implications for diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Di Lazzaro
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Magrinelli
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Carlos Estevez-Fraga
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enza M Valente
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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15
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Chen Y, Xu C. The interaction partners of (pro)renin receptor in the distal nephron. FASEB J 2020; 34:14136-14149. [PMID: 32975331 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001711r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a key regulator of intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is predominantly presented in podocytes, proximal tubules, distal convoluted tubules, and the apical membrane of collecting duct A-type intercalated cells, and plays a crucial role in hypertension, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, and fluid homeostasis. In addition to its well-known renin-regulatory function, increasing evidence suggests PRR can also act in a variety of intracellular signaling cascades independently of RAS in the renal medulla, including Wnt/β-catenin signaling, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) signaling, and the apelinergic system, and work as a component of the vacuolar H+ -ATPase. PRR and these pathways regulate the expression/activity of each other that controlling blood pressure and renal functions. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the antagonistic interaction between PRR and ELABELA/apelin, the mutually stimulatory relationship between PRR and COX-2/PGE2 or Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the renal medulla, and their involvement in the regulation of intrarenal RAS thereby control blood pressure, renal injury, and urine concentrating ability in health and patho-physiological conditions. We also highlight the latest progress in the involvement of PRR for the vacuolar H+ -ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Chen
- Institute of Hypertension, Sun Yat-sen University School of Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chuanming Xu
- Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Center for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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16
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Song Q, Meng B, Xu H, Mao Z. The emerging roles of vacuolar-type ATPase-dependent Lysosomal acidification in neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:17. [PMID: 32393395 PMCID: PMC7212675 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysosomes digest extracellular material from the endocytic pathway and intracellular material from the autophagic pathway. This process is performed by the resident hydrolytic enzymes activated by the highly acidic pH within the lysosomal lumen. Lysosome pH gradients are mainly maintained by the vacuolar (H+) ATPase (or V-ATPase), which pumps protons into lysosomal lumen by consuming ATP. Dysfunction of V-ATPase affects lysosomal acidification, which disrupts the clearance of substrates and leads to many disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Main body As a large multi-subunit complex, the V-ATPase is composed of an integral membrane V0 domain involved in proton translocation and a peripheral V1 domain catalyzing ATP hydrolysis. The canonical functions of V-ATPase rely on its H+-pumping ability in multiple vesicle organelles to regulate endocytic traffic, protein processing and degradation, synaptic vesicle loading, and coupled transport. The other non-canonical effects of the V-ATPase that are not readily attributable to its proton-pumping activity include membrane fusion, pH sensing, amino-acid-induced activation of mTORC1, and scaffolding for protein-protein interaction. In response to various stimuli, V-ATPase complex can reversibly dissociate into V1 and V0 domains and thus close ATP-dependent proton transport. Dysregulation of pH and lysosomal dysfunction have been linked to many human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders. Conclusion V-ATPase complex is a universal proton pump and plays an important role in lysosome acidification in all types of cells. Since V-ATPase dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple neurodegenerative diseases, further understanding the mechanisms that regulate the canonical and non-canonical functions of V-ATPase will reveal molecular details of disease process and help assess V-ATPase or molecules related to its regulation as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyun Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Reproductive Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050051, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bo Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Haidong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zixu Mao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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17
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Smolders S, Van Broeckhoven C. Genetic perspective on the synergistic connection between vesicular transport, lysosomal and mitochondrial pathways associated with Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:63. [PMID: 32375870 PMCID: PMC7201634 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS) are symptomatically characterized by parkinsonism, with the latter presenting additionally a distinctive range of atypical features. Although the majority of patients with PD and APS appear to be sporadic, genetic causes of several rare monogenic disease variants were identified. The knowledge acquired from these genetic factors indicated that defects in vesicular transport pathways, endo-lysosomal dysfunction, impaired autophagy-lysosomal protein and organelle degradation pathways, α-synuclein aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction play key roles in PD pathogenesis. Moreover, membrane dynamics are increasingly recognized as a key player in the disease pathogenesis due lipid homeostasis alterations, associated with lysosomal dysfunction, caused by mutations in several PD and APS genes. The importance of lysosomal dysfunction and lipid homeostasis is strengthened by both genetic discoveries and clinical epidemiology of the association between parkinsonism and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), caused by the disruption of lysosomal biogenesis or function. A synergistic coordination between vesicular trafficking, lysosomal and mitochondria defects exist whereby mutations in PD and APS genes encoding proteins primarily involved one PD pathway are frequently associated with defects in other PD pathways as a secondary effect. Moreover, accumulating clinical and genetic observations suggest more complex inheritance patters of familial PD exist, including oligogenic and polygenic inheritance of genes in the same or interconnected PD pathways, further strengthening their synergistic connection.Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of PD and APS genes with functions in vesicular transport, lysosomal and mitochondrial pathways, and highlight functional and genetic evidence of the synergistic connection between these PD associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Smolders
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp - CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp - CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium.
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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18
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Morales-Briceño H, Mohammad SS, Post B, Fois AF, Dale RC, Tchan M, Fung VSC. Clinical and neuroimaging phenotypes of genetic parkinsonism from infancy to adolescence. Brain 2019; 143:751-770. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGenetic early-onset parkinsonism presenting from infancy to adolescence (≤21 years old) is a clinically diverse syndrome often combined with other hyperkinetic movement disorders, neurological and imaging abnormalities. The syndrome is genetically heterogeneous, with many causative genes already known. With the increased use of next-generation sequencing in clinical practice, there have been novel and unexpected insights into phenotype-genotype correlations and the discovery of new disease-causing genes. It is now recognized that mutations in a single gene can give rise to a broad phenotypic spectrum and that, conversely different genetic disorders can manifest with a similar phenotype. Accurate phenotypic characterization remains an essential step in interpreting genetic findings in undiagnosed patients. However, in the past decade, there has been a marked expansion in knowledge about the number of both disease-causing genes and phenotypic spectrum of early-onset cases. Detailed knowledge of genetic disorders and their clinical expression is required for rational planning of genetic and molecular testing, as well as correct interpretation of next-generation sequencing results. In this review we examine the relevant literature of genetic parkinsonism with ≤21 years onset, extracting data on associated movement disorders as well as other neurological and imaging features, to delineate syndromic patterns associated with early-onset parkinsonism. Excluding PRKN (parkin) mutations, >90% of the presenting phenotypes have a complex or atypical presentation, with dystonia, abnormal cognition, pyramidal signs, neuropsychiatric disorders, abnormal imaging and abnormal eye movements being the most common features. Furthermore, several imaging features and extraneurological manifestations are relatively specific for certain disorders and are important diagnostic clues. From the currently available literature, the most commonly implicated causes of early-onset parkinsonism have been elucidated but diagnosis is still challenging in many cases. Mutations in ∼70 different genes have been associated with early-onset parkinsonism or may feature parkinsonism as part of their phenotypic spectrum. Most of the cases are caused by recessively inherited mutations, followed by dominant and X-linked mutations, and rarely by mitochondrially inherited mutations. In infantile-onset parkinsonism, the phenotype of hypokinetic-rigid syndrome is most commonly caused by disorders of monoamine synthesis. In childhood and juvenile-onset cases, common genotypes include PRKN, HTT, ATP13A2, ATP1A3, FBX07, PINK1 and PLA2G6 mutations. Moreover, Wilson’s disease and mutations in the manganese transporter are potentially treatable conditions and should always be considered in the differential diagnosis in any patient with early-onset parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Morales-Briceño
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Shekeeb S Mohammad
- Neurology Department, Children’s Westmead Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Bart Post
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, Parkinson Centre Nijmegen (ParC) Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro F Fois
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Neurology Department, Children’s Westmead Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Michel Tchan
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Victor S C Fung
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
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19
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Zhao L, Zhao Y, Tang FL, Xiong L, Su C, Mei L, Zhu XJ, Xiong WC. pHluorin-BACE1-mCherry Acts as a Reporter for the Intracellular Distribution of Active BACE1 In Vitro and In Vivo. Cells 2019; 8:E474. [PMID: 31108937 PMCID: PMC6562731 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) initiates amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage and β-amyloid (Aβ) production, a critical step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is thus of considerable interest to investigate how BACE1 activity is regulated. BACE1 has its maximal activity at acidic pH and GFP variant-pHluorin-displays pH dependence. In light of these observations, we generated three tandem fluorescence-tagged BACE1 fusion proteins, named pHluorin-BACE1-mCherry, BACE1-mCherry-pHluorin and BACE1-mCherry-EGFP. Comparing the fluorescence characteristics of these proteins in response to intracellular pH changes induced by chloroquine or bafilomycin A1, we found that pHluorin-BACE1-mCherry is a better pH sensor for BACE1 because its fluorescence intensity responds to pH changes more dramatically and more quickly. Additionally, we found that (pro)renin receptor (PRR), a subunit of the v-ATPase complex, which is critical for maintaining vesicular pH, regulates pHluorin's fluorescence and BACE1 activity in pHluorin-BACE1-mCherry expressing cells. Finally, we found that the expression of Swedish mutant APP (APPswe) suppresses pHluorin fluorescence in pHluorin-BACE1-mCherry expressing cells in culture and in vivo, implicating APPswe not only as a substrate but also as an activator of BACE1. Taken together, these results suggest that the pHluorin-BACE1-mCherry fusion protein may serve as a useful tool for visualizing active/inactive BACE1 in culture and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Fu-Lei Tang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Lei Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Ce Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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20
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Hirose T, Cabrera-Socorro A, Chitayat D, Lemonnier T, Féraud O, Cifuentes-Diaz C, Gervasi N, Mombereau C, Ghosh T, Stoica L, Bacha JDA, Yamada H, Lauterbach MA, Guillon M, Kaneko K, Norris JW, Siriwardena K, Blasér S, Teillon J, Mendoza-Londono R, Russeau M, Hadoux J, Ito S, Corvol P, Matheus MG, Holden KR, Takei K, Emiliani V, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Schwartz CE, Nguyen G, Groszer M. ATP6AP2 variant impairs CNS development and neuronal survival to cause fulminant neurodegeneration. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2145-2162. [PMID: 30985297 DOI: 10.1172/jci79990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar H+-ATPase-dependent (V-ATPase-dependent) functions are critical for neural proteostasis and are involved in neurodegeneration and brain tumorigenesis. We identified a patient with fulminant neurodegeneration of the developing brain carrying a de novo splice site variant in ATP6AP2 encoding an accessory protein of the V-ATPase. Functional studies of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSC-derived) neurons from this patient revealed reduced spontaneous activity and severe deficiency in lysosomal acidification and protein degradation leading to neuronal cell death. These deficiencies could be rescued by expression of full-length ATP6AP2. Conditional deletion of Atp6ap2 in developing mouse brain impaired V-ATPase-dependent functions, causing impaired neural stem cell self-renewal, premature neuronal differentiation, and apoptosis resulting in degeneration of nearly the entire cortex. In vitro studies revealed that ATP6AP2 deficiency decreases V-ATPase membrane assembly and increases endosomal-lysosomal fusion. We conclude that ATP6AP2 is a key mediator of V-ATPase-dependent signaling and protein degradation in the developing human central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Hirose
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris, France
| | - Alfredo Cabrera-Socorro
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - David Chitayat
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics and.,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Lemonnier
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Féraud
- INSERM, UMR 935, ESTeam Paris Sud, SFR André Lwoff, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France.,Infrastructure Nationale INGESTEM, Université Paris Sud, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Cifuentes-Diaz
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gervasi
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Cedric Mombereau
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Tanay Ghosh
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Loredana Stoica
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne d'Arc Al Bacha
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for the Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Neuroscience, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Marcel A Lauterbach
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 8250, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Guillon
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 8250, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kiriko Kaneko
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Joy W Norris
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Jérémie Teillon
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1050, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, France
| | | | - Marion Russeau
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Julien Hadoux
- INSERM, UMR 935, ESTeam Paris Sud, SFR André Lwoff, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France.,Infrastructure Nationale INGESTEM, Université Paris Sud, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Pierre Corvol
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1050, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, France
| | | | - Kenton R Holden
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kohji Takei
- Department of Neuroscience, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 8250, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli
- INSERM, UMR 935, ESTeam Paris Sud, SFR André Lwoff, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France.,Infrastructure Nationale INGESTEM, Université Paris Sud, INSERM, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, Université Paris Sud, Paris Saclay, France.,AP-HP, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Genevieve Nguyen
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1050, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Groszer
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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21
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Monin M, Lesage S, Brice A. Basi molecolari della malattia di Parkinson. Neurologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(18)41584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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22
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Ramkumar N, Kohan DE. The (pro)renin receptor: an emerging player in hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Kidney Int 2019; 95:1041-1052. [PMID: 30819554 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is a multifunctional protein that is expressed in multiple organs. Binding of prorenin/renin to the PRR activates angiotensin II-dependent and angiotensin II-independent pathways. The PRR is also involved in autophagy and Wnt/ß catenin signaling, functions that are not contingent on prorenin binding. Emerging evidence suggests that the PRR plays an important role in blood pressure regulation and glucose and lipid metabolism. Herein, we review PRR function in health and disease, with particular emphasis on hypertension and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupama Ramkumar
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
| | - Donald E Kohan
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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23
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Göttle P, Förster M, Gruchot J, Kremer D, Hartung HP, Perron H, Küry P. Rescuing the negative impact of human endogenous retrovirus envelope protein on oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination. Glia 2018; 67:160-170. [PMID: 30430656 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination in the adult CNS depends on activation, differentiation, and functional integration of resident oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) and constitutes the only spontaneous neuroregenerative process able to compensate for functional deficits upon loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths as it is observed in multiple sclerosis. The proteins encoded by p57kip2- and by human endogenous retrovirus type W (pHERV-W) envelope genes were previously identified as negative regulators of OPC maturation. We here focused on the activity of the ENV protein and investigated how it can be neutralized for an improved myelin repair. We could demonstrate that myelination in vitro is severely affected by this protein but that application of an anti-ENV neutralizing antibody, currently investigated in clinical trials, can rescue the generation of internodes. We then compared p57kip2 and ENV dependent inhibitory mechanisms and found that a dominant negative version of the p57kip2 protein can equally save OPCs from myelination failure in response to ENV-mediated TLR4 activation. Additional experiments addressing p57kip2's underlying mode of action revealed a direct interaction with ATP6v1d, a central component of a vascular ATPase. Its pharmacological blocking was then shown to exert an analogous myelination rescue effect in presence of the ENV protein. Therefore, our study provides mechanistic insights into oligodendroglial inhibition processes and presents three different means to counteract the anti-myelination effect of the ENV protein. These observations are therefore of interest in light of understanding the complexity of the numerous oligodendroglial inhibitors and might promote the establishment of novel regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Moritz Förster
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joel Gruchot
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Kremer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hervé Perron
- GeNeuro, Chemin du Pré-Fleuri 3, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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24
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Cortès-Saladelafont E, Lipstein N, García-Cazorla À. Presynaptic disorders: a clinical and pathophysiological approach focused on the synaptic vesicle. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1131-1145. [PMID: 30022305 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this report is to present a tentative clinical and pathophysiological approach to diseases affecting the neuronal presynaptic terminal, with a major focus on synaptic vesicles (SVs). Diseases are classified depending on which step of the neurobiology of the SV is predominantly affected: (1) biogenesis of vesicle precursors in the neuronal soma; (2) transport along the axon; (3) vesicle cycle at the presynaptic terminal (exocytosis-endocytosis cycle, with the main purpose of neurotransmitter release). Given that SVs have been defined as individual organelles, we highlight the link between the biological processes disturbed by genetic mutations and the clinical presentation of these disorders. The great majority of diseases may present as epileptic encephalopathies, intellectual disability (syndromic or nonsyndromic) with/without autism spectrum disorder (and other neuropsychiatric symptoms), and movement disorders. These symptoms may overlap and present in patients as a combination of clinical signs that results in the spectrum of the synaptopathies. A small number of diseases may also exhibit neuromuscular signs. In general, SV disorders tend to be severe, early encephalopathies that interfere with neurodevelopment. As a consequence, developmental delay and intellectual disability are constant in almost all the defects described. Considering that some of these diseases might mimic other neurometabolic conditions (and in particular treatable disorders), an initial extensive metabolic workup should always be considered. Further knowledge into pathophysiological mechanisms and biomarkers, as well as descriptions of new presynaptic disorders, will probably take place in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Cortès-Saladelafont
- Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Laboratory, Institut Pediàtric de Recerca and CIBERER, ISCIII, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noa Lipstein
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Àngels García-Cazorla
- Department of Neurology, Neurometabolic Unit and Synaptic Metabolism Laboratory, Institut Pediàtric de Recerca and CIBERER, ISCIII, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 2, 08950, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Dimitrov B, Himmelreich N, Hipgrave Ederveen AL, Lüchtenborg C, Okun JG, Breuer M, Hutter AM, Carl M, Guglielmi L, Hellwig A, Thiemann KC, Jost M, Peters V, Staufner C, Hoffmann GF, Hackenberg A, Paramasivam N, Wiemann S, Eils R, Schlesner M, Strahl S, Brügger B, Wuhrer M, Christoph Korenke G, Thiel C. Cutis laxa, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and altered cellular metabolomics as additional symptoms in a new patient with ATP6AP1-CDG. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 123:364-374. [PMID: 29396028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are genetic defects in the glycoconjugate biosynthesis. >100 types of CDG are known, most of them cause multi-organ diseases. Here we describe a boy whose leading symptoms comprise cutis laxa, pancreatic insufficiency and hepatosplenomegaly. Whole exome sequencing identified the novel hemizygous mutation c.542T>G (p.L181R) in the X-linked ATP6AP1, an accessory protein of the mammalian vacuolar H+-ATPase, which led to a general N-glycosylation deficiency. Studies of serum N-glycans revealed reduction of complex sialylated and appearance of truncated diantennary structures. Proliferation of the patient's fibroblasts was significantly reduced and doubling time prolonged. Additionally, there were alterations in the fibroblasts' amino acid levels and the acylcarnitine composition. Especially, short-chain species were reduced, whereas several medium- to long-chain acylcarnitines (C14-OH to C18) were elevated. Investigation of the main lipid classes revealed that total cholesterol was significantly enriched in the patient's fibroblasts at the expense of phophatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Within the minor lipid species, hexosylceramide was reduced, while its immediate precursor ceramide was increased. Since catalase activity and ACOX3 expression in peroxisomes were reduced, we assume an ATP6AP1-dependent impact on the β-oxidation of fatty acids. These results help to understand the complex clinical characteristics of this new patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Dimitrov
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nastassja Himmelreich
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agnes L Hipgrave Ederveen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Christian Lüchtenborg
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen G Okun
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Breuer
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Marlen Hutter
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Carl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Laboratory of Translational Neurogenetics, Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 39123 Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Guglielmi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; Laboratory of Translational Neurogenetics, Center for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 39123 Trento, Italy
| | - Andrea Hellwig
- Department of Neurobiology, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Christian Thiemann
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Jost
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Peters
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Staufner
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Hackenberg
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nagarajan Paramasivam
- Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics (B240), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Genomics & Proteomics Core Facility, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics (B240), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schlesner
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics (B240), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Strahl
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Glycobiology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - G Christoph Korenke
- Klinikum Oldenburg, Zentrum für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Klinik für Neuropädiatrie u. angeborene Stoffwechselerkrankungen, Rahel-Straus-Straße 10, 26133 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christian Thiel
- Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department I, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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ATP6AP2 over-expression causes morphological alterations in the hippocampus and in hippocampus-related behaviour. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2287-2302. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
The classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the body has been studied intensively in the last decades, since it is known that this system is involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Since nearly all members of the classical RAS have also been identified within the brain in the last decades and due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier, a RAS within the brain (bRAS) that is largely independent from the peripheral RAS has been postulated. All members of the angiotensin family as e.g., angiotensin II, angiotensin IV and angiotensin II (1-7) along with the respective receptors (e.g., angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1), angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2), angiotensin IV receptor (AT4), angiotensin II (1-7) receptor (Mas)) have been identified within the brain. Moreover, a receptor capable of binding renin and the renin precursor prorenin with high affinity has also been detected within the brain. This protein functions as a membrane receptor for (pro)renin and also represents a V-ATPase subunit and is therefore termed (P)RR or Atp6ap2, respectively. In this review we shed light on the (known as well as putative) roles and functions of Atp6ap2 in the brain under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bracke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
X-linked cerebellar ataxias (XLCA) are an expanding group of genetically heterogeneous and clinically variable conditions characterized by cerebellar dysgenesis (hypoplasia, atrophy, or dysplasia) caused by gene mutations or genomic imbalances on the X chromosome. The neurologic features of XLCA include hypotonia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, ataxia, and other cerebellar signs. Normal cognitive development has also been reported. Cerebellar defects may be isolated or associated with other brain malformations or extraneurologic involvement. More than 20 genes on the X chromosome, mainly encoding for proteins involved in brain development and synaptic function that have been constantly or occasionally associated with a pathologic cerebellar phenotype, and several families with X-linked inheritance have been reported. Given the excess of males with ataxia, this group of conditions is probably underestimated and families of patients with neuroradiologic and clinical evidence of a cerebellar disorder should be counseled for high risk of X-linked inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Atp6ap2 ablation in adult mice impairs viability through multiple organ deficiencies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9618. [PMID: 28851918 PMCID: PMC5575319 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP6AP2 codes for the (pro)renin receptor and is an essential component of vacuolar H+ ATPase. Activating (pro)renin for conversion of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin makes ATP6AP2 attractive for drug intervention. Tissue-specific ATP6AP2 inactivation in mouse suggested a strong impact on various organs. Consistent with this, we found that embryonic ablation of Atp6ap2 resulted in both male hemizygous lethality and female haploinsufficiency. Next, we examined the phenotype of an induced inactivation in the adult animal, most akin to detect potential effect of functional interference of ATP6AP2 through drug therapy. Induced ablation of Atp6ap2, even without equal efficiency in all tissues (aorta, brain and kidney), resulted in rapid lethality marked by weight loss, changes in nutritional as well as blood parameters, leukocyte depletion, and bone marrow hypoplasia. Upon Atp6ap2 ablation, the colon demonstrated a rapid disruption of crypt morphology, aberrant proliferation, cell-death activation, as well as generation of microadenomas. Consequently, disruption of ATP6AP2 is extremely poorly tolerated in the adult, and severely affects various organ systems demonstrating that ATP6AP2 is an essential gene implicated in basic cellular mechanisms and necessary for multiple organ function. Accordingly, any potential drug targeting of this gene product must be strictly assessed for safety.
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